The position of the main strata of society is a summary. The position of the main strata of Russian society in the post-reform period. Dmitry Petrovich Botkin

Historical dictation 1. The exclusive right of the state to the production and sale of alcoholic beverages 2. List of expenses and incomes of the state for a certain period 3. Workers (synonym) 4. Owners of capital, owners of tools of labor using hired labor 5. Industry that is actively developing in the region Baku and Grozny

6. Payment collected from individuals and legal entities to the state and local budgets 7. State policy aimed at protecting and patronizing the domestic industry 8. Minister of Finance, who initiated the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway 9. Punishment of workers for being late, producing low-quality products 10. Mark-up , established by the state for consumer goods

budget taxes protectionism S. Yu. Witte fine oil wine proletariat monopoly bourgeoisie indirect taxes

Which of the following was typical for the times of Alexander III a b c improvement of the tax system; development of private railways state aid to agriculture; Protectionism is a b c reduction in the export of domestic goods abroad. fencing the national economy from foreign competition and increasing the welfare of the population b catching up and overtaking the developed European powers in per capita output in the growth of industrial production and strengthening military power The monetary reform of 1897 introduced: free exchange of the ruble for gold; new national currency; dependence of the ruble on the dollar. One of the main activities of N. Kh. Bunge was: a b c Topic: The development of the Russian economy at the end of the 19th century. wide attraction of foreign goods to the country; The main goal of the economic policy of Alexander III was: a b Test No. 1, the introduction of a wine monopoly; reduction of redemption payments and the abolition of the poll tax; reduction of customs duties on goods imported from abroad 1 2 3 4 5

The policy of I. A. Vyshnegradsky was characterized by: a b renunciation of direct state intervention in the economy; active work on foreign financial exchanges; reduction of tax duties on engineering products. One of the points of the economic program of S. Yu. Witte was: a b c increase in excise duties on vodka and tobacco; wide attraction of foreign capital into the country division of society on an economic basis division of society on an administrative basis division of society on a legal basis What place did Russia occupy in terms of economic development at the end of the century? a b c Topic: Development of the Russian economy at the end of the 19th century. prohibition of the activities of private banks; What are "estates"? a b c Test No. 1 Fifth Third First How Witte treated the community: a b Considered it necessary to strengthen it c Considered that it does not play a significant role in the life of society Considered it necessary to liquidate it 1 2 3 4 5

The structure of the Russian post-reform society Classes - according to the economic situation. sign of capitalism. Estates - according to the law. sign of feudalism. Nobility Clergy Urban inhabitants Rural inhabitants Landowners Bourgeoisie Proletariat Intelligentsia

What are "estates"? Estate - a social stratum, a group whose members differ in their legal status from the rest of the population. As a rule, belonging to estates is inherited. What classes divided the population of Russia? in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. the Code of Laws of the Russian Empire, which determined the provisions of the estates, continues to operate. The law distinguished four main estates: the nobility, the clergy, the urban population, and the rural population. The urban population, in turn, was divided into five groups: honorary citizens, merchants, craftsmen, philistines, small proprietors and working people, that is, those who worked for hire. What privileges did the nobles enjoy? The nobility had the following privileges: the right to own populated estates (until 1861), freedom from compulsory service (in 1762-1874, all-class military service was later introduced), freedom from zemstvo duties (until the 2nd half of the 19th century), the right to enter the civil service and to receive education in privileged educational institutions (the Corps of Pages, the Imperial Alexander Lyceum, the Imperial School of Jurisprudence accepted children of nobles from 5 and 6 parts of the genealogical book and children of persons who had a rank of at least 4 classes), the right of a corporate organization. What privileges did the clergy enjoy? The next privileged estate after the nobility was the clergy, which was divided into white (parish) and black (monasticism). It enjoyed certain estate privileges: the clergy and their children were exempted from the poll tax; recruiting duty; were subject to ecclesiastical court according to canon law (with the exception of cases “according to the word and deed of the sovereign”).

honorary citizens. In the Russian Empire, since 1832, a privileged category of the estate of "urban inhabitants"; included hereditary honorary citizens (children of personal nobles and clergy who graduated from an academy or seminary; persons of liberal professions who had an academic degree) personal (children of ordinary clergy; persons who graduated from universities and other higher educational institutions; officials of 14-10 classes). Exempted from the poll tax, recruitment duty, corporal punishment; Merchants The estate status of a merchant determined the property qualification. From the end of the 18th century, the merchant class was divided into three guilds. Belonging to one of them was determined by the size of the capital, from which the merchant was obliged to pay an annual guild contribution in the amount of 1% of the total capital. This made it difficult for representatives of other segments of the population to enter the merchant class. During the period from the beginning of the 19th century to the revolution of 1917, the merchant class grew from 125,000 males to 230,000. However, 70 -80% belonged to the third guild. By the beginning of the 20th century, the class boundaries of the merchants had lost their clarity, many rich representatives of the merchants received titles of nobility and, conversely, part of the bourgeoisie and peasantry joined its ranks. The merchant class became the basis of the emerging commercial, financial and industrial bourgeoisie.

Who are the "philistines"? The main urban taxable estate in the Russian Empire - originates from the townspeople of Moscow Russia, united in black hundreds and settlements. Philistinism was an unprivileged class: 1. urban artisans; 2. small traders; 3. employees. The philistines were assigned to their city societies, which they could leave only with temporary passports, and transfer to others with the permission of the authorities. They paid a poll tax, were subject to recruitment and corporal punishment, did not have the right to enter the state service, and upon entering the military service did not enjoy the rights of volunteers.

Petty trade, various crafts, and work for hire were allowed for the townspeople. To engage in craft and trade, they had to enroll in workshops and guilds. The organization of the petty-bourgeois class was finally established in 1785. In each city they formed a petty-bourgeois society, elected petty-bourgeois councils or petty-bourgeois elders and their assistants (uprava were introduced from 1870). In the middle of the XIX century. the townspeople are exempted from corporal punishment, since 1866 - from the soul tax.

The peasantry, which in Russia accounted for over 80% of the population, practically ensured the very existence of society with their labor. It paid the lion's share of the poll tax and other taxes and dues, which ensured the maintenance of the army, navy, the construction of St. Petersburg, new cities, the Urals industry, etc. Peasants, as recruits, made up the bulk of the armed forces. They also conquered new lands.

The peasants made up the bulk of the population, they were divided into three main categories: 1. Ownership 2. State or "state" 3. Specific (belonging to the royal family) Peasant community

1. What was the role of the community in the life of the peasants? 2. What do you see as the positive and negative aspects of the peasant community? 3. What is the essence of the concept of "community psychology"? 4. What new features appeared in the village after the abolition of serfdom?

The Code of Laws of the Russian Empire divided the population into: Nobles (personal and hereditary), Urban inhabitants (merchants, tradesmen, craftsmen, honorary citizens), Rural inhabitants (peasants and Cossacks). But gradually the economic situation came to the fore. The society was divided into landlords, peasants, bourgeoisie and proletariat. What new groups appeared in the river. general ve? What are the reasons for their appearance? social structure. (1 in-s, 235) Estates of the 19th century. What are estates?

The peasantry made up the majority of the population. It was part of self-governing rural communities united in the volost. Mutual responsibility limited the freedom of movement of the peasants. The community elected a headman and a tax collector. The peasants were judged by the volost court, which used corporal punishment. Characteristic features of the peasantry were patriarchy, monarchism and Orthodoxy. But the harsh life immersed them in the world of superstitions. Peasantry (r.t.3) Peasants of the village of Bogorodskoye, Nizhny Novgorod province.

The abolition of serfdom led 1) to the stratification of the peasants. More than half of them lived on the verge of poverty and destitution. 2. Market relations have changed people's lives, the need for money has increased. The main income came from the sale of grain, its export was at the expense of its own consumption. Poverty was caused by the retention of redemption payments.3. At the same time, the kulaks appeared. 4. The stratification led to the undermining of the communal foundations of life. Peasantry (2 voros, 235, r.t. 2) I. Repin. Reception of volost foremen by Alexander III.

1. The stratification also passed among the nobles, since 1856, personal nobility began to receive from the 12th rank of the Table of Ranks for the military and from 9 for civilians, and hereditary from 6 and 4 ranks, respectively. 2. But the number of nobles increased by 2 times. 3. For officials, salaries have become the only source of livelihood. The nobles retained privileges in local governments, but lost economic advantages as they lost land. Nobility (question 3, 235, r.t. 4) B. Kustodiev. In the Moscow living room.

Nobility (question 3, 235) Furniture from the Olgovo estate. 4. Part of the nobles began to participate in entrepreneurial activities In 1895, 40% of their lands were mortgaged. Part of the nobles invested money from redemption transactions in shares of banks, factories, railways. Others became doctors, lawyers, cultural figures. Still others joined the ranks of workers. 5. The decline of the landlord economy weakened their role in the state apparatus. Political power belonged to officials, economic power belonged to the bourgeoisie.

The development of capitalism led to the formation of the bourgeoisie. Among her were people from the merchant class, nobles and Old Believer peasants. In the 1970s, officials became entrepreneurs, establishing a link between the state and private capital, but this led to corruption. Among the entrepreneurs were representatives of different nations, including foreigners - Tereshchenko, Lianozov, Brodsky, as well as Yuz, Nobile, etc. Bourgeoisie (question 4, 236, r.t.1) Board of Shareholders of the Gramophone and Typewriters Company

All wage-workers belong to the proletariat, but the industrial proletariat plays the main role. Its formation was completed in the mid-1990s. At this time, the proletariat numbered 1.5 million people. Its features were: 1) connection with the peasantry, 2) high concentration in large enterprises (1890. Three-quarters of all factory and mining workers were concentrated in enterprises with more than 100 workers 3) a combination of industrial and agricultural labor. Proletariat (question 5, 236) K. Savitsky. Repair work on the railway.

In the cities, the workers adhered to the communal norms of life. They settled in the barracks but in the provinces and districts from where they came to the city. 4) Separation from the village led to the fall of moral principles - many began to drink. In the years workers' protests are taking sharp forms. The largest was the strike at the Morozov manufactory in Orekhovo-Zuevo in 1885. Proletariat (RT 6) Unloading a ship in the commercial port of St. Petersburg.

The Orthodox Church was dominant in Russia. Orthodoxy was professed by 70% of the population. The black clergy-monastics-fulfilled "special obligations", the white - lived in the world. Spiritual positions were inherited - the clergy became a closed estate. Priests eked out a miserable class, because. lived off the flock. The church trained personnel in 62 educational institutions. Clergy. Robes of the Orthodox clergy.

In 1862, the special presence of the Synod began to solve the problem of improving the life of the clergy. In 1864, parish patronage arose. In the years, the incomes of priests increased due to the establishment of salaries in the river. per year, pension provision was also introduced. In the city, graduates of religious institutions received the right to enter secular institutions, and the hereditary occupation of spiritual positions was abolished. Clergy. Congress of missionaries of the Nizhny Novgorod province.

In to the 19th century. in Russia, a person was engaged in intellectual work. After the abolition of serfdom, the intelligentsia began to be replenished from representatives of different classes. Raznochintsy knew well the needs of the people and reflected them in their work. Part of the intelligentsia could not find a use for their forces, because. capitalist industry developed slowly. 2. What was the intelligentsia dissatisfied with? Intelligentsia (RT 7 In the main hall of the Imperial Library.

Higher education was not a guarantee of an increase in social status. This gave rise to a mood of protest. The intelligentsia took an active part in the liberal-zemstvo movement and became the basis for the formation of political parties legally opposed to the autocracy, became the spokesman for the ideas and aspirations of the bourgeoisie. 3. Why was the intelligentsia in opposition to the authorities? Intelligentsia. Artist M.V. Dobuzhinsky at work.

The Cossacks belonged to the semi-privileged estates. The Cossack was both a warrior and a peasant. There were 11 Cossack troops in Russia: Donskoy, Kuban, Terek, Astrakh an, Ural, Orenburg, Semirechenskoe, Siberian, Trans-Baikal, Amur, Ussuri. The Cossacks were subordinate to the Directorate of the Cossack Troops of the Military Ministry. Cossacks (question 8, 236) Private Cossack army

The chieftain was at the head of the army, with a headquarters. The villages and farms had their own elected atamans. Service began at the age of 18 - 3 years of training, 12 years of military service and 5 years in the reserve. Each Cossack received a plot of 30 acres of land. The land was in public use. In the late 19th century Cossacks begin to engage in trade, horse breeding, etc. The standard of living of the Cossacks was higher than that of the peasants. Cossacks. Officer of the Cossack army

Conclusions 1. In the 2/2 of the 19th century, there was a breakdown of estate partitions along economic, class lines 2. Representatives of the merchants and successful peasant entrepreneurs and noble officials joined the new entrepreneurial class 3. The class of hired workers was replenished at the expense of peasants, bourgeois, even nobles and the clergy 4. There is a significant democratization of the intelligentsia, because. it was replenished from various segments of the population. 5. The clergy are losing their former isolation, because the hereditary occupation of the spiritual before was canceled.

History lesson grade 8

Completed: teacher of history and social studies

Mkou semiluki school №1 with uip

Antonkina E.E.

1 . Was Russia's economic development successful under Alexander III?

2. What people were appointed to economic positions?

3. What program did they run?

4. How did agriculture develop?

What hindered its development?

5. Conclusion

1. Estate
2.Nobility
3.Class
4. Bourgeoisie
A) a social class of capital owners who receive income as a result of entrepreneurial activity
B) a large group of people with certain rights and duties that are inherited
C) large social groups that stand out in the economic hierarchical structure
D) the class of secular landowners who had hereditary privileges

The position of the main sections of society

What changes took place in Russian society at the end of the 19th century compared to the beginning of the century?

2.Nobility
3. Bourgeoisie
4.Proletariat
6. Intelligentsia
7. Cossacks

With the development of capitalism, not the estate of a person, fixed by laws, but his class, that is, economic position, becomes increasingly important. Class- large social groups that stand out in the economic hierarchical structure. 2 classes appear: the bourgeoisie and the proletariat Bourgeoisie -social class of capital owners Proletariat -working class

They made up the majority of the population
Were strongly attached to the community
For them there was a volost court
professed Orthodoxy
After the abolition of serfdom, they were divided into rich and poor
Otkhodniks - peasants who went to work in the cities

Document "Letters from the village" A.N. Engelhart

« Even if a man has an excess bread, he still won’t sell, but wants to have enough bread for “new” so that you can live on your bread for another year ... If a man in the fall sells bread for little things, then this is either a drunkard who sells for a drink, or poor man, who has nothing to buy salt, tar, nothing to pay the priest for a prayer service in holiday… Our peasant farmer eats the worst rye bread, slurps empty gray cabbage soup, considers buckwheat porridge with hemp oil, apple pies and has no idea, and even laugh it will be that there are countries where sissy men eat apple pies yes laborers are fed the same ... "

Nobility

After 1861, the stratification of the nobility began
The number of nobility grew (1867-625 thousand, 1897-over 1 million 222 thousand)
Weakened political influence, tk. when enrolling in the service, readiness for it and education were taken into account, and not class origin

The economic advantage over other classes was lost (connection with the land was lost, the use of semi-serf forms of farming
Some of the nobility were engaged in entrepreneurial activities

That. the decline of the landowner economy accelerated the stratification, weakened the influence of the landowners in the state. Nobles lost their dominant position in society .
The political power of the officials economic for the bourgeoisie .

Bourgeoisie

Nobles Merchants

Philistines Peasants

People from a wealthy merchant class:
Gubonin Petr Ionovich

Bobrinsky
Branicki
Potocki
Shipovs
Peasants:
Morozov
Ryabushinsky
Guchkovs
Konovalov

Many representatives of the new generation of the bourgeoisie patronized the development of science, art - patronage

S.I. Mammoths

P.M. Tretyakov

Bourgeoisie

Dmitry Petrovich Botkin

Kuzma Terentievich Soldatenkov

How did the position of the peasants change in the second half of the 19th century?
Who are otkhodniks?
What contributed to the weakening of the political and economic position of the nobles?
What is the bourgeoisie?
What is patronage? Name the patrons you know. What can you say about S.I. Mammoth?

Proletariat

Salaried workers

1.5 million

industrial proletariat

Factory, mining, railway workers

10 million

Features of the Russian proletariat

The close connection between the workers and the peasantry
Representatives of different nationalities
Accounting for agricultural needs by the owners of enterprises
The city adhered to the usual norms of communal life
Action of the workers for the improvement of their situation
Did not raise the issue of their political rights

Workers waiting to be hired

Increase in educational institutions
An attempt to improve the financial situation (parish guardianship)
The destruction of estate partitions, which contributed to the renewal of the clergy

This is a social group professionally engaged in mental work, development and dissemination of culture, usually with higher education

Intelligentsia

Shishkin I.I. .

A.P. Chekhov Brothers Vasnetsov

The Cossacks were necessary for the development and protection of the newly acquired outlying lands
For their service they received land from the government
From the age of 18 they carried out military service (their uniforms, equipment, cold weapons, a horse).
Occupations: gardening, tobacco growing, winemaking, viticulture.

Nobility

Bourgeoisie
landowners

Peasants
Philistines
Merchants
Cossacks

Community peasants
Proletariat
Intelligentsia
Cossacks

A.A. Danilov, L.G. Kosulina "History of Russia XIX century Grade 8" / Danilov A.A., Kosulina L.G. - M. - Enlightenment. - 2o10.-287 p.
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/

slide 1

The position of the main sections of society
Chikatuev Malik 8 “B”

slide 2

Estates and classes in a post-reform society
In the second half of the XIX century. the class division of society was still preserved. In the Code of Laws of the Russian Empire, the entire urban and rural population was divided “according to the difference in the rights of the state” into four main categories: the nobility, the clergy, urban and rural inhabitants. The nobility remained the highest class. It was divided into personal and hereditary.

slide 3

Peasantry
In the second half of the XIX century. peasants still made up the vast majority of the population of the Russian Empire. Peasants were part of self-governing rural societies - communities. The horseless peasant became a symbol of rural poverty. The abolition of serfdom led to a sharp increase in the need for money in the countryside. There was an involvement of the majority of peasant farms in market relations.

slide 4

Prosperous and poor peasants

slide 5

Poverty, hardships associated with redemption payments, lack of land and other troubles firmly tied the bulk of the peasants to the community. Allotments among the community members were distributed in stripes. Each member of the community had a small allotment (band) in different places. Many peasants went to work in the cities. The prolonged isolation of men from the family, from village life and rural work led to an increase in the role of women not only in economic life, but also in peasant self-government. Such women devoted less time to raising children, passing on peasant experience and family traditions to them. Unprecedented phenomena appeared in the countryside - divorces, drunkenness intensified.

slide 6

Nobility
The nobility remained the highest class. It was divided into personal and hereditary. After the peasant reform of 1861, stratification proceeded rapidly. To obtain personal nobility, it was now required to have a military rank not lower than the 12th or civil - not lower than the 9th level of the table of ranks, for hereditary - 6th for military ranks and 4th for civilians. The political position of the nobility weakened: when enrolling in the service, readiness for it and education were taken into account more and more, class origin was taken into account less and less.

Slide 7

Bourgeoisie
The development of capitalism in Russia led to an increase in the number of the bourgeoisie. Representatives of this class played an ever greater role in the life of the country. Among the major capitalist industrialists there were quite a few people from the wealthy merchant class. The period of the formation of the Russian bourgeoisie coincided in time with the vigorous activity of the Narodniks within the country and with the growth of the revolutionary struggle of the Western European proletariat. . Some of the founders of well-known commercial and industrial families - S.V. Morozov, P.K. Konovalov - remained illiterate until the end of their days.

Slide 8

Blast furnace shop of the plant in Donbass

Slide 9

Savva Ivanovich Mamontov (1841-1918) was a hereditary merchant and entrepreneur. In 1872, he was elected director of the Moscow-Yaroslavl Railway Society. The government offered him to buy the state-owned Nevsky Plant in St. Petersburg, which produces steam locomotives, wagons and ships, including for the military ministry. He loved to discover new names in art, to look for young talents.

Slide 10

Proletariat
Another main class of industrial society was the proletariat. All wage-workers belonged to the proletariat. By the mid 90s. 19th century about 10 million people were employed in the sphere of wage labor, of which 1.5 million were industrial workers. He was closely connected with the peasantry.

slide 11

The speeches of the workers for the improvement of their situation in the 80-90s. became more numerous, sometimes they took sharp forms, accompanied by violence against the factory authorities, the destruction of factory premises and clashes with the police and even with the troops.

slide 12

Cossacks
The emergence of the Cossacks was associated with the need to develop and protect the newly acquired marginal lands. For their service, the Cossacks received land from the government. Therefore, the Cossack is both a warrior and a peasant. All men from the age of 18 were required to perform military service. For 3 years they were in the preparatory category, then 12 years in military service with summer camps and 5 years in the reserve.

slide 13

The Cossack came to military service with his uniform, equipment, edged weapons and a riding horse. . In 1869, the nature of land ownership in the Cossack regions was finally determined. The communal ownership of the stanitsa lands was consolidated, of which each Cossack received a share in the amount of 30 acres. In the second half of the XIX century. Cossack regions become areas of commercial agriculture. . The Cossacks were also engaged in gardening, tobacco growing, viticulture and winemaking. Horse breeding successfully developed on the lands of various Cossack troops. There is a significant democratization of the intelligentsia, even the clergy are losing their former isolation. And only the Cossacks to a greater extent remain committed to their former way of life.