Fedor Tyutchev: rebel, wunderkind, wit and "almost a foreigner"

For some reason, undeservedly little time is given to the work of Fyodor Tyutchev in school curriculum on literature. But for those who go beyond its scope and get to know his poetry closer, it becomes unequivocally clear that he was a huge talent. And no matter how critics write that some of his works are cosmic, while others are too odious, one thing is indisputable: Tyutchev is one of the brilliant Russian poets.

Youth

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev was born into a noble family in the Ovstug estate near Bryansk on November 23, 1803. Although the boy was educated at home, it was clear from childhood that he was a child prodigy. Fedor easily mastered several foreign languages, Latin and became interested in ancient Roman lyrics, a passion for which he instilled in his teacher, poet and translator. At the age of twelve, he made poetic translations of Horace's odes, and at fourteen, the young man began to listen to lectures at Moscow University, and soon he was enrolled in the ranks of students without exams.

In 1819 he became a member of the Society of Russian Literature. His poetry of this period is consonant with nature itself, which he identifies with man. The poet's masterpieces include not only poems about nature, but also his love lyrics, which are permeated with the deepest humanity, nobility and complex sensual unrest. It seems that sometimes his poems sound like magical music ... Upon graduation from the university, Tyutchev was accepted into the State Collegium of Foreign Affairs and in 1821 was sent to Munich as an attaché of the Russian diplomatic mission.

Poet and diplomat

The career of Fedor Ivanovich developed quite successfully. Being abroad, he did not change his literary predilections. A rebel at heart, Tyutchev subtly and aptly describes the events taking place in his Fatherland. His words sound very bold that everything in Russia comes down to the office and the barracks, to the whip and the rank. love affairs The bold poet and diplomat calls the Tsar "cornflower blue eccentricities." And the king unexpectedly liked it.

And when the chancellor starts an affair with one of the ladies-in-waiting and gives the unfortunate husband the rank of court chamber junker, Tyutchev sarcastically remarks: "Gorchakov resembles the ancient priests who gilded the horns of their victims." For some, such statements would have been fatal, but everything was forgiven Fyodor Ivanovich. The king favored him.

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In 1826, in Munich, Tyutchev met his fate - Eleanor Bothmer, whom he married and was extremely happy with this woman. She was beautiful and clever and bore Fedor Ivanovich three daughters. Once, when the family went from St. Petersburg to Turin, their ship was wrecked. The Tyutchevs miraculously escaped, but the health of the diplomat's wife was undermined by such severe stress and she vanished right before our eyes.

Contemporaries wrote that this grief overnight made Tyutchev gray-haired. However, mourning for his beloved wife did not last long. A year later, Fedor Ivanovich is married to the beautiful Ernestina Dernberg. According to rumors, the poet had a relationship with this lady during his first marriage.

At this time, he receives the rank of chamberlain, temporarily stops the diplomatic service and remains to live abroad until 1844. This period of the poet's work was the most fruitful. He created dozens of wonderful creations, among which "I met you, and all the past ...", which later became a famous romance. Also at this stage, Tyutchev writes odes and makes translations of Heine's works. In addition, he single-handedly speaks in the press on issues of state relations between Europe and Russia.

"You can't understand Russia with your mind..."

Returning to Russia in 1844, Tyutchev again began to work in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in the person of the chief censor. It was he who then introduced a taboo on the distribution in the country of the manifesto of the Communist Party in the native language. His verdict was as follows: "Whoever needs it will understand German." Fyodor Ivanovich actively participates in journalism, imbued with the ideas of Belinsky. Politics finally killed the romance in him. The flight of poetic thought was interrupted.

This was followed by leaps and bounds up the career ladder - the position of State Councilor, soon - the Privy Councilor and the position of head of the Foreign Censorship Committee. Despite frequent disagreements with the authorities, Tyutchev managed to hold this post for 15 years. Then he sometimes rhymed slogans, but his charming lyrics remained in the past. Until his last day, Tyutchev was not indifferent to the fate of Russia. After all, it was not in vain that in 1866 he wrote the lines

Russia cannot be understood with the mind,
Do not measure with a common yardstick:
She has a special become -
One can only believe in Russia.

Grandfather of the great poet Nikolai Tyutchev went down in history thanks to his love affair with Daria Saltykova, infamously known as Saltychikha. Even after centuries, this novel is of great interest - after all, it developed from passionate love to burning hatred.

Tyutchev in Paris (unfortunately I do not know the year)

Here is another video. A very good selection of portraits, especially of Tyutchev's relatives and his descendants. True, sometimes misunderstandings with dates slip through

Russia cannot be understood with the mind,

Do not measure with a common yardstick.

She has a special become:

One can only believe in Russia.

What is the meaning of the famous “Russia cannot be understood with the mind”? First of all, the fact that “the mind is not the highest ability in us” (N.V. Gogol). Faith, hope and love are needed to navigate the multi-layered Russian space-time. If one interprets faith as “the denunciation of invisible things”, then Russia is in some respects not visible to everyone. Like the city of Kitezh, when spiritual energies alien to it approach, Russia sinks into the depths.

The outstanding Russian poet Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev was also a political thinker and diplomat.

Signs external biography Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev is well known. A hereditary aristocrat of spirit and blood, Fyodor Tyutchev was born in 1803 in the estate of Ovstug, Oryol province, into an old noble family. He studied at Moscow University, and from 1822 devoted himself to serving the Fatherland - primarily in the field of diplomacy. He spent more than 20 years in total in Germany and Italy, where he successfully defended the state interests of Russia. At the same time, he represented his homeland in the highest intellectual circles of Europe, in particular, he was personally acquainted with Schelling and Heine. In 1836, the first selection of the poet's poems was published in Pushkin's Sovremennik, and Pushkin himself was delighted with them. In 1844, Tyutchev returned to Russia, where he received the court rank of chamberlain, and from 1858, by royal order, became chairman of the Foreign Censorship Committee. There is no need to specifically emphasize what was the ideological and social significance of this high position.

In 1856, A.M. was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs. Gorchakov. Soon Tyutchev was promoted to actual state councilor, that is, the rank of general, and appointed chairman of the Foreign Censorship Committee. He had a direct connection with Gorchakov, the opportunity to influence Russian politics. Tyutchev played a prominent role in the formation of the Russian foreign policy 1860s. He used all his connections at court (his two daughters were ladies-in-waiting), among writers and journalists to achieve the realization of his ideas. Tyutchev believed that “the only natural policy of Russia towards the Western powers is not an alliance with one or another of these powers, but disunity, separation of them. For they, only when they are separated from each other, cease to be hostile to us - due to impotence ... “In many ways, Tyutchev turned out to be right - only when the war broke out between France and Germany, Russia was able to throw off the humiliating fetters imposed on it after the defeat in Crimean War.

In the early morning of July 15, 1873, Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev died in Tsarskoye Selo. On July 18, he was buried at the Novodevichy Cemetery in St. Petersburg.

As an analyst, he was ahead of his time in many ways. His political assessment of events, the prophecies of the future of Russia and the West as two separate organisms, existing and living different and sometimes internally opposite lives, remain relevant to this day.

Tyutchev wrote his articles and an unfinished treatise both before and after the revolutions that stirred up Europe - in France, Germany, Austria-Hungary. In total, he wrote 4 articles: "Russia and Germany" (1844), "Russia and the Revolution" (1848-49), "The Papacy and the Roman Question" (1850), "On Censorship in Russia" (1857) and an unfinished treatise "Russia and the West" (1848-49). In them, he assesses the situation in Europe before and after the events noted. Secondly, he introduces many new terms that later enriched both Russian political thought, as well as Western. Among them are such terms as "Russophobia", "Pan-Slavism". The idea of ​​empire was clearly expressed. In one of his articles, he says bluntly: "Not a community, but an Empire."

The most important issues raised by Tyutchev in his articles were the problems "Russophobia" and the future "empire", still not lost relevance. First of all, it is necessary to say about such a phenomenon in our life as "Russophobia".

Russophobia is a painful hostility or even pathological hatred towards Russian people to everything he created. One of the types of xenophobia. Depending on the worldview of the interpreter of the term or on the context of its use, Russophobia can also mean not only hatred of the Russians themselves, but also hatred of Russia as a country or state.

For the first time, A. Pushkin drew attention to the problem of Russophobia. From his point of view, it is impossible to forgive the “slanderers of Russia”, especially the category of people who, in response to the “Russian caress”, is capable of “slandering the Russian character, smearing the bound pages of our annals with mud, vilifying the best fellow citizens and, not content with contemporaries, mocking coffins of the forefathers." Pushkin perceived attacks on the forefathers as an insult to the people and the moral dignity of the nation, which constitute the main and integral feature of patriotism. The poet recognized the originality of Russian history and believed that its explanation requires a "different formula" than the history of the Christian West.

By itself, this problem has always worried Russia throughout its history. tragic history. But Tyutchev for the first time in his articles introduces this term.

This topic was poorly developed in our country. The very mention of this word has been absent from dictionaries for a long time. Changes occurred only in the era of Generalissimo I.V. Stalin. In the mid-30s until the mid-50s, this term was first included in various dictionaries of the Russian language. Several dictionaries can be noted: Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language (ed. Ushakov, M; 1935-41), Explanatory Dictionary (ed. S. Ozhegov, M; 1949) and Dictionary of Modern Russian Lit. Language (M; Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1950-1965). After that, until recently, this term is absent in many dictionaries and encyclopedias.

Tyutchev uses this term in connection with a specific situation - the revolutionary events in Europe in 1848-49. And this concept itself arose from Tyutchev not by chance. At this time, sentiments against Russia and Russians intensified in the West. Tyutchev investigated the reasons for this situation. He saw them in the desire of European countries to oust Russia from Europe, if not by force of arms, then by contempt. He worked for a long time as a diplomat in Europe (Munich, Turin) from 1822 to 1844, and later as a censor of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (1844-67) and knew what he was talking about firsthand.

In connection with this, Tyutchev came up with the idea of ​​the treatise "Russia and the West", which remained unfinished. The direction of this work is historiosophical, and the method of presentation is comparative-historical, emphasizing the comparison of the historical experience of Russia, Germany, France, Italy and Austria. Western fears about Russia, Tyutchev shows, also stem from ignorance, since scientists and philosophers of the West “in their historical views” miss a whole half of the European world. It is known that Russia was forced, in order to protect its interests and the interests of European security, to suppress the revolution in Austria and Germany and to significantly influence the situation in France.

As a counterweight to Russophobia, Tyutchev put forward the idea of ​​pan-Slavism. Repeatedly in journalism and in poetry, Tyutchev outlined the IDEA of the return of Constantinople, the formation of an Orthodox empire and the union of two churches - eastern and western.

For Tyutchev, the revolution in the West began not in 1789 and not in the time of Luther, but much earlier - its sources are connected with the papacy. The Reformation itself came out of the papacy, from which comes a centuries-old revolutionary tradition. And at the same time, the idea of ​​Empire also exists in the West. “The idea of ​​the Empire,” wrote Tyutchev, has always been the soul of the West,” but immediately stipulated: “ but the Empire in the West has never been anything other than the theft of power, its usurpation. It is, as it were, a pathetic counterfeit of the true Empire - its pathetic likeness.

The empire of the West for Tyutchev is a violent and unnatural factor. And therefore, an empire in the West is not feasible, all attempts to arrange it "fail". The entire history of the West is compressed into the “Roman question” and all the contradictions and all the “impossibility of Western life” are concentrated in it. The papacy itself made an attempt to organize "the kingdom of Christ as a worldly kingdom", and the Western Church became an "institution", became a "state within a state", as if a Roman colony in a conquered land. This duel ended in a double collapse: the Church is rejected in the Reformation, in the name of the human "I" and the state is denied in the revolution. However, the strength of tradition becomes so deep that the revolution itself tends to organize itself into an empire - as if to repeat Charlemagne.

Tyutchev considered the main Russian business to be the storage and transmission in time and space of the great Christian shrine - the universal monarchy. “The universal monarchy is an empire. The empire has always existed. She only passed from hand to hand ... 4 empires: Assyria, Persia, Macedonia, Rome. With Constantine begins the 5th empire, the final, Christian empire.” Tyutchev's historiosophy, obviously, goes back here to the vision of the prophet Daniel, and to his interpretation of the dream of King Nebuchadnezzar, who saw a giant with a golden head, silver chest, copper thighs and clay feet. Tyutchev gives an Orthodox-Russian interpretation of it: “Russia is much more Orthodox than Slavic. And, as an Orthodox, she is bail-keeper empire... The empire never dies. Only in his capacity as Emperor of the East is the Tsar Emperor of Russia. Empire of the East: this is Russia in its final form". The Fathers of the Church in their time wrote about the Christian kingdom - but they did not yet know about the great northern country of the future.

Perhaps the most profound spiritual and political work of Tyutchev is "Russian geography". The poet draws in it the outlines of the desired "white kingdom" - of course, more mystical than physical, although the spirit and body are inseparable in a certain way. What the future holds for us, only God knows, but it is quite clear that Holy Russia in its mysterious destiny has already realized much of what the brilliant poet-seer thought about and hoped for in the middle of the 19th century:

Moscow, and the city of Petrov, and the city of Konstantinov -

Here are the cherished capitals of the Russian kingdoms ...

But where is the limit for him? And where are its limits?

North, east, south and sunset?

For the coming times, fate will expose them ...

Seven inland seas and seven great rivers...

From the Nile to the Neva, from the Elbe to China,

From the Volga to the Euphrates, from the Ganges to the Danube ...

Here is the Russian kingdom ... and will not pass away forever,

As the Spirit foresaw and Daniel foretold.

Andrew Ranchin. Fedor Tyutchev: public service poet, publicist and historiosophist // STATE SERVICE,

2014, №4 (90)

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Andrey Ranchin, Doctor of Philology, Professor of the Moscow state university them. M.V. Lomonosov and the International Institute of Public Administration and Management Russian Academy national economy and public service under the President Russian Federation(119991, Moscow, Lenin's mountains, d. 1; 119571, Moscow, Vernadsky Avenue, 82, building 1). Email: [email protected]
Annotation: The article deals with the diplomatic and censorship service of the famous Russian poet Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev (1803–1873), as well as his journalistic and historiosophical works, the publication of which was supported by the Russian government. Tyutchev's diplomatic career undoubtedly testifies that he was not born for public service - non-performance and neglect of his duties shown by him were absolutely unacceptable in this field. But diplomatic service in Western Europe, especially in Germany, attracted him for another reason - Tyutchev, by temperament and habits, was eminently European and was rooted in German culture. But the successful promotion of Tyutchev in the service, starting from the mid-1840s, was associated with his talent as a political publicist that was revealed at that time. At the same time, in the same service, he showed both education and a rare mind (and these qualities were probably shown not so much when Tyutchev compiled dispatches - he himself wrote few documents - but in oral conversations.) His historiosophical ideas found expression as in political articles and poetry. Tyutchev's historiosophy was nourished by the ideas of German idealist philosophy, primarily Schellingism. But Schellingism was also the nourishing source of Tyutchev's natural philosophy - lyrics dedicated to nature and man as its breakaway particle. Tyutchev's imperial historiosophy was of a very deep and by no means semi-official nature.
Keywords: diplomatic activity, political journalism, historiosophy and poetry.

After graduating from the Imperial Moscow University, Fyodor Tyutchev entered the diplomatic service: such a choice was traditional for a well-born nobleman if he preferred a civilian rather than a military field. On May 13, 1822, Tyutchev received a very flattering appointment to the diplomatic mission in Munich, the capital of Bavaria, which was one of the most significant states of the German Union. The appointment took place thanks to the petition of a relative - Count A.I. Osterman-Tolstoy, who enjoyed influence in government circles [Dinesman, 2004. p. 6]. The very place that Tyutchev took - an official "over the staff" (or "freelance attache") - was "more than modest." Indeed, the "non-staff attaché" was not part of the staff of the mission, and therefore had no specific responsibilities, no salary. Nevertheless, for an eighteen-year-old boy who had barely left his student's bench, such an appointment was considered a great success. It was assumed that talent, diligence, the goodwill of the authorities and a happy chance would help the young man to move up the career ladder and make a diplomatic career. In addition, the upcoming life in the Bavarian capital, located near France and Italy, promised the possibility of direct contact with Western European culture, and perhaps with its outstanding representatives, - rightly notes T.G. Dinesman. Tyutchevsky acquaintance at the university M.P. Pogodin spoke about this appointment with the words: “A wonderful place!” [Dinesman, 2004. p. 6].

Tyutchev's stay in Bavaria, albeit indirectly, but very strongly influenced his poetic work: his deep reception of the German philosophical and poetic traditions, in particular, the poetry of Heinrich Heine [Tynyanov, 1977], was due not only to the philosophical and literary fashion in Russia at that time, but also personal impressions of life in Germany. In itself, the service in Munich was not burdensome and was not of great importance from the point of view of Russia's foreign policy interests: “In the early 1820s, Bavaria did not play a particularly significant role in European political life; at the same time, Bavarian diplomacy was entirely focused on Russia. As a result, the Munich Mission at that time had almost no diplomatic tasks in the full sense of the word. In the extensive correspondence of the mission with the Collegium of Foreign Affairs for 1822–1827, there are virtually no diplomatic problems proper.” The mission in Munich was mainly engaged in the compilation of dispatches of a purely informational nature. There were only three full-time employees in the mission (Ambassador Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary Count I.I. Vorontsov-Dashkov, First Secretary of the Mission M.P. Tormasov and Second Secretary Baron A.S. Krudener), freelancers - two (Tyutchev and Count G .A. Rzhevusskiy). Tyutchev's duties included copying the dispatches clean and making copies for the mission archive. From January 1823 to the beginning of February 1824, he copied 110 documents. Later, until October 1828, he was practically released from the duties of a copyist (they were assigned to another employee): during this period, the future author of Cicero and Last Love copied only 15 papers [Dinesman, 2004. p. 8] . There were almost no real cases, besides, the freelance attache of the Munich mission did not work in the affairs of the service, as evidenced by the lateness to the duty station in 1826: Tyutchev received a four-month leave that year to travel home, but more than doubled its duration [Dinesman , 2004. S. 12]. The neglect of the service is apparently explained not only by such a circumstance as the almost complete absence of real cases, but also by the self-consciousness of the poet, who considered copying documents to be somewhat humiliating and felt his uselessness, “superfluity”: the talent of an intellectual and publicist, which brilliantly manifested itself later, did not found embodiment.

The situation changed only in 1828 after the appointment of a new ambassador, I.A. Potemkin, when the poet received the post of second secretary of the mission, until then vacant for two years. He began to receive a salary, however, insignificant (800 rubles a year). It was a regular promotion. Tyutchev received the rank of collegiate secretary (rank X class according to the Table of Ranks), which was automatically assigned after three years of service, and the right to the next rank, which was appointed after the second three years. A more significant success was receiving the court rank of chamber junker.

Under the command of the new ambassador, Tyutchev carried out more serious assignments. In November 1828, the Bavarian newspaper "Augsburger Allgemeine" published an article "Letter from Constantinople", which contained sharp criticism of Russian foreign policy and the actions of Russian troops waging war with Turkey. The Bavarian king, who always adhered to the pro-Russian line, signed a rescript with strict sanctions against the newspaper. Potemkin hastened to inform the head of the Collegium of Foreign Affairs, Count K.V., about this event. Nesselrode, to whom a translation of the royal rescript into French was sent; Tyutchev was the translator.

Under Potemkin, Tyutchev felt at ease and did not feel embarrassed. This was not the case with the new envoy, Prince G.I. Gagarin, who arrived in Munich at the end of May 1833. Tyutchev's wife Eleanor wrote to her husband's brother about the new boss: “There is something dry and cold in his manner, which hurts doubly in the position in which we are in relation to him.<… >. You know your brother's temper; I'm afraid such a manner will spoil their relationship; mutual constraint and coldness, having arisen once, will make further rapprochement impossible. This prospect drives me to despair<…>You yourself know that if Theodore is offended or prejudiced by something, he is no longer himself; his tense and resentful air, his biting phrases or gloomy silence - everything distorts his usual manner, and I understand that he makes an unpleasant impression. Therefore, it is a mutually vicious circle<… >» [Contemporaries about Tyutchev, 1984. S. 188–189].

Fears turned out to be partly exaggerated: the wife was even able to get Tyutchev to increase his annual salary by 200 rubles. In September 1833, Tyutchev was entrusted with a responsible diplomatic mission - he was supposed to go to the son of the Bavarian king Ludwig Otto, who occupied the Greek throne, and help upset his planned marriage to one of the French princesses. Tyutchev was to deliver to King Otto a letter from his father condemning these matrimonial plans. The trip was prepared in great secrecy. The Russian government was very worried about the alliance, as it could be followed by a political union. Nicholas I french king Louis Philippe, who came to power as a result of the revolution of 1830, was despised. It was serious that France in last years pursued a line hostile to the government of Nicholas I: most recently, it threatened to support the Poles, who raised an uprising for independence from Russia in 1830-1831.

True, it soon became clear that King Otto was by no means striving for a marriage alliance with the French overlord. However, the trip was not cancelled. In September-October 1833, Tyutchev visited Greece, but did not find King Otto in the then Greek capital city of Nauplia, where he was supposed to be. Then he tried to find him in another city - Patras. Ludwig of Bavaria's letter remained undelivered. Tyutchev hurriedly left Greece, without even waiting for the Bavarian envoy to the Greek king to give him reports for his king Ludwig: he sailed to Trieste with the first passing ship - ships from Greece to Trieste were rare, and the Russian diplomat did not want to wait long. The trip was not safe: on the way from Trieste to Greece, the ship got into a storm, on the way back Tyutchev almost fell ill with cholera in Trieste. Tyutchev's mission was a failure, but the reasons for the failure to fulfill the order remain unexplained.

Failed, but in a completely different way, it turned out to be another assignment - to draw up a note on the political situation in Greece. Tyutchev's note on the content was quite a serious text, but this content turned out to be clothed in an unacceptable poetic form: “Fairy tales sometimes depict a wonderful cradle around which the patron geniuses of the newborn gather. After they endow the chosen infant with their most beneficent charms, a fairy inevitably appears, bringing on the cradle of the child some kind of pernicious witchcraft, which has the property of destroying or spoiling those brilliant gifts with which friendly forces have just showered him. Such, approximately, is the history of the Greek monarchy. It must be admitted that the three great powers that cherished her under their wing provided her with quite a decent dowry. By what strange, fatal accident did it fall to the lot of the Bavarian king to play the role of the Evil Fairy in this? [Dinesman, 2004. p. 71].

Tyutchev perfectly knew how to compose political dispatches, and there is reason to agree with the assumption that this text was “a deliberate outrage against Gagarin” [Dinesman, 2004. p. 72].

Tyutchev was oppressed by lack of money, and Gagarin, despite mutual antipathy, who respected him, tried to help by turning to Nesselrode with a request for an increase in salary and giving his employee a very approving description: “College assessor Tyutchev, who is at the embassy in the position of 2nd secretary, - a man of rare virtues, a rare breadth of mind and education, and, moreover, of an eminently noble disposition. He is married and burdened with a large family, and therefore, with the modest means at his disposal, the best reward for him would be a cash allowance.<…>» [Dinesman, 2004, p. 73]. The direct appeal of the poet himself to Nesselrode in October 1835 also remained without consequences: Tyutchev asked for the appointment of the first secretary of the embassy in Munich, but he was refused. True, Emperor Nicholas I granted Tyutchev the honorary court title of chamberlain, about which Nesselrode informed the poet [Chronicle, 1999. p. 151]. However, the high court rank did not save him from financial difficulties.

And soon the situation became more complicated because of the scandal - Tyutchev's affair with Baroness Ernestina Dernberg, which led to a suicide attempt by the poet-diplomat's wife: “in a fit of despair, she struck herself several times with a masquerade dagger and ran out into the street, where, having lost consciousness, she fell, shedding blood” [Dinesman, 2004, p. 78].

On May 3, 1836, Gagarin turned to Nesselrode with a request to remove Tyutchev from Munich: “With very remarkable abilities, with an outstanding and highly enlightened mind, Mr. which he delivered by his fatal marriage. In the name of Christian Mercy, I beg Your Excellency to remove him from here, and this can only be done on condition that he be given a financial allowance of 1000 rubles. to pay debts: it would be happiness for him and for me” [Dinesman, 2004. p. 80].

In a letter to his parents dated December 31, 1836, Tyutchev complained that in the last months before being transferred to a new place, he almost single-handedly managed all the affairs of the mission: “all the work, more than ever, lies with me alone” [Tyutchev, 2002– 2004. S. 61]. However, documents testify that he was almost not busy with official business at that time [Dinesman, 2004. pp. 81–82].

On August 3, 1837, Tyutchev was appointed senior secretary of the Russian Mission in Turin, the capital of the Italian kingdom of Sardinia, with an annual salary of 8,000 rubles. Tyutchev did not burden himself with official duties here either: he and Ernestine Dernberg travel around Italy for several weeks. On the way, however, the Russian diplomat sent two dispatches to his superiors in St. Petersburg about Italian political and economic affairs. Tyutchev's wife had died by this time, and he asked Nesselrode for permission to marry Ernestina and for a vacation. The first request was accepted, the second was denied. Formally, Nesselrode was right: the staff of the mission was small (only three full-time employees, one of whom was already on vacation). But Ernestina was pregnant, and “Tyutchev faced a dilemma: observance of duty or Ernestina's health and her peace of mind. Tyutchev chose the latter. On July 7, the two of them leave for Switzerland in the hope of entering into a marriage there according to two rites - Orthodox and Catholic” [Dinesman, 2004. p. 125].

There is a version that in a hurry the secretary of the Russian embassy lost the secret diplomatic code [Kazanovich, 1928. p. 132], but the documents prove that this is apparently not the case [Dinesman, 2004. p. 132]. July 29 at Orthodox Church at the Russian mission in Bern, the wedding of Tyutchev and Ernestina Dernberg took place. August 10 - a wedding took place according to the Catholic rite in Constanta.

After that, Tyutchev and his wife settled in Munich, where they spent four years, and he did not even ask his superiors to extend the vacation he finally received. On June 30, 1841, he was expelled from the staff of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs for not returning from a four-month vacation received on November 10, 1839 [Chronicle, 1999, p. 241]. (He was released from the post of senior secretary of the mission in Turin on October 1, 1839 - retroactively, at his own request, filed on October 6, 1839, and left at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs "until a new appointment" [Dinesman, 2004. P. 128-129 The dismissal in 1841 led to the deprivation of the court rank of chamberlain [Pigarev, 1962. p. 108].

In March 1845, he asked to be returned to the Foreign Office and was enrolled, but without a fixed position; this was the position of an official without a salary, while Tyutchev was in dire need of funds [Chronicle, 2003. p. 20]. And on February 15 of the following year he was appointed an official for special assignments under Nesselrod. He never returned to the diplomatic service. He was in the rank of VI class (collegiate adviser) with an annual salary of 1,500 rubles, unable to cover all family expenses [Chronicle, 2003. p. 38]. On February 1, 1848, at the request of K.V. Nesselrode to Emperor Tyutchev was appointed an official for special assignments and a senior censor at the Special Office of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the 5th class (State Councilor) with a salary of 2430 rubles 32 kopecks per year [Chronicle, 2003. P. 71]. Nine years later, he was promoted to the rank of real state councilor, corresponding to the rank of major general according to the Table of Ranks [Chronicle, 2003. p. 262], and on April 17, 1858, by decree of Emperor Alexander II, he was appointed chairman of the Foreign Censorship Committee, leaving department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. At the same time, at the request of the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Prince M.D. Gorchakov "in respect for his useful work and long-term service in this Ministry" Tyutchev received (in addition to the salary in the censorship department - 3430 rubles) a second salary, 1143 rubles 68 kopecks - also as an official of the ministry [Chronicle, 2003. P. 294, 306 ]. On August 30, 1865, he became a Privy Councilor, that is, he received the rank of III class, equal to military rank lieutenant general.

Tyutchev's diplomatic career undoubtedly testifies that he was not born for public service - non-performance and neglect of his duties shown by him were absolutely unacceptable in this field. In his Munich letter to Nesselrode, he directly explained his stay in the public service as a material necessity: “Despite the fact that in the future I will receive an independent state, for many years I have been brought to the sad need to live in service. The insignificance of funds, far from meeting the expenses to which my position in society forces me, imposed obligations against my will, the fulfillment of which only time can help. This is the first reason that keeps me in Munich" [Tyutchev, 2002-2004. S. 37]. But the diplomatic service in Western Europe, especially in Germany, attracted him for another reason - Tyutchev, by temperament and habits, was highly European and was rooted in German culture. In essence, he speaks of this in the letter quoted above: “However, if there is a country where I would flatter myself with the hope of bringing some benefit to the service, it is definitely the one in which I am now. A long stay here, thanks to a consistent and serious study of the country, which continues to this day both from an inner attraction and a sense of duty, allowed me to acquire a very special knowledge of people and objects, its language, history, literature, social and political situation, - especially that its parts, where I serve” [Tyutchev, 2002–2004. S. 37-38].

At the same time, in the same service, he showed both education and a rare mind. Moreover, these qualities were shown, probably, not so much when Tyutchev compiled dispatches - he himself wrote few documents - but in oral conversations. Otherwise, it is impossible to explain the generally benevolent and even caring attitude towards Tyutchev on the part of Gagarin, who forgave his subordinate for all excesses and antics, and Nesselrode's willingness to again take the former diplomat into the service. Tyutchev's smooth, ordinary service was apparently hindered by the rejection of routine, an all-consuming passion (“Oh, how murderously we love<…>!”) and a tendency, under adverse circumstances, if not to depression, then to apathy.

But the successful promotion of Tyutchev in the service, starting from the mid-1840s, was undoubtedly associated with his talent as a political publicist that was discovered at that time. On August 16, 1843, he introduced the head of the III department of his own imperial majesty Office of Count A.Kh. Benckendorff with his political project. The idea of ​​the project was to involve Western European publicists in promoting Russian interests in the German press. Nicholas I appreciated Tyutchev's project favorably. As the author of the project wrote to his parents on September 3, 1843 about Benckendorff, “what I was especially pleased with was his attention to my thoughts regarding the project known to you, and the hasty readiness with which he supported them with the Sovereign, because the next day<после>of our conversation, he took advantage of his last meeting with the Sovereign, before his departure, in order to bring them to his attention. He assured me that my thoughts were accepted quite favorably and there is reason to hope that they will be given a move" [Tyutchev, 2002-2004. S. 271].

In March of the same year, Tyutchev published a letter to the editor in an appendix to the German newspaper Augsburger Allgemeine Zeitung, in which he argued with the essay “The Russian Army in the Caucasus” published in it. Tyutchev's letter was an apology for the actions of the Russian army in the Caucasian war. In April of the following year, Tyutchev printed in Germany a separate pamphlet "Letter to Mr. Dr. Gustav Kolb, editor of Vseobshchaya Gazeta". Tyutchev wrote about the debt of the Germans to Russia, which in 1813 freed them from Napoleonic oppression, and called on Germany to fight against revolutionary movement in alliance with Russia. Subsequently, this article, originally published in German but written in French, was reprinted under the title "La Russie et l'Allemagne" ("Russia and Germany").

The ideas expressed in these publications could not but impress Nicholas I. Apparently, the emperor’s reaction to the note addressed to him (its later title was “Russia and the Revolution”, written in French) was more complex. The note, completed in April 1848 and being a reaction to the revolutionary events of February 1848 in France (see details about its dating: [Ospovat, 1992]; [Chronicle, 2003. p. 75]), according to the author's wife, was accepted approvingly by the king, and the emperor recommended that it be published abroad: “The sovereign read and highly approved her; he even expressed the wish that it be published abroad<…>» [Contemporaries about Tyutchev, 1984. S. 225, trans. from French, highlighted in the original]. However, Prince P.A. conveyed the reaction of Nicholas I to this note in a completely different way. Vyazemsky: “The sovereign was, they say, very dissatisfied with her. Too bad it can't be printed. And why not, really, I don’t know<…>» [Vyazemsky, 1896, p. 90].

There is reason to believe that both testimonies are true, while the truth lies in the middle. Tyutchev wrote about Russia and the revolution: “To understand the essence of the enormous upheaval that has now engulfed Europe, this is what one should say to oneself. For a long time there have been only two real forces in Europe: the Revolution and Russia. These two forces today stand against each other, and tomorrow, perhaps, they will clash with each other. There are no agreements or treaties between them. The life of one of them means the death of the other. On the outcome of the struggle between them, the greatest struggle the world has ever seen, the entire political and religious future of mankind depends for centuries. Nicholas I fully shared Tyutchev's idea of ​​Russia as the main force opposing the spirit of the revolution, which threatened to take over Europe. He also had to agree with another statement of the poet and political publicist: “First of all, Russia is a Christian state, and the Russian people are Christian not only because of the Orthodoxy of their beliefs, but also because of something even more sincere. He is such thanks to that ability for self-denial and self-sacrifice, which constitutes, as it were, the basis of his moral nature. The revolution, first of all, is the enemy of Christianity” [Tyutchev, 2002-2004. S. 144]. However, Tyutchev dreamed of uniting all Slavic peoples, at least professing Orthodoxy, under the auspices of Russia and saw visible traces of such a desire in the southern Slavs - subjects of Austria: “<…>along this entire military border, composed of three-quarters of Orthodox Serbs, there is not a single hut of settlers (according to even the Austrians themselves), where next to the portrait of the Emperor of Austria would not hang a portrait of another Emperor, stubbornly recognized by these faithful tribes as the only legitimate one. However (why hide it from ourselves), it is also unlikely that all these earthquake shocks destroying the West will stop at the threshold of the Eastern countries. And how could it happen that in such a merciless war, in the impending crusade of the impious Revolution, which has already engulfed three-quarters of Western Europe, against Russia, the Christian East, the Slavic-Orthodox East, whose existence is inseparably linked with our own, would not get involved after us in the ongoing struggle. And, perhaps, the war will begin with him, since it is natural to assume that all the propaganda that torments him (Catholic, revolutionary, etc., etc.), although opposed to each other, but united in a common feeling of hatred for Russia, will be accepted to work with even greater zeal than before. You can be sure that in order to achieve their goals, they will not back down from anything ... Good God! What would be the fate of all these Christian peoples, like us, if, having become, as is already happening, the target of all disgusting influences, they were abandoned in a difficult moment by the only authority to which they appeal in their prayers? “In a word, what terrible confusion would have seized the countries of the East in their struggle with the Revolution, if the rightful Sovereign, the Orthodox Emperor of the East, had delayed even further with his appearance!” [Tyutchev 2002–2004. S. 156].

Tyutchev's thought tended towards pan-Slavism, towards the idea of ​​accepting all Slavs, primarily Orthodox, into the citizenship of the Russian Tsar. But this idea encroached on the unstable political balance in Europe, and its implementation could lead to a violation of the principles of legitimism, which were sacredly professed by Nicholas I, who in 1833 protected the Turkish sultan from the rebellious Egyptian pasha (despite the fact that historically and geopolitically Turkey was an old enemy of Russia), and in 1849 he suppressed the uprising of the Hungarians against Austrian rule. Pan-Slavic ideas were extremely painfully perceived by Austria, under whose rule there were many Slavic peoples - Orthodox (some of the Serbs), Uniates (they were a significant part of Western Ukrainians) and Catholics (Croats, Poles, Czechs, Slovaks). Pan-Slavism was also uneasily perceived in Prussia, which owned part of the Polish lands. Nicholas I came to the idea of ​​relying on the support of fellow believers - the southern Slavs - only in catastrophic conditions - during the Crimean War, when Austria took a position of unfriendly neutrality. In addition, the anti-Catholic pathos of Tyutchev's article was also alien to the Russian emperor.

The article was published in French in Paris as a pamphlet in May 1849. Subsequently, Tyutchev worked on a large treatise "Russia and the West", which he also wrote in French; this essay was not completed. January 1, 1850 (according to the new style) in the Parisian magazine "Revue des Deux Mondes" published an article "The Papacy and the Roman Question", written, like other Tyutchev articles, in French. The article caused a heated controversy in the foreign press, and its author gained a reputation in the West as an adviser to Nicholas I. In fact, both Nicholas I and later his son Alexander II were very skeptical of Tyutchev and his ideas, and Alexander II even spoke of him as about the "holy fool".

At the same time, the proposal of the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Prince A.M., testifies to a certain weight of Tyutchev in the eyes of the authorities. Gorchakov (October 1857) to lead the publication of a new political newspaper, which was supposed to oppose A.I. Herzen, who acquired a strong influence on Russian society. Tyutchev, in response to this proposal, wrote a note, which, as he assumed, the emperor was supposed to read. Recalling that for the past ten years, censorship "heaved over Russia like a true social disaster," Tyutchev argues that this "hard experience" showed: "it is impossible to constrain and oppress minds for too long and unconditionally without significant damage to the entire social organism." Without denying censorship as such, Tyutchev believes that it must be limited, and cites as an example the policy of a number of German states. A union of power and society is needed, and for this it is necessary that free polemics be conducted on the pages of the planned publication. Otherwise, “the expectation to gain influence on the minds with the help of the press controlled in this way” will turn out to be “only a delusion” [Tyutchev, 2002-2004. S. 202, 209–210].

According to the biographer Tyutchev and his son-in-law, Slavophile I.S. Aksakov, “... it could not have been better, more complete, more frank, firmer and more courageous, and at the same time with more politeness, with more decency and dignity, to express an opinion on such a burning issue as the question of the press, almost in the face of power and especially under conditions given time. We repeat: this is a kind of civic feat. There is no doubt that this letter did much to alleviate the oppression that weighed on the Russian press, and to establish a little more scope for thought and speech.<…>» [Aksakov, 1997, p. 273].

Tyutchev's journalism was not so much strictly political as mystical-historiosophical in nature, deeply alien to the views of both Nicholas I and his son and heir. Its key idea was the concept of the special mission of Russia - the successor of Byzantium. Tyutchev fully shared the idea of ​​translatio imperii formed in the Middle Ages. The complex of Tyutchev's ideas was formulated in a note written in September 1849: “1) the final formation of the great Orthodox empire, the legitimate empire of the East, in a word, Russia of the future, carried out by the absorption of Austria and the return of Constantinople; 2) the union of two churches - eastern and western. These two facts, to tell the truth, constitute one, which, in brief, boils down to the following: the Orthodox emperor in Constantinople, ruler and patron of Italy and Rome; Orthodox pope in Rome, subject of the emperor” [Pigarev, 1935. p. 196]. Tyutchev's historiosophy partly coincided with Slavophilism, but diverged from it in two key points: 1) Tyutchev, unlike the Slavophiles, did not consider Peter's reforms a cultural and historical catastrophe; 2) he was a convinced statesman, while the Slavophiles saw the basis of Russian life not in the state, but in a public institution: in a peasant landed community - a secular analogue of church catholicity. In addition, Tyutchev was a European to the marrow of his bones and even thought in French - this is the language of both his private letters and his articles. In French, he felt and thought - but he wrote poetry in Russian (French poems by Tyutchev are very few). However, in his poems, he showed an indifference, surprising in comparison with other poets, to both Russian history and Russian folklore. Russia was for Tyutchev rather the subject of metaphysical faith than living and immediate love.

The same sentiments as Tyutchev's articles are imbued with his lyrics. This is the poem "Prophecy" (1850):

Not a rumble of rumor passed among the people,
The message was born not in our kind -
Now an ancient voice, now a voice from above:
"The fourth century is already coming to an end, -
It will come true - and the hour will strike!

And the vaults of ancient Sophia,
In the renewed Byzantium,
Again overshadow the altar of Christ.
Fall before him, O Tsar of Russia, -
And stand up - like an all-Slavic king!

[Tyutchev, 2002–2004. S. 14]

In an earlier poem, "Russian Geography" (1848 or 1849), the idea of ​​Russia - the successor of Byzantium and the ancient kingdoms of the East, called upon to restore the Eastern Roman Empire and become an eschatological kingdom, is unfolded even more solemnly and grandiosely:

Moscow and the city of Petrov, and the city of Konstantinov -
Here are the treasured Capitals of the Russian kingdom...
But where is the limit for him? And where are its boundaries?
To the north, to the east, to the south and to the sunset?..
For the coming times, fate will expose them ...

Seven inland seas and seven great rivers...
From the Nile to the Neva, from the Elbe to China,
From the Volga to the Euphrates, from the Ganges to the Danube ...
Here is the Russian kingdom ... and will not pass away forever,
As the Spirit foresaw, and Daniel foretold...

[Tyutchev, 2002–2004. S. 200]

"Russian geography" fits into the scheme of translatio imperii, going back to the mysterious images from the biblical Book of the Prophet Daniel (ch. 2 and 7) - the vision of four animals in the dream of the Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar; in the later tradition of interpretation, these animals are the Babylonian, Persian Hellenic, Roman monarchies. The same idea, which goes back to the Book of the Prophet Daniel and its interpretations, is also contained in the treatise “Russia and the West” [Sinitsyna, 1998. pp. 16–21]. In the latest commentary by V.N. Kasatkina to this poem [Tyutchev, 2002–2004. P. 487] this idea is groundlessly called Slavophile: the concept of translatio imperii and etatism were not characteristic of the Slavophiles.

On the political and historiosophical lyrics of Tyutchev, such a poet as I.A. spoke very sharply. Brodsky: “Tyutchev is undoubtedly a significant figure, but with all this talk about his metaphysics, etc., it is somehow missed that domestic literature did not give birth to a greater loyal subject.<…>On the one hand, it would seem that the chariot of the universe is rolling into the sanctuary of heaven, and on the other hand, these are his, using the expression of Vyazemsky, “overcoat odes”” [Volkov, 1998. P. 51]. This assessment is unfair. The point is not even that Tyutchev, for example, spoke extremely sharply about Russia's foreign policy, pursued by K.V. Nesselrode (poem "No, my dwarf! Unparalleled coward! ..", 1850), and no less sharply - about the policy of Nicholas I, which led to a catastrophe in the Crimean War ("You did not serve God and not Russia ...", 1855). Tyutchev's historiosophy was nourished by the ideas of German idealist philosophy, primarily Schellingism. But Schellingism was also the nourishing source of Tyutchev's natural philosophy - lyrics dedicated to nature and man as its breakaway particle. Tyutchev's imperial historiosophy was of a very deep and by no means semi-official nature. Tyutchev also had to gravitate towards the imperial theme for stylistic reasons: his poetry is oriented towards the traditions of the ode [Tynyanov, 1977a], and the ode in its main variety, the solemn ode, was dedicated precisely to the theme of the empire, its greatness, its victories.

Literature

Aksakov I.S. Biography of Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev: Reprint reproduction of the 1886 edition. M .: JSC "Book and Business", 1997;

Volkov S. Dialogues with Joseph Brodsky. Moscow: Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 1998;

Vyazemsky P.A. Letter to D.P. Severin. Petersburg. May 28, 1848 // Russian antiquity. 1896. No. 1;

Dinesman T.G. F.I. Tyutchev. Biography pages: On the history of a diplomatic career. Moscow: IMLI RAN, 2004;

Kazanovich E.P. From the Munich meetings of F.I. Tyutchev (1840s) // Urania. Tyutchev's Almanac (1803–1928). Leningrad: Surf, 1928;

Chronicle of the life and work of F.I. Tyutcheva / Nauch. hands T.G. Dinesman; Comp.: T.G. Dinesman, S.A. Dolgopolova, N.A. Koroleva, B.N. Shchedrinsky; Rep. ed. T.G. Dinesman; Ed. N.I. Lukyanchuk. Book. 1. 1803–1844. [Muranovo]: Museum-estate "Muranovo" named after. F.I. Tyutchev. 1999; book. 2. 1844–1860. [M.]: OOO "Lithograph"; [Muranovo]: Museum-estate "Muranovo" named after. F.I. Tyutcheva, 2003;

Ospovat A.L. Tyutchev's Newly Found Political Memorandum: On the History of Creation // New Literary Review. 1992. No. 1;

Pigarev K.V. Tyutchev and problems of foreign policy tsarist Russia// Literary heritage. T. 19–21. M.: Journal and newspaper association, 1935;

Pigarev K.V. Life and work of Tyutchev. M.: Publishing house of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1962.

Sinitsyna N.V. The Third Rome: The Origins and Evolution of the Medieval Concept (XV-XVI Centuries). Moscow: Indrik, 1998;

Contemporaries about F.I. Tyutchev: Memoirs, reviews and letters. Tula: Priokskoe book publishing house, 1984;

Tyutchev F.I. Complete works and letters: In 6 vols. M.: Publishing Center "Classics", 2002-2004;

Tynyanov Yu.N. The question of Tyutchev // Tynyanov Yu.N. Poetics. History of literature. Movie. Moscow: Nauka, 1977;

Tynyanov Yu.N. Tyutchev and Heine // Tynyanov Yu.N. Poetics. History of literature. Movie. Moscow: Nauka, 1977.

Tyutchev - poet, diplomat, philosopher

“Tyutchev dropped his lovely poems, like his lovely words, like flowers of instant inspiration ... He did not know what it meant to compose poetry; they were created at the moment when it was necessary to express a thought or feeling with consonance, he hastily sketched them on a piece of paper and then dropped them, forgetting about them, on the floor ... ”- his contemporary V.P. wrote about the poet. Meshchersky. And Leo Tolstoy remarked: “One cannot live without Tyutchev.”

The great poet-thinker, philosopher and diplomat Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev was born on December 5, 1803 in the family of Ivan Nikolaevich and Ekaterina Lvovna Tyutchev in the village of Ovstut, thirty-eight kilometers from Bryansk on the road to Smolensk. Here he spent his childhood and then came here more than once. His family lived in the village for a long time. The poet's father is buried here.

So I saw you again

Places are not nice, though native, "

Where I thought and felt for the first time... - the poet will write many years later.

AT early childhood parents F.I. Tyutchev was encouraged by his thirst for knowledge. He studied at home history, geography, arithmetic, Russian and foreign languages- French, Latin and German. In the tenth year of his life, the young poet CE was the teacher of the Russian language, who at the same time supervised the general upbringing of the boy. Amphitheaters, known in literature under the surname Raich. “The extraordinary talents and passion for enlightenment of the dear pupil amazed and consoled me,” Raich later recalled, “three years later he was no longer a student, but my comrade - his inquisitive and receptive mind developed so quickly.”

In 1812 F.I. Tyutchev graduated from Moscow University with a Ph.D. in verbal sciences and joined the Collegium of Foreign Affairs. In the same year, he was sent as a supernumerary member of the Russian mission to Munich.

The Russian envoy in Munich, Count Vorontsov-Dashkov, reported to St. Petersburg: “The new attache to my mission, Mr. Fedor Tyutchev, has just arrived. Despite the small number of cases that this official will have during the first stages of his stay here, I will still try to ensure that he does not waste time, so precious at his age, in vain. Indeed, Tyutchev abroad did not waste time in vain. Not immediately after he arrived in Germany, nor later, when he lived in Italy. In total, he lived abroad for twenty-two years. The young diplomat studied a lot of history, languages, philosophy, translated German and other authors. Long-term stay abroad only outwardly alienated Tyutchev from his homeland. He closely followed everything that happened in the literary and social life of Russia, did not forget the Bryansk Territory, his native Ovstuzh places. It is not at all accidental that in "Poems sent from Germany" N. Nekrasov subsequently felt: "All of them were written in a pure and beautiful language, and many bore the living imprint of the Russian mind, the Russian soul." His letters to his homeland from abroad also speak volumes. One of them, sent from Italy, contains the following words: “Tell me, was I born in Ovstug in order to live in Turin?”

In the spring of 1836, a colleague F.I. Tyutchev and the connoisseur of his poems, Prince I.S. Gagarin brought to St. Petersburg a manuscript of the poet's poems. They got to A.S. Pushkin, who accepted them “with amazement and delight” and published them in his journal Sovremennik under the initials F.T. In total, twenty-four poems by Fyodor Ivanovich were published in the magazine for 1836.

While abroad, F.I. Tyutchev spoke with the German poet Heinrich Heine, German philosopher Friedrich Schelling, Czech scientist and writer Vaclav Ganka, and other prominent figures of Western European culture. Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev returned to Russia in the mid-fifties. Settled in St. Petersburg. For several years he served in the department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs as an official for special assignments at the State Chancellery, as a senior censor, and from 1858 until his death he served as chairman of the foreign censorship committee.

F.I. Tyutchev communicated with many literary figures - V.A. Zhukovsky, P.A. Vyazemsky, Ya.P. Polonsky, A.A. Fet... The charm of his personality, sharpness of mind and speech attracted many to the poet. In the January issue of Sovremennik for 1850, N.A. Nekrasov published an article "Russian Minor Poets". “Despite the title,” the article noted, “we strongly attribute the talent of Mr. F.T. to Russian paramount poetic talents. Nekrasov, who by this time had become the editor of this journal, reprinted almost all the famous poems of F.I. Tyutchev, dismantled them and noted that this is "a strong, independent talent." Without hesitation, the author of the article put Tyutchev next to Lermontov. The article ended with a call to publish the poems as a separate book.

Turgenev undertook to practically implement Nekrasov's idea. He persuaded Tyutchev to publish poetry and acted as editor and publisher. During the life of the author saw the light and the second collection of poems. The work of Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev was highly appreciated by many of his contemporaries - writers, poets, critics, publicists, admirers of poetry. “An amazing thing - so many years, and, moreover, the best in life, he spent in foreign lands, and the Russian feeling gleamed inextinguishably in him; it penetrated to the recesses of his soul and had a fresh and strong effect on every excitement. He was full of fiery patriotism,” wrote M.N. Katkov about F.I. Tyutchev in 1873. A high assessment of the activities of the poet and thinker was given by I.S. Aksakov: “Tyutchev was not only an original, deep thinker, not only a peculiar, true artist, poet, but also one of a small number of carriers, even engines of our Russian, national identity ...”

Russia cannot be understood with the mind,

Do not measure with a common yardstick:

She has a special-

You can only believe in Russia- these unique Tyutchev lines have not lost their deep meaning even today. Only a true patriot of his Fatherland and a true master of verse could express his innermost feelings so strongly and briefly. In this quatrain is the life position of the poet, who once said: "I most of all he loved the Fatherland and poetry in the world. Or his other statement: "It would be necessary to understand once and for all that there is nothing serious in Russia, except for Russia itself."

The theme of Russia and its history runs through Tyutchev's entire life. His muse also responded to the most painful Russian theme - the theme of human suffering, social and moral:

Human tears, oh human tears,

You pour early and late sometimes ...

Flow unknown, flow invisible,

inexhaustible, innumerable,-

Pour like rain streams pour

In autumn deaf sometimes night.

F.I. Tyutchev entered the minds of readers primarily as an inspired singer of nature. His poems, for example, “Spring Thunderstorm”, “Winter is not angry for nothing ...”, we know from childhood:

I love the storm in early May,

When the first spring thunder

As if frolicking and playing,

Rumbles in the blue sky.

Winter is getting angry

Her time has passed-

Spring is knocking on the window

And drives from the yard.

And how accurate and cheerful are the lines about the coming of spring. They truly became a textbook:

Snow is still whitening in the fields,

And the waters are already rustling in the spring-

They run and wake up the sleepy shore.

They run and shine and say...

They say all over the place:

Spring is coming, spring is coming!

We are messengers of young spring,

She sent us ahead!

Spring is coming, spring is coming! »

And quiet, warm May days

Ruddy, bright round dance

Crowds merrily after her.

Amazingly expressive lines often came out from Tyutchev's pen when he found himself in his native land. Nature Bryansk Territory was dear to the poet, she caused him deep thoughts, revealed to him the most secret secrets. It is not at all accidental that it is in Ovstug that he writes:

Nature- sphinx. And the more she returns

With his temptation, he destroys a person,

What, perhaps, no from the century

There is no riddle, and there was none.

A penetrating lyricist, a poet-philosopher who perfectly understood nature and its language, Tyutchev created the following lines:

Not what you think, nature:

Not a cast, not a thoughtless face-

It has a soul, it has freedom,

It has love, it has language.

It is necessary, in my opinion, to name some poems written by F.I. Tyutchev during trips to his native Ovstug: “In the enchanting winter ...”, “There is in the original autumn ...”, “Look how the grove is turning green ...”, “The night sky is so gloomy. ..”, “Clouds are melting in the sky...”, “In the village”.

On one of his regular visits to his native land, F.I. Tyutchev was visiting Lieutenant Colonel Vera Mikhailovna Fomina in the village of Vshchizh. Here once stood the ancient Russian city of Vshchizh, the former center of the Vshchizh specific principality and devastated by the Mongol-Tatars. Only mounds reminded of the past.

From the life that raged here

From the blood that flowed like a river here,

What has survived, what has come down to us?

Two or three mounds, visible lift ...

Yes, two or three oaks grew on them,

Stretched out and wide and bold.

Beautify, make noise- and they don't care

Whose ashes, whose memory their roots dig.

Nature does not know about the past,

Our ghostly years are alien to her,

And in front of her we are vaguely aware

themselves- only a dream of nature...

This poem was sketched on the day of the trip. Already from St. Petersburg, the poet sent the final version to his wife Ernestine Fedorovna: “I am sending you poems ... They will remind you of our trip to Vshchizh to Fomina, because they were written then.”

A special place in the work of F.I. Tyutchev takes love lyrics. The poems of this cycle are imbued with the deepest psychologism, genuine humanity, nobility and directness in revealing the most complex emotional experiences. Remember: "I remember the golden time ..." or "I met you ...". The poet’s lyrical confession was highly appreciated: “Oh, how deadly we love...”, “What did you pray with love...”, “Don’t say: he loves me, as before...”, “All day she lay in oblivion...”, “On the eve of the anniversary of August 4, 1864.” and other poems known as the Denisiev cycle.

Talent F.I. Tyutchev was highly valued by Pushkin and Tolstoy, Nekrasov and Turgenev, Dostoevsky and Fet, Chernyshevsky and Dobrolyubov, Pletnev and Vyazemsky, Aksakov and Grigorovich ... A. Apukhtin, V. Bryusov, P. Vyazemsky, F. Glinka, A. Maykov, Ya. Polonsky, E. Rastopchina, A. Tolstoy, S. Gorodetsky, I. Severyanin, O. Mandelstam, L. Martynov, N. Rubtsov, N. Rylenkov, V. Sidorov... Can you list them all? ? And how many books and studies have been written about the poet's work! After his death, an edition of poems was published, which A.A. Fet welcomed the message. It ends with the words:

This is a small book

Volumes are much heavier.

F.I. Tyutchev lives in the bronze of monuments, in poetic lines. One of the streets in Bryansk and the regional scientific Library. The family estate of the poet in the village of Ovstug was revived, where a museum-reserve operates. For more than forty years, poetic holidays have been held in the homeland of the great poet every summer. The spirit of poetry hovers over the ancient village of Ovstug. Tyutchev's poems ... Read. They exude warmth, nobility, high love for the Fatherland.

To that village

What is covered in songs- Buses run to Tyutchev, Where Tyutchev's word has been cherished so zealously and holy for a long time,- we read in the poem of the Ukrainian poet A. Dovgy "Tyutchev".