The meaning of Sandino Augusto Cesar in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, BSE. On the way to the restoration of the organizational popular movement

Augusto Cesar Sandino Calderon(Spanish Augusto Sesar Nicols Sandino Caldern, May 18, 1895, Niconoomo, Nicaragua - February 21, 1934, Managua, Nicaragua) - Nicaraguan political figure, leader of the national liberation revolutionary war 1927-1934.

Biography

Sandino's father is a wealthy peasant Gregorio Sandino, his mother is a day laborer Margarita Calderon. For 12 years, Gregorio Sandino refused to recognize his son Augusto as legitimate, but then he accepted him into the family.

In 1921, Augusto Sandino nearly killed the son of a prominent local representative of the Conservative Party, who spoke insultingly about his mother, and was forced to emigrate. Traveled to Honduras, Guatemala and Mexico. At the insistence of his father (the statute of limitations for the crime was out) he returned in June 1926 to Nicaragua; the influence of his victim prevented him from settling in the village of his birthplace, and as a result, Sandino settled down in a gold mine in Nueva Segovia, owned by the Americans. There he lectured the miners on social inequality and the need for change.

On October 19, 1926, he raised an anti-government uprising against the ruling regime supported by the United States, then led the armed resistance to the American troops that landed in the country. At first, he stood for the restoration of legitimate power, according to constitutional principles, and then began to fight against the Espino-Negro agreement, which provided for the close guardianship of Nicaragua by the American government, considering it as a threat to Nicaraguan independence.

On the morning of July 16, 1927, the Sandino detachment (about 100 people armed with 60 rifles) approached the city of Ocotal captured by American troops (400 marines and 200 government national guardsmen) and attacked it. The battle lasted 15 hours and ended with the capture of Ocotal. The Americans were so enraged by what had happened that they sent aircraft to bomb the city. American planes attacked the city and staged a real hunt for the peasants in the surrounding fields. About 300 civilians, mostly women and children, were killed and another 100 wounded. The surviving men of Ocotal joined the Sandino detachment, which began to grow continuously. All the fighters of the detachment were exclusively volunteers and did not receive any salary, they were forbidden to harm peaceful peasants, but they were allowed to impose compulsory taxes on "local and foreign capitalists."

By December 1932, the Sandinistas already controlled more than half of the country's territory, and the Americans announced a $100,000 reward for Sandino's head.

As a result of a long insurgency led by him, he managed to achieve the withdrawal of the American troops stationed in the country (January 2, 1933), but during the next round of negotiations on the demobilization of his army, he was treacherously arrested by the head of the National Guard of Nicaragua, later the country's president, Anastasio Somoza, and shot along with brother and several close associates.

In his honor, as a patriot and national hero, the Sandinista National Liberation Front was named, which overthrew the dictatorship of the Somoza family 45 years after the death of Sandino as a result of the Sandinista Revolution.

On May 14, 1980, the State Council of Nicaragua officially awarded Sandino the honorary title of "Father of the Anti-Imperialist People's Democratic Revolution".

Traditionally, after the Sandinistas came to power, from 1979 to 1997, it was depicted on the front side of banknotes, first 1000 Nicaraguan cordobas, then, after the 1991 denomination, on 20 cordobas, as well as Nicaraguan coins.



Sandino on 1000 cordobas. 1980, obverse	Sandino on 1000 cordobas. 1985, obverse	Sandino on 20 cordoba. 1990, obverse

Sandino featured on a 1984 postage stamp from Bulgaria.

Compositions

Sandino, Augusto C. El pensamiento vivo. Sergio Ramrez, ed. 2 vols. Managua: Editorial Nueva Nicaragua, 1984

The last photo of the Sandino General Staff (third from the left)

February 21 - Augusto Cesar Sandino (1895-1934) is assassinated, National Hero of Nicaragua. I offer excerpts from Alexander Tarasov's article "Between Volcanoes and Partisans":

"P This man's full name was Augusto Cesar Sandino Calderon. His dad was, apparently, with pretensions - once he called his son, as the Roman emperor - Caesar Augustus.

Dad - Gregorio Sandino - had a small coffee plantation. The family had enough money for little Augusto to attend school, but after school he had to earn extra money on the farm. Augusto was born either in 1895, or in 1893 - that is, just when Zelaya came to power. The times were relatively stable - and Augusto even studied for several years at a gymnasium in the city of Granada. But I didn’t have to finish the gymnasium: my father married a second time, the children went - Socrates, Asuncion, Zoila - all this bunch of kids had to be fed.

Augusto Cesar Sandino - although he later became famous as an invincible general - was never a professional military man. He did not have a military education, and even the secondary was incomplete. True, he eagerly, voraciously read - but that's another thing.

For the first time they heard about Sandino when he organized at home, in the town of Nikinoomo (Masaya Department), a trade and consumer cooperative. It was the time of the rule of the "Clan Chamorro", the peasants were ruined in droves - and the cooperative helped the same land-poor Nikinoomo families, like the Sandino family, to stand on their feet. But it turned out that the cooperative interfered with dealers - merchants from Granada associated with the "Chamorro clan". Besides, it was a "bad example." General Moncada (yes, the same one) was sent to Nikinoomo, and the general broke up the cooperative. This is how Moncada and Sandino met for the first time.

But Moncada in those years already dreamed of becoming president. He recruited supporters wherever he could, looked for (bought) allies. Sandino, whose name was already popular throughout the department, attracted the attention of Moncada. He invited Sandino to a party where, to songs and guitars, at a table laden with bottles of the famous Nicaraguan casusa liquor, he suggested that Sandino “forget all the bad things” and start working for him, Moncada.

Sandino was gloomy. Then Moncada dragged a frightened thirteen-year-old girl from somewhere and exclaimed with pathos:

“This beauty, this pearl, this rival of the goddesses, I have prepared for myself. But I want us to become friends forever, so that you carry out my policy in the Masaya department - and therefore I gladly give it to you! Take it, it's yours!

The audience burst into applause. The little girl howled.

“Well, you old pervert! This girl is the symbol of our country, Nicaragua! And not you, and no one else will abuse her!

Sandino grabbed the girl by the hand and, holding the general at gunpoint, took her to his horse. Then he threw away the gun (so as not to be accused of stealing army property) and rode away with the girl to the nearest convent. General Moncada was so shocked that he did not even give chase.

Sandino thought that now he should stay away from Moncada. He thought correctly: once in a bar, an assassin tried to shoot him. Sandino was saved by chance. After that, he vowed not to take a drop of alcohol into his mouth.

He went to roam the country, changed many professions, and in 1923 he left for neighboring Honduras. There, in the port of La Ceiba, Sandino met and became friends with Gustavo Aleman Bolanos, the best prose writer in Nicaragua, a political emigrant. From

Honduras Sandino moved to Guatemala, where he briefly worked as a mechanic in the United Fruit workshops. Then he moved to Mexico, where he got a job at the American oil company Huasteca. In Mexico, Sandino met other emigrants from Central America, some of them quite radical.

Life in Mexico was very different from life in the tiny Central American republics. In 1917, the revolution ended in Mexico, the peasants received land, and a rather progressive government was in power. The country developed rapidly economically. Political life was in full swing. During the year and a half that Sandino spent in Mexico, a reactionary rebellion managed to flare up and was suppressed, the authorities quarreled with the Catholic Church and adopted the “oil law”, which hit North American oil companies. Trade unions were active in the country (Sandino immediately joined the trade union and became its activist) and there were a lot of completely exotic personalities that could not be found in Nicaragua during the day with fire - socialists, communists and anarcho-syndicalists. Sandino spent hours in the trade union library, reading books, magazines and newspapers. There Sandino learned a lot of interesting things. For example, that the apparently invincible American army was never able to cope with the partisan detachments of Pancho Villa during the Mexican Revolution. And also that "socialist", "anarchist" and "communist" are not curse words, like the word "blasphemer", but the names of members of different parties, adherents of various political movements.

In May 1926, having heard about the uprising against Chamorro in Nicaragua, Sandino returned to his homeland. What he discovers at home shocks him. You can't find work anywhere. People in a tropical country are dying of hunger. Finally, Sandino is recruited to the gold mines of San Albino (on the border with Honduras), owned by an American firm. San Albino has an ominous reputation: working and living conditions there are hellish, people are dying like flies.

Sandino incites the workers to revolt. “Otherwise we will all die here,” he repeats like a mantra. This is a strong argument. But you need a weapon. One of the workers, Antonio Marina, is sent across the border to Honduras with the gold already mined. The Honduran border guards are known for their venality, although no one has yet heard of them selling their own weapons. But soon Marin returns and brings 15 rifles and several hundred rounds of ammunition. Sandino, meanwhile, taught his comrades the art of making hand grenades from leather bags and dynamite, which is used in the mine.

October 19, 1926 Sandino raises an uprising. Workers blow up the mine and go to the mountains. On November 2, a detachment of 30 people takes the first battle with government troops. There were 200 soldiers. The partisans are retreating, but everyone remains alive.

Sandino establishes a guerrilla base in the mountains of the New Segovia department and calls it "El Chipote" (in the local dialect it means "Strong blow"). Sandino sets off in a canoe with six assistants to Puerto Cabezas - to Sacasa, for weapons and instructions.

But Sacasa kicks Sandino to General Moncada, his "Minister of Defense". Moncada, of course, did not forget who Sandino was, and did not give weapons.

There would be no happiness, but misfortune helped. Just the Americans blockaded Puerto Cabezas from the sea and demanded that Sacasa "clear the city." Sakasa and his men went on the run - and left a lot of things along the way. Including weapons. Sandino loaded the selected weapons (40 rifles and 7,000 rounds of ammunition) into a canoe and rowed the cargo to New Segovia.

Looking at Sacasa and Moncada, Sandino became disillusioned with the leaders of the anti-Chamorra uprising, the liberals. He later recalled: “Conservatives and liberals are the same scoundrels, cowards and traitors, unable to lead a courageous people ... It was then that I realized that our people do not have worthy leaders and that new people are needed.”

Soon the Sandino detachment grew to 300 people, then to 800, and from the infantry they became cavalrymen. After a series of successful battles with the US Marines, Sandino's name becomes popular among the rebels.

In April 1927, government troops and Mariners surrounded the detachment of General Moncada. He turned to Sandino for help. “If you do not urgently support the army, then it is you who will be responsible for the disaster,” wrote Moncada. Sandino with his 800 horsemen broke through the encirclement and drove the enemy back. Moncada, to celebrate, promoted Sandino to the generals.

But Moncada's next step was to issue an order limiting the number of individual military groups to 300 fighters and forbidding the transition from one unit to another. Sandino had 800 fighters - and almost every day new ones came to him, including from other rebel groups: Sandino became a legend.

However, all of Sandino's men refused to be placed under anyone else's command. From that moment on, they began to call themselves "Sandinistas", thereby emphasizing that they are different from other liberal rebels.

Then Moncada gave the order to Sandino's detachment to quarter in the city of Boaco and wait there for the arrival of Moncada's headquarters. The insidiousness of the plan was that Boaco, contrary to what Moncada had told the Sandinistas, was not at all occupied by the rebels, but was controlled by government troops. Moncada hoped that the unsuspecting Sandinistas would fall under the fire of government troops - and be destroyed. But Sandino did not fall into the trap, he entrenched himself near the city, dispersed his forces and, indeed, began to wait for Moncada.

Meanwhile, Moncada conspired with the Americans and capitulated. Sandino, as we remember, refused to lay down his arms. Moncada tried to persuade him. A historic conversation took place between Sandino and Moncada:

Who made you a general? Moncada asked.

— Appointed- you. BUT done— my comrades in the fight, señor. So I do not owe my title to either the invaders or the traitors!

On the day of the capitulation of the liberals, Sandino issued an appeal ("circular") to all local authorities in all departments of Nicaragua. Having told about the betrayal of Moncada a step before victory ("The liberal army numbered 7 thousand well-armed fighters, and the government - a little more than a thousand people who were no longer thinking about fighting, but about desertion"), Sandino ended the appeal with these words: "I will not lay down my arms even if everyone does. I'd rather die with the few that remain with me. It is better to die fighting than to live in slavery."

The Sandinistas raised the black and red flag. These colors meant: "Free homeland or death!". In 30 years, in Cuba, Fidel Castro will choose the same banner.

Thus began this unprecedented story - the successful war of a small detachment of partisans against their own government and the 12,000th corps american army simultaneously.

(To be continued )

(1895-05-18 ) , Nikonoomo , Nicaragua - February 21, Managua, Nicaragua) - Nicaraguan politician, leader.

In 1921, Augusto Sandino nearly killed the son of a prominent local representative of the Conservative Party, who spoke insultingly about his mother, and was forced to emigrate. Traveled to Honduras, Guatemala and Mexico. At the insistence of his father (the statute of limitations for the crime came out) he returned in June 1926 to Nicaragua; the influence of his victim prevented him from settling in the village of his birthplace, and as a result, Sandino settled down in a gold mine in Nueva Segovia, owned by the Americans. There he lectured the miners on social inequality and the need for change.

US military pose with a captured Sandinista flag (circa 1933)

On October 19, 1926, he raised an anti-government uprising against the ruling regime supported by the United States, then led the armed resistance to the American troops that landed in the country. At first he stood for the restoration of legitimate power, according to constitutional principles, and then began to fight against the Espino-Negro agreement, which provided for the close guardianship of Nicaragua by the American government, viewing it as a threat to Nicaraguan independence.

I swear before the motherland and history that my sword will save national honor and bring liberation to the oppressed! To the challenge thrown to me by vile invaders and traitors to the motherland, I answer with a battle cry. I and my soldiers will become a wall against which the legions of the enemies of Nicaragua will be smashed. And if my soldiers, the defenders of freedom, lay down their lives to the last, then before this happens, not one battalion of interventionists will remain lying on the slopes of my native mountains ... Come here to kill us on our land; no matter how many of you there are, I am waiting for you in the dress of my patriotic soldiers. But know: if this happens, then our blood will fall on the white dome of your White House - a nest where criminal plans are nurtured.

By December 1932, the Sandinistas already controlled more than half of the country's territory, and the Americans announced a $100,000 reward for Sandino's head.

As a result of a long insurgency led by him, he managed to achieve the withdrawal of the American troops deployed in the country (January 2, 1933), but during the next round of negotiations on the demobilization of his army, he was treacherously arrested by the head of the National Guard of Nicaragua, later the president of the country

Date of death: Father:

Gregorio Sandino

Mother:

Margherita Calderon

Spouse:

Blanca Araus

Augusto Cesar Sandino Calderon(Spanish) Augusto Sesar Nicolas Sandino Calderon , May 18 ( 18950518 ) , Nikonoomo, Nicaragua - February 21, Managua, Nicaragua) - Nicaraguan politician, leader of the national liberation revolutionary war of 1927-1934.

Biography

A. S. Sandino and A. Somoza in February 1933

In his honor, as a patriot and national hero, the Sandinista National Liberation Front was named, which overthrew the dictatorship of the Somoza family 45 years after Sandino's death as a result of the Sandinista Revolution.

Traditionally, after the Sandinistas came to power, from 1997 to 1997, the year was depicted on the front side of banknotes, first 1000 Nicaraguan cordobas, then, after the 1991 denomination, on 20 cordobas, as well as Nicaraguan coins.



Sandino per 1000 cordobas. , obverse	Sandino per 1000 cordobas. , obverse	Sandino on 20 cords. , obverse

Compositions

Sandino, Augusto C. El pensamiento vivo. Sergio Ramirez, ed. 2 vols. Managua: Editorial Nueva Nicaragua, 1984

Notes

Literature

Gonionsky S. A. Sandino. M .: Young Guard, 1965 - (Life of wonderful people).
Campos Ponce, H. Yankee and Sandino. - M .: Progress, 1965.
Collection The ideological legacy of Sandino. - M .: Progress, 1982.
Grigulevich I. R. Roads of Sandino. M .: Young Guard, 1984.
Sandino against US imperialism // Sandino's ideological legacy (Collection of documents and materials). Moscow: Progress, 1985.
Garcia Caseles C. Augusto Cesar Sandino // Figures of the national liberation movement: political portraits. Issue. 1. M .: Publishing house of the Peoples' Friendship University, 1989.
Gonionsky S.A. The commander of the free people // new time. - M ., 1958. - V. No. 5.
Larin N.S. From the history of the national liberation struggle of the people of Nicaragua against the armed intervention of the United States in 1927-1933 // Questions of history. - M ., 1961. - V. No. 8.
Gonionsky S.A. New books about the legendary General Sandino // New and recent history . - M ., 1963. - V. No. 4.
Zubritsky Yu.A. Sandino and the nature of his movement (On the history of the national liberation struggle in Nicaragua in the late 20s - early 30s) // Proceedings of the Peoples' Friendship University. - M ., 1968. - V. 1. - T. 32.
Grigulevich I.R. Augusto Cesar Sandino - General of Free People // New and recent history. - M ., 1982. - V. No. 1-2.
Bulychev I.M. Augusto Cesar Sandino // Questions of history. - M ., 1981. - V. No. 10.

Beals, Carleton. With Sandino in Nicaragua. The Nation, Feb. 22 to April 11, 1928.
Belausteguigoitia R. Con Sandino en Nicaragua. Madrid, 1934
Salvatierra S. Sandino o La Tragedia de un Pueblo. Madrid, 1934
Somosa Garcia A. El verdadero Sandino o el Calvario de las Segovias. Managua: Tipografia Robelo, 1936.
Alexander A. Sandino. Relato de la Revolution en Nicaragua. Santiago de Chile, 1937
Calderón Ramirez, Salvador. Los Ultimos días de Sandino. Mexico: Botas, 1934.
Ramirez S.C. Ultimas dias de Sandino. Mexico, 1939
Cuadra, Manolo. Contra Sandino en la montana. Managua, D.N.: 1942.
Bolanos A.G. Sandino el Libertador. Mexico, 1952
L. Cummins. Quijote on a burro. Sandino and the Marines. A Study in the formulation of foreign policy. Mexico, D.F., 1958
Selser, Gregorio. Sandino - general de hombres libres. Buenos-Aires, 1959
Romero R. Somoza, asesino de Sandino. Mexico, 1959
Romero R. Sandini y los yanquis. Mexico, 1961
Nicaragua y su pueblo. (Cartas y proclamas del general Sandino y otros documentos). Frente Unitario Nacaraguense. Caracas, 1961
Macaulay N.W., Jr. The Sandino Afair. Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1967.
Aguilar Cortes, Jeronimo. Memorias de los yanquis a Sandino. San Salvador: IT Ricaldone, 1972.
Arrellano, Jorge Eduardo. Sandino en la poesía: 50 poemas sobre el General de Hombres Libres.// Revista de Pensamiento Centroamericano 29 (143) August 1972: 3-24.
Lopez, Santos. Memorias de un soldado. Leon: Frente Estudiantil Revolucionario, 1976.

Ramirez, Sergio. Biografia de Sandino. Managua, 1979
Ramirez, Sergio. El pensamiento vivo de Sandino. Editorial Nueva Nicaragua, 1981
Ramirez, Sergio. Vigencia del pensamiento sandinista. En: El Sandinismo documentos básicos. Instituto de Estudios del Sandinismo. Editorial Nueva Nicaragua, 1983.
Ramirez, Sergio. El Muchacho de Niquinohomo. En: Ramirez, Sergio. El alba de oro. Siglo XXI Editors. 2nd edition, 1984(a).
Ramirez, Sergio. Sandino y los partidos politicos. Sesión inaugural del curso académico 1984(b). CNES-UNAN, Comité Nacional Pro-Conmemoración del 50 Aniversario de la muerte del General Augusto César Sandino.
Ramirez, Sergio. Sandino: class e ideology. En Sandino, Augusto C. El pensamiento vivo. Introduction, selección y notas de Sergio Ramírez. Tomo 2. Editorial Nueva Nicaragua. 1986.

Gilbert, Gregorio Urbano. Junto a Sandino. Editora Alfa and Omega. Santo Domingo, Republic of Dominicana, marzo de 1979.
Garcia Salgado, Andres. Yo estuve con Sandino. Mexico: Bloque Obrero General Herbierto Jara, 1979.
Salvatierra, Sofonias. Sandino o la Tragedia de un pueblo. Talleres Litográficos Maltez Representaciones S.A. Managua, Nicaragua, 1980.
Herrera Torres, Juvenal. Antologia universal de la poesia revolucionaria: el regreso de Sandino. Medellin: Aurora, 1980.
Alemán Bolanos, Gustavo. Sandino el Libertador. Talleres de Impresos Culturales S.A. IMCUSA, San Jose Costa Rica, 1980
Maraboto, Emigdio. Sandino ante el Coloso. Managua. Ediciones Patria y Libertad. Febrero, 1980.
Cabezas, Omar. La montaña es algo más que una inmensa estepa verde. Managua: Nueva Nicaragua, 1982.
Torres Espinoza. Sandino and sus pares. Editorial Nueva Nicaragua. Managua: Nueva Nicaragua, 1983.
Selva, Salomon de la. La guerra de Sandino o el pueblo desnudo. Managua: Editorial Nueva Nicaragua, 1985 (orig. 1935).
Instituto de Estudio de Sandinismo. Ahora se que Sandino manda. Managua: Editorial Nueva Nicaragua, 1986.
Nies F. Sandino. Der General der Unterdrukten. Eine politic Biographie. Koln: Pahl - Rugenstein Verlag, 1989.
Calero Orozco, Adolfo. Eramos cuatro. Managua: Distribuidora Cultural, 1995 (orig. 1977).
Calero Orozco, Adolfo. Sangre santa. Managua: Nueva Nicaragua, 1993. (orig. 1940).
Alejandro Bendana La mystica de Sandino. Centro de Estudios Internacionales, Managua, 1994, 2005.

Biography

From the middle of 1927 he was in armed opposition to the ruling regime, supported by the United States. At first, he stood for the restoration of legitimate power, according to constitutional principles, and then began to fight against the Espino-Negro agreement, which provided for the close guardianship of Nicaragua by the American government, considering it as a threat to Nicaraguan independence. As a result of a long insurgency led by him, he managed to achieve the withdrawal of the American troops stationed in the country, but during the next round of negotiations on the demobilization of his army, he was treacherously arrested by the head of the National Guard of Nicaragua, later the country's president, Anastasio Somoza, and killed.

On May 14, 1980, the State Council of Nicaragua officially awarded Sandino the honorary title of "Father of the Anti-Imperialist People's Democratic Revolution".

The meaning of Sandino Augusto Cesar in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, BSE. On the way to the restoration of the organizational popular movement

Biography

Compositions

Biography

Compositions

Notes

Literature

Links

May 18, 1895 - February 21, 1934

Nicaraguan politician, leader of the national liberation revolutionary war of 1927-1934

Biography