Features of the occurrence of physical phenomena on earth and in space. The most inexplicable phenomena in space Inexplicable facts and phenomena in space

On April 24, 1990, the orbital hubble telescope. People have always been drawn to space, and when it became known that stars are real objects in the vast expanses of space, the thirst for knowledge began to play with redoubled force. But often discoveries bring only more and more mysteries, and astronomers conduct long discussions, trying to somehow explain the new questions presented to the Universe.

Infinity sign in space. In the central part of the Milky Way, you can see a gas and dust structure in the form of a twisted loop, the length of which is about 600 light years.

Parts of the structure made of gas at a temperature of -258.15 degrees Celsius form a figure eight - a symbol of infinity. Astronomers cannot explain the shape and nature of this structure.

What leads astronomers even more into a dead end is that the center of “infinity” does not coincide with the center of the Galaxy, but is slightly shifted relative to it, which contradicts known scientific laws.

Expansion of the Universe. Scientists at the Institute of Theoretical Physics in Beijing, Tu Zhong Liang and Cai Gen Rong, have proven that the Universe is evolving heterogeneously: some parts of it are developing much faster than others.

Experts believe that with the help of the theory of heterogeneity of the Universe it will be possible to explain the hypothetical existence of parallel worlds.

Removal of the Earth from the Sun. The average distance from the Earth to the Sun is 1.496×1011 meters. Previously, it was believed that this distance is constant, but back in 2004, Russian astronomers discovered that the Earth is gradually moving away from the Sun by about 15 cm per year.

Scientists cannot answer why this happens. If the rate of Earth's retreat does not change, then the “freezing” of the planet will occur in hundreds of millions of years. But what if the speed suddenly increases?..

Where are the Pioneers flying? The interplanetary probes Pioneer 10 (launched in 1972) and Pioneer 11 (1973) were the first spacecraft launched this far.

Having completed the planned programs, the probe equipment transmitted information for many years to come. In November 1995, Pioneer 11, having moved 6.5 billion km from the Sun, stopped communicating. Signals from Pioneer 10, which moved 12 billion kilometers from Earth, were received until January 2003.

The probes can no longer be seen from Earth. It has become known that the probes are moving away from the solar system more slowly than expected. They are subject to an incomprehensible braking force that scientists cannot explain.

Water on Mars. Experts believe that early stages history of Mars, 3.8 - 3.5 billion years ago, the climate on the planet was warmer and wetter, and the northern hemisphere was an ocean.

Martian channels on the Chrysos Planitia may indicate that there may be lakes several meters below the surface liquid water and underground sources.

“Monolith” on Phobos. On the Martian moon there is a very mysterious object called "Monolith", approximately 76 meters high. NASA astronaut Edwin Eugene Aldrin, who was the second to set foot on the moon in 1969, was the first to notice it.

The tower or dome-like object was discovered in 1998 in images taken by the Mars Global Surveyor research station. The "monolith" rises on the side facing Mars.

NASA has not commented on the presence of the artifact on Phobos. Many serious scientists believe that the Monolith is an artificial structure.

Black planet. In 2006, astronomers discovered a black exoplanet whose surface reflects less than 1% of the light from the star it orbits. At the same time, it is always turned to the star with one side.

The planet almost completely absorbs light instead of reflecting it, and the temperature of its atmosphere is more than a thousand degrees Celsius.

The planet was explored using the Kepler telescope, but scientists still cannot solve its mystery.

Sedna- our neighbor in the solar system, was discovered on November 14, 2003. Some astronomers consider it the 10th planet in the solar system.

The distance from Sedna (NASA artistic depiction) to the Sun is three times greater than from the Sun to Neptune, but most of the planet's orbit is further away.

In 2076, Sedna will pass perihelion, the point in its orbit closest to the Sun.

Great attractor. This gravitational anomaly is located in intergalactic space at a distance of 250 million light years.

The mass of the object is tens of thousands of times greater than the mass of the entire Milky Way. Scientists believe that it is here that the chance of the existence of another civilization is very high.

New moon of Saturn. Not long ago, a new moon began to form around Saturn.

It was possible to observe how a natural satellite formed on one of the ice rings and scientists cannot understand in any way what was the impetus for this.

Radio signals from space. More than ten years ago, fast discrete radio pulses were received from space. They tried to explain intergalactic bursts of radio emissions different ways, there is also a theory that they may be of a technological nature.

Many scientists believe that these fast radio pulses could be used by extraterrestrial civilizations as a means to accelerate their spacecraft.

“We do not know of any astronomical object capable of generating such a level of radio emissions with such a level of brightness, tens of billions of times greater than the brightness level of the same powerful pulsars known to us,” the scientists say.

“Construction” on the star. The star KIC 8462852, called "Tabby", has attracted the attention of astronomers due to its strange properties: the nature of the reflected light may indicate that real construction work is being carried out around the star.

On the possibility of the existence of a highly developed extraterrestrial civilization, which is building structures to accumulate stellar energy, said Tabetha Boyajian, lead author of the NASA study.

Magnetic field of the Moon. For many thousands of years, the Moon did not have its own magnetic field, but a recent study showed that this was not always the case: about four billion years ago, the moon's molten core suddenly began to rotate in the direction opposite to the direction of rotation of the mantle surrounding this core.

The Moon turned out to be capable of generating a magnetic field much stronger than on Earth. Currently, none of the scientists understands how such a small celestial body could develop such magnetic activity.

This field lasted for quite a long time, perhaps due to the constant meteorite bombardment, which fueled lunar magnetism. Many believe that the phenomenon is artificial in nature.

The mysterious island of Titan. Saturn's largest moon, Titan, closely resembles the primordial Earth, with its atmosphere, materials and possibly geological activity.

In 2013, the Cassini spacecraft, while exploring the satellite, discovered a completely new piece of land on its surface, which unexpectedly appeared in the second largest sea of Titan - Ligeria Mare.

Soon after this, the “mysterious island” also suddenly disappeared into the translucent methane-ethane sea. Then it appeared again, but already increased in size.

Black holes. Scientists believe that black holes are formed when a giant star collapses: the explosion in a relatively small space causes a gravitational field of such intensity that even the surrounding light is affected by it.

However, practically scientists have not seen any of the Black Holes. We can only guess what it really is.

Dark matter- another one of the main mysteries for modern astronomers. Understanding what exactly it is means actually revealing the secret of the Universe, which consists of 27% dark matter.

Although in recent decades science has been moving forward by leaps and bounds, people's knowledge about space is still approaching zero. And it is not surprising that scientists are constantly discovering new, sometimes seemingly fantastic, phenomena in the Universe. The “hottest” ten such discoveries made recently will be discussed in this review.

1. “Cosmic shield” of humanity

NASA researchers have discovered a surprising and beneficial byproduct of radio transmissions: a man-made "VLF (low frequency) bubble" around the Earth that protects people from certain types of radiation. Earth also has naturally occurring Van Allen radiation belts, in which the sun's energetic particles become "trapped" in the Earth's magnetic field.

But now scientists believe that the accumulated electromagnetic radiation The Earth has inadvertently created a kind of radioactive barrier that deflects some of the high-energy cosmic particles that continually cause damage to the Earth.

2.Galaxy PGC 1000714

Galaxy PGC 1000714 may be the "most unique" ever observed by scientists. This is a Hoag-type object with 2 rings around it (in some ways it is similar to Saturn, but only the size of a galaxy). Only 0.1% of galaxies have one ring, but PGC 1000714 is unique in that it boasts two. The 5.5-billion-year-old galaxy's core is composed primarily of old red stars. Surrounding it is a large, much younger (0.13 billion years) outer ring, in which hotter, younger blue stars shine.

When scientists looked at the galaxy at several wavelengths, they discovered a completely unexpected imprint of a second, inner ring, which is much closer to the core in terms of age and is also not connected to the outer ring at all.

3. Exoplanet Kelt-9b

The hottest exoplanet discovered on this moment, hotter than many stars. The newly described Kelt-9b's surface temperature rises to 3,777 degrees Celsius, and that's on its dark side. And on the side facing the star, the temperature is approximately 4,327 degrees Celsius - almost the same as on the surface of the Sun. The star in which the planet is located, Kelt-9, is an A-type star located 650 light years from Earth in the constellation Cygnus.

Type A stars are among the hottest, and this particular individual is a "baby" by galactic standards, being only 300 million years old. But as the star grows and expands, its surface will eventually engulf Kelt-9b.

4. Collapse inward

It turns out that black holes can form without titanic supernova explosions or the collision of two incredibly dense objects such as neutron stars. Apparently, stars can “collapse in on themselves,” turning into black holes, relatively quietly. The Large Binocular Telescope study found thousands of potential "failed supernovae."

For example, the star N6946-BH1 had enough mass to go supernova (about 25 times more than the Sun). But the images show that it only briefly glowed a little brighter and then simply disappeared into the darkness.

5. Magnetic fields of the Universe

Many celestial bodies produce magnetic fields, but the largest fields ever discovered are due to gravitationally bound galaxy clusters. A typical cluster spans about 10 million light years (compared to the Milky Way's size of 100,000 light years). And these gravitational titans create incredibly powerful magnetic fields. Clusters are essentially collections of charged particles, gas clouds, stars and dark matter, and their chaotic interactions create real “electromagnetic witchcraft.”

When the galaxies themselves pass too close to each other and touch, the flammable gases at their boundaries are compressed, eventually shooting out arcing "relics" that extend out to distances of up to six million light years, potentially even larger than the cluster that gave birth to them.

6. Accelerated development of galaxies

The early Universe is full of mysteries, one of which is the existence of a bunch of mysteriously "fattened" galaxies that should not have existed long enough to gain such size. These galaxies contained hundreds of billions of stars (a decent number even by today's standards) when the universe was only 1.5 billion years old. And if we look even further into space-time, astronomers have discovered new type hyperactive galaxies, which “fed” these early anomalously developed galaxies.

When the Universe was a billion years old, these progenitor galaxies were already producing an insane amount of stars at a rate 100 times the star formation rate of the Milky Way. Researchers have found evidence that even in the sparsely populated young Universe, galaxies merged.

7. A new type of catastrophic event

The Chandra X-ray Observatory discovered something strange while looking into early universe. Chandra astronomers observed a mysterious source of X-rays at a distance of 10.7 billion light years. It suddenly became 1000 times brighter and then disappeared into darkness over the course of about a day. Astronomers had detected similar bizarre X-ray bursts before, but this one was 100,000 times brighter in the X-ray range.

Giant supernovae, neutron stars or white dwarfs have been tentatively listed as possible culprits, but evidence does not support any of these events. The galaxy where the explosion occurred is much smaller and far from previously discovered sources, so astronomers hope they have found "an entirely new type of catastrophic event."

8. Orbit X9

Black holes are generally thought to destroy anything that dares to get close to them, but the recently discovered white dwarf X9 is the closest orbital body ever to a black hole. X9 is three times closer to the black hole than the Moon is to Earth, so it completes a full orbit in just 28 minutes. This means the black hole is spinning the white dwarf around itself faster than the average pizza delivery.

X9 lies 15,000 light-years from Earth in the globular star cluster 47 Tucanae, part of the constellation Tucana. Astronomers think X9 was likely a large red star before a black hole pulled it towards itself and sucked out all its outer layers.

9. Cepheids

Cepheids are cosmic “children” ranging in age from 10 to 300 million years. They pulsate and their regular changes in brightness make them ideal landmarks in space. Researchers discovered them in the Milky Way, but they weren't sure what they were (after all, Cepheids are located near the galactic core, and are almost invisible behind huge clouds interstellar dust).

Astronomers observing the core in infrared light discovered a surprisingly barren "desert" devoid of young stars. Several Cepheids lie near the center of the galaxy, and just outside this region a huge dead zone extends 8,000 light-years in all directions.

10. "Planetary Trinity"

So-called "hot Jupiters" are balls of gas like Jupiter, but they are closer in structure to stars than they should be and orbit their stars in closer orbits than even Mercury. Scientists have been studying these strange celestial bodies for the past 20 years, detecting about 300 of these "hot Jupiters", all of them orbiting their stars alone.

But in 2015, researchers from the University of Michigan finally confirmed what seemed impossible - a hot Jupiter with a companion. In the WASP-47 system, the star is orbited by hot Jupiter and two other completely different planets - a larger Neptune-shaped one, and a smaller, much denser, rocky "super-Earth".

Humanity has taken its first active steps towards understanding space quite recently. Only about 60 years have passed since the launch of the first spacecraft with the first satellite on board. But during this short historical period of time, it was possible to learn about many cosmic phenomena and conduct a large number of diverse studies.

Oddly enough, with a deeper knowledge of space, more and more mysteries and phenomena are opening up for humanity that do not have answers at this stage. It is worth noting that even the closest cosmic body, namely the Moon, is still far from being studied. Due to the imperfection of technology and spacecraft, we do not have answers to a huge number of questions that relate to outer space. Nevertheless, our portal site will be able to answer many questions that interest you and tell you a lot of interesting facts about cosmic phenomena.

The most unusual space phenomena from the portal site

A rather interesting cosmic phenomenon is galactic cannibalism. Despite the fact that galaxies are inanimate beings, one can still conclude from the term that it is based on the absorption of one galaxy by another. Indeed, the process of absorbing their own kind is characteristic not only of living organisms, but also of galaxies. So, currently, very close to our galaxy, a similar absorption of smaller galaxies by Andromeda is taking place. There are about ten such absorptions in this galaxy. Among galaxies, such interactions are quite common. Also, quite often, in addition to cannibalism of planets, their collision can occur. When studying cosmic phenomena, they were able to conclude that almost all the studied galaxies have at some time had contact with other galaxies.

Another interesting cosmic phenomenon can be called quasars. This concept refers to unique space beacons that can be detected using modern equipment. They are scattered in all remote parts of our Universe and indicate the origin of the entire cosmos and its objects. The peculiarity of these phenomena is that they emit a huge amount of energy, its power is greater than the energy emitted by hundreds of galaxies. Even at the beginning of the active study of outer space, namely in the early 60s, many objects were recorded that were considered quasars.

Their main characteristics are powerful radio emission and fairly small sizes. With the development of technology, it became known that only 10% of all objects that were considered quasars were actually these phenomena. The remaining 90% emitted virtually no radio waves. All objects related to quasars have very powerful radio emission, which can be detected by special earthling instruments. Yet very little is known about this phenomenon, and they remain a mystery to scientists; a lot of theories have been put forward on this subject, but there are no scientific facts about their origin. Most tend to believe that these are nascent galaxies, in the middle of which there is a huge black hole.

A very well-known and at the same time unexplored phenomenon of the cosmos is dark matter. Many theories speak about its existence, but not a single scientist has been able to not only see it, but also record it with the help of instruments. It is still generally accepted that there are certain accumulations of this matter in space. In order to conduct research on such a phenomenon, humanity does not yet have the necessary equipment. Dark matter, according to scientists, is formed from neutrinos or invisible black holes. There are also opinions that no dark matter exists at all. The origin of the hypothesis about the presence of dark matter in the Universe was put forward due to the inconsistencies of gravitational fields, and it was also studied that the density of cosmic spaces is non-uniform.

Outer space is also characterized by gravitational waves; these phenomena have also been studied very little. This phenomenon is considered to be distortion of the time continuum in space. This phenomenon was predicted a very long time ago by Einstein, where he spoke about it in his famous theory of relativity. The movement of such waves occurs at the speed of light, and it is extremely difficult to detect their presence. At this stage of development, we can observe them only during fairly global changes in space, for example, during the merger of black holes. And even observation of such processes is possible only with the use of powerful gravitational-wave observatories. It should be noted that it is possible to detect these waves when emitted by two powerful interacting objects. The best quality of gravitational waves can be detected when two galaxies come into contact.

More recently, vacuum energy has become known. This confirms the theory that interplanetary space is not empty, but is occupied by subatomic particles, which are constantly subject to destruction and new formations. The existence of vacuum energy is confirmed by the presence of cosmic energy of the antigravitational order. All this sets in motion cosmic bodies and objects. This raises another mystery about the meaning and purpose of the movement. Scientists have even come to the conclusion that vacuum energy is very high, it’s just that humanity has not yet learned to use it, we are used to getting energy from substances.

All these processes and phenomena are open for study at the present time; our portal site will help you get acquainted with them in more detail and will be able to give many answers to your questions. We have detailed information about all studied and little-studied phenomena. We also have cutting-edge information on all the space exploration that is currently underway.

Micro black holes, which were discovered quite recently, can also be called an interesting and rather unexplored cosmic phenomenon. The theory of the existence of very small black holes in the early 70s of the last century almost completely overturned the generally accepted theory of the big bang. It is believed that microholes are located throughout the Universe and have a special connection with the fifth dimension, in addition, they have their influence on time space. To study phenomena associated with small black holes, the Hadron Collider was supposed to help, but such experimental studies are extremely difficult even with the use of this device. Nevertheless, scientists do not abandon the study of these phenomena and their detailed study is planned in the near future.

In addition to small black holes, phenomena are known that reach gigantic sizes. They are characterized by high density and a strong gravitational field. The gravitational field of black holes is so powerful that even light cannot escape this pull. They are very common in outer space. There are black holes in almost every galaxy, and their sizes can exceed the size of our star by tens of billions of times.

People who are interested in space and its phenomena must be familiar with the concept of neutrinos. These particles are mysterious primarily due to the fact that they do not have their own weight. They are actively used to overcome dense metals such as lead, since they practically do not interact with the substance itself. They surround everything in space and on our planet, they easily pass through all substances. Even 10^14 neutrinos pass through the human body every second. These particles are mainly released by radiation from the Sun. All stars are generators of these particles; they are also actively ejected into outer space during stellar explosions. To detect neutrino emissions, scientists placed large neutrino detectors on the seabed.

Many mysteries are connected with the planets, namely with the strange phenomena that are associated with them. There are exoplanets that are located far from our star. An interesting fact is that even before the 90s of the last century, humanity believed that planets outside our solar system cannot exist, but this is completely false. Even at the beginning of this year, there are about 452 exoplanets, which are located in various planetary systems. Moreover, all known planets have a wide variety of sizes.

They can be either dwarf or huge gas giants, which are the size of stars. Scientists are persistently searching for a planet that would resemble our Earth. These searches have not yet been successful, since it is difficult to find a planet that would have such dimensions and an atmosphere of similar composition. At the same time, for the possible origin of life, optimal temperature conditions are also necessary, which is also very difficult.

Analyzing all the phenomena of the planets being studied, in the early 2000s it was possible to discover a planet similar to ours, but still it has a significantly larger size, and it completes a revolution around its star in almost ten days. In 2007, another similar exoplanet was discovered, but it is also large in size, and a year passes on it in 20 days.

Research into cosmic phenomena and exoplanets, in particular, has made astronauts aware of the existence of a huge number of other planetary systems. Each open system gives scientists a new body of work to study, since each system is different from the other. Unfortunately, still imperfect research methods cannot reveal to us all the data about outer space and its phenomena.

For almost 50 years, astrophysicists have been studying weak radiation, discovered in the 60s. This phenomenon is called the microwave background of space. Also, this radiation is often referred to in the literature as cosmic microwave background radiation, which remains after big bang. As is known, this explosion marked the beginning of the formation of all celestial bodies and objects. Most theorists, when advocating the Big Bang theory, use this background as proof that they are right. The Americans even managed to measure the temperature of this background, which is 270 degrees. Scientists after this discovery were awarded the Nobel Prize.

When talking about cosmic phenomena, it is simply impossible not to mention antimatter. This matter is, as it were, in constant resistance to the ordinary world. As you know, negative particles have their positively charged twin. Antimatter also has a positron as a counterweight. Due to all this, when the antipodes collide, energy is released. Often in science fiction there are fantastic ideas in which spaceships have power plants, working due to the collision of antiparticles. Physicists have achieved interesting calculations, according to which the interaction of one kilogram of antimatter with a kilogram of ordinary particles will release an amount of energy that is comparable to the energy of the explosion of a very powerful nuclear bomb. It is generally accepted that ordinary matter and antimatter have a similar structure.

Because of this, the question arises about this phenomenon: why do most space objects consist of matter? The logical answer would be that similar accumulations of antimatter exist somewhere in the Universe. Scientists, answering a similar question, start from the theory of the big bang, in which in the first seconds a similar asymmetry in the distribution of substances and matter arose. Scientists in laboratory conditions managed to obtain a small amount of antimatter, which is enough for further research. It should be noted that the resulting substance is the most expensive on our planet, since one gram of it costs 62 trillion dollars.

All of the above cosmic phenomena are the smallest part of everything interesting about cosmic phenomena, which you can find on the website portal. We also have many photos, videos and other useful information about outer space.

Attention! The site administration is not responsible for the content methodological developments, as well as for compliance with the development of the Federal State Educational Standard.

Participant: Terekhova Ekaterina Aleksandrovna
Head: Andreeva Yulia Vyacheslavovna

Purpose of the work: to compare the flow physical phenomena on Earth and in space.

Introduction

Many countries have long-term space exploration programs. The creation of orbital stations occupies a central place in them, since it is from them that the chain of the largest stages in mankind’s mastery of outer space begins. A flight to the Moon has already been carried out, and months-long flights on board are successfully underway. interplanetary stations, automatic vehicles visited Mars and Venus, and explored Mercury, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune from flyby trajectories. Over the next 20-30 years, the capabilities of astronautics will increase even more.

Many of us dreamed of becoming astronauts as children, but then thought about more earthly professions. Is going into space really an impossible dream? After all, space tourists have already appeared, perhaps someday anyone will be able to fly into space, and a childhood dream will come true?

But if we go on a space flight, we will be faced with the fact that we will have to be in a state of weightlessness for a long time. It is known that for a person accustomed to the gravity of the earth, being in this state becomes a difficult test, and not only physically, because many things happen in zero gravity completely differently than on Earth. Unique astronomical and astrophysical observations are carried out in space. Satellites, automatic space stations, and devices in orbit require special maintenance or repair, and some satellites that have reached the end of their life must be destroyed or returned from orbit to Earth for refurbishment.

Can a fountain pen write in zero gravity? Is it possible in the cabin spaceship measure weight using spring or lever scales? Does water leak out of the kettle if you tilt it? Does a candle burn in zero gravity?

Answers to such questions are contained in many sections studied in school course physics. When choosing the topic of the project, I decided to bring together the material on this topic, which is contained in different textbooks, and give comparative characteristics the occurrence of physical phenomena on Earth and in space.

Goal of the work: compare the occurrence of physical phenomena on Earth and in space.

Tasks:

Make a list of physical phenomena whose course may differ.
Study sources (books, internet)
Make a table of phenomena

Relevance of the work: some physical phenomena occur differently on Earth and in space, and some physical phenomena are better manifested in space, where there is no gravity. Knowledge of the features of processes can be useful for physics lessons.

Novelty: similar studies have not been carried out, but in the 90s an educational film about mechanical phenomena was shot at the Mir station

An object: physical phenomena.

Item: comparison of physical phenomena on Earth and in space.

1. Basic terms

Mechanical phenomena are phenomena that occur with physical bodies when they move relative to each other (the revolution of the Earth around the Sun, the movement of cars, the swing of a pendulum).

Thermal phenomena are phenomena associated with the heating and cooling of physical bodies (boiling a kettle, the formation of fog, the transformation of water into ice).

Electrical phenomena are phenomena that arise from the appearance, existence, movement and interaction of electric charges ( electricity, lightning).

It is easy to show how phenomena occur on Earth, but how can one demonstrate the same phenomena in zero gravity? For this I decided to use fragments from the “Lessons from Space” film series. This is very interesting movies, filmed at one time at the Mir orbital station. Real lessons from space are taught by pilot-cosmonaut, hero of Russia Alexander Serebrov.

But, unfortunately, few people know about these films, so another goal of creating the project was to popularize “Lessons from Space,” created with the participation of VAKO Soyuz, RSC Energia, and RNPO Rosuchpribor.

In zero gravity, many phenomena occur differently than on Earth. There are three reasons for this. First: the effect of gravity does not manifest itself. We can say that it is compensated by the force of inertia. Second: in weightlessness the Archimedes force does not operate, although Archimedes’ law is also fulfilled there. And third: very important role In weightlessness, surface tension forces begin to play.

But even in weightlessness, the same physical laws of nature work, which are true both for the Earth and for the entire Universe.

The state of complete absence of weight is called weightlessness. Weightlessness, or the absence of weight in an object, is observed when, for some reason, the force of attraction between this object and the support disappears, or when the support itself disappears. simplest example the occurrence of weightlessness - free fall inside a closed space, that is, in the absence of the influence of air resistance. Let's say a falling plane is itself attracted by the earth, but a state of weightlessness arises in its cabin, all bodies also fall with an acceleration of one g, but this is not felt - after all, there is no air resistance. Weightlessness is observed in space when a body moves in orbit around some massive body, planet. Such a circular motion can be considered as a constant fall onto the planet, which does not occur due to the circular rotation in the orbit, and there is also no atmospheric resistance. Moreover, the Earth itself, constantly rotating in orbit, falls and cannot fall into the sun, and if we did not feel the attraction from the planet itself, we would find ourselves in weightlessness relative to the attraction of the sun.

Some phenomena in space occur in exactly the same way as on Earth. For modern technologies weightlessness and vacuum are not a hindrance... and on the contrary, it is preferable. It is impossible to achieve such things on Earth high degrees vacuum, as in interstellar space. Vacuum is needed to protect the metals being processed from oxidation, and the metals do not melt; the vacuum does not interfere with the movement of bodies.

2. Comparison of phenomena and processes

Earth	Space
1.Measurement of masses
	Cannot be used
	Cannot be used
	Cannot be used
2.Is it possible to stretch the rope horizontally?
The rope always sags due to gravity.	The rope is always free
3. Pascal's law. The pressure exerted on a liquid or gas is transmitted to any point without changes in all directions.
On Earth, all drops are slightly flattened due to gravitational force.	Performs well for short periods of time, or in a mobile state.
4.Balloon
flies up	Won't fly
5. Sound phenomena
	In outer space, the sounds of music will not be heard because... For sound to propagate, a medium (solid, liquid, gaseous) is needed.

	The candle flame will be round because... no convection currents
7. Using the watch
	Yes, they work if the speed and direction of the space station are known. They work on other planets too
	Cannot be used
IN. Mechanical watches pendulum	Cannot be used. You can use the watch with a winder and a battery.
D. Electronic watch	Can be used
8. Is it possible to get a bump?
	Can
9. Thermometer works	works
A body slides down a hill due to gravity	The item will remain in place. If you push, you can ride forever, even if the slide is over
10. Is it possible to boil a kettle?
	Because There are no convection currents, then only the bottom of the kettle and the water around it will heat up. Conclusion: you need to use a microwave
12. Spread of smoke
	Smoke cannot spread because... no convection currents, distribution will not occur due to diffusion
Pressure gauge works	Works
Spring stretch. Yes, it stretches	No, it doesn't stretch
Ballpoint pen writes	The pen doesn't write. Writes with a pencil

Conclusion

I compared the occurrence of physical mechanical phenomena on Earth and in space. This work can be used to compile quizzes and competitions, for physics lessons when studying certain phenomena.

While working on the project, I became convinced that in zero gravity many phenomena occur differently than on Earth. There are three reasons for this. First: the effect of gravity does not manifest itself. We can say that it is compensated by the force of inertia. Second: in weightlessness the Archimedes force does not operate, although Archimedes’ law is also fulfilled there. And third: surface tension forces begin to play a very important role in weightlessness.

But even in weightlessness, the same physical laws of nature work, which are true both for the Earth and for the entire Universe. This became the main conclusion of our work and the table that I ended up with.

From stars that suck the life out of their own kind to giant black holes that are billions of times larger and more massive than our Sun.

1. Ghost Planet

Many astronomers said that the huge planet Fomalhaut B had sunk into oblivion, but it appears to be alive again.

In 2008, astronomers using NASA's Hubble Space Telescope announced the discovery of a huge planet orbiting the very bright star Fomalhaut, located just 25 light-years from Earth. Other researchers later questioned this discovery, saying that scientists had actually discovered a giant cloud of dust.

However, according to the latest data obtained from Hubble, the planet is being discovered again and again. Other experts are carefully studying the system surrounding the star, so the zombie planet may be buried more than once before a final verdict is made on this issue.

2. Zombie stars

Some stars literally come back to life in brutal and dramatic ways. Astronomers classify these zombie stars as Type Ia supernovae, which produce huge and powerful explosions that send the "guts" of the stars out into the universe.

Type Ia supernovae explode from binary systems that consist of at least one white dwarf—a tiny, superdense star that has stopped undergoing fusion. nuclear reaction. White dwarfs are "dead", but in this form they cannot remain in the binary system.

They can return to life, albeit briefly, in a giant supernova explosion, sucking the life out of their companion star or by merging with it.

3. Vampire stars

Just like the vampires from fiction, some stars manage to stay young by sucking the life force out of unfortunate victims. These vampire stars are known as “blue stragglers,” and they “look” much younger than the neighbors with whom they were formed.

When they explode, the temperature is much higher and the color is “much bluer.” Scientists believe this is the case because they are sucking huge amounts of hydrogen from nearby stars.

4. Giant black holes

Black holes may seem like the stuff of science fiction - they are extremely dense, and their gravity is so strong that even light cannot escape if it gets close enough.

But these are very real objects that are quite common throughout the Universe. In fact, astronomers believe that supermassive black holes are at the center of most (if not all) galaxies, including our own. Milky Way. Supermassive black holes are mind-boggling in size.

5. Killer asteroids

The phenomena listed in the previous paragraph may be creepy or take an abstract form, but they do not pose a threat to humanity. The same cannot be said about large asteroids that fly close to Earth.

And even an asteroid only 40 m in size can cause serious harm if it hits locality. Probably the influence of the asteroid is one of the factors that changed life on Earth. It is assumed that 65 million years ago it was an asteroid that destroyed the dinosaurs. Fortunately, there are ways to redirect dangerous space rocks away from Earth, if, of course, the danger is detected in time.

6. Active sun

The sun gives us life, but our star is not always so good. From time to time, serious storms occur on it, which can have a potentially destructive effect on radio communications, satellite navigation and the operation of electrical networks.

Recently, such solar flares have been observed especially often, because the sun has entered its particularly active phase of the 11-year cycle. Researchers expect solar activity to peak in May 2013.

The largest scientific discoveries 2014