What is reverse synthesis in psychology. What is Synthesis? The meaning and interpretation of the word sintez, the definition of the term. Analysis by synthesis

Synthesis is a combination, real or mental, of different elements into one whole, into a harmonious system. Inextricably linked with it is analysis, which involves the division of the general into its constituent components.

What does the word "synthesis" mean from a medical point of view? It means the unification of various phenomena and objects into one whole.

Meaning in the medical dictionary

Together with analysis, this process guarantees the formation of thinking and concepts.

Synthesis is the process of creating strong hierarchical relationships between real objects, a kind of mental operation. Psychologists use a similar term to get an objective picture of a person's internal state.

In Ushakov's dictionary

The definition of the word "synthesis" is considered here from three perspectives. In the first sense, it means a research method that allows you to establish connections, to get a single whole from separate fragments.

Given in the dictionary and the second meaning of the word "synthesis" - a generalization, the result that is obtained in the course of the study. For example, synthesis occurs in chemistry during the formation of organic substances.

Also here is another definition of such a term. Synthesis is a stage in the formation of progressive stages of development into a higher unity.

Interpretation in TSB

The term is opposed to analysis. The Greek word "synthesis" in TSB is considered as the union of several aspects of an object into one whole. In science, it implies the process of sequential extraction of information, its evaluation, analysis. A similar point of view was held by representatives of ancient geometry: Euclid, Plato.

Also often the meaning of this term is associated with some "synthetic judgments". Synthesis and analysis are located not only at the basis of all varieties of human activity, but also in their simplest forms. They characterize the behavior of animals, are used in technical programs, computer modeling. For example, from a biological point of view, synthesis is an analytical activity of the brain.

Psychologists S. L. Rubinshtein, J. Piaget, after lengthy research, came to the conclusion that cognitive processes, characteristic of humans, are also associated with this phenomenon.

For example, in the scientific sense, synthesis can be viewed as a relationship of theories related to the same subject area. IN modern physics the fundamentals of corpuscular and wave theory are associated with the unification of individual features and characteristics into a single picture.

What is a synonym for the word "synthesis"? For example, the following words can be used instead of this term: connection, union, sum. The choice depends on the scientific field assigned for the work. In addition to internal processes, modern science is also characterized by an interdisciplinary relationship, which gives a complete picture of the unity of the worldview.

Synthesis in chemistry

It is difficult to imagine this science without combining several simple or complex substances. Chemical synthesis is especially relevant for organic compounds, since it can be used to consider the production of complex biopolymers, to predict the specifics of their chemical and physical properties, suggest the main areas of application of the compounds obtained.

Photosynthesis, which indicates the formation of water and carbon dioxide complex organic matter(glucose), flows only in the light and is necessary condition existence of green plants.

Of interest is also chemosynthesis, which involves the combination of carbon dioxide, as well as during the oxidation inorganic substances into organic compounds.

Nucleosynthesis is the process of obtaining nuclei. chemical elements which are heavier than a hydrogen atom.

Thanks to synthesis, you can get a beautiful and coherent speech from individual letters, syllables. Many words in our language have multiple meanings, depending on the context in which they are used. Let's try to characterize the term "synthesis" from different points of view. If in the general version a certain process of reunification into one whole of different concepts or substances is assumed, then in each specific case the definition may have interpretations.

Let us give an example of synthesis, which is considered in the framework organic chemistry. Do you know what matrix synthesis is? This chemical reaction polycondensation or polymerization, without which it is impossible to obtain polymer compounds. The structure of the HMC defines macromolecules that are interconnected with monomers and growing organic chains.

The matrix structural effect is understood as the ability of a matrix to influence the length, chemical structure, spatial view of child circuits (elementary constituent elements).

As the most complex process - synthesis - one can imagine the formation of protein molecules. It involves the use of a significant amount of enzymes, carried out in the body at the cellular level.

The specificity of such a reaction lies in the ability to establish a certain sequence of amino acid units in the resulting macromolecule. Such a process involves the expenditure of a significant amount of heat. After completion of the reaction, the protein macromolecule is transferred to its immediate destination with the help of a certain polypeptide leader.

Synthesis in art

Not only in classical physics, organic chemistry and in various fields of medicine, the term "synthesis" is used. The processes associated with the unification of individual fragments, parts, are also characteristic of art. An example is the use of a piece of comic text in the epic. There is also a synthesis between the individual art forms. So, on the basis of a certain literary scenario, a specific image is created on the television screen.

Recently, various types of interior trends have often been combined into a single whole: the gothic direction and architecture, modern and classic, hi-tech and provence. At the same time, professional designers get a huge scope for their creativity, creating unique images in the interior.

Conclusion

With proper selection of different types of art, you can count on getting a harmonious image. So, with the right approach, the introduction of modern buildings into the ancient cities is quite acceptable.

The term "synthesis" is found by modern man in various fields of his activity: science, technology, in everyday life, as well as in various fields of art.

Synthesis usually refers to the union of two or more already existing elements, resulting in an entirely new creation. The term itself is broad in meaning and can be applied to physical, ideological and even phenomenological entities.

"Synthesis in psychology is ... (definition)

In dialectics, synthesis is the end result of attempts to reconcile the inherent contradiction between thesis and antithesis. Along with the similar concept of integration, synthesis is generally considered an important element in modern philosophy, psychology, and many other sciences. This is the part that unites the disparate elements into a single whole.

Synthesis in psychology is the recognition of the traits, impulses and relationships of a complete thing, or it is a process in which several biochemical constituents are formed into one. It is difficult to recognize the synthesis of a person, especially if he has different traits, impulses and attitudes in different situations.

Subconscious Perception

Analysis and synthesis in psychology are types of thinking, with an important role played by subconscious perception, implying the possibility that information that is not consciously registered can influence subsequent thought processes. Examples are words or images presented quickly, vaguely, quietly, cryptically, or out of focus so that they are not consciously registered.

Analysis by synthesis

Any data management standard that postulates that data-driven and idea-driven procedures actually participate in the recognition and understanding of a sense stimulant. The individual first learns the tangible features and component aspects of the stimulant and then decides what data is important and compiles it into an internal interpretation or understanding of what the stimulant might actually be.

This interior interpretation contrasts with the introduction of a stimulant. After that, if they are similar, the stimulant can be said to be recognized, but if not, other interpretations must be made and considered until a similar stimulant is found. What is analysis by synthesis? The imaginary existence of "quantity" in psychology is a prerequisite for measurement.

Any person (researcher or subject) can represent homogeneous concepts as quantities (redness, loudness or severity of various kinds of objects or events). Conversely, dissimilar concepts can be combined with imaginary quantities such as intelligence or personality that are built from coherent sets of theoretical concepts. Measurements in physics, psychophysics and psychology will be treated relatively differently.

cognitive psychology

In his influential book Cognitive Psychology (1967), Ulric Neisser suggested that the whole "filter" idea was wrong. It would be too boring if the cognitive system sits and receives information without looking for it. If we consider the thought process as a construct, then it is the result of what we are looking for, and not what we cannot filter. Neisser called this analysis a synthesis. He explained the analysis by the model of synthesis - by analogy.

Let us give an example of synthesis in psychology. If we see a person picking apples in the orchard, we assume that his activity is determined by what he is looking for (ripe apples), and not by what he filters out or does not select (unripe apples, leaves, twigs, bugs, etc.). .). We make this assumption because we recognize that picking apples is a purposeful activity. If attention is also seen as a purposeful activity, then the problem of selective attention is the problem of explaining what is included rather than what is left out.

How does analysis by synthesis deal with the cocktail party phenomenon? Let's say you're at a party, straining to pay attention to what the person in front of you is saying. This is a purposeful activity. You are trying to build the meanings that come from this person using directional information that helps you tune in to the voice. You ignore all other conversations because they are irrelevant to your goal, but not because some filter removes them.

Your attention is an act of positive selection or synthesis, not an act of negative selection or filtering. Anything that is not in your synthesis is ignored, with a few exceptions, such as when our gaze is directed to movement in peripheral vision, or when our attention is activated by calling our name. Information that appears to be "filtered" is simply that which is not "configured".

What is concentration?

One of the features of thinking is concentration, a very focused form of attention. People with great powers of concentration ignore all distractions because they don't contribute to their goals. However, details are allowed into the thought process that can have a beneficial effect.

Analysis and synthesis: two key approaches

The analysis focuses on the component parts of the situation, in the basis of recognizing the differences between things. The process of analysis is the process of taking something apart and recognizing the differences between the parts, as well as determining what those elements do. After all, the parts are recreated in order to understand the whole. Often in this process it is assumed that the whole will be the same as the sum of its parts. That is, the properties of the whole are determined by the properties of the parts.

Analytical thinking has been extremely helpful in solving a wide range of problems that have clear causes. For example, most advances in health care have been made by identifying the simple causes of many diseases: viral and bacterial vectors, nutritional deficiencies, genetic mutations, and so on.

Analytical thinking has been gaining momentum since the Enlightenment, when there was a real shift against mysticism, superstition and tradition as the main ways of thinking about the world and what we do in it. The period during which this shift in thought took place is the late seventeenth and early eighteenth century, also called the "age of reason." This age promoted the use of logic and rationality.

"Theory of Everything"

People who prefer analytical thinking promote the idea that most things can be "reduced" to an atomistic interpretation, ultimately implying that the basic common denominator of physics analysis will be able to explain how things work. It is not surprising that it was physicists who coined the term "theory of everything" - the search for a single model to explain all the fundamental interactions of nature.

A great example of an area where analytical thinking fails is the understanding of human emotions. The following quote from Gharajedaghi (2006) on Systems Thinking perfectly illustrates the problem: "I can love, but none of my parts can love. If you separate me, the phenomenon of love will be lost."

Synthesis: holistic thinking

There is no single mechanism that determines what is alive and what is not. We cannot explain life by "tearing it apart" and then recreating it. However, we seem to be able to easily distinguish living things from non-living things. Therefore, synthesis consists in understanding the current processes that create recognizable patterns of behavior.

If a person encounters different situations that produce a common pattern, they can then label that common pattern and use that label over and over again. Coping or surviving in new situations that we have not encountered before depends on our ability to synthesize. We can do this quickly and efficiently if we recognize commonalities with previous situations. This kind of synthesis clearly helps and speeds up the learning process, and is a powerful tool in surviving in a changing world.

Many "wholes" can only be understood by defining their role or function in the "big whole" (context or environment) that contains them. I call the oak tree and the blackbird "living", realizing that there is a pattern of "living" behavior in each of the two different entities, in the "big whole" ecological system or the ecosystem in which they are both embedded.

An example of synthesis and analysis from the animal kingdom

The synthesis method in psychology often overlaps with analysis. Let's take a lion as an example. Analytical thinking assumes that the lion in the zoo is the same as the lion in wild nature because they are the same type of living being. But holistic thinking shows that the role of the lion as part of the savanna ecology is very different from the role of the lion as part of the zoo.

Studying this predator in its "big whole", that is, in a zoo, will tell you little about lions in the wild. Analysis tells you that lions in a zoo and lions in the wild may be biologically identical, but synthesis will tell you that an animal in a zoo is not the same as an animal in its natural habitat. These two approaches can lead to two different conclusions. For example, as the study of animal behavior has focused more on their actions within their natural habitats, we have steadily redefined our understanding of the animal mind.

Other types of mental operations

To solve problems, a person uses a lot of mental operations. In addition to analysis and synthesis, this is also a generalization, comparison, etc. Without them, cognitive activity, learning, and productive thinking in general are impossible.

• Analysis - the distribution of the whole into separate elements, the isolation of individual features, properties, qualities.
• Synthesis is in psychology the combination of parts into a whole based on semantic connections.
• Comparison is a comparison of objects or phenomena with each other in order to find similarities and differences.
• Generalization is the combination of various objects into one group based on common features.
• Concretization - filling something generalized with details and details.
• Analogy is the transfer of knowledge about one subject to another in order to clarify one or another interpretation.

These operations are indispensable in the learning process, for the search and assimilation of new knowledge. Often a person uses them unconsciously and intuitively, on a subconscious level.

SYNTHESIS

SYNTHESIS

(from Greek- connection, combination, composition), connection of various elements, sides of an object into a whole (system), which is carried out as in practice. activities and in the learning process. In this sense, S. is the opposite of analysis. (decomposition of an object into its components) with which it is inextricably linked. In philosophy and various sciences, "S." also applies to some specialist. values. So, S. is sometimes understood as reasoning, follow. deriving what is to be proven from previously proven statements (in analysis as a process of reasoning from what has been proved to what has already been proved). A similar understanding of analysis and S., dating back to antique geometry (Plato, Euclid, Pappus of Alexandria), adheres to, e.g., J. Hintikka (Finland). Another term "S." associated with so-called."synthetic judgments”, which combine into a single whole and generalize factual information about objects.

In its very general meaning and S. lie not only at the heart of human. activities, but in their elementary forms they define higher animals, and in their various technical. implementations are used in programs computer, in the arts. self-organizing systems and T. d. Physiological. the basis of human behavior is analytic-synthetic. brain. S. as a mental system is produced from the substantive connection of parts of objects into a whole and is historically formed in the process of social production. people's activities. Laws of transformation (interiorization) subject synthetic. actions in mental S.'s operations are studied in psychology.

S. how to know. The operation takes various forms. Any process of formation of concepts is based on the unity of the processes of analysis and S. Empirich. data of research of this or that object are synthesized at their theoretical. generalization. In the theoretical scientific knowledge of S. acts in the form of the relationship of theories related to the same subject area; as an association of competing, in defined. aspects of opposing theories (e.g., S. corpuscular and wave representations in modern physics); in the form of constructing deductive (axiomatic, hypothetic-deductive and T. e.) theories and others Dialectic ascent from the abstract to the concrete as a way of constructing a theoretical. knowledge about complex developing objects is also one of the forms of S.: the resulting knowledge about the object under study is S., its diverse abstract definitions.

For modern science is characterized not only by the processes of S. inside otd. scientific disciplines, but also between different disciplines - interdisciplinary S. (S. processes played an important role in the formation of biophysics, biochemistry, econometrics and others) , as well as between main spheres modern scientific and tech. knowledge - natural sciences, societies. and tech. Sciences. IN 20 V. a number of so-called. integrative sciences (e.g. semiotics, systems), in which data on the structural properties of objects of various disciplines are synthesized. The study of procedures scientific knowledge plays beings. role in solving the problem of the unity of science, in the interpretation of which is dialectical. comes from a variety of forms scientific and tech. knowledge combined on the basis of S. methodological. means, concepts and principles of various fields of knowledge.

Marx K. and Engels F., Works, T. 20; Lenin V. I., PSS, T. 18, 29; Mamardashvili M.K., Processes of analysis and S., "VF", 1958, No. 2; Gorsky DP, Problems of the general methodology of sciences and dialectic. Logic, M., 1966; WITH. modern scientific knowledge, M., 1973; Shvyrev V. S., Theoretical and empirical in scientific knowledge, M., 1978; Bunge, M., Scientific research, v. 1-2, Hdlb.-N.?., 1967 ; Hintikka J., R es U., The method of analysis, Dordrecht-Boston, 1974.

Philosophical encyclopedic dictionary. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. Ch. editors: L. F. Ilyichev, P. N. Fedoseev, S. M. Kovalev, V. G. Panov. 1983 .

SYNTHESIS

(from Greek synthesis - connection, combination)

method scientific research, consisting in the combination of various phenomena, things, qualities, opposites or a contradictory set into a unity in which contradictions and opposites are smoothed out or removed (see. Take off). The opposite - analysis. The result of synthesis is a perfect formation, the properties of which are not only the external properties of the components, but also their interpenetration and mutual influence. Therefore, synthesis is not, but "creative synthesis". About the synthesis in the Hegelian, i.e. dialectical, understanding, see Hegel, Dialectic. Kant osn. He considered the “synthesis of transcendental apperception” as an action of thinking, by means of which the results of empirical contemplation are connected into the unity of knowledge.

Philosophical Encyclopedic Dictionary. 2010 .

SYNTHESIS

(from the Greek σύνϑεσις - connection, combination, composition) - the connection of various elements into a single whole, performed in the process of cognition and practical. activities. S. is inextricably linked with analysis. S. and analysis are fundamental processes, to which all kinds of minds ultimately come down. activities. Their physiological basis - analytic-synthetic. brain activity. Mental S. is formed in practical. activity, but then separates from it and acquires a relatively independent . S. can be carried out at various levels, ranging from simple mechanical. connecting parts of an unorganized whole to the creation of scientific. theories based on the generalization of individual facts and ideas. The result of S. can be qualitatively quite different than the sum of its constituent elements (see Structure, System, Systematics). Together with analysis, mental S. leads to the formation of concepts, plays an important role in the formation of both empirical and inferential knowledge, in the creation of art. works and technical inventions. Creative. An inventor's design relies on the connections between objects he has studied and often takes the path of modeling already known natural phenomena, while an artist's design achieves success only if it reflects life relationships and takes into account the laws of art. creativity. S. is not a simple copy of reality, but includes idealization, calculation of real possibilities, and consideration of development trends. This is clearly manifested in the construction of scientific. hypotheses, concept formation, etc.

S. can be divided into types depending on the nature of the elements combined in S., the characteristics of the whole that arises as a result of S., and the originality of the method of combining elements into a unity. Considering all this, one can distinguish between: the unification of parts into a single whole (an example of this kind of S. can serve as a mental design of a c.-l. mechanism or comprehension of an organism as a single whole); the combination of many aspects, properties, signs into unity (for example, a new biological species by highlighting a set of characteristics characteristic of it); combination of elements in order to establish their inherent common properties and relationships (this S. is characteristic of generalization and the thought process leading to the discovery of the law).

In the anti. In science, S. was understood as a method of obtaining knowledge about the whole through the combination of its elements or the move from premises (foundations, causes) to consequences (as Aristotle, in particular, understood S.). Kant defined S. in a broad sense: as “... the attachment of various representations to each other and their diversity in a single act of cognition” (“Critique of Pure Reason”, Soch., vol. 3, M., 1964, p. 173) . If this S. is accomplished "through the imagination" (ibid., p. 174), then this is empirical. S., "synthesis of grasping" (see ibid., p. 213). The highest S., according to Kant, is "pure", or "" S., has when feelings. variety is brought under the definition. a priori concepts (categories) that give the unity formed in the process of S. the significance of necessity. Hegel considered S. as a course of thought from the universal to the individual and singled out the steps of this path. The universal is " ", then comes its (special) and, finally, " ", i.e. . True, the theorem is not a sensuous-singularity, and therefore Hegel demonstrates the whole of S. in math. examples where abstractions are taken as the source. Hegel refers the three-stage S. only to the field of rational knowledge. Rational thinking, in his opinion, is inherent in S., to-ry lies in the dialectic. combination of thesis and antithesis.

In modern science of analysis and S. is becoming more and more multifaceted. This already illustrates the process of differentiation of knowledge. The emergence, for example, of such sciences as physical. , biochemistry, cybernetics, is, on the one hand, the result of analysis, the separation of new areas of knowledge from the old sciences; on the other hand, the analysis itself in this case carried out in the process of C. Integration of methods of various sciences, occurring in the crust. in all fields of knowledge, is of the same kind.

I. Burova, N. Goder. Moscow.

S. and analysis in mathematics. Analysis in mathematics is a reasoning proceeding from what is to be proven (from the unestablished, unknown) to what has already been proven (previously established, known). S. - reasoning, which goes in the opposite direction. For analysis, the leading one is how to reduce the proven to the previously known (proven). It is a means of finding proof and revealing its idea, but in most cases it does not constitute proof by itself. S., relying on the data found by the analysis, completes the proof: he shows how the proven follows from the previously established statements, gives theorems or problems. Such an understanding of analysis and S. arose as early as Mat. school of Plato and finally took shape after the appearance of the "Beginnings" of Euclid and the works of his ancient commentators (in particular, Pappus of Alexandria, Greek, 2nd half of the 3rd century AD). In modern In mathematics, the terms "analysis" and "analytic" are used more often in a different sense, which, however, is historically connected with the first. Since the solution of equations can be considered an analytical process (because here we pass from the implicit definition of certain numbers using equations to their explicit definition, which appears when we find the roots of these equations), then the sciences, in which equations and related methods play an important role, came to be called analytic mathematicians. So, the area of ​​mathematics, in which the geometric. objects are given by equations, called analytic. geometry. For the same reason, differential and integral and certain other branches of mathematics are called. math. analysis.

B. Biryukov. Moscow.

Lit.: Marx K., Theory of surplus value, part 3, Marx K. and Engels F., Soch., 2nd ed., vol. 26, part 3; Kajori R., History of elementary mathematics, trans. from English, 2nd ed., Odessa, 1917; Hegel G. V., Soch., vol. 1, 5, 6, M.–L., 1929–39; Aristotle, Metaphysics, M.–L., 1934; Euclid, Beginnings, trans. from Greek, 2nd ed., book. 11–15, Moscow–Leningrad, 1950; Mamardashvili M. K., Processes of analysis and synthesis, "VF", 1958, No 2; Ilyenkov E. V., Dialectics of abstract and concrete in Marx's "Capital", [M.], 1960; Process of thinking and analysis, synthesis and generalization, M., 1960; Yugay G. A., The problem of the integrity of the plant organism. "VF", 1960. No 12; Rosenthal M. M., Principles of dialectic. Logic, M., 1960, p. 416–26; Burova I. N., Unity of analysis and synthesis, M., 1962; Hobbes T., fav. Proizv., vol. 1, M., 1964. See also Art. Analysis, Port-Royal Logic and Lit. with these articles.

Philosophical Encyclopedia. In 5 volumes - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia. Edited by F. V. Konstantinov. 1960-1970 .

SYNTHESIS

SYNTHESIS (from the Greek σύνθεσις - connection, combination, composition) - the connection of various elements, aspects of an object into a single whole (system), which is carried out both in practical activities and in the process of cognition. In this sense, synthesis is opposed to analysis (the decomposition of an object into its components), with which it is inextricably linked. In philosophy and various sciences, the term "synthesis" is also used in some special meanings. Thus, synthesis is sometimes understood as the process of reasoning, the successive derivation of what needs to be proven from previously proven statements (as opposed to analysis as a process of reasoning from what is being proved to what has already been proven). A similar understanding of analysis and synthesis, dating back to ancient geometry (Plato, Euclid, Pappus of Alexandria), adheres to, for example, J. Hintikka. Another meaning of the term “synthesis” is connected with t, n. synthetic judgments that combine into a single whole and generalize factual (empirical) information about objects. In their most general meaning, they lie not only at the basis of human activity, but also determine the behavior of higher animals, and in technical implementations they are used in computer programs, in artificial self-organizing systems, etc. The physiological basis of human behavior is the analytical and synthetic activity of the brain . Synthesis as a mental operation is produced from the substantive connection of parts of objects into a whole and is historically formed in the process of social and industrial activity of people. The laws of transformation (internalization) of objective synthetic actions into mental operations of synthesis are studied in psychology. Synthesis as a cognitive operation has many different forms. Any process of concept formation is based on the unity of the processes of analysis and synthesis. Empirical data from the study of a particular object are synthesized during their theoretical generalization. In theoretical scientific knowledge, synthesis appears in the form of an interconnection of theories related to the same subject area; as a union of competing, in certain aspects, opposite theories (for example, the synthesis of corpuscular and wave representations in modern physics); in the form of constructing deductive (axiomatic, hypothetical-deductive, etc.) theories, etc.

Modern science is characterized not only by the processes of synthesis within individual scientific disciplines, but also between different disciplines - interdisciplinary synthesis - as well as between natural science, social and technical sciences. In the 20th century a number of so-called. integrative sciences (eg, cybernetics, semiotics, systems theory), in which data on the structural properties of objects of various disciplines are synthesized. Study of synthesis procedures scientific knowledge plays a significant role in solving the problem of the unity of science, the interpretation of which is based on the diversity of forms of scientific and technical knowledge, combined on the basis of a synthesis of methodological tools, concepts and principles of various fields of knowledge.

Lit .: Mamardashvili M.K. Processes of analysis and synthesis.- “VF”, 1958, No. 2; Gorsky D.P. Problems of the general methodology of sciences and dialectical logic. M., 1966; Synthesis of modern scientific knowledge. M., 1973; Shvyrev VS Theoretical and empirical in scientific knowledge. M., 1978; Bunge, M. Scientific Research, v. 1-2. Hdlb.-N.Y., 1967; HiMikkaJ. RemesU. The Method from Analysis. DordrechtBoston, 1974.

V. N. Sadovsky

New Philosophical Encyclopedia: In 4 vols. M.: Thought. Edited by V. S. Stepin. 2001 .

Synonyms:

1) Synthesis- (Greek synthesis - connection) - the unification of scientific, philosophical and religious knowledge to achieve a complete understanding of reality. Neoplatonism provided such a synthesis in ancient philosophy. In the Middle Ages, scholasticism created Sums. Beginning, however, with the Renaissance, not one of the epochs of cultural and intellectual development could express itself in syntheses of such a scale, but such attempts were constantly made in individual religious and philosophical creativity. Teilhard de Chardin in the West and representatives of the All-Unity philosophy in Russia proposed new options that caused a lot of controversy. The disclosure of the secrets of being in such syntheses is not achieved, but nevertheless they "clearly and simply show that the human mind has ways and means to fruitfully work on the problem of combining the teachings about the higher and lower sides of the world into an integral unity" (N. Lossky). Supporters of synthesis in the twentieth century. often reproached for the modernization of church doctrine, the artificial combination of eternal truth with that which is transient, which is conditioned by time and place. A modernist, according to J. Tyrrel, is one who "believes in the possibility of a synthesis of basic religious truths and the basic truths of modernity," who hopes to elevate the significance of religion, giving it a modern sound. The debate on these topics is far from over.

2) Synthesis- the union of various elements of the whole. Such an association (in short formula, a synthetic picture) requires a mental activity that compares, combines and fuses ideas into one new idea, simpler and clearer. In logic, synthetic judgments (in which the predicate adds something new to the concept of the subject: for example, ("any body has weight") are contrasted with analytic judgments ("any body is extended": the concept of extension is already included in the concept of a material body). human cognition, Kant held in " Critique of Pure Reason". This is an act by which the imagination connects a mental concept with sensory intuition - the actualization of a concept in space and time. In Hegel, dialectical synthesis is the fusion of thesis and antithesis in higher reality.

3) Synthesis- - the process of real or mental unification of previously separated parts of the subject into a single whole; associated with analysis.

4) Synthesis- - connection of various aspects of the subject into a single whole (system) and consideration of the whole, taking into account the characteristics of the parties.

5) Synthesis- - but the ability to see something in its compatibility with something, something as something.

6) Synthesis- - one of the ways of knowing the world using the means of logic. System methodology attribute and systems approach. modern science and philosophy is increasingly acquiring the features of a synthetic philosophy, focusing on the search for integrative characteristics of being, the processes of formation of integrity, the meaning-forming activity of a person, to which many works of the outstanding philosopher of our time and system scientist V. V. Nalimov, I. S. Dobronravova, E. Knyazeva and S.P. Kurdyumov ( philosophical problems holistic synergetic worldview), philosophical developments of the laureate Nobel Prize I. Prigogine related to the new concept of time he created.

7) Synthesis- (from Greek synthesis - connection, combination) - a method of scientific research, consisting in combining various phenomena, things, qualities, opposites or a contradictory set into a unity in which contradictions and opposites are smoothed out or removed (see Shoot). The opposite concept is analysis. The result of synthesis is a completely new formation, the properties of which are not only the external sum of the properties of the components, but also the result of their interpenetration and mutual influence. Therefore, true synthesis is not an aggregate, but a "creative synthesis." About the synthesis in the Hegelian, i.e. dialectical understanding, see Hegel, Dialectic. Kant osn. considered the action of thinking "the synthesis of transcendental apperception", with the help of which the results of empirical contemplation are linked into the unity of knowledge.

Synthesis

(Greek synthesis - connection) - the unification of scientific, philosophical and religious knowledge to achieve a complete understanding of reality. Neoplatonism provided such a synthesis in ancient philosophy. In the Middle Ages, scholasticism created Sums. Beginning, however, with the Renaissance, not one of the epochs of cultural and intellectual development could express itself in syntheses of such a scale, but such attempts were constantly made in individual religious and philosophical creativity. Teilhard de Chardin in the West and representatives of the All-Unity philosophy in Russia proposed new options that caused a lot of controversy. The disclosure of the secrets of being in such syntheses is not achieved, but nevertheless they "clearly and simply show that the human mind has ways and means to fruitfully work on the problem of combining the teachings about the higher and lower sides of the world into an integral unity" (N. Lossky). Supporters of synthesis in the twentieth century. often reproached for the modernization of church doctrine, the artificial combination of eternal truth with that which is transient, which is conditioned by time and place. A modernist, according to J. Tyrrel, is one who "believes in the possibility of a synthesis of basic religious truths and the basic truths of modernity," who hopes to elevate the significance of religion, giving it a modern sound. The debate on these topics is far from over.

association of various elements of the whole. Such unification (in a short formula, a synthetic picture) requires a mental activity that compares, combines and fuses ideas into one new idea, simpler and clearer. In logic, synthetic judgments (in which the predicate adds something new to the concept of the subject: for example, ("any body has weight") are contrasted with analytic judgments ("any body is extended": the concept of extension is already included in the concept of a material body). human cognition, Kant held in " Critique of Pure Reason". This is an act by which the imagination connects a mental concept with sensory intuition - the actualization of a concept in space and time. In Hegel, dialectical synthesis is the fusion of thesis and antithesis in higher reality.

The process of real or mental unification of previously separated parts of an object into a single whole; associated with analysis.

The combination of various aspects of the subject into a single whole (system) and consideration of the whole, taking into account the characteristics of the parties.

And the ability to see something in its compatibility with something, something as something.

One of the ways of knowing the world using the means of logic. Attribute of system methodology and system approach. Modern science and philosophy are increasingly acquiring the features of synthetic philosophy, which focuses on the search for integrative characteristics of being, the processes of formation of integrity, the meaning-forming activity of a person, to which many works of the outstanding philosopher of our time and system scientist V. V. Nalimov, I. S. Dobronravova are devoted, E. Knyazeva and S. P. Kurdyumov (philosophical problems of a holistic synergetic worldview), philosophical developments of the Nobel Prize winner I. Prigogine, related to the new concept of time he created.

(from Greek synthesis - connection, combination) - a method of scientific research, consisting in combining various phenomena, things, qualities, opposites or a contradictory set into a unity in which contradictions and opposites are smoothed out or removed (see Remove). The opposite concept is analysis. The result of synthesis is a completely new formation, the properties of which are not only the external sum of the properties of the components, but also the result of their interpenetration and mutual influence. Therefore, true synthesis is not an aggregate, but a "creative synthesis." About the synthesis in the Hegelian, i.e. dialectical understanding, see Hegel, Dialectic. Kant osn. considered the action of thinking "the synthesis of transcendental apperception", with the help of which the results of empirical contemplation are linked into the unity of knowledge.

Synthesis in psychology and logic

consists in connecting, in establishing a connection between the various elements of consciousness. The concept of S. can have two essentially different meanings: psychological and logical. In the first relation, S. is called the main property of consciousness, due to which the most diverse states of consciousness are united and become states of this particular "I". In this sense, psychology can distinguish and investigate extremely diverse results of synthetic activity, some of which precede the formation of a completely clear consciousness. Eg. in sensations we analytically recognize the complexity of the elements and must therefore assume an activity that has united the diverse elements. In perceptions, in associations of thought, it is easier to trace S. than in more elementary acts of the soul. In logic, the word S. denotes an act of the mind opposite to analysis. Some logicians speak of analysis and reasoning as special methods, but it is extremely difficult to distinguish the sphere of one from the sphere of the other, in view of the fact that they are extremely closely connected. In geometry, those proofs of theorems that are carried out by algebraic calculation, as opposed to the solution by construction, which is called synthetic, are sometimes called analytic. Generally speaking, a rigorous definition of the logical concept of S. as applied to methodology is difficult to find in the literature of the subject. Usually the word S. is applied to the formation of forms of concepts and judgments. Kant's division of judgments into analytic and synthetic is very well known and constantly mentioned: analytic are those in which the predicate does not add a new feature to the conceivable by necessity in the subject; A proposition is called synthetic, in which the predicate adds to the subject a feature that is not included in the subject. Although this division is included in almost all textbooks of logic, but, strictly speaking, it is difficult to find an example for an analytic judgment, because even in an identical judgment, the predicate adds something to the subject, which was not originally in it, namely, equality with itself. Drobish speaks of synthetic concepts (Begriffsformen), in which the inner connection (connexio) of concepts is expressed. Usually, the term S. is used in relation to evidence, and the regressive path from consequences to causes is called analytical, and the progressive path from grounds to conclusions is called synthetic. This shows that the term S. is rather vague, which is why some logicians do without it at all. The terms S. and analysis are of Greek origin; they are found in Aristotle, Alexander of Aphrodisia, Philo, and others. Newton in his optics requires that analysis always precede S. and defines both. In essence, Newton's definition is repeated by Wolf. In some logics, there is an identification of analysis with induction, and S. with deduction, but such a confusion of terms cannot be approved.

encyclopedic Dictionary F. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron. - St. Petersburg: Brockhaus-Efron. 1890-1907 .

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