Download a presentation on the topic of seafarers in history. Presentation on the theme "great navigators". Fragments from the presentation

Geographical discoveries of antiquity

People have always travelled. Many, many thousands of years ago, ancient hunters set out on a journey to find hunting grounds. Ancient pastoralists, along with their herds, went on multi-day trips in search of fresh pastures. People explored new lands, crossed deserts and moved over mountains, crossed seas and even oceans in light boats.

Time passed, and people learned to write. Then the travelers began to write down where they had been and what they had seen. The first traveler whose name we know was an Egyptian Hannu. On a ship, he sailed along the Red Sea to the south, to the country punt, and returned to Egypt with a cargo of incense and precious stones. The story of Hannu's voyage was carved into the rock.

King and queen

country punt

Remarkable travelers were the Phoenicians, who lived on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea. AT ancient world they were the most skillful sailors. The Phoenicians were the first to sail around Africa. They traveled for three years. In autumn they landed on the shore, sowed wheat, harvested crops and set off again. The story about this was recorded by the ancient Greek historian Herodotus.

In the north of Europe, in Scandinavia, the harsh Vikings lived. They built good ships and sailed far out to sea in search of new lands and booty. Viking ships circled Europe, they discovered Iceland, and in X century reached North America and founded the first settlements. Then this path was forgotten, and five centuries later Columbus I had to rediscover America.

Drakkar is a Viking ship. The bow of the ship was decorated with a carved image of a dragon.

India has always been presented to the inhabitants of Europe as a fabulous country full of curiosities and treasures. She was famous for spices and incense. The Portuguese navigator Bartolomeu Dias in 1487 rounded the southernmost tip of Africa and named it the Cape of Storms.

Bartolomeu Dias

The sea route to India around Africa paved Vasco da Gama . His expedition was carefully prepared: four fast ships, the best navigational instruments and experienced sailors.

Rounding the Cape of Good Hope, the expedition headed north along the coast of Africa. Nine months after the start of the voyage, on a May day 1498 , the ships arrived in Indian Calicut city .

The local ruler, who lived in a luxurious palace, did not like the modest gifts of the Portuguese, but he listened with curiosity to the stories of bearded strangers about distant lands.

Navigational instruments helped sailors navigate the sea, including astrolabe - an instrument for measuring the height of stars above the horizon.

Christopher Columbus was born in 1451

year in the Italian city of Genoa.

From the age of 14 he swam as a junior, studied

navigation, geography,

mathematics.

In the summer of 1492 - caravels

"Santa Maria", "Pinta", "Nina"

left the Spanish port of Palos.

Two months later they moored to

small island,

claimed it as the property

Spanish king.

Until his death, Columbus was sure

who found his way to India.

Italian traveler

Amerigo Vespucci - a new continent

named after him.

Vasco Nunez de Balboa discovered

what is the american continent

the sea stretches.

Ferdinand Magellan decided to get to him.

In September 1519, at the head of a flotilla of five small ships, Magellan left the port of Seville and headed for Brazil. Sailing south along the coast South America, Magellan found a narrow and winding strait through which his ships entered the ocean. This strait was later called Magellan.

AT XVII century, the Dutch entered the Pacific Ocean.
They discovered a large island - New Guinea - and part of the northern coast of Australia.
In 1642, Captain Abel Tasman discovered a large island south of Australia, later named Tasmania and New Zealand after him.

In 1648, Semyon Ivanovich Dezhnev discovered the strait between Asia and America, passing from the Arctic Ocean to the Pacific.
In 1740, Captain-Commander Vitus Bering repeated the path of Dezhnev, reaching North America and discovered a number of islands in the Aleutian ridge.

English

navigator

James Cook

decades

confirmed

card accuracy,

compiled by Bering.

Cook made three circumnavigations

travels.

Proved l that New Zealand -

two islands, not one.

Studied the Great Barrier Reef.

N a carried on the map Pacific Ocean hundreds of new islands.
In the south he discovered the Hawaiian Islands,

tragically died here.

About the presence in the area South Pole mainland, guessed in antiquity. Abel Tasman and James Cook were also looking for him.
Found by Russian sailors - Fadey Fadeevich Bellingshausen and Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev.
In 1819, an expedition under their command on two boats - "Vostok" and "Mirny" - set off from Kronstadt.
The goal of the expedition was achieved. The sailors saw a mountainous coast. So a new continent was discovered, covered with eternal ice.
For the first time, a person set foot on the land of Antarctica only in 1895.
Nowadays there are research stations of 24 states.

Norwegian explorer Fridtjof Nansen in 1893 on the Fram. For 500 kilometers to the Pole, the ship got stuck in the ice, the traveler returned on foot.
American Robert Edwin Peary reached the Pole on a reindeer sled

Norwegian Roald Amundsen, on Eskimo sled dogs and a light sleigh in fur clothes, went to the South Pole in 1911 and reached it on December 14.
An English officer, Robert Falcon Scott, on small pony horses in woolen and canvas clothes, also went to the South Pole and arrived a month later.

On the way back, the British died.

Arrange correctly the captions under the portraits of the great Russian travelers:

Bellingshausen Fadey Fadeevich
Dezhnev Semyon Ivanovich
Lazarev Mikhail Petrovich

Ivanovich

Petrovich

Bellingshausen

Fadeevich

slide 1

European travelers of the late 15th century. - the middle of the 17th century. were the result of the rapid development of productive forces in Europe, the growth of trade with the countries of the East, the lack of precious metals in connection with the development of trade and money circulation.

Great geographical discoveries

slide 2

It is known that even in ancient times, Europeans visited the coast of America, traveled along the coast of Africa, etc. However, a geographical discovery is considered not only a visit by representatives of any civilized people to a previously unknown part of the Earth. This concept includes the establishment of a direct connection between the newly discovered lands and the centers of culture of the Old World. Only the discovery of America by X. Columbus laid the foundation for extensive ties between the open lands and Europe, the same goal was served by the travels of Vasco da Gama to the shores of India, the round-the-world trip of F. Magellan.
Great geographical discoveries
The routes of the most important travels

slide 3

The great geographical discoveries became possible as a result of significant advances in the development of science and technology in Europe. At the end of the 15th century, the doctrine of the sphericity of the Earth became widespread, and knowledge in the field of astronomy and geography expanded. Navigational instruments were improved (compass, astrolabe), appeared new type sailing ship - caravel.
Great geographical discoveries
Prince Heinrich (Enrique), nicknamed the navigator, is the organizer of long-distance voyages of the Portuguese

slide 4

The knowledge gained by the Portuguese as a result of their travels gave navigators of other countries valuable information about tides, the direction of winds and currents, and made it possible to create more accurate maps on which latitudes, lines of the tropics and the equator were plotted. These prince cards contained information about previously unknown countries. Previously widespread ideas about the impossibility of ebb and navigation in equatorial waters were refuted, and the fear of the unknown, characteristic of people of the Middle Ages, gradually began to recede.
Vasco da Gama opened the sea route to India, the country of fabulous wealth.
Great geographical discoveries

slide 5

At the same time, the Spaniards rushed in search of new trade routes. In 1492, after the capture of Granada and the completion of the reconquista, the Spanish king Ferdinand and Queen Isabella accepted the project of the Genoese navigator Christopher Columbus (1451-1506) to reach the shores of India, sailing to the west. The Columbus project had many opponents, but it received the support of scientists from the University of Salaman, the most famous in Spain, and, no less significant, among the business people of Seville. On August 3, 1492, Columbus' flotilla sailed from Palos, one of the best ports on the Atlantic coast of Spain, consisting of 3 ships - Santa Maria, Pinta and Nina, whose crews numbered 120 people. From the Canary Islands, Columbus headed west. On October 12, 1492, after a month's sailing in the open ocean, the fleet approached a small island from the group of the Bahamas, then named San Salvador. Although again open lands were little like the fabulously rich islands of India and China, Columbus was convinced until the end of his days that he had discovered islands off the east coast of Asia.
Christopher Columbus (1451-1506) The discovery of America is associated with his name
Great geographical discoveries

slide 6

During the first trip, the islands of Cuba, Haiti and a number of smaller ones were discovered. In 1492, Columbus returned to Spain, where he was appointed admiral of all open lands and received the right to 1/10 of all income. Subsequently, Columbus made three more trips to America - in 1493-1496, 1498-1500, 1502-1504, during which part of the Lesser Antilles, Puerto Rico, Jamaica, Trinidad and others were discovered; part of the Atlantic coast of Central and South America was surveyed. Although the open lands were very fertile and favorable for life, the Spaniards did not find gold there. Doubts arose that the newly discovered lands were India. The number of enemies of Columbus among the nobles grew, dissatisfied with the fact that he severely punished the expedition members for disobedience. In 1500, Columbus was removed from his post and sent in chains to Spain. He managed to restore his good name and make another trip to America. However, after returning from last trip he was deprived of all income and privileges and died in poverty.
Christopher Columbus
Great geographical discoveries

Slide 7

The number of enemies of Columbus among the nobles grew, dissatisfied with the fact that he severely punished the expedition members for disobedience. In 1500, Columbus was removed from his post and sent in chains to Spain. He managed to restore his good name and make another trip to America. However, after returning from his last journey, he was deprived of all income and privileges and died in poverty.
Ships of the expedition of Christopher Columbus
Great geographical discoveries

Slide 8

The discoveries of Columbus forced the Portuguese to hurry. In 1497 Vasco da Gama's flotilla (1469-1524) sailed from Lisbon to explore routes around Africa. Rounding the Cape of Good Hope, he entered the Indian Ocean. Moving north along the coast, the Portuguese reached the Arab trading cities of Mozambique and Malindi. With the help of an Arab pilot, on May 20, 1498, Vasco da Gama's squadron entered the Indian port of Calicut.

Great geographical discoveries

Slide 9

In August 1499, his ships returned to Portugal. The sea route to the country of fabulous riches was opened. From now on, the Portuguese began to annually equip up to 20 ships for trade with India. Thanks to superiority in weapons and technology, they managed to oust the Arabs from there. The Portuguese attacked their ships, destroyed the crews, devastated the cities on the southern coast of Arabia. In India, they captured strongholds, among which the city of Goa became the main one. The spice trade was declared a royal monopoly, it gave up to 800% profit. At the beginning of the 16th century The Portuguese captured Malacca and the Moluccas. In 1499-1500. Spaniards and in 1500-1502. The Portuguese discovered the coast of Brazil.
Great geographical discoveries
Ferdinand Magellan led the first round-the-world expedition

Slide 10

In the 16th century Portuguese navigators mastered the sea routes in the Indian Ocean, reached the shores of China, and were the first Europeans to set foot on the land of Japan. Among them was Fernand Pinto, the author of travel diaries, where detailed description newly discovered country. Prior to this, Europe had only fragmentary and confusing information about Japan from the Book of Marco Polo, the famous Venetian traveler of the 14th century, who, however, never reached the Japanese Islands. In 1550, their image with the modern name first appeared on the Portuguese navigation chart.

Great geographical discoveries

slide 11

In Spain, after the death of Columbus, sending expeditions to new lands continued. At the beginning of the 16th century traveled to the western hemisphere Amerigo Vespucci (1454-1512) - a Florentine merchant who was in the service first of the Spanish and then of the Portuguese king, a famous navigator and geographer. Thanks to his letters, the idea that Columbus discovered not the coast of India, but a new mainland, gained popularity. In honor of Vespucci, this continent was named America. In 1515, the first globe with this name appeared, and then atlases and maps. Vespucci's hypothesis was finally confirmed as a result of Magellan's trip around the world (1519-1522). The name of Columbus remained immortalized in the name of one of the Latin American countries - Colombia.
Great geographical discoveries
The expedition of the Venetian traveler Marco Polo is preparing to sail.

slide 12

The proposal to reach the Moluccas by going around the American mainland from the south, expressed by Vespucci, interested the Spanish government. In 1513, the Spanish conquistador V. Nunez de Balboa crossed the Isthmus of Panama and went to the Pacific Ocean, which gave hope to Spain, which did not receive much benefit from the discoveries of Columbus, to find a western route to the shores of India. This task was destined to be fulfilled by the Portuguese nobleman Ferdinand Magellan (c. 1480-1521), who had previously been in the Portuguese possessions in Asia. He believed that the coast of India lay much closer to the newly discovered continent than it really was. World Ocean.

Great geographical discoveries

slide 13

On September 20, 1519, a squadron of five ships with 253 crew members, led by Magellan, who entered the service of the Spanish king, left the Spanish harbor of San Lucar. After 11 months of sailing across the Atlantic Ocean, Magellan reached the southern tip of America and passed through the strait (later called Magellanic), which separated the mainland from Tierra del Fuego. After three weeks of sailing through the strait, the squadron entered the Pacific Ocean, passing off the coast of Chile. On December 1, 1520, land was seen for the last time from ships. Magellan headed north and then northwest. For three months and twenty days, while the ships sailed across the ocean, he was calm, and therefore Magellan called him the Pacific.
Great geographical discoveries
Amerigo Vespucci - Florentine merchant, geographer, navigator. The mainland discovered by Christopher Columbus is named after him.

Slide 14

On March 6, 1521, the expedition approached the small inhabited islands (the Mariana Islands), and after another 10 days ended up near the Philippine Islands. As a result of the voyage of Magellan, the idea of the sphericity of the Earth was confirmed, it was proved that between Asia and America lies a huge body of water - the Pacific Ocean, which most of the globe occupied by water, not land, that there is a single world ocean.
Great geographical discoveries

slide 15

April 27, 1521 Magellan died in a skirmish with the natives on one of the Philippine Islands. His companions continued sailing under the command of Juan Sebastian El Cano and reached the Moluccas and Indonesia. Almost a year later, the last of Magellan's ships set off for his native shores, taking on board a large cargo of spices. September 6, 1522 the ship "Victoria" returned to Spain; Of the entire crew, only 18 survived. "Victoria" brought so many spices that their sale made it possible not only to cover all the expenses of the expedition, but also to make a significant profit. For a long time no one followed the example of Magellan, and only in 1578-1580. The second-ever circumnavigation of the world was made by the English pirate Francis Drake, who robbed the Spanish colonies on the Pacific coast of America along the way.

Great geographical discoveries

slide 16

In the 16th century - 1st half of the 17th century. the Spaniards explored the northern and western coasts of South America, penetrated into the interior and in a bloody struggle conquered the states (Maya, Aztecs, Incas) that existed in the Yucatan, present-day Mexico and Peru. Here the Spanish conquerors, primarily Hernan Cortes and Francisco Pizarro, seized the huge treasures accumulated by the rulers and priests of these states. In search of the fabulous land of El Dorado, the Spaniards explored the basin of the Orinoco and Magdalena rivers, where rich deposits of gold, silver and platinum were also discovered. The Spanish conquistador Ximénez de Quesada conquered what is now Colombia.
Great geographical discoveries
One of the ships of Magellan's flotilla. Drawing from 1523

Slide 17

In the 2nd half of the 16th century. - the beginning of the 17th century. the Spaniards made a number of Pacific expeditions from the territory of Peru, during which the Solomon Islands (1568), South Polynesia (1595), Melanesia (1605) were discovered.
Great geographical discoveries
One of the ships of Magellan's flotilla. Drawing from 1523

Slide 18

Long before the era of the Great Geographical Discoveries, the idea of the existence of a “South Continent” arose, and in the course of the discoveries, the idea of the existence of a “South Continent”, of which the islands of Southeast Asia were considered a part, became especially popular. She expressed herself in geographical writings, and the mythical mainland was even mapped under the name "Terra australis incognita" - "Unknown southern land". In 1605, a Spanish squadron of 3 ships sailed from Peru under the command of P. Quiroz, who discovered a number of islands, one of which he mistook for the coast of the mainland. Leaving two ships to the mercy of fate, Quiros returned to Peru, and then sailed to Spain to secure the rights to rule new lands. But soon he was wrong. The captain of one of the two abandoned ships, the Portuguese L. V. de Torres, continued sailing and found out that Kyros had discovered not the mainland, but a group of islands (New Hebrides).

Great geographical discoveries

Slide 19

Sailing west, Torres passed along the southern coast of New Guinea through the strait, later named after him, and discovered Australia lying to the south. There is evidence that on the coast of the new mainland as early as the 16th century. the Portuguese landed and, shortly before Torres, the Dutch, but this was not known in Europe. Having reached the Philippine Islands, Torres reported the discovery to the Spanish government. However, fearing competitors and not having the strength and means to develop new land, the Spanish administration withheld information about this discovery.
Great geographical discoveries
James Cook, English navigator, participant in two of the largest voyages around the world. Explorer of Australia and Oceania.

Slide 20

In the 1st half of the 17th century. the search for the "South Continent" was conducted by the Dutch. In 1642, Abel Janszon Tasman (1603-1659), bypassed Australia from the south, discovering an island called Tasmania. In 1768, the English navigator D. Cook explored the shores of Oceania and Australia, and subsequently he recognized Torres' priority in the discovery of Australia. In 1497-1498, English navigators reached the northeast coast of North America and discovered Newfoundland and Labrador. At the same time, searches were underway for a northeastern route to India through the Arctic Ocean. In the 16-17 centuries. Russian explorers explored the northern coast of the Ob, Yenisei and Lena and mapped the contours of the northern coast of Asia. In 1642, Yakutsk was founded, which became the base for expeditions to the Arctic Ocean.
Russian explorer Semyon Dezhnev, who discovered the strait between the Asian continent and America
Great geographical discoveries

slide 21

In 1648, Semyon Ivanovich Dezhnev (c. 1605-1673) left the Kolyma and bypassed the Chukotka peninsula, proving that the Asian continent was separated from America by a strait. The outlines of the northeastern coast of Asia were refined and mapped (1667, "Drawing of the Siberian Land"). But Dezhnev's report on the opening of the strait lay in the Yakut archive for 80 years and was published only in 1758. In the 18th century. the strait discovered by Dezhnev was named after the Danish navigator in the Russian service, Vitus Bering, who in 1728 rediscovered the strait. In 1898, in memory of Dezhnev, a cape in the northeastern tip of Asia was named after him.
Cape Dezhnev
Great geographical discoveries

slide 22

In the 15th - 17th centuries. as a result of bold sea and land expeditions, a significant part of the Earth was discovered and explored. Paths were laid that connected distant countries and continents. The great geographical discoveries marked the beginning of the creation colonial system, contributed to the formation of the world market and played an important role in the formation of the capitalist economic system in Europe. For the newly discovered and conquered countries they brought mass extermination planting the most severe forms of exploitation, the forcible introduction of Christianity. The rapid decline in the indigenous population of the Americas led to the importation of African slaves and widespread plantation slavery.
Great geographical discoveries

slide 23

America's gold and silver poured into Europe, causing there a frenzied rise in the prices of all commodities, the so-called price revolution. This primarily benefited the owners of manufactures, capitalists and merchants, since prices rose faster than wages. The “price revolution” contributed to the rapid ruin of artisans and handicraftsmen; in the countryside, nobles and wealthy peasants who sold food on the market benefited the most from it. All this contributed to the accumulation of capital. As a result of the Great geographical discoveries, Europe's ties with Africa and Asia expanded, and relations with America were established. The center of world trade and economic life has moved from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic Ocean.
Great geographical discoveries
Europeans and Islanders on Easter Island. Engraving of the 18th century.

Travel has always attracted people, but before they were not only interesting, but also extremely difficult. The territories were not explored, and, setting off on a journey, everyone became an explorer. Which travelers are the most famous and what exactly did each of them discover?

James Cook

The famous Englishman was one of the best cartographers of the eighteenth century. He was born in the north of England and by the age of thirteen he began to work with his father. But the boy was unable to trade, so he decided to take up navigation. In those days, all the famous travelers of the world went to distant countries on ships. James became interested in maritime affairs and moved up the career ladder so quickly that he was offered to become a captain. He refused and went to the Royal Navy. Already in 1757, the talented Cook began to manage the ship himself. His first achievement was the compilation of the fairway of the river. He discovered the talent of a navigator and cartographer. In the 1760s he explored Newfoundland, which attracted the attention of the Royal Society and the Admiralty. He was assigned to travel across the Pacific Ocean, where he reached the shores of New Zealand. In 1770, he did something that other famous travelers had not achieved before - he discovered a new continent. In 1771, Cook returned to England as the famous pioneer of Australia. His last journey was an expedition in search of a passage connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Today, even schoolchildren know the sad fate of Cook, who was killed by cannibal natives.

Christopher Columbus

Famous travelers and their discoveries have always had a significant impact on the course of history, but few have been as famous as this man. Columbus became a national hero of Spain, decisively expanding the map of the country. Christopher was born in 1451. The boy quickly achieved success because he was diligent and studied well. Already at the age of 14 he went to sea. In 1479, he met his love and began life in Portugal, but after the tragic death of his wife, he went with his son to Spain. Having received the support of the Spanish king, he went on an expedition, the purpose of which was to find a way to Asia. Three ships sailed from the coast of Spain to the west. In October 1492 they reached the Bahamas. This is how America was discovered. Christopher mistakenly decided to call the locals Indians, believing that he had reached India. His report changed history: two new continents and many islands, discovered by Columbus, became the main travel destination of the colonialists in the next few centuries.

Vasco da Gama

Portugal's most famous traveler was born in Sines on September 29, 1460. From a young age, he worked in the Navy and became famous as a confident and fearless captain. In 1495, King Manuel came to power in Portugal, who dreamed of developing trade with India. For this, a sea route was needed, in search of which Vasco da Gama had to go. There were also more famous sailors and travelers in the country, but for some reason the king chose him. In 1497, four ships sailed south, rounded and sailed to Mozambique. I had to stay there for a month - half of the team had scurvy by that time. After a break, Vasco da Gama reached Calcutta. In India, he established trade relations for three months, and a year later he returned to Portugal, where he became a national hero. The opening of the sea route, which made it possible to get to Calcutta past the east coast of Africa, was his main achievement.

Nikolay Miklukho-Maclay

Famous Russian travelers also made many important discoveries. For example, the same Nikolai Mikhlukho-Maclay, who was born in 1864 in the Novgorod province. He could not graduate from St. Petersburg University, as he was expelled for participating in student demonstrations. To continue his education, Nikolai went to Germany, where he met Haeckel, a naturalist who invited Miklouho-Maclay to his scientific expedition. So the world of wanderings opened up for him. His whole life was devoted to travel and scientific work. Nikolai lived in Sicily, in Australia, studied New Guinea, implementing the project of the Russian Geographical Society, visited Indonesia, the Philippines, the Malay Peninsula and Oceania. In 1886, the naturalist returned to Russia and proposed to the emperor to establish a Russian colony across the ocean. But the project with New Guinea did not receive royal support, and Miklouho-Maclay fell seriously ill and soon died, without completing his work on a travel book.

Ferdinand Magellan

Many famous navigators and travelers lived in the era of the Great Magellan is no exception. In 1480 he was born in Portugal, in the city of Sabrosa. Having gone to serve at court (at that time he was only 12 years old), he learned about the confrontation between his native country and Spain, about traveling to the East Indies and trade routes. So he first became interested in the sea. In 1505, Fernand got on a ship. Seven years after that, he plied the sea, participated in expeditions to India and Africa. In 1513, Magellan went to Morocco, where he was wounded in battle. But this did not curb the craving for travel - he planned an expedition for spices. The king rejected his request, and Magellan went to Spain, where he received all the necessary support. Thus began his world tour. Fernand thought that from the west the route to India might be shorter. He crossed the Atlantic Ocean, reached South America and discovered the strait, which would later be named after him. became the first European to see the Pacific Ocean. On it, he reached the Philippines and almost reached the goal - the Moluccas, but died in battle with local tribes, wounded by a poisonous arrow. However, his journey opened up a new ocean for Europe and the realization that the planet is much larger than scientists had previously thought.

Roald Amundsen

The Norwegian was born at the very end of an era in which many famous travelers became famous. Amundsen was the last of the navigators who tried to find undiscovered lands. From childhood, he was distinguished by perseverance and self-confidence, which allowed him to conquer the South Geographic Pole. The beginning of the journey is connected with 1893, when the boy left the university and got a job as a sailor. In 1896 he became a navigator, and the following year he went on his first expedition to Antarctica. The ship was lost in the ice, the crew suffered from scurvy, but Amundsen did not give up. He took command, cured the people, remembering his medical background, and brought the ship back to Europe. After becoming a captain, in 1903 he went in search of the Northwest Passage off Canada. Famous travelers before him had never done anything like this - in two years the team covered the path from the east of the American mainland to its west. Amundsen became known to the whole world. The next expedition was a two-month trip to the South Plus, and the last venture was the search for Nobile, during which he went missing.

David Livingston

Many famous travelers are connected with seafaring. he became a land explorer, namely the African continent. The famous Scot was born in March 1813. At the age of 20, he decided to become a missionary, met Robert Moffett and wished to go to African villages. In 1841, he came to Kuruman, where he taught local people how to farm, served as a doctor, and taught literacy. There he learned the Bechuan language, which helped him in his travels in Africa. Livingston studied in detail the life and customs of the locals, wrote several books about them and went on an expedition in search of the sources of the Nile, in which he fell ill and died of a fever.

Amerigo Vespucci

The most famous travelers in the world were most often from Spain or Portugal. Amerigo Vespucci was born in Italy and became one of the famous Florentines. He received a good education and trained as a financier. From 1490 he worked in Seville, in the Medici trade mission. His life was connected with sea travel, for example, he sponsored the second expedition of Columbus. Christopher inspired him with the idea of trying himself as a traveler, and already in 1499 Vespucci went to Suriname. The purpose of the voyage was to study the coastline. There he opened a settlement called Venezuela - little Venice. In 1500 he returned home with 200 slaves. In 1501 and 1503 Amerigo repeated his travels, acting not only as a navigator, but also as a cartographer. He discovered the bay of Rio de Janeiro, the name of which he gave himself. Since 1505, he served the king of Castile and did not participate in campaigns, only equipped other people's expeditions.

Francis Drake

Many famous travelers and their discoveries have benefited mankind. But among them there are those who left behind a bad memory, since their names were associated with rather cruel events. An English Protestant, who had sailed on a ship from the age of twelve, was no exception. He captured local residents in the Caribbean, selling them into slavery to the Spaniards, attacked ships and fought with Catholics. Perhaps no one could equal Drake in terms of the number of captured foreign ships. His campaigns were sponsored by the Queen of England. In 1577 he went to South America to defeat the Spanish settlements. During the journey, he found Tierra del Fuego and the strait, which was subsequently named after him. Rounding Argentina, Drake plundered the port of Valparaiso and two Spanish ships. When he reached California, he met the natives, who presented the British with gifts of tobacco and bird feathers. Drake crossed the Indian Ocean and returned to Plymouth, becoming the first British citizen to circumnavigate the world. He was admitted to the House of Commons and awarded the title of Sir. In 1595 he died in the last campaign in the Caribbean.

Afanasy Nikitin

Few famous travelers in Russia have achieved the same heights as this native of Tver. Afanasy Nikitin became the first European to visit India. He made a trip to the Portuguese colonizers and wrote "Journey Beyond the Three Seas" - the most valuable literary and historical monument. The success of the expedition was ensured by the merchant's career: Athanasius knew several languages and knew how to negotiate with people. On his journey, he visited Baku, lived in Persia for about two years and reached India by ship. After visiting several cities in an exotic country, he went to Parvat, where he stayed for a year and a half. After the province of Raichur, he headed to Russia, paving the route through the Arabian and Somali Peninsulas. However, Afanasy Nikitin never made it home, because he fell ill and died near Smolensk, but his notes survived and provided the merchant with world fame.

Presentation on the topic "Outstanding travelers and navigators" in geography in powerpoint format. This presentation for schoolchildren tells about famous travelers who have contributed to the study of the continents of the Earth.

Fragments from the presentation

Africa

Vasco da Gama 1497-1499

traveled to India, established the outlines of the African continent.

David Livingston 1813-1873

English physician and traveler-crossed South Africa from west to east, sailed along the Zambezi River, discovered Victoria Falls on it, explored lakes Nyasa and Tanganyika, described local plant and animal species.

Australia

Abel Tasman 1603-1659

He approached Australia from the south and established that it was the mainland.

James Cook 1728-1779

It is this English traveler who is credited with the discovery of mainland Australia. The navigator, Captain Cook, was an outstanding explorer of three oceans, the discoverer of many unknown lands. His courage, patriotism and now inspire travelers to exploits in the study of the nature of the Earth.

Antarctica

The discovery of Antarctica - this distant, cold, but interesting by its nature continent is associated with the names of these travelers.

Thaddeus Bellingshausen 1778-1852
Mikhail Lazarev 1788-1851

Roald Amundsen 1872-1928

A traveler who erased a huge number of "white spots" on the world map. But his most famous feat is the conquest of the South Pole. The great Norwegian belongs to one of the first places in the heroic galaxy of courageous people.

South America

Alexander Humboldt 1769-1859

He described the nature of South America, created the first geological map of the mainland, collected a herbarium of 12 thousand plant species. His research is compared with the second discovery of America.

Nikolai Vavilov 1887-1943

The Russian botanist, during his expeditions, established the origin of some cultivated plants, whose homeland is South America.

North America

Eric the Red

Discovered the island of Greenland and founded settlements there

Christopher Columbus 1451-1506

The discovery of America is associated with the voyage of Christopher Columbus in search of a sea route to India. The traveler discovered a beautiful world where powerful states have now arisen, and the peoples that inhabit them glorify the name of Columbus and pass it on to their descendants with honors.

Amerigo Vespucci 1454-1512

"Monument to human injustice" - this is how the history of the origin of the name America is called. It was the Italian traveler Amerigo Vespucci who came to the conclusion that Christopher Columbus did not reach India, but an unknown vast land - the New World.

John Cabot 1450-1499

The expedition under his leadership discovered the northeast coast of North America.

Eurasia

Marco Polo 1254-1324

The traveler discovered the East for Europeans, he was the first to travel by sea from China to Italy. His work "Description of the World" is the most famous book of that era.

Afanasy Nikitin

A Russian traveler who, long before Vasco da Gama, traveled along the shores of the Indian subcontinent. After staying in India for about four years, he wrote down everything, heard and saw a hundred. Later, his notes will form the book "Journey Beyond the Three Seas".

Ferdinand Magellan 1480-1521

He made the first round-the-world voyage, as a result of which it was proved: - the Earth has the shape of a ball; - there is more water on Earth than land; - all oceans are interconnected and form a single World Ocean.

Ermak Timofeevich

In 1581 he crossed the Urals, which contributed to the further rapid advance of Europeans to the east of Eurasia.

Semyon Dezhnev 1605-1673

Sailed through the Arctic Ocean and reached the eastern cape of Asia. He opened the strait between Asia and America, later called the Bering Strait. He was the first to go around the Chukotka Peninsula.

Vitus Bering 1680-1741

Led the Great Northern Expedition, took part in the organization Russian fleet, marine geographical research of that time.

Ivan Krusenstern 1770-1846

Initiator and leader of the first Russian round-the-world expedition (1803-1806)

Yuri Lisyansky 1773-1837

Together with Ivan Kruzenshtern, he made the first Russian round-the-world expedition, discovered one of the Hawaiian Islands, named after him.

Pyotr Semyonov-Tyan-Shansky 1827-1914

He made two trips to the Tien Shan, made a diagram of the relief and altitudinal zonality of this gigantic mountain system, discovered mountain glaciers, explored the high-mountain lake Issyk-Kul.

Nikolai Przhevalsky 1839-1888

He described and mapped the Tibetan Plateau, deserts, lakes, the sources of the Huang He and Yangtze rivers. Carried out five expeditions to Central Asia.

Nikolai Miklukho-Maclay 1846-1888

A talented researcher of the life of primitive peoples. He was an educator of many tribes among which he lived. An outstanding traveler, explored the island of New Guinea and other islands of the Pacific Ocean.

Georgy Sedov 1877-1914

A brave polar explorer who devoted his life to the cause of conquering the boundless expanses of the Arctic.

Afanasy Nikitin (XV century)

Afanasy Nikitin is a Russian traveler, Tver merchant and writer. He traveled from Tver to Persia and India (1468-1474). On the way back he visited the African coast (Somalia), Muscat and Turkey. Nikitin's travel notes "Journey beyond three seas" is a valuable literary and historical monument. He is noted for his versatility of observations, as well as religious tolerance, unusual for the Middle Ages, combined with devotion to the Christian faith and native land.

Semyon Dezhnev (1605 -1673)

An outstanding Russian navigator, explorer, traveler, explorer of Northern and Eastern Siberia. In 1648, Dezhnev was the first among the famous European navigators (80 years earlier than Vitus Bering) who managed to pass the Bering Strait, which separates Alaska from Chukotka. Cossack chieftain and a fur trader, Dezhnev actively participated in the development of Siberia (Dezhnev himself married a Yakut woman, Abakayada Syuchyu).

Grigory Shelikhov (1747 - 1795)

Russian industrialist who carried out geographical research of the northern islands of the Pacific Ocean and Alaska. He founded the first settlements in Russian America. The strait between about. Kodiak and the North American mainland, a bay in the Sea of Okhotsk, a city in the Irkutsk region and a volcano in the Kuriles. A remarkable Russian merchant, geographer and traveler, nicknamed

the light hand of G. R. Derzhavin “Russian Columbus”, was born in 1747 in the city of Rylsk, Kursk province, into a bourgeois family. Overcoming the space from Irkutsk to the Lama (Okhotsk) Sea was his first journey. In 1781, Shelikhov created the Northeast Company, which in 1799 was transformed into the Russian-American Trading Company.

Dmitry Ovtsyn (1704 - 1757)

Russian hydrographer and traveler, led the second of the detachments of the Great Northern Expedition. Produced the first hydrographic inventory of the coast of Siberia between the mouths of the Ob and Yenisei. He discovered the Gydan Bay and the Gydan Peninsula. Participated in the last voyage of Vitus Bering to the shores of North America. A cape and an island in the Yenisei Bay bear his name. AT

Dmitry Leontyevich Ovtsyn was in the Russian fleet since 1726, took part in the first voyage of Vitus Bering to the shores of Kamchatka, and by the time the expedition was organized, he had risen to the rank of lieutenant. The significance of Ovtsyn's expedition, like that of the rest of the detachments of the Great Northern Expedition, is extremely great. Based on the inventories compiled by Ovtsyn, maps of the places he explored were prepared until the beginning of the 20th century.

Ivan Krusenstern (1770 - 1846)

Russian navigator, admiral, led the first Russian round-the-world expedition. For the first time mapped most of the coast of about. Sakhalin. One of the founders of the Russian geographical society. His name is the strait in the northern part of the Kuril Islands, the passage between about. Tsushima and

the islands of Iki and Okinoshima in the Korean Strait, the islands in the Bering Strait and the Tuamotu Archipelago, a mountain on Novaya Zemlya. On June 26, 1803, the ships "Neva" and "Nadezhda" left Kronstadt and headed for the coast of Brazil. This was the first passage of Russian ships to the southern hemisphere. On August 19, 1806, during a stay in Copenhagen, a Danish prince visited a Russian ship, who wished to meet Russian sailors and listen to their stories. The first Russian circumnavigation had a great scientific and practical value and attracted the attention of the whole world. Russian navigators corrected in many points the English charts, which were then considered the most accurate.

Thaddeus Bellingshausen (1778 - 1852)

Thaddeus Bellingshausen - Russian navigator, participant in the first Russian circumnavigation of the world by I.F. Kruzenshtern. Leader of the first Russian Antarctic expedition that discovered Antarctica. Admiral. The sea off the coast of Antarctica, the underwater basin between the continental slopes of Antarctica and South America, the islands in the Pacific, Atlantic Oceans and the Aral Sea, the first Soviet polar station on the island bear his name. King George in the South Shetland Islands. The future discoverer of the southern polar continent was born on September 20, 1778 on the island of Ezel near Arensburg in Livonia (Estonia).

Fyodor Litke (1797-1882)

Fyodor Litke - Russian navigator and geographer, count and admiral. Head of the round-the-world expedition and research on Novaya Zemlya and the Barents Sea. Discovered two groups of islands in the Caroline chain. One of the founders and leaders of the Russian Geographical Society. The name of Litke is 15 points on the map. Litke led the nineteenth Russian

round-the-world expedition for hydrographic studies of little-known areas of the Pacific Ocean. Litke's voyage was one of the most successful Russian circumnavigations in history and was of great scientific importance. The exact coordinates of the main points of Kamchatka were determined, the islands - Karolinsky, Karaginsky, etc., were described, the Chukchi coast from Cape Dezhnev to the mouth of the river. Anadyr. The discoveries were so important that Germany and France, arguing over the Caroline Islands, turned to Litka for advice on their location.