Turkish cases. Declension of nouns in Turkish. Initial case – Ayrılma hali

There are no prepositions in Turkish like in Russian, but there are six types of case affixes that replace them. All case affixes are stressed, I join the root of the word.

Cases of the Turkish language briefly:

Dative Does -a/ -e or -ya/ -ye answer Kime's question? - “To whom?”, “To whom?”, Neye? “What?”, Nereye? - "Where?"
Local case-da/ -de answers Nerede's question? - “Where?”, Kimde? - "Who?"
Original case Does -dan/ -den or -tan/ -ten answer Nereden's questions? "from where?", Kimden? "(from) whom?", Neden? “from what?”, “why?
Accusative-yi/ -yı/ -yu/ -yü or ı/ -i/ -u/ -ü answers Kimi’s questions? - “Who?”, Neyi? - "What?
Instrumental case ile, together: -yle/ -yla or -le/ -la answers Kiminle’s questions? - “With whom?”, Neile? - "With what?"
Genitive-in/ -ın/ -un/ -ün or -nin/ -nın/ -nun/ -nün answers Kimin’s questions? - “Who?”, Neyin? - "What?"

Now let's see how each case of the Turkish language is used:

Accusative

In Turkish, the accusative case may or may not take an affix: the case does not take an affix when the object is indefinite or inanimate. For example: Ne yapıyorsun? Kitap okuyorum. (What are you doing? I'm reading a book)

When the object is a proper noun, a personal or demonstrative pronoun, an animate object or an inanimate object, referring to a person, as well as the plural. For example: Arkadaşlarını gördüm (I saw your friends)
Onu bekliyorum (I'm waiting for him)
Şu kitabı istiyorum (I want that book over there)

Ben - beni
Sen-seni
O-onu Biz-bizi
Siz - sizi
Onlar - onları

Dative

This case is also called directive. Indicates the direction of action or movement.
For example:
Bugün kime gidiyorsun? (Who are you going to today?)
Bugün Ali"ye gidiyorum (Today I am going to Ali)
Nereye gidiyorsun? (Where are you going?)
Okula gidiyorum (I'm going to school)

Don't forget to learn the case forms of personal pronouns!
Ben - bana
Sen - sana
O-ona Biz-bize
Siz-size
Onlar - onlara

Original case

The initial case denotes the starting point of movement, action.
Nereden geliyorsun? (Where are you coming back from?)
Piknikten geliyorum (I am returning) from a picnic)

Don't forget to learn the case forms of personal pronouns!
Ben - benden
Sen-senden
O - ondan biz - bizden
siz - sizden
onlar - onlardan

Instrumental case

The combination of the postposition ile with nouns and pronouns in Turkish is expressed by the instrumental case.
The postposition ile is usually written separately from the word, but you can also find the form -la, -le after consonants and -yla, -yle after vowels.

Don't forget to learn the case forms of personal pronouns!
Ben - benimle
Sen - seninle
O - onunla biz - bizimle
siz-sizinle
onlar-onlarla

Genitive

The genitive case of the Turkish language corresponds to a combination of two nouns, one of which in Russian is formalized in the genitive case (door handle, friend's book, etc.) and is called the two-affix izafet.
For example:
Bu kimin arabasi? (Whose car is it?)
Arkadaşımın arabası (Friend's car)

Don't forget to learn the case forms of personal pronouns!

Ben-benim
Sen-senin
O - onun biz - bizim
siz - sizin
onlar - onların

Local case

The local (prepositional) case is used to indicate the location of an object and, as well as to indicate the owner of the object (from me, from you, etc.)
For example: Kitap nerede? (Where is the book?) Kitap masada (Book on the table)

Don't forget to learn the case forms of personal pronouns!

Ben - bende
Sen-sende
O-onda biz-bizde
siz - sizde
onlar-onlarda

Now let's practice using cases with the song Eteği Belinde by Turkish singer Manush Baba. His real name is Mustafa Ozkan. He took the pseudonym Manush Baba under the influence of his mother, who called him Manush in childhood - which meant good, handsome, sweet. Baba, which means dad, was the first word that little Mustafa said.

The song Eteği Belinde (literally meaning “skirt around the waist”) talks about a boy’s love for a girl and his eager anticipation of marriage. The clip shows us the atmosphere of old Istanbul, good neighborly relations and simple joys of people whose destinies were connected by one ancient district.

Lyrics:

Geliyor bak kalem kaşlı (She walks, her eyebrows are thin literally: like a pencil line)
Eteği belin de gül de takmış, gül de takmış (Skirt at the waist, a rose is pinned, a rose is pinned)
Al dudaklar, mor sümbüller (Scarlet lips, purple hyacinths)
Öyle de güzel ince de belli ince de belli (So beautiful, with a thin waist, with a thin waist)

Yar belin e belin e sarılamam, ah gece den
Ah ote den beri den bakış atma ah yerim de
Ah yıkadım kuruttum çarşaf ı , serdim ipek yorganı (Oh, I washed, dried the sheets, laid out a silk blanket)
Ah gunah ı sevab ı boynuma, gel bu gece koynuma (Ah, sin and joy, all mine, come this night into my arms)

Dedim o na, ey güzel! (I told her hey beautiful!)
Böyle mi geçer bu geceler, bu geceler? (Is this how these nights will go, these nights?)
Neymiş anam bizim bu keder (Mom, what kind of fate is this)
Ne zamana kadar böyle gider, böyle gider? (How long will it last, how long)

Yar beline beline sarılamam, ah gece den duramam (Darling, I can’t hug you around the waist, I can’t wait for the night)
Ah ote den beri den bakış atma ah yerim de duramam (Ah, don't glance here and there, ah, I can't stand still)
Ah yıkadım kuruttum çarşafı, serdim ipek yorganı (Ah, I washed, dried the sheets, laid out a silk blanket)
Ah günahı sevabı boynuma, gel bu gece koynuma (Ah, sin and joy, all mine, come this night into my arms)

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Nouns have six cases in Turkish

Main case.

Genitive.

Dative.

Local case.

Initial case.

Accusative.

The main case of the name speaks for itself and generally corresponds to the Russian nominative case. Three more case names are the same as in Russian. Of course, the name is not everything, and there are some differences between the “namesake” cases in Russian and Turkish, but basically they still correspond to each other and answer the same questions. In the Turkish language there is no prepositional case, since there are no prepositions, there are postpositions, which, unlike prepositions, do not precede the noun, but follow it, but they do not require a special, let’s say, “postpositional” case, they are combined with nouns in different cases. There is also no instrumental case; its meanings are conveyed in other ways. But in Turkish we come across exotic names “local case” and “original case”. These are the so-called “spatial cases”, their main meanings are, respectively, “there”, “in” and “from there”, “from”; these cases are supplemented by the dative case, which could be called “directive” (as in some related languages, for example in Tatar), since the main meaning of the dative case of the Turkish language is “there”, “towards”, “towards”.

Case affixes can be attached directly to the root of a noun, to a plural affix, or to an affiliation affix.

When adding a case affix, the phonetic changes described above are possible: the loss of a narrow vowel and the voicing of the final consonant (see Affiliation).

Case affixes are added to proper names through an apostrophe: Moskova"da moskovada in Moscow; Estanbul"a istanbula in Istanbul; Eskiєehir"den eskishehirden from Eskişehir.

Main case

Names the subject of speech, he answers the questions: who? (kim? kim?) what? (ne? not?). The noun in the main case coincides with its dictionary form and has no affixes (more precisely, it has a zero affix). In its main functions and form, the main case is equivalent to the Russian nominative case.

Examples: woman - father; ev- ev- house; oda - ode - room - tarla - field; kemer - kemer - belt at- at- horse; baє- bash- head; zocuk - chojuk - child - oyunjak - toymuayenekhane - doctor's office

Genitive

Answers the questions: whose? whose? whose? whose? (kimin? kimin? in the case of an animate “possessor”; nenin? nenin? in the case of an inanimate “possessor”).

Genitive affixes

Examples for relative izafet At bayue at bashi horse head (any horse, horse in general)

Zocuk oyuncare chojuk oyunjay children's toy єзi muayenehanesi dischchi muayenehanesi dental office prь kemeri kopru kemeri bridge span

The informal genitive in the relative izafet construction is also used to indicate the material from which the object is made. word formation turkish noun speech

For example:

alten altyn gold; tarak tarak comb alten tarare altyn tara'y golden comb sof sof wool; gömlek gömlek dress sof gömleri sof hemleyi woolen dress (The words alten and sof are not in the main, but in the unformed genitive case.)

Dative

Designates an indirect object (animate or inanimate) on which direct action is taken, or the final point of movement or action. It answers the questions: where? (nereye? uh- reye?) who? to whom? (kime? kime?) what? for what? (neye? neee? or niye? niye?).

Dative case affixes

The letter “n” is inserted between the affix of the 3rd person and the affix of the dative (as well as the local, initial and accusative cases, and for the last two cases the variants of affixes starting with a vowel sound are taken).

Examples: woman to the father, to the father ata ata horse, to the horse's field rose, to the rose diєзiye dischchiye dentist, to the dentist (girmek) odaya (girmek) (enter) into the room araca (zekmak) aadzha (chykmak) (climb) into the tree ( binmek) tram (binmek) (sit down) in the tram keza kyza girl, to the girl kezlara kyzyma girls, to the girls kezema kyzyma my daughter, to my daughter kezlarema kyzyma my daughters, to my daughters in your house, to your house, to your house, to your house, to your home houses, to your houses kezena kyzyna of your daughter, to your daughter; his daughters, to his daughter kezlarena kizlarina to your daughters, to your daughters; to his daughters, to his daughters; their daughter, to their daughter; to their daughters, to their daughters, to your house, to your house; his house, to his house, to your houses, to your houses; to his houses, to his houses; their home, to their home; their homes, to their homes.

As can be seen from the last four examples, the Turkish language does not distinguish between the forms of the dative case of singular nouns, equipped with 2nd person singular affixes, and singular nouns, equipped with 3rd person singular affixes (“to your » = “him alone”), as well as the dative case forms of plural nouns equipped with 2nd person singular affixes, plural nouns equipped with 3rd person singular affixes, singular nouns , equipped with affixes of belonging to the 3rd person plural, and nouns in the plural, equipped with affixes of belonging to the 3rd person plural (“yours” = “his many” = “their one” = “their many”).

Local case

Indicates the location of an object in space or the position of an event, phenomenon in time (in such and such a year, month). It answers the questions: where? (nerede? nerede?) from whom? (kimde? kim-de?) from what? in what? (nede? nede?).

Local case affixes

Examples: yеl - yyl - year; ay - ay - month; an - an - moment yelda - gechmish yilda - last yearayda - bu ida - this month єu anda - shu anda - at the same moment odada - odada - in the room, odalarda - odalard- da - in the roomsevde - in the house, at home ; evimde- evim- de - in my house kezda- kizda- at the girl’s; kezemda- kyzym- yes - from my daughter kezenda- kyzynda- from your daughter; at his daughter's; kezlarenda - kyzlarynda - with your daughters; from his daughters, from their daughter; their daughters - evinde - in your house; in his house evlerinde- evlerinde- in your houses; in his houses, in his house; in their homes.

As can be seen from the last examples, the Turkish language does not distinguish between the local case forms of singular nouns, equipped with 2nd person singular affixes, and singular nouns, equipped with 3rd person singular affixes (“at your ", "in yours" = "he has one", "in his one"), as well as locative forms of plural nouns equipped with affixes of belonging to the 2nd person singular, plural nouns equipped with affixes of belonging 3rd person singular, nouns in the singular, equipped with affixes of the 3rd person plural, and nouns in the plural, equipped with affixes of the 3rd person plural (“at yours”, “in yours” = “in his many”, “in his many” = “in their one”, “in their one” = “in their many”, “in their many”).

Original case

Indicates the starting point of movement or action and answers the questions: where from? (nereden? nere-den?) from whom? (kimden? kimden?) from what? from what? (neden? neden?) why? (niзin? Nichin?). The noun in the original case form in a sentence can be an adverbial or an object.

Initial case affixes

Examples: cuma- juma- Friday; cumadan- juma- dan - from Friday, odadan - from the room; odalardan - odalardan - from the rooms - evden - from the house; evimden - evimden - from my house kezdan - kizdan - from a girl; kezеmdan - ky- zymdan - from my daughter kezеndan- kyzyndan - from your daughter; from his daughter kezlarEndan - kizlaryndan - from your daughters; from his daughters; from their daughter; from their daughters - evinden - from your house; from his house evlerinden- evlerinden- from your houses; from his houses; from his house; from their homes.

As can be seen from the last examples, the Turkish language does not distinguish between the forms of the initial case of singular nouns equipped with 2nd person singular affixes and singular nouns equipped with 3rd person singular affixes (“from your ", "from yours" = "from his one", "from his one"), as well as forms of the initial case of plural nouns equipped with affixes of belonging to the 2nd person singular, plural nouns equipped with affixes of belonging 3rd person singular, nouns in the singular, equipped with affixes of the 3rd person plural, and nouns in the plural, equipped with affixes of the 3rd person plural (“from yours”, “from yours” = “from his many”, “from his many” = “from their one”, “from their one” = “from their many”, “from their many”).

Accusative

Denotes the direct object of the action expressed by the verb (like the accusative case of the Russian language). It answers the questions: who? (Kimi? kimi?) what? (neyi? her and? or ne? not?).

Accusative case affixes

babayе - babayy - father (“I see my father”. Not to be confused with the genitive case - “no father”, “father’s house”) babame - babama - my father babalarеmeze - babalarymyzy - our fathers dostu - dostu - friend dostumu - dostumu - my friend

There are no prepositions in Turkish like in Russian, but there are six types of case affixes that replace them. All case affixes are stressed, I join the root of the word.

Cases of the Turkish language briefly:

Dative Does -a/ -e or -ya/ -ye answer Kime's question? - “To whom?”, “To whom?”, Neye? “What?”, Nereye? - "Where?"
Local case-da/ -de answers Nerede's question? - “Where?”, Kimde? - "Who?"
Original case Does -dan/ -den or -tan/ -ten answer Nereden's questions? "from where?", Kimden? "(from) whom?", Neden? “from what?”, “why?
Accusative-yi/ -yı/ -yu/ -yü or ı/ -i/ -u/ -ü answers Kimi’s questions? - “Who?”, Neyi? - "What?
Instrumental case ile, together: -yle/ -yla or -le/ -la answers Kiminle’s questions? - “With whom?”, Neile? - "With what?"
Genitive-in/ -ın/ -un/ -ün or -nin/ -nın/ -nun/ -nün answers Kimin’s questions? - “Who?”, Neyin? - "What?"

Now let's see how each case of the Turkish language is used:

Accusative

Ben - beni
Sen-seni
O-onu Biz-bizi
Siz - sizi
Onlar - onları

Dative

Don't forget to learn the case forms of personal pronouns!
Ben - bana
Sen - sana
O-ona Biz-bize
Siz-size
Onlar - onlara

Original case

The initial case denotes the starting point of movement, action.
Nereden geliyorsun? (Where are you coming back from?)
Piknikten geliyorum (I am returning) from a picnic)

Don't forget to learn the case forms of personal pronouns!
Ben - benden
Sen-senden
O - ondan biz - bizden
siz - sizden
onlar - onlardan

Instrumental case

Don't forget to learn the case forms of personal pronouns!
Ben - benimle
Sen - seninle
O - onunla biz - bizimle
siz-sizinle
onlar-onlarla

Genitive

Don't forget to learn the case forms of personal pronouns!

Ben-benim
Sen-senin
O - onun biz - bizim
siz - sizin
onlar - onların

Local case

Don't forget to learn the case forms of personal pronouns!

Ben - bende
Sen-sende
O-onda biz-bizde
siz - sizde
onlar-onlarda

Lyrics:

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There are no prepositions in Turkish, but there are five cases that replace them. Cases are formed by adding special endings (affixes) to nouns. Affixes of all cases drums. In this lesson we will consider only 4 cases.

Local case and affix -de (Where?)

Indicates the location of the object and answers the question "Where?" - “Nerede?”. Replaces such prepositions of the Russian language as “in”, “inside”, “na”, “u” and others.

The local case is formed using percussion the affix -de, which changes according to the rule of alternation of vowels like -e and can also take the form -da.

As always, focusing on the last vowel of the word, we select the desired affix: -de or -da. Examples:

Please note that affixes added to proper names are always separated by an apostrophe: İzmir’de, İstanbul’da.

The local case is also used to mean "Who"(in the sense of “Where”) - "Kimde": patronda (from the boss), şoförde (from the driver), Anna’da (from Anna). Often “bende” means “with me,” “with me.” For example, “Bende para yok” can mean that you don’t only have money with you, but in general you have it.

Pronouns in the locative case answer the question “Who has?” and are simply the addition of the particle –de (-da), with the exception of the pronoun O, which is slightly modified:

Them.		Local
Who?		Who?
I	Ben	Bende	I have
You	Sen	Sende	At your place
He she it	O	Onda	At his place, at her place
We	Biz	Bizde	We have
You	Siz	Sizde	You
They	Onlar	Onlarda	They have

Local nouns are often used with the words var and yok to say what is where and what is not. For example:

Bakkalda ekmek var. - There is bread in the store.
Evde su yok. - There is no water at home.
Bende yeni film var. – I have a new film.
Onda para yok. - He has no money.
Arabada benzin yok. - There is no gasoline in the car.

*Pay attention to word order: var and yok are placed at the end of the sentence.

To ask a question, you just need to add the appropriate question particle:

Bakkalda ekmek var mı? — Is there bread in the store?
Evde su yok mu? – (Isn’t there) water at home?
Sende yeni film var mı? — Do you have a new film?
Onda para yok mu? - Does he have no money?
Arabada benzin yok mu? – Is there any gas in the car?

Some more examples with verbs:

Directional case and affix -e (Where? To whom?)

This case is similar to the Russian dative case and answers questions "Where?" - “Nereye?” And "To whom?" - “Kime?”(less often “What?” - “Neye?”), and corresponds to nouns with the prepositions “in” and “on”. In Turkish, the directional case is formed by adding the stressed affix -e, which, as you might have guessed, changes according to the rule of alternating vowels like -e and can also have the form -a.

For example: eve - home, okula - to school, İzmir'e - to Izmir, İstanbul'a - to Istanbul. It is very easy to remember by analogy with the Russian form of moms e, dad e etc.

Note the apostrophe for proper names.

If the noun ends in a vowel, then the buffer letter –y- appears before the affix:

Arabaya - into the car, köşeye - into the corner, öğrenciye - to the student, Olga’ya - to Olga.

Pronouns in the case of direction are formed according to the same rule. Exceptions are the pronouns ben and sen, and also, as in the previous case, O.

Them.		Direction
Who?		To whom?
I	Ben	Bana	To me
You	Sen	Sana	You
He she it	o	Ona	To him to her
We	Biz	Bize
You	Siz	Size	To you
They	Onlar	Onlara	Them

Some examples with verbs:

Rafa koy – put it on the shelf
Şu kadına bak – look at that woman
Çiçeklere bak – look at the flowers (or “take care of the flowers”, since bakmak also means “to look after”, “to take care”)
Masaya otur – sit at the table (note the difference from “masada otur” – sit at the table)
Bana çay koy, lütfen – pour me some tea, please

Initial case and affix -den (From)

Answers the questions "Where?" - “Nereden?”, "From whom?" - “Kimden?” and is equivalent to nouns with Russian prepositions “ot”, “iz” and “s”.

Formed by adding percussion affix -den, which changes according to the rule of alternation of vowels like -e and can take the form -dan.

One friend told me that her youngest son, who is learning to speak two languages at the same time, says “Go away.” Dan». 🙂

Okuldan – from school
Bu tren İstanbul’dan mı? – Is this a train from Istanbul?
Para bankadan al – take money from the bank

Pronouns in the original case:

Them.		Original
Who?		From whom?
I	Ben	Benden	From me
You	Sen	Senden	From you
He she it	O	Ondan	From him, from her
We	Biz	Bizden	From U.S
You	Siz	Sizden	From you
They	Onlar	Onlardan	From them

Benden sana – to you from me (or “from me to you”)
Bizden size – from us to you

To secure:

Accusative or attributive case and affix –i (Whom? What?)

This case has several different functions in Turkish. In this lesson we will look at only two of them.

The first one, which is clear to us, is changing nouns so that they answer the question "Whom?" - “Kimi?” And "What?" - “Neyi?”. To do this, the affix -i is added to the nouns, changing according to the rule of vowel alternation (guess which one?), of course, like -i.

Soon I will not need to write by what rule the affix is changed, because this is clear from the appearance of the affix itself, or more precisely, from the vowel contained in it.

Examples:

kızı öp – kiss a girl
kalemi Ivan’a ver – give a pen to Ivan
çiçekleri topla – collect flowers

If the noun ends in a vowel, then the buffer letter -y- appears before the affix, as always:

Masayı temizle – wipe the table (lit. “clean the table”)
Ütüyü getir – bring an iron
Ayşe’yi öp – kiss to Ayshe

Pronouns in the accusative case:

Them.		Vinit.
Who?		Whom? What?
I	Ben	beni	me
You	Sen	seni	you
he she it	O	onu	his her
We	Biz	bizi	us
You	Siz	sizi	you
They	Onlar	onları	their

Examples with pronouns:

Beni dinle - listen to me
Bizi anlayın - understand us
Onu açma – don’t open (don’t turn on) him/her

Determinative function of the affix –i

The presence or absence of the affix –i in a noun can also indicate whether a specific object is being discussed, or about any of the representatives of its class. In order not to confuse you with complex definitions, I will give two examples:

Bana kalemi ver – give me a pen (a specific one, the one lying on the table, or the one mentioned earlier)
Bana kalem ver – give me a pen (any pen you have at hand)

Masadan kitabı al – take the book from the table (“which we talked about”, “which you asked for”)
Masadan kitap al - I will take (some) book from the table

For those who have studied English, it will be easier to understand this function of the -i- affix by comparing it with the definite article "the". In turn, “bir” can be used as the English indefinite article “a” in Turkish:

Bana bir kalem ver – give me a pen (any pen).
Bana bir kitap al – buy me a book (some kind)

Question: when to use the accusative case, and when can you leave the word in the nominative case?
Answer: the accusative (or attributive) case and the affix –i can be omitted if you are talking about an abstract subject or the noun appears in the sentence as a collective concept:

üzüm al – buy grapes
elma yıka – wash the apples
ekmek ver – give me bread

Rules for alternating consonants when adding affixes

With Turkish cases everything would be simple and pleasant if not for a few additional rules. Let's consider those that relate to the topics covered in the lesson.

-d -> -t

When you add the affixes -de or -den to nouns, they can sometimes become -te or -ten. For example:

Maçta – at the match
Dolaptan – from the closet
Sokakta – on the street
Rafta – on the shelf
Kitaptan – from the book

Question: What do the words maç, dolap, sokak and raf have in common, and why do they turn -de into -te and -den into -ten?
Answer: They all end in voiceless consonants, and to simplify pronunciation, the voiced -d- also changes to the voiceless -t-.

-k -> -ğ

Another feature of declension in Turkish: pay attention to words ending in -k with a vowel in front of it. If you add an affix that starts with a vowel (or consists of one), then -k changes to -ğ:

Please note that the letter k at the end of words such as bank (bench), park (park) and aşk (love) does not change to ğ when declined:

Banka oturun – sit on a bench
Parka gel – come to the park
Aşka inan - believe in love

Question: why?
Answer: because there is a consonant before k.

-p -> -b

If words end in -p, then when adding affixes starting with a vowel (or consisting of it), -p changes to -b:

This rule mainly applies to words consisting of more than one syllable.

Meaning: As always, don’t despair if you can’t immediately choose the right affix correctly and change the endings of words. They will still understand you!

Summary table of cases

For ease of use and systematization of the knowledge gained about the four cases studied in this lesson, here is a summary table of affixes and pronouns:

Them.		Local -de	Directions -e	Original -den	Accusative -i
Kim? Ne?		Nerede? Kimde?	Kime? Neye? Nereye?	Nereden? Kimden?	Kimi? Neyi?
I	ben	bende	bana	benden	beni
You	sen	sende	sana	senden	seni
he she it	o	onda	ona	ondan	onu
We	biz	business	size	bizden	bizi
You	siz	sizde	size	sizden	sizi
They	onlar	onlarda	onlara	onlardan	onları

*The letter -n-, appearing in the pronouns onda, ona, ondan and onu, is also a buffer, and we will encounter it more than once. It also appears in the declension of "bu" and "şu": bunda, buna, bundan, bunu and şunda, şuna, şundan, şunu.

Verbs and “inadequate” cases (control)

Many verbs put the nouns attached to them into different cases. You will have to come to terms with the fact that in Turkish the cases of nouns for some verbs may not correspond to the cases of the Russian language. For example:

Marketten ekmek al – buy bread at the market (literally “buy bread from the market”)
Köpekten korkma – don’t be afraid of the dog (“don’t be scared by the dog”)
Beni ara - call me (literally “call me”, or more precisely, “find me”, since the original meaning of the verb aramak is to search)
Aşka inan – “believe in love” is used by analogy with “bana inan” (“trust me”) with the case of direction, and not with the accusative, as by analogy with the Russian language it seems it should be.

In the future, for such “inadequate” verbs, I will indicate in brackets the case of the noun in which it should be used with it. For example: korkmak (-den).

Where are you? – Local case and personal affixes of the present tense

We have already learned to use the locative case for the third person singular, that is, we can say where something is, for example, ekmek masada. To say where you are (and in Turkish it will sound like “I am at school”), we need to remember the personal affixes of the present tense:

To say that someone is not somewhere, you need to add değil with the appropriate personal affix:

Ben
Sen
O
Biz
Siz
Onlar

Evde değilim (I'm not at home)
Evde değilsin (you are not at home)
Evde değil (he/she is not at home)
Evde değiliz (we are not at home)
Evde değilsiniz (you are not at home)
Evde değiller (they are not at home)

It’s the same with the question: are you at home? - Evde misin?

	-de	-da
Ben Sen O Biz Siz Onlar	Evde miyim? Evde misin? Evde mi? Evde miyiz? Evde misiniz? Evdeler mi?	Okulda mıyım? Okulda mısın? Okulda mı? Okulda mıyız? Okulda mısınız? Okuldalar mı?

Exercises

1. Find the correct form of the affix indicated in brackets, changing it according to the rules of vowel and consonant harmony and inserting buffer consonants. Fill in the blanks in the sentences.

Bu tren Paris__________ mi? (-den)
Ben____ para var. (-de)
Cacık______ tuz var mı? (-de)
Güneş_____ durmayın! (-de)
Restoran_____ erken gitme. (-e)
Pansiyon_____ plaja git. (-den)
Alanya_____ git. (-e)
Masa____koyma! (-e)
Ben_______ ver. (-e)
Bu kart siz______ mi? (-den)

Durmak – to stand, to be
Güneş – sun
Erken – early
Kart – postcard, map
Pansion - boarding house
Tuz - salt

2. This is Murat and Aishe at home. Looking at the drawing, say what is lying, standing or hanging where and who is sitting where. For example, Kitaplar rafta.

3. Looking at the picture, answer the questions:
- Kaç kişi var?
— Şarap nerede?
- Kedi nerede?
- Rafta ne var?
— Resimde kim var?

Kedi – cat
Resim – photography, drawing
Kişi – person

4. Find suitable answers in the right column to the questions in the left column:

Nasıl?
Ne kadar?
Ne zaman?
Neredesin?
Nereye?
Oh kim?
Bu hediye kimden?

Olga'dan
Ali
İstanbul'dayım
Hemen
Çok güzel
Biraz
Alanya'ya

Hediye – gift

5. Where in the city will you go if you follow the directions?

meydan – area
cami - mosque
lokanta – restaurant, dining room
sol – left
sağ – right
duz – straight, even
dönmek – turn, return

a) Bakkaldan meydana git. Meydanda sola don. Plajda sağa don. Sağa bak.
b) Bakkaldan meydana git. Meydanda sağa don. Camide sola don. Sola bak.
c) Pansiyondan sağa git. Sağa don. Meydanda duz git. Plajda sola don. Sola bak.
d) Pansiyondan sağa git. Sağa don. Meydana git. Meydanda sola don. Sola bak.
e) Lokantadan sola git. Sola don. Meydana git. Meydanda duz git. Camide sola don. Sola bak.

6. Using a table showing the distance between cities, answer the questions:

Adana
1166	Edirne
683	557	Eskişehir
1037	1662	1318	Kars
356	890	333	1162	Konya
748	961	650	778	676	Samsung

a) Adana’dan Konya’ya kaç kilometer?
b) Edirne, Kars’tan ne kadar uzak?
c) Samsun’dan Adana’ya kaç kilometer?
d) Samsun, Edirne’den ne kadar uzak?
e) Eskişehir’den Kars’a kaç kilometer?

7. Using the words and various pronouns below, write declarative sentences. For example, “I’m in the office” - “ofisteyim”, “you are here” - “buradasınız”.

8. Translate. Come up with your own suggestions.

9. Put the sentences from task 8 in the negative form: They are not in Turkey. Come up with your own suggestions.

10. Put the sentences from task 8 into interrogative form: Are they in Turkey? Come up with your own questions.

11. Imagine that you are talking on the phone. Ask your interlocutor where he is. Tell me where you are. Using the diagram from task 5, explain how to get there.

There are 8 cases in Turkish. Some cases coincide with cases in Russian grammar, and some differ both in meaning and in the issues defined. Let's look at each case in more detail:

Nominative (main) case – Yalın hal

The nominative case in Turkish answers the questions: Kim? (Who?), Ne? (What?) . In this case, to the noun no suffixes are added. This is the original form of the word, which is used, for example, in dictionaries.

Dün (ne?)çay içtim. – Yesterday I drank tea.
(Kim?) Ahmet futbolu seviyor. – Ahmed loves football.

Accusative case – Belirtme hali

The accusative case answers the questions: Kimi? (Who?), Neyi? (What?) . In Turkish grammar, the accusative case is also called the case of definition, as it indicates certain objects.

The accusative case is formed as follows:

+ suffixes-ı / -i / -u / -ü

Selecting the correct suffix is done using

For example:

Form a wine pad into a shape. words mimar (architect). We add the suffix ı to the word mimar itself, since according to the law of vowel harmony: the vowels a, ı can only be followed by the vowel ı. As a result, we get the word mimarı (kimi?).

Ben (kimi?) mimarı aradım ve istediklerimi söyledim. – I called architect and spoke about her wishes.

Ben (neyi?)İstanbul"u özledim. – I miss you in Istanbul.

Ben (neyi?) o tabloyu çizdim. – I have painted this diagram.

For proper names, the suffix win.pad. is joined only with the sign " , as, for example, in the second sentence.

If a word ends in a vowel, then the consonant y appears between it and the accusative case suffix, so that two vowels do not merge (as in the third sentence). This applies to all cases in Turkish.

As you noticed, in Turkish we used questions Whom? And What? To whom? Why? What?

Belirtme hali Belirtme hali they are also different (they are -ı / -i / -u / -ü). Therefore, to begin with, endings can help you determine the desired case. And later, when you consolidate the language, already when translating the sentence and the semantic meaning, you will be able to determine the desired case.

If you want to construct a sentence in Turkish yourself, but you are having difficulties, then you need to be guided by the semantic meaning. As mentioned above, the accusative case in Turkish is the case of definition and indicates certain objects/people. Here, as a rule, you can simply insert the word before the noun this, this, this, and at the same time the meaning of the sentence will not change, but, on the contrary, will acquire even greater color. Once you are convinced of the semantic meaning, you will understand that it is Belirtme hali. Next, you just have to ask Kimi questions? (Who?), Neyi? (What?), and transform the noun into the desired form (add suffixes -ı / -i / -u / -ü).

Dative case – Yönelme hali

The dative case answers the question Kime? (Who?), Neye? (To what?), Nereye? (Where?) and denotes the person or object to which the action is directed.

The dative case is formed as follows:

Noun in original form + suffixes-a/-e

Yarın (Nereye?) Ankaraya toplantıya gidiyoruz. – Tomorrow we are going to a meeting to Ankara.

Çalışmıyorum çünkü evde (Kime?)çocuğa bakıyorum. – I don't work because I watch at home for the child.

Dün sevdiğim (Neye?) filme baktık. – Yesterday we watched our favorite movie.

As you noticed, in Turkish we used questions To whom; to what?, and in translation into Russian we ask questions to nouns For whom? What?

In order to further understand and distinguish Yönelme hali Let's give a short instruction: if you come across a sentence in Turkish, then the endings of the nouns will come to your aid. U Yönelme hali they are also different (they are -a / -e). Therefore, to begin with, endings can help you determine the desired case. And later, when you consolidate the language, already when translating the sentence and the semantic meaning, you will be able to determine the desired case.

If you want to construct a sentence in Turkish yourself, but you are having difficulties, then you need to be guided by the semantic meaning. As stated above, Yönelme hali denotes the person or thing to which the action is directed. Once you are convinced of the semantic meaning, you will understand that it is Yönelme hali. Next, you just have to ask Kime questions? (Who?), Neye? (To what?) and transform the noun into the desired form (add suffixes -a / -e).

Local case – Bulunma hali

Does the local case answer Nerede's questions? (Where?), Kimde? (Who?), Nede? (On what?) and is used mainly to indicate the location of an object.

The local case is formed as follows:

Noun in original form + suffixes-da / -de / -ta / -te

Selecting the correct suffix is done using .
a, ı, o, u + voiced consonant - da
e, i, ö, ü + voiced consonant - de
a, ı, o, u + voiceless consonant - ta
e, i, ö, ü + voiceless consonant - te

Let's transform the word uçak (airplane) into the locative form. Since this word ends with a voiceless consonant k and the last syllable includes a vowel a, we choose the suffix ta. That is, we get the word (nered?) uçakta (on the plane).

(Nerede?) Uçakta çok az kişi vardı. – In airplane there were very few people.

Bugun (Kimde?) arkadaşlarımda kitaplar yoktu. – Today with friends there were no books.

Initial case – Ayrılma hali

The original case answers the questions Nereden? (Where from?), Kimden? (From whom?), Neden? (From what?) and denotes the starting point of movement or action.

The original case is formed as follows:

Noun in original form + suffixes-dan / -den / -tan / -ten

The choice of the correct suffix is carried out using the Law of Vowel Harmony on “2” and the Law of Consonant Harmony
That is, the required case affix is selected according to the last letter in the word:
a, ı, o, u + voiced consonant - dan
e, i, ö, ü + voiced consonant - den
a, ı, o, u + voiceless consonant - tan
e, i, ö, ü + voiceless consonant - ten

Biz (nered?) havalimanından geliyoruz. – We go from airport.

Gazeteyi (kimden?) arkadaşımdan alıyorum. – I take the newspaper at a friend's.

Instrumental case – Vasita hali

Does the instrumental case answer Kiminle's questions? (With whom?), Ne ile? (With what?) .

The instrumental case is formed as follows:

Noun in original form + suffixes-la/-le

The choice of the correct suffix is carried out using the Law of Vowel Harmony on “2”

University (kiminle?) kardeşimle gidiyorum. – I go to university with my brother.

Onlarla (ne ile?) telefonla konuşuyoruz. – We talk to them by phone.

Genitive case – İlgi hali

The genitive case answers the questions Kimin? (Whose? Who?) and Neyin? (Whose? What?) and is used to express ownership.

The genitive case is formed as follows:

Noun in original form + suffixes -ın / -in / -un / -ün; -nın / -nin / -nun / -nün

The choice of the correct suffix is carried out using the Law of Vowel Harmony on “4”.
The suffixes -ın / -in / -un / -ün are added if the word ends with a consonant.
The suffixes -nın / -nin / -nun / -nün are added if the word ends with a vowel.

Bu (neyin?) bavulun çekisi çok ağır. – This one has suitcase heavy weight.

(Kimin?) Amcanın evi çok güzeldi. – U uncles very beautiful house.

Case of manner of action and opinion – Eşitlik hali

Does this case answer Kimce's questions? (Whose?) Nece? (How?) and conveys the speaker’s point of view.

It is formed as follows:

Noun in original form + suffixes-ca/-ce

The choice of the correct suffix is carried out using the Law of Vowel Harmony on “2”

(Kimce?) Sense İstanbul güzel mi? – In your opinion Is Istanbul beautiful?

(Kimce?) Onlarca Ali çalışkan değil. – In their opinion, Ali is not hardworking.