The size of the universe. Comparison of the Earth with other planets, stars and objects in the Universe Compared with the Universe
Incredible Facts
Have you ever wondered how big the universe is?
8. However, this is nothing compared to the Sun.
Photo of Earth from space
9. And this view of our planet from the moon.
10. This is us from the surface of Mars.
11. And this view of Earth behind the rings of Saturn.
12. And this is a famous photograph " Pale blue dot", where the Earth is photographed from Neptune, from a distance of almost 6 billion kilometers.
13. Here is the size Earth versus the Sun, which does not even fit completely in the photo.
The biggest star
14. And this Sun from the surface of Mars.
15. As famous astronomer Carl Sagan once said, in space more stars than grains of sand on all the beaches of the Earth.
16. There are many stars much larger than our sun. Just look how tiny the Sun is.
Photo of the Milky Way galaxy
18. But nothing compares to the size of a galaxy. If you reduce The sun to the size of a leukocyte(white blood cell), and shrink the Milky Way Galaxy using the same scale, the Milky Way would be the size of the US.
19. This is because the Milky Way is just huge. That's where the solar system is inside it.
20. But we only see very a small part of our galaxy.
21. But even our galaxy is tiny compared to others. Here Milky Way compared to IC 1011, which is located at a distance of 350 million light years from Earth.
22. Think about it, in this photo taken Hubble telescope, thousands of galaxies, each containing millions of stars, each with its own planets.
23. Here is one of galaxies UDF 423, located at a distance of 10 billion light years. When you look at this photo, you are looking billions of years into the past. Some of these galaxies formed several hundred million years after the Big Bang.
24. But remember that this photo is very, very small part of the universe. It's just a tiny part of the night sky.
25. It is quite safe to assume that somewhere there is black holes. Here is the size of a black hole compared to Earth's orbit.
Typically, we think of a year as a fairly long period of time. In human terms, a lot can happen in 365 days (or so). But compared to the Universe, it is literally a moment. And even in such a short period of time as a year, subtle changes occur in our solar system, our galaxy and the universe, which add up to large, slow changes on the greatest time scales. Published on the web portal
Earth's rotation has slowed down
Of course, you probably didn't notice it. The time it takes for the Earth to rotate once around its axis - a day - is 14 nanoseconds longer than what it took for such a rotation a year ago. It follows from this that at dawn solar system the day on Earth was shorter: the Earth made a revolution in 6-8 hours, since the year consisted of more than a thousand days. But slow spin is just the beginning.
The moon is farther this year than last year
Again, you're unlikely to notice this, but there is a fundamental conservation law that makes this necessary: the law of conservation of angular momentum. Imagine the Earth - Moon system: they rotate around their axes, while the Moon rotates around the Earth. If the rotation of the Earth is slowing down, this means that something needs to be balanced against this loss. That something is the Moon orbiting the Earth: the Moon is receding to save the system.
The sun is hotter than it was a year ago
The sun converts matter into energy, losing approximately 1017 kg of mass per year according to Einstein's formula E = mc2. By burning fuel, the Sun becomes hotter, starts to burn fuel faster, and this leads to an overall increase in energy output. In the far future, the Sun will become hot enough to boil Earth's oceans and end life as we know it. Ultimately, global warming caused by the Sun will end us all. And all this is only in our solar system; the galaxy and everything beyond it also changed in a year.
The universe is colder this year than last year
The afterglow of the Big Bang is terribly cold. This cooling and expansion will continue until it reaches absolute zero. For a year, we are unlikely to notice the difference, but water wears away a stone. A few more tens of ages of the Universe - and we will no longer know that the cosmic microwave background ever existed at all.
20,000 stars have become unattainable for us
dark energy continues to gain power and increase the expansion of the universe, accelerating the recession of distant galaxies. Of all the observable galaxies in the universe, 97% have become lost to us forever. But the remaining 3% do not just huddle close by, they also run away faster and faster. With each passing year, the 20,000 new stars that were reachable (when moving at the speed of light) have become unreachable.
No doubt we don't know much about our universe. Also, we now have more clever theories about things we don't know than actual knowledge. But, among those things that we already know about, we can distinguish these 10 amazing facts about the universe.
1. When she appeared, it was very hot
The Big Bang Theory- this is one of the versions of the origin of the universe, widely accepted around the world. According to this theory, the temperature of the universe at birth was millions of degrees Celsius or billions of degrees Kelvin, and a second before birth it reached 10 billion Kelvin.
2. It cools down gradually
Today's universe has a temperature of about 451 degrees Celsius or 2.725 Kelvin. Compared to the temperature at which it originated, we can confidently say about a significant drop in temperature.
3. The size of the universe
Modern calculations have shown that the width of the universe is 150 billion light years. Given the fact that it continues to expand, it can be assumed that it will become wider by another billion light years.
4. Age of the Universe
It is estimated that the age of the universe is 13.7 billion years. However, this is mostly guesswork, and there is a 1% chance that this number is accurate.
5. Structure of the Universe
There are a huge number of systems in the Universe, including filaments, super-clusters, and groups of galaxies and clusters. Most of them are empty spaces or open space.
6.
Photo: Sweetie / flickr
Considering the fact that the earth is far from being flat, this is definitely one of the most amazing facts about the universe. Based on Einstein's Theory of Relativity, there are three basic shapes of the universe: open, closed, and flat. Research by the WMAP space observatory has proven that the shape of the universe is flat.
7. We can't see her completely.
There are many aspects of the universe that we simply cannot penetrate. Although different wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum, such as radio waves, infrared and X-rays, and visible light, help us see more, there is still much that cannot be seen with the naked eye.
8. The universe has no center
It seems to me that this amazing fact is difficult to understand. Many imagine a big bang, and the epicenter of the explosion will be the center of the universe, but in fact it is not.
9. Parts of the universe are moving away from each other
The universe is expanding, and all its parts are moving away from each other. For example, even the Moon is moving away from the Earth at a speed of 3 cm per year.
10. Comparison with ultra-small structures
The teachings believe that in order to understand all the secrets of the universe, a deep study of smaller structures, smaller than an atom, is necessary.
I hope these 10 amazing facts about our universe give you one more reason to appreciate the place we live in and of which we are a part. The universe is much larger than we can imagine. And there are many more of her mysteries that will forever remain a mystery to us.
Mankind occupies a very modest place not only in the Universe, but also in its native galaxy - the Milky Way. Its location was recently pointed out to us by astronomer Adam Grossman in his blog - a small yellow dot. The diameter of this point is only 240 light years - really a crumb compared to the entire galactic spiral, whose diameter is more than 100 thousand light years.
The dot, or, as Grossman called it, the “Humanity Bubble,” is a sphere whose boundary is the first radio transmission. The radio was invented in 1895. Since then, science has known that artificial electromagnetic signals fly through space in all its directions at the speed of light. The sphere filled with these signals expands with the same speed. It occupies areas where someone can hear them (signals), or at least understand that they are picking up something artificial. Unless, of course, there - in the worlds inside the sphere - there is a corresponding invention like a radio. Not to mention the radio telescope. Since the "Humanity Bubble" has so far inflated a little more than 200 light years, the worlds located further away are unlikely to know about our intelligent existence.
No one has responded to our request yet. At least scientists have not yet caught anything encouraging - neither alien radio transmissions, nor at least some artificial signals. Maybe there are no suitable aliens in our "bubble"? Asking himself this question, Adam Grossman said that he felt very lonely. We live in this "bubble" of 240 light years.
Seth Szostak, head of the signal search program from extraterrestrial civilizations, believes that it is too late to hide. After all, the "Bubble of Humanity" is actually not so small. Radio waves from the Earth, propagating since the beginning of the broadcasting era, "washed" more than 6 thousand star systems. And every day the signals of human civilization reach at least one new system.
It is unlikely that aliens - even the most advanced ones - listen to terrestrial radio or watch our television. With distance, "broadcasting" is greatly distorted. But they can recognize an artificial source in it and pinpoint its coordinates. According to the scientist, technology that has overtaken the human one by one hundred or two hundred years is capable of this. In other words, we have already betrayed our location. And we will continue to issue, even "silent."
Shostak's opinion is shared by the chief Researcher Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Alexander Zaitsev.
I do not think that earthlings need to hide from anyone, he believes. - If we assume that there is a powerful aggressive civilization that is noticeably ahead of us in development, then you cannot hide from it. And if their technology is developed so that they can attack the Earth, then they have long detected radio waves - for example, our satellite television - and everyone knows about us.
On the other hand, if somewhere there is a civilization that is comparable to us in terms of the level of development, then by establishing radio contact with it, we do not risk anything. Neither our nor their technology is capable of flying from one star to another in a sufficiently short time.
Disputes on this topic have not subsided for many decades. We invite you to familiarize yourself with a completely unique, and at the same time, a detailed and substantiated hypothesis regarding life in the Universe and the history of mankind in the books of A. Novykh (click on the quote below and you can download the entire book)
Read more about this in the books of Anastasia Novykh
(click on the quote to download the entire book for free):And what, there are higher forms of life? - Andrey asked, obviously trying to learn more from Sensei on this issue.
Certainly. There are higher forms of life. But they do not concern our topic today. Let's just say that the diversity of life forms in the universe abound. As for the humanoid life form, it is quite young. It has existed in the universe by earthly standards for only some four hundred million years. It's not that much of a space timing. In general, a humanoid form of life appeared in our galaxy sixty-four million one hundred fourteen thousand six hundred ninety-four years ago (64,114,694). To date, there are more than one hundred and forty billion active galaxies, and less than a hundred billion planets inhabited by humanoids. In our solar system, human-like life appeared one million two hundred and fifty-two thousand seven hundred and fifty-eight years ago (1,252,758). And the first planet in our solar system, which was inhabited by humanoids, was Phaeton, and much later, the Earth.
Just think, a hundred billion planets inhabited by people! Viktor said admiringly. - And we all believe that our universe is deserted. We are still arguing whether there is life in the Universe or whether we are the only such “wunderkinds”. It's just that after so many years of instilling loneliness, it's hard to believe that we, it turns out, are not alone.
But what about our unanswered radio signals into space? - Zhenya said not without a share of humor.
Radio signals? Sensei smiled. Well, here's a simple example for you. In 1974, a radio message was sent from the Arecibo observatory in the direction of the globular star cluster M13, which is in the constellation Hercules, since it contains about a million stars similar to the Sun, and naturally, there are various forms of life. But that signal won't get there until twenty-five thousand years from the date of launch. But due to the expansion of the Universe, by the time the signal reaches that place, that globular cluster will no longer be there, since it has long since moved to another place. This is first. Secondly. Our current civilization has existed for about twelve thousand years, and today it knows practically little about the first millennia of its existence. Valuable knowledge has been lost due to human greed and stupidity, megalomania and, as a result, constant wars for the main idea of the Animal nature - to solely own and control the whole world. What do you think, will this humanity even exist in twenty-five thousand years if the majority of it is made up of people with the ambitions of the Animal nature?
And besides, humanoids belong to temporary types of civilizations that are quickly lost. After all, a person, because of his Animal nature, is initially set up for self-destruction. On the scale of humanoid civilization, this stimulus of the Animal nature manifests itself in self-liquidation and liquidation of each other. From the miserable remnants, there is again an update from scratch, and history repeats itself.
- Anastasia NOVICH Sensei IV
Today we will talk about the fact that the Earth is small and the size of other huge celestial bodies in the Universe. What are the dimensions of the Earth compared to other planets and stars of the Universe.
In fact, our planet is very, very small ... compared to many other celestial bodies, and even compared to the same Sun, the Earth is a pea (a hundred times smaller in radius and 333 thousand times in mass), but there are stars in times, hundreds, thousands (!!) times larger than the Sun ... In general, we, people, and each of us especially, are microscopic traces of being in this Universe, atoms invisible to the eyes of creatures that could live on huge stars (theoretically, but , possibly in practice).
Thoughts from the film on the topic: it seems to us that the Earth is big, it really is - for us, since we ourselves are small and our body mass is negligible compared to the scale of the Universe, some have never even been abroad and in most of their lives do not leave the limits of the house, the room, and they know almost nothing about the Universe. And the ants think that their anthill is huge, but we will step on the ant and not even notice it. If we had the power to reduce the Sun to the size of a leukocyte and reduce proportionally Milky Way, then it would be equal to the scale of Russia. And there are thousands or even millions and billions of galaxies besides the Milky Way... This is in no way fit into the minds of people.
Every year, astronomers discover thousands (or more) of new stars, planets, and celestial bodies. Space is an unexplored area, and how many more galaxies, star, planetary systems will be discovered, and it is quite possible that there are many similar solar systems with theoretically existing life. We can judge the size of all celestial bodies only approximately, and the number of galaxies, systems, celestial bodies in the Universe is unknown. However, based on known data - the Earth is not the smallest object, but far from the largest, there are stars and planets hundreds, thousands of times larger !!
The largest object, that is, a celestial body, is not defined in the Universe, since human capabilities are limited, with the help of satellites, telescopes, we can see only a small part of the Universe, and we don’t know what is there, in the unknown distance and beyond the horizons ... perhaps even more celestial bodies than those discovered by humans.
So, within the solar system, the largest object is the Sun! Its radius is 1,392,000 km, followed by Jupiter - 139,822 km, Saturn - 116,464 km, Uranus - 50,724 km, Neptune - 49,244 km, Earth - 12,742.0 km, Venus - 12,103.6 km, Mars - 6780.0 km, etc.
Several dozen large objects - planets, satellites, stars and several hundred small ones, these are only from the open ones, but there are not open ones.
Sun more earth in radius - more than 100 times, in mass - 333 thousand times. Here are the scales.
The Earth is the 6th largest object in the solar system, very close to the scale of the Earth Venus, and Mars is half the size.
The Earth is generally a pea compared to the Sun. And all the other planets, smaller ones, are practically dust for the Sun ...
However, the Sun warms us regardless of its size and our planet. Did you know, did you imagine, walking on mortal soil with your feet, that our planet is almost a point in comparison with the Sun? And accordingly - we are on it - microscopic microorganisms ...
However, people have a lot of pressing problems, and sometimes there is no time to look beyond the ground under their feet.
Jupiter is over 10 times the size of Earth it is the fifth planet from the Sun (classified as a gas giant along with Saturn, Uranus, Neptune).
The Earth after the gas giants is the second largest object after the Sun in the solar system, then come the rest of the terrestrial planets, Mercury after the satellite of Saturn and Jupiter.
The terrestrial planets - Mercury, Earth, Venus, Mars - planets located in the inner region of the solar system.
Pluto is about one and a half times smaller than the Moon, today it is considered a dwarf planet, it is the tenth celestial body in the solar system after 8 planets and Eris (a dwarf planet, approximately similar in size to Pluto), consists of ice and stones, in area as South America, a small planet, however, it is also larger in scale compared to the Earth with the Sun, the Earth is still two times smaller in proportions.
For example, Ganymede is a satellite of Jupiter, Titan is a satellite of Saturn - only 1.5 thousand km less than Mars and more than Pluto and large dwarf planets. There are a lot of dwarf planets and satellites discovered recently, and even more stars - more than a few million, or even billions.
There are several dozens of objects slightly smaller than the Earth and half smaller than the Earth in the solar system, and those that are slightly smaller - several hundred. Can you imagine how many fly around our planet? However, to say “flies around our planet” is incorrect, because as a rule, each planet has some relatively fixed place in the solar system.
And if some asteroid flies towards the Earth, then it is even possible to calculate its approximate trajectory, flight speed, time of approach to the Earth, and with the help of certain technologies, devices (like hitting an asteroid with the help of super-powerful atomic weapons in order to destroy part of the meteorite and how a consequence of a change in speed and flight path) change the direction of flight if the planet is in danger.
However, this is a theory, so far such measures have not been applied in practice, but cases of an unexpected fall of celestial bodies on Earth have been recorded - for example, in the case of the same Chelyabinsk meteorite.
In our minds, the Sun is a bright ball in the sky, in abstraction it is some kind of substance that we know about from satellite images, observations and experiments of scientists. However, all we see with our own eyes is a bright ball in the sky that disappears at night. If we compare the size of the Sun and the Earth, then it's about like a toy car and a huge jeep, the jeep will crush the car without even noticing. So is the Sun, if it had at least a little more aggressive characteristics and an unrealistic ability to move, it would swallow everything in its path, including the Earth. By the way, one of the theories of the death of the planet in the future says that the Sun will swallow the Earth.
We are accustomed, living in a limited world, to believe only what we see and take for granted only what is under our feet and perceive the Sun as a ball in the sky that lives for us in order to light the way for mere mortals, to warm us, to give us energy, in general, we use the Sun to the fullest, and the idea that this bright star carries a potential danger seems ridiculous. And only a few people will seriously think that there are other galaxies in which there are celestial objects that are hundreds, and sometimes thousands of times larger than those in the solar system.
People simply cannot comprehend in their minds what the speed of light is, how celestial bodies move in the Universe, these are not formats of human consciousness…
We talked about the sizes of celestial bodies within the solar system, about the sizes of large planets, said that the Earth is the 6th largest object in the solar system and that the Earth is a hundred times smaller than the Sun (in diameter), and 333 thousand times in mass , however, there are celestial bodies in the Universe MUCH larger than the Sun. And if the comparison of the Sun and the Earth did not fit into the consciousness of mere mortals, then the fact that there are stars in comparison with which the Sun - a ball - even more so does not fit into us.
However, according to research scientists, it is. And this is a fact, based on the data obtained by astronomers. There are other star systems where the life of the planets exists like ours, the Sun. By "the life of the planets" is meant not earthly life with people or other beings, but the existence of planets in this system. So, to the question of life in space - every year, every day, scientists come to the conclusion that life on other planets is more and more possible, but this remains only an assumption. In the solar system, the only planet close in terms of conditions to the earth is Mars, but the planets of other star systems have not been studied in full.
For example:
“It is believed that Earth-like planets are the most favorable for the emergence of life, so the search for them attracts close attention of the public. So in December 2005, scientists from the Space Science Institute (Pasadena, California) reported the discovery of a star similar to the Sun, around which rocky planets are presumably formed.
Subsequently, planets were discovered that are only a few times more massive than the Earth and should probably have a solid surface.
Super-Earths are an example of terrestrial-type exoplanets. As of June 2012, over 50 super-Earths have been found."
These super-earths are the potential carriers of life in the Universe. Although this is a question, since the main criterion for the class of such planets is more than 1 times the mass of the Earth, however, all the discovered planets revolve around stars with less thermal radiation compared to the Sun, usually white, red and orange dwarfs.
The first super-Earth discovered in the habitable zone in 2007 is the planet Gliese 581 c near the star Gliese 581, the planet had a mass of about 5 Earth masses, “0.073 AU from its star. e. and is located in the area of \u200b\u200bthe "life zone" of the star Gliese 581. Later, a number of planets were discovered near this star and today they are referred to as a planetary system, the star itself has a low luminosity, several tens of times less than the Sun. It was one of the most sensational discoveries astronomy.
But back to the topic of big stars.
Below are photos of the largest objects in the solar system and stars in comparison with the Sun, and then with the last star in the previous photo.
Mercury< Марс < Венера < Земля;
Earth< Нептун < Уран < Сатурн < Юпитер;
Jupiter< < Солнце < Сириус;
Sirius< Поллукс < Арктур < Альдебаран;
Aldebaran< Ригель < Антарес < Бетельгейзе;
Betelgeuse< Мю Цефея < < VY Big Dog
And in this list there are still the smallest stars and planets (the truly largest in this list, perhaps, is only the star VY Canis Major) .. The largest cannot even be compared to the Sun, because the Sun simply will not be visible.
The equatorial radius of the Sun, 695,700 km, is used as a unit for measuring the radius of a star.
For example, the star VV Cephei is 10 times larger than the Sun, and between the Sun and Jupiter, Wolf 359 (a single star in the constellation Leo, a faint red dwarf) is considered the largest star.
VV Cephei (not to be confused with the star of the same name with the "prefix" A) - “an eclipsing Algol-type binary star in the constellation Cepheus, which is located at a distance of about 5000 light-years from Earth. Component A is the seventh largest star known to science as of 2015 and the second largest star in the Milky Way Galaxy (after VY Canis Major).”
"Capella (α Aur / α Aurigae / Alpha Aurigae) is the brightest star in the constellation Auriga, the sixth brightest star in the sky and the third brightest star in the sky of the Northern Hemisphere."
The chapel is 12.2 times larger than the Sun in radius.
The polar star is 30 times larger than the Sun in radius. A star in the constellation Ursa Minor, located near North Pole of the world, a supergiant of spectral type F7I.
Star Y Hounds of the Dogs is more than the Sun in (!!!) 300 times! (that is, about 3000 times larger than the Earth), a red giant in the constellation Canes Venatici, one of the coolest and reddest stars. And this is not the largest star.
For example, the star VV Cepheus A is larger than the Sun in radius by as much as 1050-1900 times! And the star is very interesting for its inconstancy and "leakage": “The luminosity is 275,000-575,000 times greater. The star fills the Roche lobe, and its matter flows to the neighboring companion. The speed of outflow of gases reaches 200 km/s. It has been established that the VV of Cepheus A is a physical variable pulsating with a period of 150 days.”
Of course, most of us will not understand information with scientific terms, if succinctly - a red-hot star, losing matter. Its size, strength, brightness of luminosity is simply impossible to imagine.
So, the 5 largest stars in the Universe (recognized as such from the currently known and discovered ones), in comparison with which our Sun is a pea and a speck of dust:
- VX Sagittarius - 1520 times the diameter of the Sun. A supergiant, hypergiant, variable star in the constellation Sagittarius is losing its mass due to the stellar wind.
- Star WOH G64 from the constellation Dorado, a red supergiant of spectral type M7.5, is located in the neighboring galaxy, the Large Magellanic Cloud. The distance to the solar system is approximately 163 thousand light years. years. More than the radius of the Sun by 1540 times.
- NML Cygnus (V1489 Cygnus) is 1183 - 2775 times larger than the Sun in radius, - "a star, a red hypergiant, is located in the constellation Cygnus."
“UY Scutum is a star (hypergiant) in the constellation Scutum. Located at a distance of 9500 St. years (2900 pc) from the Sun.
It is one of the largest and brightest known stars. According to scientists, the radius of the UY Shield is equal to 1708 radii of the Sun, the diameter is 2.4 billion km (15.9 AU). At the peak of pulsations, the radius can reach 2000 solar radii. The volume of a star is about 5 billion times the volume of the Sun."
From this list we can see that there are about a hundred (90) stars much larger than the Sun (!!!). And there are such stars, on the scale of which the Sun is a grain, and the Earth is not even dust, but an atom.
The fact is that the places in this list are distributed according to the principle of accuracy in determining the parameters, mass, there are approximately larger stars than UY Shield, but their sizes and other parameters have not been established for certain, however, the parameters of this star may one day become questionable. It is clear that stars 1000-2000 times larger than the Sun exist.
And, perhaps, there are or are forming planetary systems near some, and who will give guarantees that there cannot be life there ... or not now? Wasn't there or never will be? No one… We know too little about the Universe and the Cosmos.
Yes, and even from the stars shown in the pictures - the latest star - VY Canis Majoris has a radius equal to 1420 solar radii, but the UY Shield star at the peak of the pulsation is about 2000 solar radii, and there are stars presumably more than 2.5 thousand solar radii. Such scales cannot be imagined, these are truly extraterrestrial formats.
Of course, the question is interesting - look at the very first picture in the article and at the last photos, where there are many, many stars - how does such a number of celestial bodies coexist in the Universe quite calmly? There are no explosions, collisions of these same supergiants, because the sky, from what is visible to us, is teeming with stars ... In fact, this is just the conclusion of mere mortals who do not understand the scale of the Universe - we see a distorted picture, but in fact there is enough space for everyone , and, perhaps, there are explosions and collisions, it just does not lead to the death of the Universe and even part of the galaxies, because the distance from star to star is huge.
