Treatise on the Administration of an Empire. Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus on the management of the empire. Byzantine Empire in the IV-XV centuries
Konstantin Porphyrogenitus. About managing an empire
(chapters 1-32)(chapters 33-53)
[Preface]
2. About pachinakites and dews
3. About Pachinakites and Turks
5. About the Pachinakites and Bulgars
8. About the Basilicas sent from the God-protected city to Pachinakia with the Hellands along the Danube rivers,
Dnieper and Dniester
15. About the Fatimid family
16. From the rule that the mathematician Stefan derived about the performance of the Saracens, in what year from
the foundation of the world it happened and who then held the scepter of the kingdom of the Romans
22. From the chronograph of Blessed Theophan about the same: about Mavia and his family; about how he
crossed to Spain. Vasileve Romeev Justinian Rinotmet
23. About Iviria and Spain
24. About Spain
27. About the Laguvardia theme, about its principates and archontia
28. The story of how the city now called Venice was inhabited
29. About Dalmatia and its neighboring peoples
30. A story about the Dalmatia theme
31. About the Croats and the country in which they currently live
32. About the Serbs and the country where they live now
IN CHRIST, THE ETERNAL KING, BASILEUS OF THE ROMEI, TO HIS SON ROMAN, THE GOD-CROWNED AND PURPLE-BEGOTTEN BASILEUS
[Preface] (Back to top)
A wise son pleases his father, and a tenderly loving father admires his son’s intelligence, for the Lord gives intelligence when it is time to speak, and adds hearing to hear. From him is the treasure of wisdom, and from him is found every perfect gift. He places the basileus on the throne and gives them power over everything. Now, therefore, listen to me, son, and, having received the instruction, you will become wise among the wise and you will be revered as wise among the wise. The nations will bless you and a host of foreigners will praise you. Consider what you must learn first, and wisely take hold of the helm of the kingdom. Think about the present and think about the future, in order to combine experience with prudence and become successful in business. Please note that I am writing a teaching for you, so that it combines experience and knowledge to choose the best decisions and so that you do not sin against the common good. First, about which foreign people and in what ways they can be useful to the Romans, and in what ways they are harmful: [which] and how each of them and with which foreign people can successfully fight and can be subjugated. Then - about their predatory and insatiable disposition and what they, in their madness, strive to get, then - also about the differences between other peoples, about [their] origin, customs and way of life, about the location and climate of the land inhabited by them, about its appearance and length, and besides, about what ever happened between the Romans and various foreigners. After all this - about what in our state and also in the entire kingdom of the Romans in different times innovations appeared. I thought through all this alone and decided to make it known to you, my beloved son, so that you would know the characteristics of each people; how to deal with them and tame them, or how to fight and resist [them], for [then] they will fear you as gifted; they will run from you like from fire; Their lips will be closed, and your words will strike them as if with arrows. You will appear terrible to them, and your face will make them tremble. And the Almighty will cover you with his shield, and your creator will admonish you. He will guide your steps and establish you on an unshakable pedestal. Your throne, like the sun, is before him, and his eyes will look at you, not a single hardship will touch you, since he chose you, and tore you from your mother’s womb, and gave you his kingdom as the best of all, and established you , like a refuge on a mountain, like a golden statue on high, you raised it up, like a city on a mountain, so that foreigners would pay tribute to you and those who inhabit the earth would worship you. But you, O Lord, my God, whose kingdom is eternal and indestructible, may you remain showing the way to the one born by me thanks to you, and may your face be guardianship over him, and may your ear be inclined to his prayers. Let your hand protect him, and let him reign for the sake of truth, and let your right hand guide him. Let his ways be directed before you, to keep your commandments. Let his enemies fall before his face, and let his enemies lick the ashes. Let the root of his family be overshadowed by the crown of fertility, and let the shadow of his fruit cover the royal mountains, since thanks to you the basileos reign, glorifying you for centuries.
1. About the Pachinakites: how useful they are, being in peace with the Basileus of the Romans (Back to top)
So, listen, son, to what it seems to me that you [should] know; gain understanding in order to master control. After all, I say to everyone else that knowledge is good for the subjects, especially for you, who are obliged to care about the salvation of everyone and to rule and guide the world ship. And if I used clear and accessible speech, as if blithely flowing everyday prose, to present what was to come, do not be at all surprised, my son. After all, I did not try to present an example of calligraphy or an attic style, solemn and sublime, but was more concerned to instruct you through a simple and everyday narrative in what, in my opinion, you should not be ignorant of and what is easy for you can provide that intelligence and wisdom that is gained through long experience.
I believe it is always very useful for the basileus of the Romans to desire peace with the people of the Pachinakites, to conclude friendly agreements and treaties with them, to send from here to them every year an apocrisiary with appropriate and suitable gifts for the people and to take away the omirs from there, i.e. hostages, and an apocrisiary, who will arrive in this God-protected city along with the executor of this deed and will take advantage of the royal benefits and favors, worthy in all respects of the ruling basileus.
Since this people of Pachinakit neighbors the region of Kherson, they, not being friendly towards us, can oppose Kherson, raid it and ruin both Kherson itself and the so-called Klimaty.
2. About pachinakites and dews (Back to top)
[Know] that the Pachinakites have become neighboring and adjacent to the Ros, and often, when they do not have peace with each other, they plunder Russia, cause significant harm and damage to it.
[Know] that the Dews are also concerned about having peace with the Pachinakites. After all, they buy cows, horses, and sheep from them, and this makes their life easier and more satisfying, since none of the animals mentioned above were found in Russia. But the dews cannot even go against enemies far from their borders, unless they are in peace with the pachinakites, since the pachinakites have the opportunity - while the dews are moving away from their [families] - by attacking, destroying and ruining everything they have. Therefore, the Dews always take special care not to suffer harm from them, for this people is strong, to attract them to an alliance and receive help from them, so as to get rid of their enmity and use help.
[Know] that in this royal city of the Romans, if the dews are not at peace with the Pachinakites, they cannot appear, neither for the sake of war, nor for the sake of trade, for when the dews with boats come to the river rapids and cannot pass them otherwise Then, having pulled their boats out of the river and crossed them, carrying them on their shoulders, then the people of this Pachinakit people attack them and easily - the dew cannot resist two labors - they win and carry out a massacre.
3. About Pachinakites and Turks (Back to top)
[Know] that the Turk family is very afraid and afraid of the mentioned Pachinakites because it was repeatedly defeated by them and was almost completely destroyed, which is why the Turks always consider the Pachinakites terrible and tremble before them.
4. About the Pachinakites, Dews and Turks (Back to top)
[Know] that while the basileus of the Romans is at peace with the Pachinakites, neither the Dews nor the Turks can attack the power of the Romans according to the law of war, and also cannot demand great and excessive money and things from the Romans for peace, fearing that the basileus will use the strength of this people against them when they march against the Romans. The Pachinakites, bound by friendship with the basileus and prompted by his letters and gifts, can easily attack the land of the Ros and Turks, take their wives and children into slavery and ruin their land.
5. About the Pachinakites and Bulgars (Back to top)
[Know] that the basileus of the Romans would seem more terrible to the Bulgars and could force them to calm, being in peace with the Pachinakites, since the said Pachinakites are neighbors with these Bulgars and, when they wish, either for the sake of their own self-interest, or to please the basileus of the Romans , can easily oppose Bulgaria and, thanks to their overwhelming majority and strength, defeat them and win. Therefore, the Bulgars show constant effort and concern for peace and harmony with the Pachinakis. Since [the Bulgars] were repeatedly defeated and robbed by them, they learned from experience that it is good and beneficial to always be at peace with the Pachinakites.
6. About Pachinakites and Khersonites (Back to top)
[Know] that another people from the same Pachinakites is located near the Kherson region. They trade with the Chersonites, and carry out orders from both them and the basileus in Russia, and in Khazaria, and in Zikhia, and in all the regions there, receiving, of course, from the Chersonites a pre-agreed payment for this very service, according to the importance of the order and to their labors, such as: vlattia, prandia, hareria, belts, pepper, scarlet Parthian skins and other items required by them, as each Chersonite will be able to negotiate with any of the Pachinakites in an agreement or yield to his insistence. After all, being free and seemingly independent, these same pachinakit never perform any service without payment.
7. About the basilians sent from Kherson to Pachinakia (Back to top)
Whenever the basil crosses to Kherson for such an assignment, he must immediately send [a messenger] to Pachinakia and demand hostages and guards from them. When they arrive, leave the hostages in custody in the Kherson fortress, and go with the guards to Pachinakia and carry out the assignment. These same pachinakites, being insatiable and extremely greedy for their rare things, shamelessly demand large gifts: hostages seek one for themselves and another for their wives, guards - one for their labors, and another for the fatigue of their horses. Then, when the basileus enters their country, they demand first of all the gifts of the basileus, and again, when they have pleased their people, they ask for gifts for their wives and their parents. Moreover, those who, in order to protect the basilica returning to Kherson, come with him, ask him to reward the work of themselves and their horses.
8. About the basilians sent from the God-protected city to Pachinakia with the Hellands along the rivers Danube, Dnieper and Dniester (Back to top)
[Know] that in the direction of Bulgaria the Pachinaki people settled down towards the region of the Dnieper, Dniester and other rivers there. When a basilik is sent from here with Helandia, he can, without going to Kherson, by the shortest route and quickly find here the same pachinakit, having discovered whom, he notifies them through his man, being himself on the Helandia, having with him and guarding the royal things on the ships . The Pachinakites converge on him, and when they converge, the wasilik gives them his people as hostages, but he himself receives their hostages from the Pachinakites and keeps them in the Hellandias. And then he negotiates with the Pachinakites. And when the pachinakites take oaths to the basilica according to their “laws,” he gives them royal gifts and accepts as many “friends” from among them as he wants, and then returns. This is how it is necessary to negotiate with them, so that when the basileus needs them, they would serve either against the Russians, or against the Bulgars, or against the Turks, for they are able to fight with all of them and, repeatedly attacking them, have now become terrible to [them]. This is also clear from the following. When the cleric Gabriel was once sent to the Turks by order of the basileus and told them: “The basileus declares to you that you should go and drive the Pachinakites from their places, and you would settle in their place, as you were previously stationed there, in order to be near the royalty mine and so that, when I wish, I would send ambassadors and quickly find you,” then all the archons of the Turks exclaimed in one voice: “We ourselves will not get involved in a war with the Pachinakites, since we cannot fight with them, - the country [their "is great, the people are numerous, they are bad creatures. Don't continue such speeches in front of us - we don't like them."
[Know] that with the onset of spring, pachinakites cross from the other side of the Dnieper River and always spend the summer here.
9. About dews departing with monoxides from Russia to Constantinople (Back to top)
[Let it be known] that the monoxyls coming from outer Russia to Constantinople are some from Nemogard, in which Sfendoslav, the son of Ingor, the archon of Russia, sat, and others from the fortress of Miliniski, from Teliutsa, Chernigoga and from Vusegrad. So, they all descend along the Dnieper River and converge in the fortress of Kioava, called Samvatas. The Slavs, their paktiots, namely the Kriviteins, Lenzanins and other Slavinians, cut down monoxyls in their mountains during the winter and, having equipped them, with the onset of spring, when the ice melts, they introduce them into the neighboring reservoirs. Since these [reservoirs] flow into the Dnieper River, they also enter this very river from there [places] and go to Kiova. They are pulled out for [equipment] and sold to the dews. the dews, having bought some of these dugouts and dismantled their old mono-xyls, transfer from them to these oars, oarlocks and other accessories... equip them." And in the month of June, moving along the Dnieper River, they descend to Viticheva, which is fortress-paktiot Rosov, and, having gathered there for two or three days, until all the monoxides are united, then they set off and descend along the named Dnieper River. First of all, they come to the first rapid28, called Essupi, which means in Russian and in - Slavic "Don't sleep." This threshold is as narrow as the space of the cykanistirium, and in the middle of it there are steep high rocks sticking out like islands. Therefore, the water flowing and flowing towards them, rushing down from there, emits a loud, terrible roar. Because of this the dews do not dare to pass between the rocks, but, mooring nearby and landing people on land, and leaving other things in monoxide, then naked, feeling with their feet [the bottom, they drag them] so as not to bump into any stone. So they do, some at the bow, others in the middle, and others at the stern, pushing [it] with poles, and with extreme caution they pass this first threshold along the bend near the river bank. When they pass this first threshold, then again, taking the others from the land, they set sail and come to another threshold, called in Russian Ulvorsi, and in Slavic Ostrov niprah, which means “Island of the threshold.” It is similar to the first, heavy and difficult to pass. And again, having landed people, they carry out monoxyls, as before. In the same way they pass the third threshold, called Gelandri, which in Slavic means “The Noise of the Threshold”, and then in the same way - the fourth threshold, huge, called Aifor in Russian, and Neasit in Slavic, since they nest in the stones of the threshold pelicans. So, at this threshold, everyone moored to the ground with their noses first, the men appointed to serve as guards came out with them and left. They keep vigilant watch over the whales. And the others, taking the things they had in monoxide, lead the slaves in chains overland for six miles until they pass the threshold. Then, some also dragged, others on their shoulders, having transported their monoxides along this side of the threshold, pushing them into the river and bringing in the load, they enter themselves and sail away again. Having approached the fifth threshold, called in Russian Varuforos, and in Slavic Vulniprakh, for it forms a large backwater, and again crossing their monoxides along the bends of the river, as on the first and second rapids, they reach the sixth threshold, called in Russian Leandi, and in Slavic Veruchi, which means “Boiling of water”, and overcome it in the same way. From it they sail to the seventh threshold, called Strukun in Russian, and Naprezi in Slavic, which translates as “Small threshold”. Then they reach the so-called Kraria crossing, through which the Khersonites cross from Russia, and the Pachinakites on their way to Kherson. This crossing has the width of a hippodrome, and the length, from the bottom to the [place] where the underwater rocks protrude, is as far as the arrow of the one who fired it from here will fly. Because of this, the Pachinakites descend to this place and fight against the Russians. After passing this place, they reach an island called St. Gregory. On this island they perform their sacrifices, since there is a huge oak tree there: they sacrifice live roosters, they strengthen arrows around [the oak], and others - pieces of bread, meat and what everyone has, as their custom dictates. They also cast lots for the roosters: either slaughter them, or eat them, or release them alive. From this island the dews are not afraid of the pachinakite until they find themselves in the Selina River. Then, moving in this way from [this island] for four days, they sail until they reach the bay of the river, which is the mouth in which the island of St. Epherius lies. When they reach this island, they rest there for up to two or three days. And again, they re-equip their monoxyls with everything they need that they lack: sails, masts, helms, which they brought [with them]. Since the mouth of this river is, as said, a bay and extends all the way to the sea, and in the sea lies the island of St. Epherius, from there they go to the Dniester River and, having found refuge there, rest there again. When favorable weather arrives, having set sail, the days come to the river called Aspros, and, having similarly rested there, they set off again and come to Selina, in the so-called branch of the Danube River. Until they pass the Selina River, the Pachinakites follow close behind them. And if the sea, as often happens, throws monoxyl onto land, then everyone [others] will moor to stand together against the pachinakites. They are not afraid of anyone from Selina, but, having entered the land of Bulgaria, they enter the mouth of the Danube. From the Danube they arrive at Konopa, and from Konopa - to Constantia... to the Varna River; from Varna they come to the Dichina River." All this refers to the land of Bulgaria. From Dichina they reach the region of Mesemvria" - those places where their painful and terrible, unbearable and difficult voyage ends. This is the winter and harsh way of life of those same dews. When the month of November comes, their archons immediately leave Kiava with all the Ros and go to polyudium, which is called the “circling,” namely, in Slavinia, the Vervians, Druguvites, Krivichi, Severii and other Slavs, who are pactiots of the Ros. Feeding there throughout the winter, they return to Kiaw again, starting in April, when the ice on the Dnieper River melts. Then, just as has been told, taking their monoxyls, they equip [them] and set off for Romagna. [Know] that bonds can fight with pachinakites.
10. About Khazaria, how to fight [with it] and by whose forces (Back to top)
[Know] that the Uzes are capable of fighting the Khazars, since they are in their neighborhood, just like the exusiocrator of Alania.
[Know] that the nine Climates of Khazaria are adjacent to Alania and Alan can, if, of course, he wants, plunder them from here and cause great damage and disaster to the Khazars, since from these nine Climates came all the life and abundance of Khazaria.
11. About the Kherson fortress and the Bosporus fortress (Back to top)
[Know] that the exusiocrator of Alania does not live in peace with the Khazars, but considers the friendship of the basileus of the Romans more preferable, and when the Khazars do not want to maintain friendship and peace in relation to the basileus, he can greatly harm them, both by lying in wait on the roads and by attacking walking without guards during the transition to Sarkel, to Klimaty and to Kherson. If this exusiocrator tries to prevent the Khazars, then both Kherson and Klimaty will enjoy a long and deep peace, since the Khazars, fearing an attack by the Alans, find it unsafe to march with an army against Kherson and Klimaty and, not having the strength to fight against both at the same time, will forced to keep peace.
12. About Black Bulgaria and Khazaria (Back to top)
[Know] that the so-called Black Bulgaria can fight the Khazars.
13. About the peoples neighboring the Turks (Back to top)
[Know] that the following nations are adjacent to the Turks. On the western side of them is Frangia, on the northern side are the Pachinakites, and on the southern side is ... Great Moravia, i.e. the country of Sfendoplok, which was completely destroyed by these same Turks and captured by them. The Croats are neighbors with the Turks near the mountains.
[Know] that the Pachinakites can also attack the Turks, greatly ruin them and harm them, as was already said above in the chapter on the Pachinakites.
Turn the eyes of your mind, son, to my words, know what I command you, and over time, as if from your father’s treasuries, you will be able to draw the riches of prudence and exude the aroma of wisdom. So, know that among all northern peoples, greed for money and insatiability, which is never satisfied, have become, as it were, innate. Therefore, she demands everything, strives for everything and has no clear boundaries to her desires, but always thirsts for more and, in return for modest benefit, strives to extract great self-interest. Therefore, their inappropriate harassment and arrogant claims must be rejected and suppressed with plausible and reasonable speeches, wise justifications, which, as we have been able to comprehend from experience, can be like this.
If they ever demand and ask either the Khazars, or the Turks, or also the Dews, or any other people from the northern and Scythian - and this happens often - to send them something from the royal robes or crowns, or from robes for the sake of any of their services and services, you need to answer like this: “These robes and crowns (and your crowns are called camelavcias) were not made by people, they were not invented and worked by human art, but, as we find, imprinted with sacred words in ancient history, when God made Constantine basileus The Great, the first reigning Christian, he sent him through an angel these robes and crowns, which you call camelavcias, and commanded him to put them in God's great holy church, which is called Saint Sophia by the name of the true wisdom of God, and not every day to put on them, but when a great national holiday of the Lord occurs, because of this divine command he removed them: they were suspended above the holy altar in the altar of this very temple and became a decoration of the church. The rest of the royal robes and vestments were laid spread out on top of this holy throne. When the feast of our Lord Jesus Christ comes, the patriarch takes from these robes and crowns what is necessary and suitable for the occasion and sends them to the basileus, who puts them on like a slave and servant of God, but only for the duration of the procession, and again after use returns them to church, and are preserved in it. Moreover, there is also a curse of the holy and great basileus Constantine, inscribed on the holy throne of God's church, as God commanded him through an angel, that if the basileus wants, for the sake of any need or circumstance, or an absurd whim, to take something from them to use himself or give it to others, he will be anathematized and excommunicated from the church as an opponent and enemy of God’s commandments. If he himself intends to make another similar [to this], then let the church take this too, at the request of all the bishops and the synclite to this effect. Neither the basileus, nor the patriarch, nor anyone else has the right to take these robes or crowns from God’s holy church. Let great fear weigh upon those who attempt to violate any of these divine commandments. Thus, one of the basileus, named Leo, who took a wife from Khazaria, in a fit of unreasonable insolence, took one of these crowns when there was no Lord's holiday, and put it on without the consent of the patriarch. Carbuncles immediately fell on his forehead, and, exhausted by the torment of them, he pitifully lost his life, finding death before his time. Since punishment for such insolence followed so quickly, from then on it became the rule that the basileus, before being crowned, swears and assures that he will not dare to do or invent anything contrary to what had been established before him and observed since ancient times. And then he is crowned patriarch and performs and fulfills what is appropriate for the upcoming celebration."
You must similarly show care and concern for the liquid fire thrown out through the siphons. If someone ever dares to ask him, as we have been asked many times, you could object and refuse in such expressions: “And in this also [God] through an angel enlightened and instructed the great first Christian basileus, Saint Constantine. At the same time, he received great orders about this from that angel, as we are precisely informed by our fathers and grandfathers, that it should be made only by Christians and only in the city in which they reign - and in no way in any other place, and also that no other people received it and were not taught [to prepare it]. Therefore, this great basileus, instructing his successors in this, ordered curses to be inscribed on the throne of the church of God, so that whoever dared to give fire to another people would not be considered either a Christian or worthy of any kind. or honor or power was not recognized. And if he is caught in this, then he will be deposed from his post, may he be cursed forever, may he become a byword, be it a basileus, be it a patriarch, be it any other person who commands or from his subordinates, if he dares to break this commandment. It was determined that all those who have zeal and fear of God should treat the one who did this as a common enemy and violator of this great order and try to kill him, putting him to a vile [and] heavy death. It happened once - for evil is always looking for a place - that one of our strategists, having received all kinds of gifts from certain foreigners, gave them in return a particle of this fire, but since God did not allow the crime to go unpunished, when the impudent one decided to enter the holy church of God, fire fell from heaven, devoured and destroyed him. From that time on, great fear and trembling seized the souls of everyone, and after that no one else, neither the basileus, nor the archon, nor a private individual, nor a strategist, nor any person at all, dared to think about anything like that, and thus more actually try to fulfill or accomplish it."
But let's change the subject anyway. Disassemble and find out what is relevant and suitable. responses to other types of unreasonable and ridiculous harassment. If ever the people of any of these unfaithful and wicked northern tribes ask for kinship through marriage with the Basileus of the Romans, i.e. either to get his daughter as a wife, or to give your daughter away, either to the basileus as a wife or to the basileus’s son, you must reject this unreasonable request of theirs, saying the following words: “About this matter, a terrible spell and an indestructible order of the great and holy Constantine are inscribed on the sacred throne of the universal church of Christians of St. Sophia: never let the basileus of the Romans become related through marriage with a people committed to special and alien customs, in comparison with the Roman dispensation, especially with the heterodox and unbaptized, except perhaps with the Franks. For for them alone he made an exception This great man, Saint Constantine, since he himself was descended from those lands, so that there were frequent marriages and great intermingling between the Franks and the Romans. Why did he order that marriage deals be concluded with only the Basil ladies of the Romans? Yes, for the sake of ancient glory those lands and the nobility of their families. This cannot be done with any other people; and the one who dares to do this should be considered as a violator of the fatherly covenants and royal commands, as alien to the Christian host - and shall be anathematized. It was described above how the notorious previously mentioned Basileus Leo illegally and boldly, contrary to the consent of the then patriarch, took and laid a crown - and was immediately put to death worthy of his evil deed. He also dared to consider this commandment of that holy basileus, which, as has already been said, inscribed on the holy throne, to be unworthy of attention, considering it to be nothing, as a result of which he placed himself outside the fear of God and his commandments. He concluded with Khagan of Khazaria entered into a marriage transaction, took his daughter as his wife and thus brought great shame both on the Roman power and on himself, for he abolished the customs of his ancestors and rendered them worthless. However, he was not a devout Christian, but a heretic and iconoclast. Therefore - because of these illegal, wicked acts of his, he is constantly excommunicated from God’s church and anathematized as a criminal and subverter of the commands of both God and the holy great Basileus Constantine. How can true Christians enter into marriage alliances with infidels and enter into kinship with them? , when the canon prohibits this and the entire church considers it alien and hostile to the Christian order? Or: which of the sovereign, noble and wise basileus of the Romans allowed [this]?” And if [the foreigners] object: “But how did Mr. Roman basileus intermarriage with the Bulgars, marrying his own granddaughter to Mr. Peter, a Bulgar?”, then it follows answer like this:
“Mr. Roman Basileus was a simple and illiterate man, he did not belong either to those who were raised in the royal palaces from childhood, or to those who from the very beginning followed Roman customs; he was not from a royal and noble family, and therefore he accomplished a lot despotic and extremely autocratic, not obeying the prohibitions of the church, not following the commandments and commandments of the great Constantine.According to an arrogant and self-willed understanding, unlearned good, not wanting to follow what was proper and good, as well as to observe the customs handed down from the fathers, he dared to do what was mentioned, only that plausible pretext was presented, that such a large number of captive Christians, thanks to this act, were freed, that the Bulgars are Christians and our co-religionists, and, moreover, that the given-out daughter was not the autocrat and the legitimate basileus, but the third and last [among them] , still subordinate and not involved in any authority in the affairs of the kingdom. And there are no differences here: she turned out to be one or another of the royal relatives, from distant or close to the royal nobility [she was], for the sake of a generally useful or some other matter [she was extradited] ; [and no matter what] the most insignificant and non-dominant [she was a daughter]. Since, contrary to the canon and church tradition, contrary to the commandment and commandment of the great and holy Basileus Constantine, he did this, therefore, during his lifetime, the above-mentioned Mr. Roman was extremely hated, condemned and reviled both by the council of the synclite, and by all the people, and by the church itself, so hatred [to him] in the end became obvious and after his death he was subjected to contempt, accusation and condemnation in the same way, having introduced as an innovation this unworthy and unbecoming thing for the noble state of the Romans. "Since every nation has different customs, different laws and regulations, it must adhere to their own orders and enter into and create alliances for the mixing of lives within the same people. For just like any Living being enters into relations with his only begotten, so it has become a rule for every nation to enter into marital cohabitation not with foreigners and foreign speakers, but with people of the same clan and the same language. That is why like-mindedness with each other, mutual understanding, friendly communication and cohabitation have been established and exist; Alien morals and different laws usually give rise to hostility, hatred and quarrels, which helps to create not friendship and unity, but enmity and discord. After all, it is necessary that those who want to rule according to the law should not compete in imitation of what someone else has done badly out of ignorance and conceit, but should adhere to the glorious deeds of those who reigned in accordance with the law and justice, [so that] they have before them good models for example and imitation and in accordance with them they themselves tried to direct everything they did. Therefore, because of such unauthorized deeds, the end that befell him - I mean Mr. Roman - is a sufficient example to admonish those who wish to imitate his bad deeds.
However, you need to know, along with other things, my beloved son, what, if you are aware of this, can greatly assist you in accomplishing amazing deeds. Namely - [to know] again about the differences between other peoples, about their origin, morals, way of life, location and climate of the land they inhabit, about its appearance and extent, as will be described in more detail later.
14. About the origin of Muhumet (Back to top)
The wicked and vile Muhumet, about whom the Saracens say that he is their prophet, descends from the vast tribe of Ismail, the son of Abraham. For Nizar, the descendant of Ismail, is declared to be the father of them all. So he begot two sons, Mundar and Raviya. Mundar gave birth to Kusar, Kais, Phemim, Asand and several others unknown by name, who, having inherited the Midianite desert, raised cattle, living in tents. There are also those who live deeper than them, not from their tribe, but [descending] from Iektan, called Omirites, that is, Amish. That's what they say. Since this Muhumet was a poor orphan, he decided to hire a certain rich woman, his relative, named Khadiga, to be a camel driver and trade with foreigners in Egypt and Palestine. Then, gradually becoming more and more bold and ingratiating himself with the woman who was a widow, he takes her as his wife. So, often visiting Palestine and moving among Jews and Christians, he picked up ideas and some interpretations of Scripture. He suffered from an illness - epilepsy, and his wife, noble and rich, but united with such a husband, not only poor, but also an epileptic, was greatly saddened, and he, having deceived her, said: “I see with my eyes a terrible vision of an angel.” name Gabriel and, unable to bear the sight of him, I become darkened and fall.” They believed him because a certain Arian, a pseudomonk, falsely testified to the same thing, for the sake of shameful self-interest. So, fooled, she announced to the other women of her tribe that he was a prophet. A cunning lie reached the ears of a phylarch named Bubahar. When Muhumet's wife died and left him as successor and heir to her fortune, he turned out to be a noble and very rich man, and his evil delusion and heresy engulfed the edges of Ethriv. This crazy seducer of gullible people taught that he who kills an enemy or who is killed by an enemy goes to heaven; and chatted about something else. They also pray to the star of Aphrodite, which they call Kuvar, and in their prayer they proclaim: “Alla ua Kuvar,” which means: “God and Aphrodite.” For they designate God with the word “Alla”, they use “ua” instead of the conjunction “and”, “Kuvar” they name a star and therefore say: “Alla ua Kuvar”.
15. About the Fatimid family (Back to top)
Know that Fatima was the daughter of Muhumet and the Fatimids descend from her. They are not from [the town of] Fatemi in the country of Libya, but live in the region north of Mecca, further from the grave of Muhumet. The Arab people are exceptionally prepared for wars and battles. It was with this family that Muhumet went to war, devastated many cities and subjugated many countries, because they are courageous and warlike, so that if there are up to one thousand in their army, then this army turns out to be invincible and invincible. They ride not on horses, but on camels; during war they wear neither armor nor helmets, but [only] a pink cloak; They are armed with long spears, shields the size of a man and huge wooden bows, which only a few men can hardly draw.
16. From the rule that the mathematician Stephen derived about the performance of the Saracens, in what year from the foundation of the world it happened and who then held the scepter of the kingdom of the Romans (Back to top)
The Saracens set out on September 3, the tenth indictment, in the twelfth year of the reign of Heraclius, in the year from the foundation of the world 6130. The horoscope of the Saracens themselves pointed to the month of September, the third day, the fifth day of the week. At these times, the main leader of the Arabs was Muamef, whom the Arabs call Muhumet and who, becoming their prophet, held power over the Arabs for nine years.
17. From the chronicle of blessed Theophan (Back to top)
In this year, that is, in 6139, Muamef, the leader of the Saracens and false prophet, died, choosing Abu Bahar (aka Bupaktor), his relative, in his place. At the beginning of the appearance of Muamef, the deceived Jews imagined that this was the Christ they were waiting for. Therefore, some of the prominent among them came to him to accept his faith and leave the faith of Moses, who had seen God. When they saw him eating camel meat, they realized that he was not who they thought he was. But they taught him lawlessness against Christians and remained with him. It was they who persuaded him to accept a certain part of their law, in particular circumcision and something else, which the Saracens observe. So, Abu-Bahar was the first to follow him and declare him a prophet, which is why he left him as his successor. The heresy of Muamef swept the edges of Efriv, first secretly for ten years, then manifested itself in a war that also lasted ten years, then openly confessed for eleven years. Muamef taught his subjects that whoever kills an enemy or is killed by an enemy reaches heaven without hindrance. And he called meat food, drinks and intercourse with women heaven; there, they say, rivers of wine, honey and milk flow, the beauty of women is incomparable, here unknown, but different; that intercourse is long-lasting, and pleasure is constant, and he chatted about something else, full of debauchery and stupidity, as well as about having compassion for others and helping the offended.
18. Second leader of the Arabs Abu Bahar - three years (Back to top)
This Abu Bahar was the first to take possession of the city of Gaza and its entire surrounding area. Abu-Bahar died, having served as emir for three years, and Umar, who ruled the Arabs for twelve years, took over power.
19. The third leader of the Arabs, Umar (Back to top)
So, this Umar marched against Palestine and, settling in it, besieged Jerusalem for two years until he took it by cunning, for Sophronius, bishop of Jerusalem, moved by divine zeal and distinguished by foresight, received from Umar a strong guarantee for the churches of all Palestine, that they will remain undestroyed and will not be plundered. Having seen him, Sophrony said: “Truly this is an abomination and desolation in the holy place, predicted by the prophet Daniel.” Umar dreamed of the temple of the Jews, which Solomon erected in order to turn it into a temple of his blasphemy. And so it remains to this day.
20. The fourth leader of the Arabs, Ufman (Back to top)
He occupied Africa with war and, having imposed taxes on the Africans, returned. His general was Mavia, who destroyed the Colossus of Rhodes and plundered the island of Cyprus and all its cities. He captured the island of Arad, burned its city and left the island, which remained uninhabited to this day. Having taken the island of Rhodes, Mavia destroyed the colossus that had stood on it for 1360 years after its establishment, having purchased which, a certain Jewish merchant from Edessa loaded the copper of the colossus onto nine hundred camels. It was Mavia who made a campaign against Constantinople; he destroyed Ephesus, Halicarnassus, Smyrna and other cities of Ionia; He also became the fifth leader of the Arabs after the death of Ufman for twenty-four years.
21. From the Chronicle of Theophanes: year from the creation of the world 6171 (Back to top)
Know that before the death of Mavia, the leader of the Arabs, the Mardaites invaded Lebanon, took possession of it from the Black Mountain up to the holy city and captured the highlands of Lebanon. Many slaves and local residents ran over to them, so that after a short time their number reached many thousands. Upon learning of this, Mavia and his advisers were greatly frightened. He sent ambassadors to the autocrat Constantine, asking for peace. On this occasion, the faithful basileus Constantine, son of Pogonat, sent John, nicknamed Pichikavdis. When he arrived in Syria, Mavia received him with great honor. A written peace treaty was agreed upon between both parties, strengthened by an oath on the terms of the Hagarians paying the Basileus of the Romans an annual pact of three thousand gold coins, eight hundred captive men and fifty thoroughbred horses. At that time, the kingdom of the Arabs was divided into two parts: Ali took over power in Efriva, and Mavia ruled Egypt, Palestine and Damascus. The inhabitants of Ethriv, together with the sons of Ali, opposed Mavia. Mavia also armed himself against them and gave battle near the Euphrates River. Ali's side was defeated and Mawiah captured Efriv and all the land of Syria. His family reigned for 85 years. After this, the so-called Mavrophori, who rule to this day, came out of Persia, attacked the Mavia family and destroyed it. They also killed Maruam, their leader. Only a few of Mavia's [descendants] survived; they, together with one of the grandsons of Mavia, were pursued by the Mavrophors all the way to Africa. It was this grandson of Mavia, with a small number of people, who crossed to Spain in the days of Justinian Rhinomet, not Pogonatus. This is not described by our historians, for from the time when Great Rome was taken by the Goths, Roman affairs began to diminish, and none of the historians mentioned either the lands of Spain or the family of Mavia. And the “History” of Blessed Theophan tells the following. And then Mavia died, the leader of the Saracens, who had been a commander for 26 years and an emir for 24 years. Isis, his son, held power over the Arabs for six years. When he died, the Arabs of Efriv rebelled and, indignant, installed Avdela, the son of Zuver, as their leader. Hearing about this, the Hagarians inhabiting Phenicia, Palestine and Damascus went against Usa, the emir of Palestine, elected Maruam and installed him as leader, who held power for nine months. When he died, Abimelech his son assumed power and held it for twenty-two years and six months. He captured the tyrants and killed Dvdela, the son and successor of Zuver. At this time, Basileus Constantine, son of Pogonatus, died, having ruled the kingdom of the Romans for 17 years. Justinian, his son, reigned after him.
Understand that the leader of the Arabs, who was the fifth in a row after Muamef to have power over the Arabs, did not come from the clan of Muamef, but from another tribe. First, he was elected by Ufman, the leader of the Arabs, to the ranks and navarches and sent with large forces and 1200 ships equipped for battle against the state of the Romans. He reached Rhodes and, armed there, arrived from there to Constantinople, but, after spending a long time here and destroying everything around Byzantium, he returned without achieving his goal. Arriving at Rhodes, he destroyed the colossus standing on it. It was a copper statue of the Sun, gilded from head to toe, having a height of eighty cubits and a thickness commensurate with the height, as evidenced by the inscription inscribed on the base, at the feet of the colossus, and reading as follows: Eighty cubits in Rhodes Lachish of Lindus set up a colossus.
He took the copper from the statue, transported it to Syria and put it up for sale to anyone who wanted it. It was bought by a Jew from Edessa, who loaded it from the sea with 980 camels. So, when Ufman died, Mavia himself took power over the Arabs. He also took possession of the holy city and the edges of Palestine, and Damascus, and Antioch, and all the cities of Egypt. Alim, who was the son-in-law of Muamef through his daughter, called Fatima, took possession of Efriv and all of Harsh Arabia. Further, in these days Alim and Mavia went to war with each other, arguing over power - which of them should own all of Syria. They met at the Euphrates River and began a stubborn battle with each other. When the battle flared up and many fell on both sides, many Hagarites cried out in both of the two armies: “Why are we being cut down and cut down, and our family is leaving the world of people? Let two elders from both sides be selected, and Whoever they choose is the one who has the power.” Alim and Mavia agreed with their opinion and, having removed their rings from their fingers (this is a sign of power among the Hagarians), handed them over to the two starts and gave their power to the discretion of the two elders, performing an oath ceremony and decreeing that whoever the elders choose will be lord and leader of all Saracens. When the two elders came to the middle between the military formations of both sides, they stood in the gap between the camps, facing each other. Elder Alima was considered pious by the Saracen people, one of those whom they call qadi, i.e. true believers and sanctified. The old man of Mavia was pious only in appearance, but in reality he was cunning and daring and surpassed other people in deceit. Elder Mary said to Elder Alim: “Be the first to say what you want, for you are intelligent and pious and far surpass me in years.” And Elder Alima responded like this: “I removed Alim from power when I took his ring from his hand and put it on my finger; I remove Alim’s ring from my finger, also removing him from his power.” And the old man of Mavia answered: “I brought Mavia to power because I put his ring on my finger; I put Mavia’s ring on his finger too.” Then they separated from each other. Mavia, thus, took possession of all power over Syria, for the emirs swore to each other: “Whatever the elders say, we obey their speeches.” Therefore, Alim, taking his army, went to the region of Efriv with all his family and ended his life there. After Alim's death, his sons, considering their father's decision to be nonsense, rebelled against Mavia and started a brutal war with him. However, having been defeated, they fled from his face, and Mavia, sending his people, killed them all. Since then, all power over the Arabs passed to Mavia.
Know that this Mavia was the grandson of Sophiam. And the grandson of Mavia was Masalmas, who marched against Constantinople. At his request, a Saracen mosque was erected in the royal praetorium. But he was not the leader of the Arabs - the leader of the Saracens was Suleiman, and Masalmas held the post of strategist. Suleiman came against Constantinople with his fleet, and Masalmas came by land and crossed from Lampsacus to the region of Thrace, leading with him 80 thousand stratiots. But by the providence of God, both the fleet of Suleiman, the leader of the Arabs, and the foot army of Masalmas - all retreated in shame, defeated and defeated by both the fleet and the stratiots of the basileus. And our state remained in peace for a long time under the leadership and protection of this city from our mistress, the ever-virgin and Mother of God Mary, whose immaculate and holy face Suleiman himself was ashamed and embarrassed when he fell from his horse.
22. From the chronograph of Blessed Theophan about the same: about Mavia and his family; about how he crossed over to Spain. Vasileve Romeev Justinian Rinotmet (Back to top)
This is the beginning of his reign. After this he was overthrown by Leontius, then returned again, overthrowing Leontius and Apsimarus, leading them both in triumph at the hippodrome and destroying them. In this year, Abimelech sent [ambassadors] to Justinian to strengthen the peace on the condition that the basileus calm the Mardaite corps from Lebanon and prohibit their raids; Abimelech will give the Romans every day a thousand nomism, one thoroughbred horse and one Ethiopian slave, and so that the basileus and Abimelech will equally share, as common, taxes from Cyprus, Armenia and Iviria. Vaileus sent Paul the Magistrian to Abimelech to confirm what had been agreed upon, and a written fortress was drawn up in front of witnesses. The magistrian, honored with gifts, returned. Having sent [his people], the basileus took 12 thousand Mardaites, belittling the Roman power, for all the cities now inhabited by Arabs on the borders of the city from Mopsuestia to the Fourth Apmenia were defenseless and deserted due to the raids of the Mardaites, and with their dissolution Romania suffered terrible disasters from the Arabs until until our time. In the same year, having entered Armenia, the basileus received the Mardaites from Lebanon there, destroying [this] copper wall. He also broke the peace established with the Bulgars, violating the normal order established by his own father.
Even during the reign of Abimelech, the Arabs marched against Africa, captured it and garrisoned it with their troops. At that time, Leontius deprived Justinian of power over the Romans and, exiling him to Cherson, took possession of the kingdom. When Apsimar Tiberius took over the kingdom from Leontius and took possession of the scepter of the Romans, Abimelech, the leader of the Arabs, died, and Walid, his son, ruled for nine years. In the same year, Justinian returned to the kingdom again, and since he ruled frivolously and carelessly, the Hagarians completely took possession of Africa. Then the grandson of Mavia crossed with a small army to Spain and, uniting all the people of his kind, took possession of Spain, which is why the Hagarians who inhabit Spain to this day are called “Maviatians”. Their descendants are also the Hagarians living in Crete, since when Mikhail Travl seized power over the Romans, there was a revolt of Thomas that lasted up to three years, and since the basileus was then absorbed in current affairs, the Hagarians living in Spain, finding the time convenient, equipped a large fleet and starting from the borders of Sicily, devastated all the Cyclades islands. Arriving at Crete, finding it rich and unprotected, for no one took up arms or resisted, they captured it and own it to this day. Walid was succeeded by Suleiman and ruled for three years. Then Masalmas, Suleiman's general, set out with his army by land, and Umar by sea. But with God’s help they returned in shame, having not achieved their goal. Suleiman was succeeded by Umar and held power over the Arabs for two years. And Umar was succeeded by Azid, who exercised power for four years. His successor was Isam, who held power for 19 years. When he died, Maruam had power for six years. When Maruam died, Avdela became the owner of power over the Arabs; he reigned for 21 years. When he died, Madis became the leader of the Arabs; he held power for nine years. When he died, Aaron became the owner of power over the Arabs. He held power for 23 years.
At this time, i.e. when power over the Romans... Irene and Constantine, in the year from the foundation of the world 6288. In this year, the leader of the Arabs Aaron died in inner Persia, called Khorasan, and power was inherited by Moamed, his son, mediocre in all respects, an eccentric man, rebelling against which in this country Khorasan, together with his father’s troops, his brother Avdel became the cause of the civil war. Since then, the Arabs of Syria, Egypt and Libya, splitting into many kingdoms, ruined the affairs of the state and each other, with murders, robberies and all sorts of recklessness, throwing themselves and the Christians under their control into confusion. It was then that the churches in the holy city of Christ our God, the monasteries of the two great laurels, the laurels of Saints Chariton and Cyriacus and the laurels of Saint Sava, and other monasteries of Saints Euthymius and Theodosius were devastated. This bloody anarchy, both against strangers and against ours, lasted five years.
To this point, Theophan, who built the monastery of the so-called “Great Field”, who was on the maternal side the uncle of the great pious and most Christian Yasileus Constantine, son of Leo, the wisest and good basileus, Yanuki Basil, who owned, may his memory be blessed, has organized the history of the Arabs into saints by year. scepter of the kingdom of the Romans.
23. About Iviria and Spain (Back to top)
There are two Ivirias, one at the Pillars of Hercules, named after the river Ivirus, which Apollodorus mentions in [the essay] “On the Earth”: “in the Pyrenees there is a large river Ivirus, flowing from within [the country].” They say that Iviria is divided among many nations, as Herodorus wrote in the 10th [book] of “The History of Hercules”: “And this Ivirian people, about which I said that they inhabit the shore of the strait, being one clan, are distinguished by the names of tribes. First, those living in the extreme parts of the west are called Kinites (and for those going north from them this is already Glitii), then Tartisii, then Eleusinii, after that Mastini, after them Kelkians, then Idiorodans." Artemidorus, in the second [book] of Geographies, says that Iviria is divided as follows: “The interior part from the Pyrenees Mountains to the places near Gadir is called equally both Iviria and Spain. By the Romans it was divided into two dioceses... the whole stretching from Pyrenees mountains to New Carthage and the sources of Betis, and the second province - to Gadir and Lysitania. It is also called Iviritis. Parthenius in Leucadia [writes]: “He will sail to Iviritis along the shore." The second Iviria is located near the Persians. The people [is named ] Ivirs like pierres, viziers. Dionysius [writes]: “Near the Pillars there is a people of great-hearted Ivirs,” and Aristophanes in “Trifalita”: “Those who in ancient times recognized the Ivirs of Aristarchus” and “the Ivirs, whom you hastily lead to me help." Artemidorus in the second [book] of "Geographies": "The Ivirs who live by the sea use the literacy of the Italians." From the genitive "Iviros" the feminine gender "Iviris." "Hellene, not Ivirian" - [writes] Menader in "Asp ". Also used: "Ivirik" - "The first Ivirik for anyone..." (?). Iviria is divided into two, and now into three, as Marcian in the Periplus [writes] about it: “So, at first Iviria was divided by the Romans in two, and now into three: Baetic Spain, Lusitanian Spain and Tarraconisia.” From the genitive Apollonius [produces] the nominative "Iviros", as from "phylakos" - "phylak". In “Paronyms” he says: “Nominative cases are derived from genitives - “idor” - more than two-syllables like the [new] nominative, with an acute stress on the first syllable, both in simple and complex form. So, simply: “martir ", "martiros", "martis", "Harops", "Charopos", [new nominative] - "Charopos": "lord Haropius"; "Troizin", "Troizinos", [new nominative] - "Troizinos" - " son of Troisinius"; "Ivir", "Iviros", [new nominative] - "Iviros", from which Quadratus (in the "Roman Millennium", 5) has [formation] "Ivirians": "Warring with the Lygians and Ivirians." Avron says the same thing in Paronyms. “The goat-bearded Ivir himself,” says Kratinus in “Tenderness.” They say that the Ivirs drink water, just like Athenaeus in the second [book] of The Feasting Sophists [writes]: “Philarchus in the seventh book says that all the Ivirs drink water, although they are the richest people (for they have a lot of silver and gold) , they always eat once [a day], as he says, because of stinginess, and they wear the most luxurious clothes."
24. About Spain (Back to top)
Where does the name Spain come from? From a giant who had such a name - Ispan. Two Spains - provinces of Italy: Great and Lesser. Charax mentions it in the 10th book of [his] Chronicles: “When the Lusitanians rebelled again in Minor, Outer Spain, the Romans sent the general Quintus against them.” He [writes] about both [Spain]: “Quintus, the military leader of the Romans in both Spain, defeated by Viriathos, concluded a treaty with him.” In the 3rd [book] of the Hellenic, Charax says that it is called Iviria: “The Hellenes first called Spain Iviria, without yet knowing the name of the whole people, after that part of their land that is located near the Ivir River and is called by its name - That’s what they called all of [Spain].” And they say it was renamed to Spain later.
25. From the history of Blessed Theophan of Sigrian (Back to top)
In the same year, Valentinian not only failed to save Britain, Gaul and Spain, but also lost Western Libya - this is the name of the country of the Africans - under the following circumstances. There were two generals, Aetius and Boniface, whom Theodosius sent to Rome at the request of Valentinian. However, when Boniface gained power over Western Libya, Aetius, out of envy, slandered him, as if he was planning a rebellion and was seeking to take possession of Libya. Having also said this to Placidia, the mother of Valentinian, Aetius writes to Boniface: “If they send for you to appear, refuse, since you are slandered and the basileus want to seize you by cunning.” Having read this and, trusting Aetius as his own son, Boniface, being summoned, did not appear. Then the basileus considered Aetius a loyal subject. At that time, the Goths and other numerous peoples lived in the most faithful areas, right up to the Danube. Particularly noteworthy of them are the Goths, Visigoths, Gepids and Vandals, except for the fact that they do not differ in any other way by name and speak the same language. They all profess the evil of Arius. Under Arcadia and Honorius, having crossed the Danube, they settled in the land of the Romans. The Gepids, from whom the Longivards and Avars subsequently emerged, settled in the area around Singidona and Sermiya. The Visigoths, who devastated Rome with Alaric, went to Gaul and took possession of its population. The Goths, who first owned Pannonia, after 19 years of the reign of Theodosius the Young, after his permission, populated the lands of Thrace and, having stayed in Thrace for 58 years, under the leadership of Feuderic, their patrician and consul, with the permission of Zinon, they captured the Western kingdom. As for the Vandals, they united with the Alans and Germans, now called Franks, and, crossing the Rhine River under the leadership of Godigiscles, settled in Spain, which is the first country in Europe since the Western Ocean. Boniface, in fear of the basileus of the Romans, sailed from Libya, came to Spain to the Vandals, and since Godigiscles had already died, and his sons Gottharius and Gizeric had power, he, inducing them, promised them to divide Western Libya into three parts, so that each together with him he controlled one third and to jointly repel any enemy. Under these conditions, the Vandals, crossing the strait2, settled Libya from Oceanus to Tripoli, near Cyrene. The Visigoths, having withdrawn from Gaul, took possession of Spain. Some people from the Roman Senate, friends of Boniface, informed Placidia about the falsity of Aetius’s accusation, showing Aetius’ letter to Boniface, for Boniface had sent it to them. The amazed Placidia, however, did not accuse Aetius of anything, but sent an admonishing oath message to Boniface. When Gottharius died, Gizeric became the autocrat of the Vandals, but Boniface, having received the message, opposed the Vandals after a large army from Rome and Byzantium, led by Aspar, arrived to him. In the battle with Gizeric, the Roman army was defeated. So, having arrived in Rome with Aspar, Boniface was freed from suspicion, having proven the truth. Africa, however, fell into the hands of vandals. Then Marcian, who was a warrior in the service of Aspar, and later a basileus, was captured alive by Gizeric.
Let it be known that there are three amerumns in all Syria, in the kingdom of the Arabs, the first of which sits in Baghdad and descends from Muamef, or Muhumet; the second is in Africa and comes from the tribe of Alim and Fatima, the daughter of Muamef, or Muhumet, which is why they are called Fatimids; the third sits in Spain, he is from the Mavia family.
Let it be known that at the beginning of the Saracen rule over all of Syria, Amerumnus settled in Baghdad. He owned all of Persia, Africa, Egypt and Happy Arabia. The following great emirates, or stratigides, belonged to him: the first emirate - Persia, i.e. Khorasan, the second emirate - Africa, the third emirate - Egypt, the fourth emirate - Philistia, or Ramvle, the fifth emirate - Damascus, the sixth emirate - Hemps, or Emesa, the seventh emirate - Halep, the eighth emirate - Antioch, the ninth emirate - Haran, the tenth emirate - Emet, eleventh emirate - Esivi, twelfth emirate - Musel, thirteenth emirate - Tikrit. When Africa was wrested from the power of the amerumn in Baghdad, became autocratic and proclaimed its own amermumn, the first emirate remained, as it was before, Persia, or Khorasan, the second Egypt and then the others, as previously listed. Not so long ago, however, when the amerumn of Baghdad again became weak, the emir of Persia became independent, i.e. Khorasan. He declared himself an amerumn by hanging the Koran on tablets around his neck like a necklace. He claims that he himself comes from the family of Alim. Moreover, the emir of Happy Arabia was always and completely under the rule of the emir of Egypt, but he also became independent and declared himself also an amerumn. He also claims to be descended from the family of Alim.
26. Genealogy of the glorious King Hugo (Back to top)
Let it be known that the King of Italy, the elder Lothair, grandfather of the glorious King Hugh, comes from the family of Charlemagne, about whom there are many songs, encomiums and stories telling about his military exploits. So, this Charles was the ruler of all the kingdoms, and he himself reigned in Great Francia. In his days, none of the other kings dared to call himself a king - everyone was subordinate to him. Charles, having sent a lot of gold and untold riches to Palestine, erected numerous monasteries there. Then the said Lothair, taking his troops and marching on Rome, took possession of it in the struggle and was crowned by the then pope. On the way back to his power, to Papia, he arrived at the fortress of Placenta, located 30 miles from Papia. Here he died. He had a son named Adelbert, who took the eldest Bertha as his wife and fathered by her the previously named King Hugh. After the death of the eldest Lothar, Lodoic, Lodoic's native [grandson], having come from Great Francia, took possession of Papias. He was not married. After this, he appeared in Verona, in a fortress located 120 miles from Papine, and when he arrived there, the inhabitants of the fortress rebelled against him and, seizing him, blinded him. Power was then seized by Berengarius (the grandfather of the present Berengarius), who, entering Rome, was crowned. After this, many people declared to Rodulf, who was in Bergonia: “Come here, and we will We will hand over the kingdom to you and kill Berengarius." He came from Bergonia to the region of Papias, and half of the people remained with Berengarius, and half with Rodulf. In the war, Berengarius prevailed in the first battle, and Rodulf won in the new battle. Berengarius's army fled, only Berengarius , abandoned, pretended to be dead, lying among the dead and covering himself with his deer cloak, and holding his leg out. One of Rodulf's soldiers, passing, hit him on the leg with a spear, but he did not even move. Since he did not move, he fell behind him, considering him dead. Rodulf's army did not know that it was Berengarius. At the end of the battle, Berengarius stood up, came alone to his palace, again took possession of the kingdom, fought with Rodulf and defeated him. After this, they agreed with each other and divided the country in two: one received one part of it, the other the other. Rodulf was under the will and power of Berengaria. Then three marquises came to Papia from Bergonia to expel [its] rulers and take possession of [it] themselves. They were: Hugo, son of Taliaphernes, Bozo and Hugo, brother of Bozo, named above, the noblest king. They came with a strong army. Having learned about this, Berengary prepared himself, came out to meet him for battle, besieged him, starved him, and gave orders to his army not to kill anyone, but wherever and whoever of them was captured, to cut off the captured person’s nose and both ears and let him go. This is how it was done. So, observing this, the above-mentioned three leaders, coming out barefoot with the divine gospels in their hands, came to Berengarius, begging for forgiveness and swearing never to come there until the end of his life. And he then allowed them to go to their country. Then, when Berengariy went to Verona, Falembert, his godfather, killed him, and then Rodulf took possession of the entire kingdom. After this, the people of the entire country said to Hugo, the previously named king: “Come, and we will hand over the country to you.” When he arrived, the people raised him up, brought him into the palace and installed him as king. He said to Rodulf: “Go away with your wealth, if you want, go to your own country, if you don’t want, I’ll go to another place.” Rodulf went to Bergonia, his own country, and ruled over many people there. When he died, Hugh, the above-mentioned king, went to Bergonia and took as his wife Rodulf's wife, who also bore the name of Bertha. Her daughter, named Hell
chp ityufe, gbte cheyuopn, chbuymechub tpneech, l ushchokh uchpenkh tpnbokh, vpzpcheoyuboopnkh y vbztsoptpdopnkh chbuymechukh
rTEDYUMPCHYE
NHDTSCHK USCHO TBDHEF PFGB, Y OTsOP MAVSEIK PFEG CHPUIEBEFUS TBKHNPN USCHOB, YVP ZPURPDSH DBTHEF KHN, LPZDB OBUFBEF RPTB ZPCHPTYFSH, Y DPVBCHMSEF UMKHI, YUFPVSH UMSHCHYB FS. pF OEZP UPLTPCHYEE NHDTPUFY, Y PF OEZP PVTEFBEFUS CHUSLYK DBT UPCHETYEOOSCHK. ON CHPCHPDYF ABOUT FTPO CHBUYMECHUPCH Y CHTHYUBEF YN CHMBUFSH OBDP CHUEN. oschoe RPUENH RPUMKHYBK NEOS, USCHO, Y, CHPURTYOSCH OBUFBCHMEOYE, UFBOEYSH NKHDTSCHN UTEDY TBKHNOSCHI Y TBKHNOSCCHN VKHDEYSH RPYUIFBFSHUS UTEDY NKHDTSCHI. vMBZPUMBCHSF FEVS OTPDSCH Y CHPUUMBCHYF FEVS UPON YOPRMENOOYLPCH. chPURTYNYY, YuFP FEVE DPMTSOP KHOBFSH CH RETCHHA PYUETEDSH, Y KHNOP CHPSHNYUSH JB LPTNYMP GBTUFCHB. rPTBNSHUMY P OBUFPSEEN Y CHTBHNYUSH ABOUT VKHDHEEE, DBVSH UPEDYOYFSH PRSHCHF U VMBZPTBKHNYEN Y UFBFSH KHDBYUMYCHSHCHN CH DEMBY. KHYUFY, DMS FEVS S RYYKH RPHYUEOYE, YUFPVSHCH OEN UPEDYOMYUSH PRSHCHF Y OBOYE DMS CHSHCHVPTB MKHYUYI TEYEOYK Y UFPVSH FSH OE RPZTEYM RTPFYCH PVEEZP VMBZB. UOBYUBMB - P FPN, LBLPK YOPRMENEOOSCHK OBTPD Y CH YuEN NPTSEF VShchFSH RPMEJEO TPNESN, B CH YUEN CHTEDEO: [LBLPK] Y LBLYN PVTBPJPN LBCDSCHK YЪ OYI Y U LBLYN YOPRMENEOOSCHN OBTPDPN NP TsEF KHURYOP CHPECHBFSH Y NPTsEF VShchFSH RPDYUYOO. ъBFEN - P IIEOPN Y OEBUSCHFOPN YI OTBCHY YUFP POY CH UCHPEN VEKHNYY DPNPZBAFUS RPMKHYUYFSH, RPFPN - FBLCE Y P TBMYUYSI NETS YOSCHNY OBTPDBNY, PV [YI] RTPYUIIPTSDEOOY, PVSHCHU BSI Y PVTBIE TSIYOY, P TBURPMPTSEOY Y LMYNBFE OBUEMOOOPK YNY YENMY, P CHOEYOEN CHYDE EER Y RTPFSTSEOPUFY, B L UENKH - Y P FPN, YuFP UMHYUBMPUSH LPZDB-MYVP NETS TPNESNYY TBOSCHNYYOPRMENOOILBNY. rPUME CHUEZP bFPZP - P FPN, LBLYE CH OBYEN ZPUKHDBTUFCHE B FBLCE PE CHUEN GBTUFCHE TPNEECH CH TBOSCH CHTENEOB RPSCHMSMYUSH OPCHYEUFCHB. CHUE LFP S RTDPDKHNBM OBEDYOE U UPVPK Y TEYM UDEMBFSH YJCHEUFOSCHN FEVE, MAVYNPNKH USCHOKH NPENKH, YuFPVSH FSH OBM PUPVEOOPUFY LBTSDPZP OBTPDPC; LBL CHEUFY U OYNY DEMB Y RTYTHYUBFSH YI YMY LBL CHPECHBFSH Y RTPFYCHPUFPPSFSH [YN], YVP [FPZDB] SING VHDHF UFTBYFSHUS FEVS LBL PDBTEOOZP; VHDHF VZBFSH PF FEVS, LBL PF PZOS; ЪBNLOKHFUS KHUFB YI, Y VKhDFP UFTEMBNY VKhDHF RPTBTsBFSH YI FChPY TEYUY. fsch VKhDEYSH LBBBFSHUS UFTBYOSCHN DMS OYI, Y PF MILB FCHPEZP DTPTSSH PVIASUF YI. y CHUEDETTSYFEMSH KHLTPEF FEVS UCHPYN EIFPN, y CHTBKHNYF FEVS FChPK UPJDBFEMSH. ON OBRTBCHYF UFPRSH FChPY Y KHFCHETDYF FEVS ABOUT RSHEDEUFBME OELPMEVYNPN. rTEUFPM FChPK, LBL UPMOGE, - RETED OYN, Y PUY EZP VHDHF CHYTBFSH ABOUT FEVS, OH PDOB YJ FSZPF OE LPUOEFUS FEVS, RPULPMSHLH BY YJVTBM FEVS, Y YUFPTZ YHFTPVSH NB FETY, Y DBTPCHBM FEVE GBTUFChP UCHPE LBL MKHYYENH YJ CHUEI, Y RPUFBCHYM FEVS , UMPCHOP KHVETSYEE ABOUT ZPTE, UMCHOP UFBFHA ЪПМПФХА ABOUT CHCHUPFE, ChPЪOEU, UMPCHOP ZPTPD ABOUT ZPTE, YUFPVSH OEUMY FEVE DBOSH YOPRMENOOYY Y RPLMPOSMYUSH FEVE OBUEMSAEYE YENMA. OP FSH, P ZPURPDY, VPCE NPK, LPZP GBTUFChP CHYUOP Y OUPLTKHYYNP, DB RTEVKHDEYSH KHLBKHAEIN RKhFSH TPTSDEOOPNKH NOPA VMBZPDBTS FEVE, Y DB VKhDEF VMAUFYFEMSHUFChP MILB FCPEZP ABOUT OEN , B UMHI FCHPK DB VHDEF ULMPOEO L EZP NPMYFCHBN. rHUFSH PITBOSEF EZP THLB FCHPS, Y RHUFSH ON GBTUFCHHEF TBDI YUFYOSCH, Y RHUFSH CHEDEF EZP DEUOYGB FChPS. rHUFSH OBRTBCHMSAFUS RKhFY EZP RTED FPVPA, DBVSH UPITBOSFSH ЪBRPCHEDY FChPY. OERTYSFEMY DB RBDHF RETED MYGPN EZP, Y DB VHDHF MYЪBFSH RTBI CHTBZY EZP. dB VHDEF PUEOEO LPTEOSH TPDB EZP LTPOK RMPDPTPDYS, Y FEOSH RMPDDB EZP RHUFSH RPLTPEF GBTULYE ZPTSH, FBL LBL VMBZPDBTS FEVE GBTUFCHHAF CHBUYMECHUSCH, UMBCHS FEVS CH CHELBI.
1. p RBUYOBLYFBI: OBULPMSHLP RPMEЪOSCH SING, OBIPDSUSH CH NYTE U CHBUYMECHUPN TPNEECH
yFBL, RPUMKHYBK, USCHO, FP, YuFP, LBL NOE LBCEPHUS, FSH [PVSЪBO] ЪOBFSH; PVTEFY TBHNEOYE, DBVSH PCHMBDEFSH KHRTBCHMEOYEN. CHEDSH Y CHUEN RTPYYN S ZPCHPTA, YuFP OBOYE EUFSH VMBZP DMS RPDDBOOSCHI, CH PUPVEOOPUFY TSE DMS FEVS, PVSBOOPZP REYUSHUS P URBUEOYY CHUEI Y RTBCHYFSH Y THLPCHPDYFSH NYTPCHSHCHN LPT BVMEN. b EUMY S CHURPMSHЪPCHBMUS SUOPK Y PVEEDPUFKHROPK TEYUSHA, LBL VSC VEUREYUOP FELHEEK PVSHCHDEOOOPK RTPЪPK, DMS YЪMPTSEOYS RTEDUFPSEEZP, OE KhDYCHMSKUS OYULPMSHLP, USCHO NPK. CHEDSH OE RTYNET LBMMYZTBJY YMY BFFYLY-YITHAEEZP UFYMS, FPTCEUFCHEOOPZP Y CHPCHSHCHYEOOOPZP, S UFBTBMUS RTEDUFBCHYFSH, B ЪBVPFYMUS VPMEE, YUFPVSH Yuetej RTPUFPE Y PVIIPDOPE RPCHEUFCHPCHBOYE OBUFBCHYFSH FEVS CH FPN, P YUEN, RP NPENKH NOEOYA, FEVE OE DPMTSOP RTEVSCCHBFSH CH OECHEDEOYY YUFP MEZLP FEVE NPTsEF DPUFBCHYFSH FPF TBHN Y NHDTPUFSH, LPFPTSHCHE PVTEFBAFUS CH DMYFEMSHOPN PRSHFE.
with RPMBZBA CHUEZDB CHEUSHNB RPMEЪOSCHN DMS CHBUYMECHUB TPNEEECH TSEMBFSH NYTB U OBTPDPN RBUYOBLYFPCH, ЪBLMAYUBFSH U OYNY DTHTSEUFCHEOOSCH UPZMBYEOYS Y DPZPCHPTSH, RPUSHMBFSH PFUAD B L OYN LBTSDSCHK ZPD BRPLTYUYBTYS U RPDPVBAEYNYY RPDIPDSEYNY DBTTBNY DMS OBTPDB Y ЪBVYTBFSH PFFHDB PNYTPCH, F.E. ЪБМПТСОЛПЧ, й BrПЛТУИУБТІС, ЛПФПТШЧ РИВХДХФ Х VPЗПИТБОВНШК ЪФПФ ЗТБД CHNEUFE U YURPMOYFEMEN UEZP DEMB Y ChPURPMSH'HAFUS GBTULYNY VMBZPDESOUSNY Y NYMPUFSNY , PE CHUEN DPUFPKOSCHNY RTBCHSEEZP CHBUYMECHUB.
rPULPMSHLH LFPF OBTPD RBUYOBLYFPCH UPUEDUFCHHEF U PVMBUFSHHA iETUPOB, FP POY, OE VKHDHYU DTHTSEULY TBURPMPTSEOSH L OBN, NPZKhF CHSHCHUFKHRBFSH RTPPHYCH iETUPOB, UPCHETYBFSH ABOUT OEZP OBVE ZY Y TBPTSFSH Y UBNSCHK IETUPO, Y FBL COMMON LMYNBFSHCH.
2. p RBUYOBLIFBIY TPUBI
[ъOBK], YuFP RBUYOBLYFSH UFBMY UPUEDOYYY UPRTEDEMSHOSCHNY FBLCE TPUBN, Y YUBUFEOSHLP, LPZDB KHOYI OEF NYTB DTKHZ U DTHZPN, POY ZTBVSF TPUYA, OBOPUSF EK OBYUYFEMSHOSCHK CHTE D Y RTYUYOSAF HEETV.
[ЪБК], YuFP Y TPUSH PUBVPYUEOSCH FEN, YUFPVSH YNEFSH NYT U RBUYOBLYFBNY. CHEDSH POY RPLHRBAF KHOYI LPTPCH, LPOEK, PCHEG Y PF bFPZP TsYCHHF MEZYUE Y USHFOEE, RPULPMSHLH OH PDOPZP YЪ KHRPNSOKHFSCHYE TSYCHPFOSCHI CH TPUY OE CHPDYMPUSH. OP Y RTPFYCH KHDBMEOOSCHI PF YI RTEDEMPCH CHTBZPCH TPUSH CHPPVEE PFRTBCHMSFSHUS OE NPZHF, EUMY OE OBIPDSFUS CH NYTE U RBUYOBLYFBNY, FBL LBL RBYOBLYFSH YNEAF CHPTNSOPUFSH - CH FP CH TENS LPZDB TPUSH KHDBMSFUS PF UCHPYI [UENEK], - OBRBC, CHUE KHOYI KHOYUFPTSYFSH Y TBBPTYFSH. rПФПНХ ТПУШЧУЭЗДБ РИФБАФ ПУПВХА ЪБВПФХ, YuFPVSH Oye RPOEUFY PF OYI CHTEDB, YVP UIMEO LFPF OBTPD, RTYCHMELBFSH YI L UPAH Y RPMKHYUBFSH PF OYI RPNPESH, FBL YUFPVSH P F YI CHTBTSDSCH YЪVBCHMSFSHUS Y RPNPESHHA RPMSHЪPCHBFSHUS.
[ъOBK], YuFP Y X GBTUFCHEOOPZP UEZP ZTBDB TPNEECH, EUMY TPUSH OE OBIPDSFUS CH NYTE U RBUYOBLIFBNY, POY RPSCHYFSHUS OE NPZHF, OH TBDAY CHPKOSHCH, OH TBDAY FPTZPCHMY, YVP, LPZDB TPU SCH U MBDSHSNY RTYIPDSF L TEYUOSCHN RPTPZBN Y OE NPZHF NYOPCHBFSH YI YOBYUE , YUEN CHSHCHFBEICH UCHPY MBDSHY Y TELY Y RETERTBCHYCH, OEUS ABOUT RMEYUBI, OBRBDBAF FPZDB ABOUT OYI MADI LFPZP OBTPDB RBUYOBLYFPCH Y MEZLP - OE NPZHF CE TPUSH DCHHN FTHDBN RTPPHYCHPU FPSFSH - RPVETSDBAF Y KHUFTBICHBAF TEOOA.
3. p RBUYOBLIFBI Y FHTLBY
[ъOBK], YuFP Y FKhTPL TPD CHEUSHNB UFTBYFUS Y VPYFUS KHRPNSOKHFSHI RBYOBLYFPCH RPFPNH, YuFP VSHM OEPDOPLTBFOP RPVETSDBEN YNYY RTEDBO RPYUFY RPMOPNKH HOYUFPTSEOYA, PFFPPZP F HTLY CHUEZDB UFTBUOSCHNY UYUYFBAF RBUYOBLYFPCH Y FTEREEKHF RETED OYNY.
4. p RBYOBLIFBI, TPUBI Y FHTTLBI
[ъOBK], YuFP RPLB CHBUYMECHU TPNEECH OBIPDIFUS CH NYTE U RBUYOBLIFBNY, OH TPUSH, OH FHTLY OE NPZHF OBRBDBFSH ABOUT DETSBCHH TPNEECH RP ЪBLPOKH CHPKOSHCH, B FBLCE OE NPZHF FTEVPPCHBFSH X T PNEECH YB NYT CHEMILYI YUTENETOSCHI DEOEZ Y CHEEEK, PRBUBSUSH, YuFP CHBUYMECHU KHRPFTEVIF UYMKH LFPPZP OBTPDB RTPFYCH OYI, LPZDB SING CHCHUFKHRSF ABOUT TPNEECH. RBUYOBLYFSHCH, UCHSBOOSH DTHTsVPK U CHBUYMECHUPN Y RPVHTSDBENSH EZP ZTBNPFBNY Y DBTBNY, NPZKhF MEZLP OBRBDBFSH OB YENMA TPUPC Y FHTPL, KhChPDYFSH CH TBVUFChP YI TsEO Y DE FEK Y TBPTSFSH YI YENMA.
5. p RBUYOBLIFBI Y VHMZBTBI
[ъOBK], YuFP Y VKHMZBTBN VPMEE UFTBUOSCHN LBUBMUS VSC CHBUYMECHU TPNEECH Y Refinery VSH RPOKHTSDBFSH YI L URPLLPKUFCHYA, OBIPDSUSH CH NYTE U RBUYOBLYFBNY, RPULPMSHLH Y U LFYNY VKHMZB TBNY UPUEDSF OBCHBOOSCH RBUYOBLYFSHCH Y, LPZDB RPTSEMBAF, MYVP TBDI UPVUFCHOOOPK LPTSCHUFY, MYVP CH KHZPDKH CHBUYMECHUKH TPNEECH , NPZHF MEZLP CHCHUFKHRBFSH RTPFYCH vKHMZBTYY Y, VMBZPDBTS UCHPENKH RPDBCHMSAEENKH VPMSHYOUFCHH Y UIME, PDPMECHBFSH FEI Y RPVETSDBFSH. rPFPNH Y VKHMZBTSH RTPSCHMSAF RPUFPSOOPE UFBTBOYE Y ЪBVPFH P NYTE Y UPZMBUY Y RBUYOBLYFBNY. fBL LBL [VKHMZBTSHCH] NOPZPLTBFOP VSHMY RPVETSDEOSCH Y PZTBVMEOSH YNY, FP RP PRSHCHFH KHOBMY, YUFP IPTPYP Y CHSHZPDOP OBIPDIFSHUS CHUEZDB CH NYTE AT RBUYOBLYFBNY.
6. p RBUYOBLIFBI Y IETUPOIFBI
[ЪБК], YuFP Y DTHZPK OBTPD YЪ FEI CE UBNSCHI RBUYOBLYFPCH OBIPDIFUS TSDPN U PVMBUFSHHA iETUPOB. sing y FPTZHAF U IETUPOYFBNY, y YURPMOSAF RPTHYUEOYS LBL YI, FBL y CHBUIMECHUB y CH TPUYY, y CH IBBTYY, y Ch yYYYY, y PE CHUEI FBNPYOYI LTBSI, RPMKHYUBS, TBHNEEFU S, PF IETUPOYFPCH ЪBTBOEE UPZMBUPCHBOOKHA RMBFKH ЪB БФХ UBNHA HUMKHZKH, UPPFCHEFUFCHEOOP CHBTsOPUFY RPTHYUEOYS Y UCHPYN FTKHDBN, LBL-FP: CHMBFFYY, RTBODIY, IBTETYY, RPSUB, RETEG, BMSCHE LPTSY RBTGSOULYE Y DTHZIE RTEDNEFSHCH, FTEVKHENSHCHE YNY, LBL P FPN LBTSDSCHK IETUPOIF UKHNEEF DPZCH PTYFSHUS U MAVSHCHN YI RBUYOBLYFPCH RTY UPZMBYYYY YMY KHUFKHRIF EZP OBUFPSOYSN. CHEDSH, VKHDHYUCHPVPDOSCHNYY LBL VSHCH UBNPUFPSFEMSHOSCHNY, LFY UBNSHCH RBUYOBLYFSCH OYLPZDB Y OILBLPK HUMKHZY OE UCHETYBAF VEJ RMBFSCH.
7. p CHBUYMYLBI, RPUSCHMBENSHHI YIETUPOB CH rBUYOBLYA
CHUSLYK TB, LPZDB CHBUYMYL RETERTBCHYFUS CH IETUPO TBDY RPDPVOPPZP RPTHYUEOYS, BY DPMTSEO FPFYUB RPUMBUFSH [CHEUFOILB] CH RBUYOBLYa Y RPFTEVPPCHBFSH PF OYI ЪBMPTSoilPCH Y PITBOOILCH. lPZDB SING RTYVKhDHF, FP ЪББМЦОЛПЧ ПУФБЧИФШ RPD UFTBTSEK Ch LTERPUFY IETUPOB, B UBNPNKH U PITBOILBNY PFRTBCHYFSHUS Ch rBYYOBLYA Y YURPMOYFSH RPTTYUEOOPE. fY UBNSHCH RBYOBLYFSHCH, VKHYUY OEOBUSHFOSHNYY LTBKOYE TsBDOSCHNYY DP TEDLYI KH OYI CHEEK, VEUUFSHCHDOP FTEVHAF VPMSHYI RPDBTLPCH: ЪBMPTSoilY DPNPZBAFUS PDOPZP DMS UEVS, B DT KhZPZP DMS UCHPYI TsEO, PITBOOIL - PDOPZP ЪB UCHPY FTHDSCH, B DTHZPZP ЪB KHFPNMEOYE YI MPYBDEK. ъBFEN, LPZDB CHBUYMIL CHUFHRIF CH YI UFTBOKH, POY FTEVHAF RTETSDE CHUEZP DBTPCH CHBUYMECHUB Y UOPCHB, LPZDB KHVMBTsBF UCHPYI MADEK, RTPUSF RPDBTLPCH DMS UCHPYI TsEO Y UCHPYI TPD YFEMEK. nBMP FPZP, FE, LPFPTSCHE TBDY PITBOSH CHPCHTBEBAEEZPUS L iETUPOH CHBUYMYLB RTYIPDSF U OYN, RPTPUSF KH OEZP, YUFPVSHCH BY CHPOBZTBDYM FTHD YI UBNYI Y YI MPYBDEK.
8. p CHBUYMYLBI, RPUSCHMBENSHI YJ VPZPITBOYNPZP ZTBDB CH rBUYOBLYA U IEMBODISNY RP TELBN DHOBK, DOERT Y DOEUFT
[ъOBK], YuFP Y CH UFPTPOE VKHMZBTYY TBURMPPTSYMUS OBTD RBUYOBLYFPCH RP OBRTBCHMEOYA L PVMBUFY DOERTB, DOEUFTB Y DTHZYI FBN YNEAEYIUS TEL. lPZDB RPUMBO PFUADB CHBUYMYL U IEMBODISNY, FP PO NPTSEF, OE PFRTBCHMSSUSH CH IETUPO, LTBFYUBKYN RKHFEN Y VSHUFTEE OBKFY ЪDEUSH FEE TSE RBUYOBLYFPCH, PVOBTHTSYCH LPFPTSCHI, PO PRPCHEE BEF YI YUETE UCHPEZP YUEMPCHELB, RTEVSHCHBS UBN ABOUT IEMBODISI, YNES U UPVPA Y PITBOSS ABOUT UHDBI GBTULYE CHEY . RBUYOBLYFSH UIPDSFUS L OENKH, Y, LPZDB POY UPKDHFUS, CHB UYMYL DBEF YN UCHPYI MADEK CH LBUEUFCHE ЪBMPTSoilPCH, OP N UBN RPMKHYUBEF PF RBUYOBLYFPCH YI ЪBMPTSoilPCH Y DETTS YF YI CH IEMBODISI. b ЪBFEN BY DPZPCHBTYCHBEFUS U RBYOBLIFBNY. y, LPZDB RBUYOBLYFSH RTYOUKHF CHBUYMYLKH LMSFCHSH RP UCHPYN "ЪBLBOBN", BY CHTHYUBEF YN GBTULYE DBTSCH Y RTOYNBEF "DTHJEK" YЪ YI YUYUMB, ULPMSHLP IPUEF, B ЪBF EN CHPTBEBEFUS. fBL-FP OHTsOP DPZPCHBTYCHBFSHUS U OYNY, YUFPVSC, LPZDB KH CHBUYMECHUB SCHYFUS RPFTEVOPUFSH CHOYI, POY VSH YURPMOMY UMKHTSVKH VHDSH FP RTPPHYCH TPUPC MYVP RTPPHYCH VHMZBT, MYVP CE RTPPHYCH FHTPL, YVP POY CH UPUFPSOY CHPECHBFSH UP CHUENY YNY Y, NOPZPLTBFOP OBRBDBS ABOUT OYI, UFBMY OSCHOE [YN] UFTBIOSCHNY. sUOP LFP FBLCE YЪ UMEDH EEZP. lPZDB LMYTYL zBCHTYYM LBL-FP VSCHM RPUMBO L FHTTLBN RP RPCHEMEOYA CHBUYMECHUB Y ULBJBM YN: "chBUYMECH ЪBSCHMSEF CHBN, YUFPVSC CHCH PFRTBCHYMYUSH Y RTPZOBMY RBUYOBLYFPCH U NEUF YI, B CHSC TBURMPPTSYMYUSH VSC CHNEUFP OYI, FBL LBL RTETSDE FBN TBURPMBZBMYUSH, - DBVSH OBIPDIFSHUS VMYJ GBTUFCHEOOPUFY NPEC Y DBVSH, LPZDB S FPZP RPTSEMBA, S PFRTBCHMSM RPUMPCH Y CHULPTPUFY OBIPDM CHBU", - FP CHUE BTIPOFSH FHTPL CHPULMYLOKHMY CH PDYO ZPMPU: "UBNY NSCHOE CHCHSCENUS CH CHPKOKH U RBUYOBLYFBN Y, FBL LBL OE NPTSE CHPECHBFSH U OYNY, - UFTBOB [YI ] CHEMILB, OBTPD NOPZPYUYUMEO, DHTOPE LFP PFTPDSH. OE RTDDPMTSBK RETED OBNY FBLYI TEYUEK - OE RP OTBCH POY OBN."
[ъOBK], YuFP RBUYOBLYFSHCH U OBUFKHRMEOYEN CHEUOSCH RETERTBCHMSAFUS U FPK UFPTPOSCH TELY DOERTB Y CHUEZDB ЪDEUSH RTPCHPDSF MEFP.
9. p TPUBI, PFRTBCHMSAEYIUS U NPOPLUIMBNY YЪ tPUY CH lPOUFBOFYOPRPMSH
[dB VHDEF YJCHEUFOP], YuFP RTYIPDSEYE YY CHOEYOEK tPUYY CH lPOUFBOFYOPRPMSH NPOPLUIMSCH SCHMSAFUS PDY YЪ oENPZBTDB, CH LPFPTPN WE'LL LEAVE ALREADYPUMBCH, USCHO JOZPTB, BTIPOFB TPUYY, B DTHZIE YLTERPUFY nyMYOYULY", YЪ femykhgshch, yuETOYZPZY" Y YY chHUEZTBDB.
yFBL, CHUE POY URHULBAFUS TELPA DOERT Y UIPDSFUS CH LTERPUFY LYPBCHB, OBSCHCHBENPK UBNCHBFBU. UMBCHSOE TSE, YI RBLFYPFSCH, B YNEOOP: LTYCHYFEYOSCH, MEODBOYOSCH Y RTPYUYE UMBCHOYY - THVSF CH UCHPYI ZPTBI NPOPLUIMSCH PE CHTENS JINSHCH Y, UOBTSDYCH YI, U OBUFHRMEOYEN CHEUOSCH , LPZDB TBUFBEF MED, CHChPDSF CH OBIPDSEYEUS RP UPUEDUFCHH CHPDPENSCH. fBL LBL LFY [CHPDPENSCH] CHRBDBAF CH TELKH DOERT, FP Y POY YJ FBNPYOYI [NEUF] CHIPDSF CH UFKH UBNHA TELVH Y PFRTBCHMSAFUS CH LYIPCHH. yI CHSHCHFBULYCHBAF DMS [PUOBUFLY] y RTDPDBAF TPUBN. TPUSH TSE, LHRYCH PDOY FUY DPMVMEOLY Y TBBPVTBCH UCHPY UFBTSHCHE NPOP-LUYMSCH, RETEOPUSF U FEY ABOUT LFY CHUMB, HLMAYUYOSCH Y RTPYUEE HVTBOUFCHP... UOBTSTSBAF YI". y Ch YAOE NEUSGE, D CHYZBSUSH RP TELE DOERT, SING URKHULBAFUS CH chYFYYUECHH, LPFPTBS SCHMSEFUS LTERPUFSHHA-RBLFYPPFPN TPUPCH, Y, UPVTBCHIYUSH FBN CH FEYUEOOYE DCHHI-FTEI DOEK, RPLB UPEDYOSFUS CHUE NPOPLUIMSCH, FPZDB PFRTBCHMSAFUS CH RHFSH Y URKHULBAFUS RP OBCHBOOPC TELE DOERT .
rTETSDE CHUEZP POY RTYIPDSF L RETCHPNH RPTPZH, OBTELBENPNH yuUKHRY, YuFP POBYUBEF RP-TPUULY RP-UMBCHSOULY "oe URY". rPTPZ [LFPF] UFPMSH TSE HЪPL, LBL RTPUFTBOUFCHP GYLBOYUFYTS, B RPUETEDYOE EZP YNEAFUS PVTCHCHYUFSHCHSHCHUPLYE ULBMSHCH, FPTYUBEYE OBRPDPVYE PUFTPPCHLPCH. rПФПНХ OBVEZBAEBS Y RTYMYCHBAEBS LOYN CHPDB, OY'CHETZBSUSH PFFHDB CHOY, Y'DBEF ZTPNLYK UFTBIOSCHK ZKHM. chCHYDKH bFPZP TPUSH OE PUNEMYCHBAFUS RTPPIPDYFSH NETSDH ULBMBNNY, OP, RTYYUBMYCH RPVMYPUFY CHCHUBDYCH MADEK ABOUT UKHYKH, B RTPYUYE CHEY PUFBCHYCH NPOPLUIMBY, ЪBFEN OZZYE, PEKHRSCHCHBS UCHPYNY OPZBNY [DOP, CHPMPLHF YI], YuFPVSH OE OBFPMLOHFSHUS ABOUT LBLPK-MYVP LBNEOSH. fBL SING DEMBAF, PDOY X OPUB, DTHZIE RPUETEDYOE, B FTEFSHY X LPTNSCH, FPMLBS [EE] YEUFBNY, Y U LTBKOEK PUFPPTTSOPUFSHA SING NYOHAF LFPF RETCHSHCHK RPTPZ RP YIZYVH X VETEZB TELY .
lPZDB POY RTPKDHF LFPF RETCHSHCHK RPTPZ, FP UOPCHB, ЪBVTBCH U UKHYY RTPYUYI, PFRMSCCHBAF Y RTYIPDSF L DTHZPNH RPTPZH, OBSCCHBENPNH RP-TPUULY HMCHPTUI, B RP-UMBCHSOU LY PUFTPCCH OIRTBI, YuFP OBYUIF "pUFTPCPL RPTPZB". according to RPDPVEO RETCHPNH, FSTsEL Y FTHDOP RTPIPDN. th CHOPCHSH, CHCHUBDYCH MADEK, SING RTPCHPDSF NPOPLUIMSCH, LBL Y RTETSDE. rPDPVOSHCHN CE PVTBBPN NYOHAF POY Y FTEFYK RPTPZ, OBSCHCHBENSCHK ZEMBODTY, YuFP RP-UMBCHSOULY POBYUBEF "yHN RPTPZB", B ЪBFEN FBL CE - YuEFCHETFSHCHK RPTPZ, PZTPNOSHCHK, OBTE LBENSCHK RP-TPUULY bYZhPT, RP-UMBCHSOULY CE oEBUYF, FBL LBL CH LBNOSI RPTPZB ZOEDSFUS REMILBOSHCH.
yFBL, X LFPPZP RPTPZB CHUE RTYUBMYCHBAF L ENME PUBNY CHREDED, U OYNY CHSHCHIPDSF OBYOOOSCH DMS OUEEOYS UFTTBTSY NHTSY Y HDBMSAFUS. sing OEKHUSCHROP OEUKHF UFTBTSH YЪ-ЪB RBYUYOB LYFPCH. b RTPYUYE, CHCH CHHEEY, LPFPTSCHE VSCHMY KHOYI CH NPOPLLUYMBI, RTPCHPDSF TBVPCH CH GERSI RP EARLY ABOUT RTPFSTSEOY YEUFY NYMSH, RPLB OE NYOHAF RPTPZ. ъBFEN FBLCE PDOY CHPMPLPN, DTKHZIE ABOUT RMEYUBI, RETERTBCHYCH UCHPY NPOPLUIMSCH RP EA UFPTPOH RPTPZB, UFPMLOHCH YI CH TELKH Y CHOUS ZTH, CHIDDSF UBNY Y UOPChB PFRMSHCHBAF. rPDUFKHRYCH TSE L RSFPNKH RPTPZH, OBSHCHBENPNKH RP-TPUULY chBTKHZHTPU, B RP-UMBCHSOULY chHMOYRTBI, YVP PO PVTBHEF VPMSHYKHA ЪBCHPDSH, Y RETERTBCHYCH PRSFSH RP YЪMKHYU OBN TELY UCHPY NPOPLUIMSCH, LBL O RETCHPN Y O CHFPTPN RPTPZE, POY DPUFYZBAF YEUFPZP RPTPZB, OBSCHCHBENPZP RP-TPUULY MEBODI, B RP-UMBCHSOULY CHETKHYUY, YuFP PJOBYUBEF "LYREOYE CHPDSH", Y RTEPDPMECHBAF EZP RPDPVOSHCHN TSE PVTBBPN. pF OEZP POY PFRMSHCHBAF L UEDSHNPNH RPTPZH, OBSCHCHBENPNH RP-TPUULY UFTHLHO, B RP-UMBCHSOULY OBRTEY, YuFP RETECHPDYFUS LBL "nBMSHCHK RPTPZ".
ъBFEN DPUFYZBAF FBL OBSCCHBENPK RETERTBCHSH LTBTYS, YUETE LPFPTHA RETERTBCHMSAFUS IETUPOYFSH, [YDS] YЪ tPUYY, Y RBYOBLYFSHCH ABOUT RHFY L IETUPOH. bFB RETERTBCHB YNEEF YYTYOKH YRRPDTPNB, B DMYOH, U OYB DP FPZP [NEUFB], WHERE CHCHUPCHCHCHBAFUS RPDCHPDOSHE ULBMSH, - OBULPMSHLP RTPMEFYF UFTEMB RHUFYCHYEZP ITS PFUADB DPFHD B. chCHYDH YUEZP L LFPNKH NEUFKH URKHULBAFUS RBYOBLIFSH Y CHPAAF RTPPHYCH TPUPCH.
rPUME FPZP LBL RTPKDEOP LFP NEUFP, SING DPUFYZBAF PUFTPCHB, OBSCHCHBENPZP uch. ZTYZPTYK. ABOUT LFPN PUFTPCHE POY UPCHETYBAF UCHPY CETFCHPRTYOPYOPYEOYS, FBL LBL FBN UFPYF ZTPNBDOSHK DHV: RTYOPUSF CH CETFCHH TSYCHSHI REFHIPCH, HLTERMSAF POY Y UFTEMSH CHPLTHZ [DHVB], B DTHZIE - L KHUPYULY IMEVB, NSUP Y YUFP YNEEF LBTSDSCHK, LBL CHEMIF YI PVSHYUBK. vTPUBAF SING Y TTSEVYK P REFHIBI: YMY ЪBTEЪBFSH YI, YMY UYAEUFSH, YMY PFRKHUFYFSH YI TSYCHSHCHNY. pF LFPZP PUFTTPCHB TPUSH OE VPSFUS RBUYOBLYFB, RPLB OE PLBTsKHFUS H TELE UEMYOB. ъBFEN, RTPDCHYZBSUSH FBLYN PVTBBPN PF [fPZP PUFTPCHB] DP YUEFSHTEI DOEK, POY RMSCCHHF, RPLB OE DPUFYZBAF ЪBMYCHB TELY, SCHMSAEEZPUS KHUFSHEN, CH LPFPTPN METSYF PUFTPC uch. bZHETYK. lPZDB SING DPUFYZBAF bFPZP PUFTPCHB, FP DBAF FBN UEVE PFDSCHI DP DCHHI-FTEY DOEK. th UOPCHB POY RETEPUOBEBAF UCHPY NPOPLUIMSCH CHUEN FEN OHTSOSCHN, YuEZP YN OEDPUFBEF: RBTHUBNY, NBYUFBNY, LPTNYMBNY, LPFPTSHCHE POY DPUFBCHYMY [U UPVPK].
fBL LBL KHUFSHE LFPC TELY SCHMSEFUS, LBL ULBUBOP, ЪBMYCHPN Y RTPUFYTBEFUS CHRMPFSH DP NPTS, B CH NPTE METSYF PUFTPC uch. ьZHETYK, PFFHDB POY PFRTBCHMSAFUS L TELE DOEUFT Y, OBKDS FBN KHVETSYEE, CHOPCHSH FBN PFDSCHIBAF. lPZDB CE OBUFKHRIF VMBZPRTYSFOBS RPZPDB, PFYUBMYCH, DOY RTYIPDSF CH TELEKH, OBSCCHBENHA BURTPU, Y, RPDPVOSHCHN CE PVTBBPN PFDPIOKHCHYY Y FBN, UOPCHB PFRTBCHMSAFUS CH RKHFSH Y RT YIPDSF CH UEMYOH, CH FBL OBSCHCHBENSCHK THLBCH TELY dHOBK. rPLB POY OE NYOHAF TELH UEMYOB, TSDPN U OYNY UMEDHAF RBYOBLIFSHCH. th EUMY NPTE, LBL LFP YUBUFP VSHCHBEF, CHSHVTPUYF NPOPLUIM ABOUT EARS, FP CHUE [RTPYUYE] RTYUBMYCHBAF, YUFPVSC CHNEUFE RTPFYCHPUFPSFSH RBUYOBLYFBN. pF UEMYOSCH TSE POY OE VPSFUS OILZP, OP, CHUFKHRYCH CH ENMA VHMZBTYY, CHIPDSF CH KHUFSHE dHOBS. pF dHOBS SING RTYVSHCHBAF CH lPOPRKH, B PF lPOPRSHCH - CH lPOUFBOGYAL... L TELE hBTOB; PF chBTOSCH TSE RTYIPDSF L TELE DUYOB." CHUE LFP PFOPUIFUS L ENME VHMZBTYY. PF DYYYOSCH POY DPUFYZBAF PVMBUFY NEUENCHTYY" - FAIRIES NEUF, HERE OBCHETYBEFUS YI NHYUYFEMSHOPE YU FTBYOPE, OECHSCHOPUYNPE Y FSTSLPE RMBCHBOIE.
YYNOIK TSE Y UHTPCHSHCHK PVTB TSYOY FAIRY UBNSCHI TPUPC FBLPC. lPZDB OBUFKHRIF OPSVTSH NEUSG, FPFYUBU YI BTIPOFSH CHSHCHIPDSF UP CHUENY TPUBNY YY LYBCHB Y PFRTBCHMSAFUS CH RPMADYS, YFP YNEOHEFUS "LTHTSEOYEN", B YNEOOOP - CH UMBCHYOYY CHETCHYBOPCH . lPTNSUSH FBN CH FEYUEOYE CHUEK JINSHCH, POY UOPCHB, OBUYOBS U BRTEMS, LPZDB TBUFBEF MED ABOUT THE BODY DOERT, CHPTBEBAFUS CH LIBCH. rPFPN FBL CE, LBL VSHMP TBUULBOBOP, CHSCCH UCHPY NPOPLUIMSCH, SING PUOBEBAF [YI] Y PFRTBCHMSAFUS CH tPNBOYA. [ъOBK], YuFP KHSHCH NPZHF CHPECHBFSH U RBUYOBLYFBNY.
10. p iBBTYY, LBL OHTSOP YUSHYNY UYMBNY CHPECHBFSH [U OEA]
[ЪБК], YuFP KHSH URPUPVOSH CHPECHBFSH U IBBTBNY, RPULPMSHLH OBIPDSFUS U OYNY CH UPUEDUFCHE, RPDPVOP FPNH LBL Y LUKHUIPLTBFPT bMBOYY.
[ъOBK], YuFP DECHSFSH lMYNBFPCH IBBTYY RTYMEZBAF L bMBOYY Y NPTSEF BMBO, EUMY, LPOYUOP, IPUEF, ZTBVYFSH YI PFUEME Y RTYYUYOSFSH CHEMYLYK HEETV Y VEDUFCHYS IBBTBN, RPULPMSHLH yj yfyi DECHSFY lMYNBFPCH SCHMSMYUSH CHUS TSYOSH y YPVIYMYE iBBTYY.
11. p LTERPUFY iETUPOUY LTERPUFY vPURPT
[ъOBK], YuFP LLUKHUIPLTBFPT bMBOYY OE TSYCHEF CH NYTE U IBBBTBNY, OP VPMEE RTEDRPYUFFEMSHOPK UYUYFBEF DTHTSVKH CHBUYMECHUB TPNEECH, Y, LPZDB IBBTSHCHOE TSEMBAF ITBOYFSH DTHTSV X Y NYT CH PFOPEY OY CHBUYMECHUB, BY NPTSEF UIMSHOP CHTEDYFSH YN, Y RPDUFETEZBS ABOUT RHFSI, Y OBRBDBS ABOUT YDHEYI VEY PITBOSH RTY RETEEIDBI L UBTLEMKH, L lMYNBFBN Y L IETUPOH. eUMY LFPF LLUKHUIPLTBFPT RPUFBTBEFUS RTERSFFUFCHPCHBFSH IBBTBN, FP DMYFEMSHOSCHN Y ZMKHVPLYN NYTPN RPMSH'HAFUS Y IETUPO, Y lMYNBFSHCH, FBL LBL IBBTSHCH, UV TBYBUSH OBRBDEOYS BMBOPCH, OBIPDSF OEVE'PRBUOSCHN RPIPD U CHPKULPN OB IETUPO Y LMYNBFSCH Y, OE YNES UYM DMS CHPKOSH PDOPCHTENEOOOP RTPFYCH FEE Y DTHZYI, VHDHF RTYOKHTSDEOSCH ITBOIFSH NYT.
12. p yuETOPK vKHMZBTYYY P iBBBTYY
[ъOBK], YuFP FBL OBSCHCHBENBS yuETOBS vKHMZBTYS NPTsEF CHPECHBFSH U IBBTBNY.
13. p OBTPDBI, UPUEDUFCHHAEYI U FHTLBNY
[ъOBK], YuFP L FHTLBN RTYMEZBAF UMEDHAEYE OBTPDSH. at ЪBRBDOPK UFPTPOSH PF OYI - zhTBOZYS, at UECHETOPK - RBYOBLYFSCH, B U ATsOPK - ... CHEMILBS nPTBCHYS, F.E. UFTBOB UZHEODPRMPLB, LPFPTBBS UPCHETYOOOP HOYUFPSEOB LFYNY UBNSHNY FHTLBNY ЪBICHBUEOOB YNY. iPTCHBFSH CE UPUEDSF U FHTLBNY X ZPT.
[ъOBK], YuFP RBUYOBLYFSH NPZHF FBLCE OBRBDBFSH ABOUT FHTPL, UIMSHOP TBPTSFSH YI Y CHTEDYFSH YN, LBL HCE VSHMP ULBOB CHCHCHYE CH ZMBCHE P RBUYOBLYFBI.
pVTBFY, USCHO, PYU TBHNB FCPEZP O UMChB NPY, RPOBK, YUFV S CHEMA FEVE, Y FSH UP CHTENEOEN, VKhDFP YJ PFGPCHULYI UPLTPCHYEOYG, UNPTSEYSH YICHMELBFSH VPZBFUFCHB VMBZ PTBHNYS Y YUFPYUBFSH BTPNBF NKhDTPUFY. yFBL, OOBK, YuFP KH CHUEI UECHETOSCHI OBTPDPC UFBMB LBL VSC RTYTPTSDEOOOPK TsBDOPUFSH L DEOSHZBN Y OEOBUSHFOPUFSH, OILPZDB OE KHDPCHMEFCHPTSENBS. rPUENKH POB FTEVHEF CHUEZP, CHUEZP DPNPZBEFUS Y OE YNEEF YUEFLYI ZTBOYG UCHPYN TSEMBOYSN, OP CHYUOP CBTSDEF VPMSHYEZP Y CHBNEO ULTPNOPK RPMSHSHCH UFTENYFUS YICHMEYUSH CHEMYLH A LPTSCHUFSH. rP'FPNH DVMTsOP OEKHNEUFOSCH YI DPNPZBFEMSHUFCHB Y OZMSCHE RTYFSBOYS PFLMPOSFSH Y RTEUELBFSH RTBCHDPRPDPVOSCHNYY TBKHNOSHCHNYY TEYUBNYY, NHDTSCHNYY PRTBCHDBOYSNYY, LPFPTSHCHNE, LB L NSCH UNPZMY RPUFYUSH ABOUT PRSCHFE, NPZHF VShchFSH CHPF LBLYNY.
eUMY RPFTEVHAF LPZDB-MYVP Y RPRTPUSF MYVP IBBTSHCH, MYVP FHTLY, MYVP FBLCE TPUSH, YMY LBLPK YOPK OBTPD YЪ UECHETOSHI Y ULIZHULYI - B RPDPVOPE UMKHYUBEFUS YUBUFEOSH LP - RPUMBFSH YN YuFP-OYVKhDSH YJ GBTULYI PDESOYK YMY CHEOGPC, YMY YI NBOFYK TBDI LBLPC-MYVP YI UMKHTSVSHCH Y HUMKHZY, FEVE OHTSOP PFCHEYUBFSH FBL: "fY NBOFYY Y CHEOGSCH (B CHEOGSCH CHBU OBSCHCHBAFUS LBNEMBCHLYSNY) YЪZPFPCHMEOSCH OE MADSHNY, OE YuEMPCHYUEULYN YULHUUFCHPN Y ЪНШЧИМЭОШ ЪТБВПФСОШЧ, ОП, ЛБЛ НШ OBIPDN ЪBREYUBFMEOOSCHN UMPCHBNY ЪBRPCHEDOSHCHNY CH DTECHOEK YUFPTYY, LPZDB VPZ UDEMBM CHBUYMECHUPN lPOUFBOFYOB CHEMYLPZP, RETCHPZP GBTUFCHHAEEZP ITYUFYBOYOB, BY RPUMBM ENKH YUETE BOZEMB LFY NBOFYY Y CHEOGSHCH, LPFPTSCHESCH OBSCCHBEFE LBNEMBCHLYSNY, Y RPCHEMEM ENKH RPMPTSYFSH YI CH CHEMYLPK V PTSSHEK UCHSFPK GETLCHI, LPFPTBS YNEOEN UBNPK YUFYOOOPK NHDTPUFY VPTSSHEK UCHSFPA UPZHYEK OBTELBEFUS, Y OE LBTSDSCHK DEOSH PVMBYUBFSHUS CH OYI, OP LPZDB UMKHYUBEFUS CHUEOBTPDOSHCHK CHEMYLYK ZPURPDOYK RTBDOYL. yb-bb bfpzp-fp VPTSSHESP RPCHEMEOYS ON KhVTBM YI; Sing RPDCHEYOSCH OBD UCHSFSHCHN RTEUFPMPN CH BMFBTE bFPZP UBNP ZP ITBNB Y CHYMYUSH KHLTBYEOYEN GETLCHY. rTPYUYE TSE GBTULYE PDESOYS Y PVMBUEOYS TBPUFMBOOSCHNY RPMPTSEOSH RPCHETI UCHSFPZP UEZP RTEUFPMB. lPZDB CE OBUFKHRBEF RTBDOYL ZPURPDB VPZB OBIYEZP yYUHUB iTYUFB, RBFTYBTI VETEF YI FYI PDESOYK Y CHEOGPCH OHTSOPE Y RPDIPDSEEE DMS UMKHYUBS Y RPUSHMBEF CHBUYMECHUKH, B FPF OBDECHBEF YI, LBL TBV Y UMKHZB VPTSYK, OP FPMSHLP OB CHTENS RTPGEUUYY, Y CHOPCHSH RPUME YURPMSHЪPCHBOYS CHPCHTBEBEF YI CH GETLPCHSH, Y CH OEK UPITBOSAFUS. nBMP FPZP, EUFSH Y BLMSFYE UCHSFPZP Y CHEMYLPZP CHBUYMECHUB lPOUFBOFYOB, OBUETFBOOPE ABOUT UCHSFPN RTEUFPME VPTSSHEK GETLCHIY, LBL RPCHEMEM ENKH VPZ YUETE BOZEMB, YFP EUMY ЪBIPU EF CHBUYMECHU TBDI LBLPK-MYVP OKhTSDSH YMY PVUFPSFEMSHUFCHB, MYVP OEMERPK RTYIPFY ЪBVTBFSH YUFP-OYVKhDSH YЪ OYI, YuFPVSH KHRPFTEVYFSH UBNPNH YMY RPDBTYFSH DTHZYN, FP VKhDEF BY RTEDBO BOBZHENE Y PFMKHYUEO PF GETLCY LBL RTPPHYCHOIL Y CHTBZ VPTSSHYI RPCHEMEOYK. EUMY CE ON CHPOBNETYFUS UBN YZPFPCHYFSH DTHZPE, RPDPVOPE [bFPNH], FP RHUFSH GETLPCHSH ЪBVETEF Y FP RP FTEVPCHBOYA ABOUT UEK UUEF CHUEI BTIYETEECH Y UYOLMYFB. OE YNEAF RTBCHB OH CHBUYMECHU, OH RBFTYBTI, OH LFP-MYVP YOPK VTBFSH LFY PDESOYS YMY CHEOGSH YY UCHSFPK VPTSHEK GETLCY. CHEMYLK UFTBI DB FSZPFEEF OBD RPUSZBAEYNY OBTHYYFSH YUFP-MYVP YI UYI VPTSSHYI EBRPCHEDEK. fBL, PDYO YI CHBUYMECHUPCH, RP YNEOY SWORD, LPFPTSCHK CHSM UEVE TSEOH YIBBTYY, CH RTYRBDL OETBKHNOPK DETYPUFY ЪBVTBM PDIO YЪ LFYI CHEOGPCH, LPZDB OE VSC MP ZPURPDOEZP RTBDOILB, Y VE UPZMBUYS RBFTYBTIB OBDEM EZP. fPFYBU RBMY LBTVKHOLKHMSCH ABOUT MPV EZP, Y, NHLBNY PF OYI YOKHTEOOSHCHK, BY TsBMLYN PVTBBPN MYYYMUS TSYYOY, DP CHTENEY OBKDS UNETFSH. rPULPMSHLH LBTB ЪB FBLHA DETPUFSH RPUMEDPCHBMB UFPMSH VSHUFTP, U FPK RPTSH UFBMP RTBCHYMPN, YuFP CHBUYMECHU, RTETSDE YUEN VHDEF LPTPOPCHBO, LMSOEFUS Y UBCHETSEF, YuFP ON OE CHILDREN OEF UDEMBFSH YMY YINSHUMYFSH OYUEZP RTPFYCHOPZP DP OEZP KHUFBOPCHMEOOPNKH Y U DTECHOYI CHTENEO UPVMADBENPNKH. y FPZDB ON CHEOYUBEFUS RBFTYBTIPN y UPCHETYBEF y YURPMOSEF RPDPVBAEE OBUFKHRYCHYENKH RTBDOEUFCHH".
dPMTSOP, YuFPVSH FSH RPDPVOSHCHN TSE PVTBBPN RTPSCHMSM RPREYOOYE ЪBVPFH P TsYDLPN PZOE, CHSHVTBUSHCHBENPN Yuete UYZhPOSHCH. eUMY LFP-OYVKhDSH LPZDB-OYVKhDSH DET'OEF RPRTPUYFSH Y EZP, LBL NOPZPLTBFOP RTPUYMY KH OBU, FSH NPZ VSCH CHPTBYFSH Y PFLBBFSH CH FBLYI CHSTBTSEOYSI: "th CH LFPN FBLCE [ VPZ] YUETE BOZEMB RTPUCHEFYM Y OBUFBCHYM CHEMYLPZP RETCHPZP CHBUYMECHUB-ITYUFYBOYOB, UCHSFPZP lPOUFBOFYOB. pDOPCHTENEOOOP PO RPMKHYYUM Y CHEMILYE OBLBSCH P UEN PF FPZP BOZEMB, LBL NSCH FPYuOP PUCHEDPNMEOSCH PFGBNY Y DEDBNY, YuFPVSH PO YZPFPCHMSMUS FPMSHLP X ITYUFYBO Y FPMSHLP CH FPN ZPTPDE , Ch LPFPTPN POY GBTUFCHHAF, - Y OILPYN PVTBBPN OE CH LBLPN JOPN NEUFE, B FBLCE YUFPVSH OILBLPK DTHZPK OBTPD OE RPMKHYUM EZP Y OE VSHM PVHYUEO [EZP RTYZPFPCHMEOYA]. FPME GETLCHY VPTSYEK RTPLMSFYS, DBVSH DETYOKHCHYIK DBFSH PZPOSH DTHZPNH OBTPDH OH ITYUFYBOOPN OE RPYUIFBM US, OH DPUFPKOSHCHN LBLPC- MYVP YUEUFY YMY CHMBUFY OE RTYOBCHBMUS.b EUMY PO VHDEF HMYYUEO CH LFPN, FPZDB VHDEF OYCHETTSEO U RPUFB, DB VHDEF RTPLMSF PE DELY CHELPCH, DB UFBOEF RTYFUEA PE SYSHCHGEI , VKhDSh FP CHBUYMECHU, VKhDSh FP RBFTYBTI, VKhDSh FP MAVPK YOPK YuEMPCHEL, YЪ RPCHEMECHBAEYI YMY YY RPDYUYOOOSCHI, EUMY BY PUNEMYFUS RTEUFKHRYFSH UYA UBRPCHEDSH. VSHMP PRTEDEMEOP, YuFPVSH CHUE RYFBAEYE TCHEOYE Y UFTBI VPTSYK PFOEUMYUSH L UPFCHPTYCHYENH FBLPE LBL L PVEENH CHTBZKH Y OBTHYFEMA CHEMYLPZP UEZP OBLBB Y RPUFBTBMYUSH HVYFSH E ZP, RTEDBCH NETLPK [Y] FSTSLPK UNETFY. uMKHYUMPUSH TSE OELPZDB - YVP ЪMP CHYUOP CHSHCHYULYCHBEF NEUFEYULP, - YuFP PDYO YЪ OBUYI UFTBFYZPCH, RPMKHYYCH CHUECHPNPTSOSCHE DBTSCH PF OELYI YOPRMENOOYLPCH, RETEDBM YN CHUB NEO YUBUFYGKH LFPPZP PZOS, OP, RPULPMSHLH VPZ OE RPRHUFYM PUFBCHYFSH VEOBBLBBBOOSCHN RTEUFKHRMEOYE, LPZDB OBZMEG CHJDKHNBM CHPKFY CH UCHSFKHA GETLPCHSH VPTSYA, RBM PZPOSH U OEVB, RPTsTBM Y YUFTEVYM EZP. u FPK RPTSH CHEMILYE UFTBI Y FTEREF PVKHSMY DKHY CHUEI, Y RPUME bFPZP OILFP VPMEE, OH CHBUYMECHU, OH BTIPOF, OH YUBUFOPE MYGP, OH UFTBFYZ, OH LBLPK VSHCH FP OH VSHMP CHPPVEE YUEMPCHEL , OE DETIOKHMY RPNSCHUMYFSH P YuEN-MYVP RPDPVOPN, B FEN VPMEE ABOUT THE DEME RPRSHFBFSHUS YURPMOYFSH MYVP UPCHETYYFSH LFP."
OP DBCHBK, CHRTPUEN, YENNEOIN FENKH. TBVETY Y KHOBK KHNEUFOSHCH Y RPDIPDSEYE. PFCHEFSHCH ABOUT JOPK CHYD OETBKHNOSCHI Y OEMERSHI DPNPZBFEMSHUFCH. eUMY LPZDB-MYVP OBTPD LBLPK-OYVKhDSH YJ LFYI OECHETOSCHY OYUEUFYCHSHCHI UECHETOSCHI RMENEO RPRTPUYF P TPDUFCHE YETE VTBL U CHBUYMECHUPN TPNEECH, F.E. MYVP DPYUSH EZP RPMKHYUFSH CH TSEOSCH, MYVP CHSHCHDBFSH UCHPA DPYUSH, CHBUYMECHUKH MY CH TSEOSCH YMY USCHOKH CHBUYMECHUB, DPMTSOP FEVE PFLMPOIFSH Y FH YI OETBHNOKHA RTPUSHVKH, ZPCHPTS FBLY E UMPChB: "pV LFPN DEME FBLCE UFTBIOPE ЪBLMSFYE Y OETKHYINSHK RTYLB CHEMYLPZP Y UCHSFPZP lPOUFBOFYOB OBUETFBOSH ABOUT UCHSEOOOPN RTEUFPME CHUEMEOULPK GETLCHY ITYUFYBO UCHSFPK UPZHYY: OILPZDB CHBUYMECHU TPNEECH DB OE RPTPDdoiFUS YUETE VTBL U OBTPDPN, RTYCHETTSEOOSCHN L PUPVSHCHN YUKhTSDSCHN PVSHYUBSN, RP UTBCHOE OYA U TPNEKULIN KHUFTPEOYEN, PUPVEOOP TSE U YOPCHETOSCHN Y OELTEEEOSCHN, TBCHE YFP U PDOYNY ZHTBOLBNY. UEK CHEMYLYK NHTS UCHSFPK lPOUFBOFYO, FBL LBL Y UBN PO TPD YJ FEY LTBECH, FBL YuFP YNEMY NEUFP YUBUFSH VTBL Y CHEMILPE UNEYEOYE NETs ZHTBOLBNY Y TPNESNNY. rPUENKH TSE FPMSHLP U OINY PDOYNY BY RPCHEM ЪBLMAYUBFSH VTBUOSCH UDEMLY CHBUYMECH DBN TPNEECH? dB TBDAY DTECHOEK UMBCSHCH FAIRIES LTBECH Y VMBZPTPDUFCHB YI TPDPCH.y YOSCHN TSE LBLYN VSH FP OU VSHMP OBTPDPN OEMSHJS LFPZP UDEMBFSH; YYFEMSH PFEYUEULYI ЪBCHEFPCH Y GBTULYI RPCHEMEOYK, LBL YUKhTSDSCHK UPONKH ITYUFYBOULLPNH - P RTEDBEFUS BOBZHENE. CHCHCHY VSHMP TBUULBOBOP, LBL RTEUMPCHHFSHCHK TBOEE KHRPNSOKHFSCHK CHBUYMECHU SWORD OEBBLPOOP Y DETOLP, CHPRTELY UPZMBUYA FPZDBYOEZP RBFTYBTIB, CHSM Y CHP'MPTSYM CHEOEG - Y OEN EDMEOOP VSHM RTEDBO LBJOY, DPUFPKOPK EZP DHTOPZP DESOIS. PUNEMYMUS PO Y FH ЪBRPchedSh UCHSFPZP FPZP CHBUYMECHUB, LPFPTHA, LBL HCE VSHMP TBUULBOBOP, FPF KHUFBOPCHYM, OBYUETFBCH ABOUT UCHSFPN RTEUFPME, UUEUFSH OEDPUFPKOPK CHOENBOYS, RP YuFBS EE OH "DP YuFP, CHUMEDUFCHYE YuEZP Y RPUFBCHYM UEVS CHOE UFTBIB VPTSYS Y EBRPCHEDEK EZP. BY OBBLMAYUM U IBZBOPN IBBTYY VTBYUOKHA UDEMLH, CHSM EZP DPYUSH CH TSEOSCH Y OBCHMEL FBLYN PVTBBPN CHEMYLYK RPJPT Y ABOUT DETSBCHH TPNEECH Y ABOUT UEVS UBNPZP, YVP PFNEOIM PVSHCHUBY RTEDLPCH Y RPUFBCHYM YI OH PE YuFP.chRTPYUEN, BY VSHHM OE RTBChPCHETOSCHN ITYUFYBOYOPN, B ETEFIILPN YYLPOPVPTGEN.rPFPNH -FP YЪ-ЪB UYI EZP RTPFPYCHPBLPOOSHI OYUEUFYCHSHI DESOYK PO CH VPTSSHEK GETLCHI RPUFPSOOP PFMKHYUBEFUS Y RTEDBEFUS BOBZHENE, LBL RTEUFHROL Y OYURTPCHETZBFEMSH RPCHMEOYK Y VPZB , Y UChSFPZP CHEMYLPZP CHBUYMECHUB lPOUFBOFYOB. " yMY: LFP YY DETSBCHOSHI, VMBZPTPDODOSCHY NHDTSCHI CHBUYMECHUPCH TPNEEECH DPRKHUFYM [LFP]?". b EUMY [YOPRMENOOYYL] CHPTBSF: "op LBL CE ZPURPDYO tPNBO CHBUYMECHU RPTPDDOYMUS U VKHMZBTBNY, CHSHCHDBCH UPVUFCHOOKHA CHOHYULKH ЪB ZPURPDYOB REFTB, VKHMZBTYOB? ", - FP UMEDHEF PFCHEFYFSH FBL:
"zPURPDYO tPNBO CHBUYMECHU VSHHM RTPUFSHCHN Y OZTBNPFOSCHN YuEMPCHELPN, OE RTYOBDMETSBM OH L FEN, LFP U DEFUFCHB CHPURYFBO CH GBTULYI DCHPTGBI, OH L FEN, LFP U UBNPZP OBYUBMB UMEDPCBM T PNEKULINE PVSHYUBSN; BY VSHHM OE YJ GBTULPZP Y OBFOPZP TPDB, B RPFPNH BY NOPZPE CHETYYM DEURPFYUOP Y LTBKOE UBNPCHMBUFOP, OE RPCHYOKHSUSH RTY LFPN OBRTEFBN GETLCHIY, OE UMEDHS OBRPCHEDSN Y RPCHEMEOYSN CHEMYLPZP lPOUFBOFYOB. rP TBHNEOYA OBDNEOOPNH Y UBNPCHPMSH OPNKH, DPVTKH OEKHYUEOPNKH, UMEDPCHBFSH OBDMETSBCHYENH Y IPTPYENKH OE TSEMBCHYENKH, LBL Y VMAUFY PVSHYUBY, PF PFGPCH RETEDBOOSCH, BY DETYOHM UDEMBFSH KHRPNSOKHFPE, MYYSH FPF RTEDMPZ VMBZPCHYDOSCHK RTY LFPN CHSHCHUFBCHYCH, YuFP UFPMSH CHEMILPE YYUMP RMEOOSCHI ITYUFYBO VMBZPDBTS LFPNH DESOYA VSHMP PUCHPVPTSDEOP, YuFP VKHMZBTSH SCHMSAFUS ITYUFYBOBN Y Y EDYOPCHETGBNY OBYYNYY, B LTPNE FPZP, YuFP CHSHCHDBOOBS VSHMB DPYUTSHA OE UBNPDETTSGB Y BLPOOPZP CHBUYMECHUB, B FTEFSHESP Y RPUMEDOEZP [UTEDY OYI] , EEE RPDYUYOOOPZP Y OY L LBLPK CHMBUFY CH DEMBY GBTUFCHB OE RTYUBUFOPZP.dB Y OEF ЪDEUSH PFMYYUYK: FPK YMY YOPK YЪ GBTULYI TPDUFCHEOYG POB PLBBBMBUSH, Y DBMELY I YMY VMYLYYI GBTULPNH VMBZPTPDUFCHH [POB VSHCHMB], TBDY PVEERPMEЪOPZP YMY LBLPZP YOPZP DEMB [POB CHSHCHDBOB] ; [Y OECHBTsOP, YuFP] UBNPZP OEOBYUYFEMSHOPZP y OE CHMBUFCHHAEEZP [POB VSHMB DPYUTSHA]. fBL LBL CHPRTELY LBOPOKH Y GETLPCHOPK FTBDYGYY, CHPRTELY RPCHEMEOYA Y EBRPCHEDY CHEMYLPZP Y UCHSFPZP CHBUYMECHUB lPOUFBOFYOB ON THE UPCHETYYM LFP, RPFFPNH EEE RTY TSYYO CHCHCHIEOBCHBO OSCHK ZPURPDYO TPNBO VSHM LTBKOOE OEOOBCHYDYN, RPTYGBEN Y RPOPUYN Y UPCHEFPN UYOLMYFB, Y CHUEN OBTPDPN, Y UBNPA GETLPCHSHA, FBL YFP OEOBCHYUFSH [L OENH] RPD LPOEG UFBMB SCHOPK Y RPUME UNETFY FPYUOP FBL CE RPDCHETZBMY EZP RTEJTEOYA, PVCYOOYA Y PUKhTSDEOYA, CHCHEDYEZP LBL OPCHYEUFChP LFP OEDPUFPKOPE Y OERPDPVBAEE DMS VMBZPTPD OPZP ZPUKHDBTUFCHB TPNEECH DEMP". DETSBFSHUS UCHPYI RPTSDLPCH Y UPASCH DMS UNEYEOYS TSYJOEK ЪBLMAYUBFSH Y FCHPTYFSH CHOKHFTY PDOPZP Y FPZP TSE OBTPDB. F CH UOPYEOYS U ENKH EDYOPTPDOSHNY, FBL Y KH LBTSDPZP OBTPDB UFBMP RTBCHYMPN CHUFKHRBFSH CH VTBYUOSHE UPTSYFEMSHUFCHB OE U YOPRMENOOILBNY Y YOPSSHCHYUOSCHNY, B U MADSHNY FPZP TSE TPDB Y FPZP TSE SESSHLB. yNEOOOP RPPFPNH KHUFBOPCHYMPUSH Y UKHEEUFCHHEF EDYOPNSCHUMYE DTHZ U DTHZPN, CHBYNPRPPOINBOYE, DTHCEULPE PVEEOYE Y UPTSYFEMSH FChP; YUKHTDSCHE CE OTBCHSH Y PFMYUOSCH KHBLPOEOYS PVSHLOPCHEOOOP RPTPTsDBAF CHTBTSDEVOPUFSH, OEOOBCHYUFSH Y UUPTSCH, YUFP RPNPZBEF ChP'OILOPCHEOYA ODTHTSVSH Y EDOEOYS, B CHTBTSDSCH Y TBJDPT IF. CHEDSH DVMTsOP, YUFPVSH TSEMBAYE RTBCHYFSH RP ЪBLPOKH OE UPTECHOPCHBMYUSH CH RPDTBTSBOY DHTOP UPDESOOPNH LEN-MYVP RP OECHETSEUFCHH Y UBNPNOEOYA, OP DETTSBMYUSH UMBCHOSHI DEM FEEI, LFP GBTU FChPChBM CH UPZMBUYY ЪBLPOPN Y URTBCHEDMYCHPUFSH, [YUFPVSH] POY YNEMY RTED UPVPK VMBZYE PVTBGSH DMS RTYNETB Y RPDTBTSBOYS Y CH UPPFCHEFUFCHY Y OYNY RSHCHFBMYUSH Y UBNY OBRTBCHMSFSH CHUE YNY UPCHETYBEPE. rПФПНХ YЪ-ЪB FBLYI UBNPCHPMSHOSHI DEM EZP - S YNEA CH CHYDH ZPURPDYOB TPNBOB - RPUFYZYYK LPOEG SCHMSEFUS DPUFBFPYUOSCHN RTYNETPN DMS CHTBHNMEOYS FPZP, LFP RPTSEMBEF RPDTBC BFSH EZP DKhTOSHN RPUFHRLBN.
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14. p RTPYUIIPTSDEOOY nHIKHNEFB
OEYUEUFYCHSHCHK Y NETLYK NHIKHNEF, P LPEN UBTBGYOSCH ZPCHPTSF, YuFP PO YI RTPTPPL, CHEDEF TPD, RTPYUIPDS PF PVIYTOEKYEZP RMENEOY YUNBYMB, USCHOB bChTBBNB. yVP OYBBT, RPFPNPPL YUNBYMB, RTPChPZMBYBEFUS PFGPN CHUEI YI. yFBL, BY RPTPDYM DCHHI USCHOPCHEK, nHODBTTB Y TBCHYA. NHODBT CE RPTPDYM lHUBTB, lBYUB, ZHENYNB, BUBODB Y OUEULPMSHLYI DTHZYI OEYCHEUFOSHI RP YNEOY, LPFPTSCHE, KHOBUMEDPCHBCH nBDYBOYFULHA RHUFSCHOA, TBCHPDYMY ULPF, TSYCHS CH YBFTBI. yNEAFUS Y ZMHVTSE YI TSYCHHEYE, OE YI YI RMENEOY, B [RTPYUIIPDSEYE] PF YELFBOB, COMMONLY PNYTYFBNY, FP EUFSH BNBOIFBNY. TBUULBSCHCHBAF CE FBL. rPULPMSHLH UEK NHIKHNEF VSHM OEIN UYTPFPK, CHJDKHNBMPUSH ENKH OBOSFSHUS L OELPEK VPZBFPK TsEOEYOE, UCHPEK TPDUFCHEOYGE, RP YNEOY IBDYZB, YuFPVSH VShchFSH RPZPOEILPN CHETVMADCH Y CHEU FY FPTZPCHMA U YOPRMENOOILBNY CH EZYRFE Y CH rBMEUFYOE. ъBFEN, RPOENOPZKH CHEDS UEVS CHUE UNEMEE Y RPDPMSHUFYYUSH L TsEOEYOE, LPFPTBS VSHMB CHDPCHPA, BY VETEF ITS H TSEOSCH. yFBL, YUBUFP VSHCHBS CH rBMEUFYOE Y CHTBEBSUSH UTEDY YHDEECH Y ITYUFYBO, BY OBICHBFBMUS YDEK Y OELPFPTSCHI FPMLPCHBOYK RYUBOYS. UFTBDBM ON OEDKHZPN - RYMERUYEK, Y REYUBMYMBUSH UIMSHOP TsEOB EZP, OBFOBS Y VPZBFBS, OP UPEDYOOOBS U FBLYN NHTSEN, OE FPMSHLP OE YNHEIN, OP L FPNH TSE Y RYMERFILP N, B PO, PVNBOKHCH EE, ZPCHPTYM: "xTsBUOPE ЪTA S PYUBNY CHYDEOYE BOZEMB RP YNEOY ZBCHTYYM Y, OE CHSCHOPUS CHYDB EZP, RPNTBUBAUSH Y RBDBA." EHH RPCHETYMY, DVP MTSYCHP UCHYDEFEMSHUFCHPCHBM P FPN TSE OELYK BTYBOYO, RUECHDPNPOBI, TBDI RPUFSHCHDOPK LPTSHCHUFY. fBL, PDKHTBUEOOBS, POB Y RTPYYN EDYOPRMENEOOSCHN TsEOEYOBN CHPCHEUFIMB, YuFP ON SCHMSEFUS RTPTPPLPN. iYFTBS MPTSSH DPUFYZMB KHYEK ZHYMBTIB RP YNEOY vHVBIBT. lPZDB TSEO NKHIKHNEFB KHNETMB Y PUFBCHYMB EZP RTEENOILPN Y OBUMEDOILPN UCHPEZP UPUFPSOYS, PLBBBMUS ON OBFOSHNY CHEUSHNB VPZBFSHCHN YuEMPCHELPN, Y EZP DHTOP ЪBVMHTSDEOYE Y ETE-FYUEUFCHP PICHBFYMY LTBS ьZHTYCHB. rPHYUBM UEK VEKHNOSHCHK UPCHTBFYFEMSH DPCHETYUCHSHI MADEK, YuFP KHVYCHBAEIK CHTBZB MYVP KHVYFSHCHK CHTBZPN RPRBDBEF CH TBK; Y P YUEN-FP JOPN VPMFBM. nPMSFUS SING Y ЪCHE DE bZHTPDYFSH, LPFPTHA OBSCCHBAF lHChBT, Y CHPZMBYBAF CH UPEC NPMYFCHE FBL: "bMMB HB lHChBT", YuFP OBYUIF: "vPZ Y bZHTPDYFB". yVP VPZB POY PVPOBYUBAF UMPCHPN "bMMB", "KhB" KHRPFTEVMSAF CHNEUFP UPAЪB "Y", "lKhChBT" YNEOHAF ЪCHEDKH Y ZPChPTSF RPFPNH: "bMMB KHB lHChBT".
15. p TPDE zBFYNDPCH
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The most important work from a historiographical point of view, preserved under the name of Constantine Porphyrogenitus, from the time of its first edition in 1611 is conventionally called “On the Administration of the Empire,” although the only manuscript of the Byzantine era that preserved the text is Cod. Paris, gr. 2009, 11th century. ), has a common lemma “Constantine, in Christ, the eternal king, basileus of the Romans, to his son Romanus, divinely crowned and purple-born basileus.” Thus, the treatise is an appeal to his son - the future emperor Romanus II (reigned from 959 to 963). ) The manual, in which Constantine examines the system of relations between the empire and the peoples around it from the point of view of political benefit for Byzantium, determines the method of subjugation of each of these peoples and warns about possible claims of the “barbarians” to Byzantium, and also gives an idea of the origin, customs, natural living conditions of the peoples of interest to the empire.
Imperial crown of Constantine IX Monomakh. Constantinople. 1040-1050. Budapest National Museum
The entire part of the work of Constantine Porphyrogenitus from ch. 1.16 to Ch. 13.11, with the exception of Ch. 9, is a statement of the practice of Byzantine diplomacy in relation to the northern neighbors of the empire - the Pechenegs, Uzes, Khazars, Alans, Rosses, Bulgarians and Hungarians. This is a kind of “practical lesson” of Byzantine foreign policy. Regarding the reality of the reflection here of the foreign policy situation of the mid-10th century. There is no consensus among Byzantinists: for example, some (G. Manoilovich, V. Grecu) noted the educational and didactic nature of the work, while others (P. Lemerle) noted the bookish, scholarly and encyclopedic nature of the work. However, an analysis of Constantine’s information about the nomads of the Northern Black Sea region convinces of the relevance of the data presented in the treatise for the study of Byzantine foreign policy in the mid-10th century, although specific sources of Constantine’s information can only be discussed in individual cases and mostly speculatively.
Konstantin begins his review of the foreign policy situation of Byzantium by characterizing the relationship with the Pechenegs. It is in this regard that Konstantin speaks here for the first time about Rus', saying that the Pechenegs “became neighboring and adjacent to the Russians, and often, when they do not have peace with each other, they plunder Russia, cause significant harm and damage to it,” and also, “that the Dews are concerned about having peace with the Pachinakites.” Konstantin talks about Russian-Pecheneg trade. The author of the treatise analyzes the military-political potential of Rus' in the complex of its relations with Byzantium and the Pechenegs.
The ninth chapter, which exceeds in volume other sections of the initial part of the work, is dedicated to Rus', more precisely, to a description of the path “from the Varangians to the Greeks” and a story about what the traveler encounters. Russian cities are listed - Novgorod, Smolensk, Lyubech, Chernigov, Vyshgorod, Kyiv, Vitichev; the Russian princes are called Igor and Svyatoslav; describes in detail the relationship of the princely squad (“dew”) with the Slavic population of various tribes of the described territory; tells about polyudye. Polyudye Konstantin reproduces words in the Slavic sound, showing here his characteristic interest in the languages of the peoples he describes. Thus, all known Dnieper rapids are called both “in Russian” (the Scandinavian name is indicated) and “in Slavic”, where the Russian equivalent of the name is conveyed. The author of the treatise also names the Slavic word “zakany” (laws).
Konstantin distinguishes between “External Rus'”, by which he meant Northern (“Novgorod”) Rus', and Rus' in the proper, narrow sense of the word - as the territory for collecting tribute by the senior prince, i.e. Kievan Rus. Among the Slavic tribes subject to Rus', the Krivichi are named.
Crown of St. Stephen of Hungary. Constantinople. 1074-1077. Budapest. National Museum
Lendzians, Drevlyans, Dregovichs, Northerners. From Konstantin’s description it becomes clear that the Kiev prince already in the middle of the 10th century. “seated” his son, a potential successor, on the Novgorod table.
Among the evidence of ethnocultural content, the description of the pagan sacrifices of the Ros on the island is important. Khortytsia on the way to Byzantium.
The continuation of Chapter 13 is devoted to Hungary and other countries of Central Europe. This section, among other things, gives advice on how to respond to the Khazars, Hungarians or Russians, or other “northern” and “Scythian” peoples - to their frequent requests for imperial regalia, which were considered the privilege of only the Byzantine emperors. It is also proposed to respond with refusal to the harassment of “barbarian” rulers about dynastic marriages with imperial relatives. It also tells about the Greek fire - the most important secret weapon of the Byzantine fleet in battles with enemies.
The following chapters (14 -42) “On the Administration of the Empire” are devoted to the writing of the lands, history, customs of the Arabs, then Spain, Italy, Dalmatia, Croatia, Serbia. A number of episodes relate to the history of the Avars and Bulgarians at the turn of the 9th/10th centuries. Once again the narrative concerns the Pechenegs, Hungarians and Khazars, their origin, ancient history, settlement, and tribal ethnology. The same part of the treatise contains a story about Moravia and its ruler Svyatopolk. The section ends with an ethno-geographical chapter entitled “Earth description from Thessalonica to the Danube River and the Belgrade fortress, to Turkia-Hungary. - M.B.) and Pachinakia, to the Khazar fortress Sarkel, to Russia and to the Necropiles, located on the Pontic Sea, near the Dnieper River, to Kherson along with the Bosporus, in which there are climatic fortresses; then - to Lake Meotida, also called the sea because of its size, up to the fortress of Tamatarkha, and to this - to Zikhia, Papagia, Kasakhia, Alania and Avasgia - up to the fortress of Sotiriupol. The description of the Northern Black Sea region, including the lands of the Azov region, the Dnieper region, Crimea, Tmutarakan, the North Caucasus coast and areas up to modern Sukhumi (“Sotiriupol”), dates back to the time after 906.
Chapters 43-46 contain detailed, sometimes unique, information about Transcaucasia, about the lands of Armenians and Georgians based on data contemporary to Constantine Porphyrogenitus. Next two chapters are related to Cyprus.
The next section of the treatise (chap. 49-53) is devoted to the Byzantine regions, including Cherson in the Crimea, their ethnic composition (in particular, the settlement of the Slavs in the Peloponnese), the administrative structure of the empire, historical changes in the conditions of provincial government and other internal historical and political subjects of the history of Byzantium from ancient times to the time of compilation of the treatise.
The time of compilation of the work is considered to be the middle of the 10th century, the period between 948 and 952.
The notes to the published fragments of this work by Constantine use comments from the Russian edition of 1991 (see below).
Editions: Constantine Porphyrogenitus. De administrando imperio/Ed. by Gy. Moravcsik, transl. by R. J. H. Jenkins. Washington, 1967; Comm, by R. J. H. Jenkins, D. Obolensky, F. Dvomik a. o. London, 1962.
Edition and translation: Konstantin Porphyrogenitus. About managing an empire. Text, trans., comm. / Ed. G. G. Litavrina and A. P. Novoseltseva. M., 1991.
Literature: Vigu 1906. Bd. 15. S. 517-557; Rasovsky 1933. T. 6. P. 1-66; Ostrogorsky 1936. T. 8. S. 41-61; Priselkov 1941. P. 215-246: Vernadsky 1943; Vasiliev 1951. Vol. 6. P. 160-225; Stender-Petersen 1953; Shevelov 1955. Vol. 11. No. 4. P. 503-530; Levchenko 1956; Tolkachev 1962. P. 29-60; Sorlin 1965. Vol. 6. No. 2. P. 147-188; Zlatarsky 1967-1971. T. 1.4. 1-2; Pashuto 1968; Obolensky 1971; Toynbee 1973; Wosniak 1973: Ivanov, Toporov 1974; Duychev 1976. P. 31-34; Koledarov 1977. No. 3. P. 50-64; Sakharov 1980; Dunot, Arignon 1982. T. 43. P. 64-73; Rybakov 1982; Sedov 1982; Moravcsik VT I. S. 361-379; Ivanova, Litavrin 1985. P. 34-98; Lovmianski 1985; Litavrin 1999; Litavrin 2000.
CONSTANTINE, IN CHRIST THE ETERNAL KING, BASILEUS ROMEEV, TO HIS SON ROMAN, GOD-CROWNED AND BIRDORITTED
About pachinakitas: how useful are they?
being at peace with Basileus the Romans
So, listen, son, to what it seems to me that you [should] know; acquire understanding in order to master control. After all, I tell everyone else that knowledge is good for the subjects, especially for you, who are obliged to care about the salvation of everyone and to rule and guide the world ship. And if I took advantage of the clear and in public speech, like the carelessly flowing everyday prose, for the presentation of what is to come, do not be at all surprised, my son. After all, I did not try to present an example of calligraphy or an eloquent style, solemn and sublime, but was more concerned to instruct through a simple and everyday narrative you in what, in my opinion, you should not be ignorant of and which can easily be brought to you by the intelligence and wisdom that is acquired through long experience.
I believe it is always very useful for the basileus of the Romans to desire peace with the people of the Pachinakites, to conclude friendly agreements and treaties with them, to send from here to them every year an apocrisiarius with appropriate and suitable gifts for the people and to take from there the omirs, that is, hostages, and the apocrisiarius, who They will arrive in this God-protected city together with the executor of this deed and will take advantage of the royal benefits and mercies, worthy in all respects of the ruling basileus.
Since this people of the Pachinakites neighbors the region of Kherson, they, not being friendly towards us, can oppose Kherson, raid it and ruin both Kherson itself and the so-called Klimaty.
About pachinakites and dews
[Know] that the Pachinakites have also become neighboring and adjacent to the Russians, and often, when they do not have peace with each other, they plunder Russia, cause significant harm and damage to it.
[Know] that the Dews are also concerned about having peace with the Pachinakites. After all, they buy cows, horses, and sheep from them, and this makes their life easier and more satisfying, since none of the animals mentioned above were found in Russia. But the dews cannot even go against enemies far from their borders, unless they are in peace with the pachinakites, since the pachinakites have the opportunity - while the dews are moving away from their [families] - by attacking, destroying and ruining everything they have. Therefore, the Dews always take special care not to suffer harm from them, for this people is strong, to attract them to an alliance and receive help from them, so as to get rid of their enmity and use help.
[Know] that in this royal city of the Romans, if the dews are not at peace with the Pachinakites, they cannot appear, either for the sake of war or for the sake of trade, for when the dews with boats come to the river rapids and cannot pass them otherwise Then, having pulled their boats out of the river and crossed them, carrying them on their shoulders, then the people of this Pachinakit people attack them and easily - the dew cannot resist two labors - they win and carry out a massacre.
About Pachinakites and Turks/
[Know] that the Turk clan is very afraid and afraid of the mentioned Pachinakites because it was repeatedly defeated by them and was almost completely destroyed, which is why the Turks always consider the Pachinakites terrible and tremble before them.
About Pachinakites, Dews and Turks
[Know] that for now the Basileus of the Romans is at peace with the Pachinakites. Neither the Russians nor the Turks can attack the power of the Romans according to the law of war, and also cannot demand great and excessive money and things from the Romans for peace, fearing that the basileus will use the power of this people against them when they march against the Romans. The Pachinakites, bound by friendship with the basileus and encouraged by his letters and gifts, can easily attack the land of the Ros and Turks, take their wives and children into slavery, and ruin their land.
h
About the Pachinakites and Bulgars
[Know] that the basileus of the Romans would seem more terrible to the Bulgars and could force them to remain calm, being in peace with the pachinakites." since the named pachinakites also neighbor these Bulgars and... whenever they wish, either for the sake of their own self-interest, or to please the basileus ) Romans, can easily oppose Bulgaria and, thanks to their overwhelming majority and strength, defeat them and win. Therefore, the Bulgars show constant effort and concern for peace and harmony with the Pachinakites. Since [the Bulgars] were repeatedly defeated and robbed by them, then We learned from experience that it is good and beneficial to always be in peace with the Pachinakites.
About Pachinakites and Khersonites
[Know] that another people from the same Pachinakites is located near the Kherson region. They trade with the Chersonites, and carry out orders both from them and from the basileus in Russia, and in Khazaria, and in
Zichia, and in all the local regions, receiving, of course, from the Chersonites a pre-agreed payment for this very service, according to the importance of the assignment and their labors, such as: vlattia, prandia, hareria, belts, pepper, scarlet Parthian skins and other items, demanded by them, how each Chersonite will be able to come to an agreement with any of the Pachinakites in an agreement or yield to his insistence. After all, being free and seemingly independent, these same pachinakit never perform any service without payment.
About the basiliks sent from Kherson to Pachinakia Whenever the basilik crosses to Kherson for the sake of such an assignment, he must immediately send [a messenger] to Pachinakia and demand hostages and guards from them. When they arrive, leave the hostages in custody in the Kherson fortress, and go with the guards to Pachinakia and carry out the assignment. These are the same
the pachinakites, being insatiable and extremely greedy for their rare things, shamelessly demand large gifts: the hostages seek one for themselves and another for their wives, the guards - one for their labors, and another for the fatigue of their horses. Then, when the basileus enters their country, they demand first of all the gifts of the basileus, and again, when they have pleased their people, they ask for gifts for their wives and their parents. Moreover, those who, in order to protect the basilica returning to Kherson, come with him, ask him to reward the work of themselves and their horses.
About the basilicas sent from the God-protected city to Pachinakia with the Hellands along the rivers Danube, Dnieper and Dniester
[Know] that in the direction of Bulgaria the Pachinaki people settled down towards the region of the Dnieper, Dniester and other rivers there. When a basilik is sent from here with Helandia, he can, without going to Kherson, by the shortest route and quickly find here the same pachinakit, having discovered whom, he notifies them through his man, being himself on the Helandia, having with him and guarding the royal things on the ships . The Pachinakites converge on him, and when they come together, the basilik gives them his people as hostages, but he himself receives their hostages from the Pachinakites and keeps them in Hellandia. And then he negotiates with the Pachinakites. And, when the pachinakites take vasilik) oaths according to their “laws”, he gives them royal gifts and accepts
friends” from among them, as many as he wants, and then returns. This is how it is necessary to negotiate with them, so that when the basileus needs them, they would serve either against the Russians, or against the Bulgars, or against the Turks, for they are able to fight with all of them and, repeatedly attacking them, have now become terrible. This is also clear from the following. When the cleric Gabriel was once sent to the Turks at the behest of the basileus and said to them: “The basileus declares to you that you should go and drive the Pachinakites from their places, and you would settle in their place, as you were previously stationed there, in order to be near my royalty and so that, when I wish, I would send ambassadors and quickly find you,” then all the archons of the Turks exclaimed in one voice:
“We ourselves will not get involved in a war with the Pachinakites, since we cannot fight with them - their country is great, the people are numerous, they are a bad breed. Don’t continue such speeches in front of us - we don’t like it.”
[Know] that with the onset of spring, pachinakites cross from the other side of the Dnieper River and always spend the summer here.
About dews1 departing with monoxides2 from Russia3 to Constantinople
[Let it be known] that the monoxyls coming from external Russia4 to Constantinople are5 some from Nemogard6, in which
The term "ros" in Constantine denotes a people or part of it; derivatives “Rosiya” - the land belonging to the Ros, and “rosisti” (literally “in Russian”) - the language they speak. The first mentions of “Rus” in Byzantine texts date back to the 9th century. By the time of Constantine Porphyrogenitus, the ethnikon had become familiar in the Byzantine tradition. The origin of the name “ros” in Byzantine sources is a controversial issue, which has given rise to a huge historiography containing many different hypotheses (for more details, see: Melnikova et al. 1991, pp. 296-307).
The main type of ships among the Slavs are single-tree dugouts. However, judging by the further description, the single-tree dugouts themselves were apparently used as the keel part of more complex vessels such as a boat with attached sides, suitable for sea voyages. Similar ships were also used by the Vikings. Archaeological excavations in Staraya Ladoga, in the Kiev region, in druzhina mounds, yielded interesting finds of ship parts from the 10th century, which confirm the prefabricated design of ships. According to Oleg’s agreement with the Greeks, the boat could accommodate 40 people (PVL. Part 1, p. 24). In the story of the Byzantine historian Skilitsa about the attack of the Russian fleet in 1043, monoxyls are characterized as a type of ship inherent specifically to the “ros” (Melnikova et al. 1991, pp. 307-308).
The terms “Russia” and (below, in Chapter 37) “country of Russia” as a designation of the territory of the East Slavic state, corresponding to the chronicle names “Rus and “Russian Land”, are found for the first time in Byzantine literature in the work of Constantine “On Ceremonies”.
The expression allows for several interpretations.
“External Russia” is the territory of the Slavs subordinate to the Dews with all the cities listed below, “internal” (Constantine does not have this term - it is being restored as opposition to “external” Russia) - Kiev itself, from where “all the Dews” come out in Polyudye.
“External” and “internal” Russia are the two main points of residence of the Nemogard Russians - Novgorod and Kyiv.
Hypothetical “inner Russia” - Rus' in the narrow sense - Kiev, Chernigov and Pereyaslavl lands.
"External Russia" - Northern Rus' with its center in Novgorod.
There is also an assumption that the division of Rus' into “external” and “internal” was carried out by the Byzantines themselves; thus, “inner Russia” is the lands closest to Byzantium (and Kyiv) in the Dnieper region, “outer Russia” is distant Novgorod land.
The following list of ancient Russian cities supplying monoxyls to the dews sequentially names the centers lying on the Dnieper route, from the northernmost - Novgorod - as they approach Kiev. Of particular interest is Konstantin’s syntactic identification of the first center - Novgorod: “some from Nemogard... others from the Miliniski fortress, from Teliutsa...”. It was he (unlike Lyubech and others) who played a primary role in the functioning of the Neva-Dnieper route and was the largest center of crafts and international trade. This message from Constantine is very important as evidence of the formation in Rus' by the middle of the 10th century. networks of settlements connected by common foreign economic and political goals.
The generally accepted interpretation of the toponym Nemogardas is Novgorod the Great. It is also interesting that A.N. Kirpichnikov suggested that this name should be understood as “Nevogardas”, “a city on Lake Nevo”, i.e. Old Ladoga, which appeared in the middle. X century the largest trade and craft center in Northern Rus'.
del1 Sfendoslav2, son of Ingor3, Archon of Russia4, and others from the fortress of Miliniski5, from Teliutsa6, Chernigoga7 and from Vusegrad8. So, they all start along the Dnieper River and converge at the Kio fortress.
The use of the Greek form of the imperfect, corresponding to Old Russian. “sede” (from sit) meaning “to rule, to occupy the throne”) was considered as an indicator of
that by the time of writing gp. 9 Svyatoslav's reign in Novgorod ended (after Igor's death in the fall of 944).
Prince of Kyiv Svyatoslav Igorevich. According to the Ipatiev Chronicle, he was born in -42 (PSRL. T. 2. Stb. 36); died in 972. The Slavic name of the prince is important evidence of the rapid - in the third generation - assimilation of the Scandinavian dynasty of Russian princes into the Slavic environment. Information that Svyatoslav “sat” in Novgorod was preserved only by Constantine. This news is an early confirmation of the tradition of placing the son of the Kyiv prince on the Novgorod throne (cf. Zladimir Svyatoslavich, Yaroslav the Wise, etc.).
Kiev Prince Igor, according to the Tale of Bygone Years, is the son of Rurik. The name is of Scandinavian origin: Igor Ingvar was common in the dynasty of kings from the Ishling family).
Igor ruled, according to the Tale of Bygone Years, from 912 (the chronology of his life before his reign in Kyiv is doubtful. Compare: PVL. Part 2. pp. 249-250, 295). The chronicler places information about his death during Polyudye under 6453 (Ibid. Part 1. pp. 39-40); Since Constantine speaks of the beginning of Polyudye in November, the death of Igor, gidimo, occurred in November 944.
Archon is the usual title of Russian princes in official documents of the Byzantine chancellery and in the writings of Constantine Porphyrogenitus.
It is generally accepted to identify the toponym MLmsk with the name of Smolensk, one of the oldest Russian cities. The form “Smolnsk” is a derivative of “Smolnya”; the name of the river on which Smolensk stands is from “resin”); other etymologies (including Scandinavian) are unconvincing. Constantine's message about the Smolensk fortress gave rise to a discussion among archaeologists about which one locality he has a clue about what Smolensk was like in the middle of the 10th century. In modern Smolensk, neither the goyim nor the fortifications of the 10th century have been discovered, so it was suggested that ancient Smo-*:nsk was located on the site of Gnezdov, on the Dnieper, 12 km below the modern city, those. In addition to the military mounds, a fortified settlement and a settlement have been discovered.
"The most common identification of the toponym TeKhyuytіD with the Old Russian “Lyu-5ech”, although from a formal linguistic point of view the correspondence Te>doot?)i-“Lyubch” -“is understandable (we can only assume that the Greek translation of this name is subject to significant distortions ).
The form given by Konstantin presumably reflects the Old Russian tochim Chernigov (named after T^epviycoya) in the form of genus. n. - “from Chernigov”.
Chernigov is mentioned in the Tale of Bygone Years among the cities subordinate to Oleg under ¦* ". Archaeological data also testify to the subordination of Chernigov to Kiev: near the city there was a military necropolis of the 10th century with large mounds similar to those of Szdov, and 16 km to the south - to the west of Chernigov there is a military camp near the village of Shevitsa with a necropolis, including chamber tombs similar to those in Kyiv.
* The toponym VoosєuraZє Konstantin is consistent with the name “Vyshgorod” (Old Russian Zyshegorod” or “Vyshgorod”), i.e. “Upper city”. As is recognized by all researchers, the vocalization in Constantine’s recording is South Slavic.
Odnoderevki passed a significant part of the route “from the Varangians to the Greeks” from Novgorod to the Dnieper, apparently along the arteries described in the chronicle (Volkhov - Ilmen - Lo- *gg. - PVL. Part 1. P. 11). The Dnieper route itself, according to numismatic data, began to function later than the Volzhsky route (at the beginning of the 9th century, most intensively used in the 10th century). However, Askold and Dir, who passed the Dnieper route in the 60s of the 9th century, are depicted in the chronicle as pioneers who did not know Kyiv (PVL. Part 1.
ava called Samvatas. The Slavs, their pasgiots, namely the Kriviteins, Lenzanins and other Slavinians, cut down monoxyls in their mountains during the winter and, having equipped them, with the onset of spring, when the ice melts. introduced into nearby bodies of water. Since these [reservoirs] flow into the Dnieper River, they also enter this very river from there [places] and go to Kiova. They take them out for [rigging] and sell them to the dews of the dew, having bought some of these dugouts and dismantled their old monoxyls, they transfer them from those to these oars, rowlocks and other accessories... they equip them
Russian ships. Miniature of the Madrid copy of the Chronicle of John Skylitzes. XII-XIII centuries Madrid. National Library
and in the month of June, moving along the Dnieper River, they descend to Viticheva, which is a pactiot fortress of the Russians, and, having gathered there for two or three days, until all the monoxides unite, then they set off and descend along the said Dnieper River . First of all, they come to the first threshold, called Essupi, which means “Don’t sleep” in Russian and Slavic. [This] threshold is as narrow as
like a space of cykanistirium, and in the middle of it there are steep high rocks sticking out like islands. Therefore, they rush in* and the water rushing towards them, rushing down from there, emits a loud, terrible roar. In view of this, the dews do not dare to pass between the rocks, but, mooring nearby and landing people on land, leaving other things in monoxide, then naked, feeling with their feet [the bottom, dragging them] so as not to bump into any stone. T_- they do, some at the bow, others in the middle, and others at the stern, pushing [it] with poles, and with extreme caution they pass this first. threshold along the bend vy of the river bank. When they pass this first threshold, then again, taking the others from the land, they set sail and come to another threshold, called Ulvorsi in Russian, and in Slavic Ostrovun Pira * which means “Island of the Threshold”. It is similar to the first, it is difficult and laborious. And again, having landed people, they carry out monoxyls as before. In the same way they pass the third threshold, called Gelandri, which in Slavic means “The Noise of the Threshold,” and then the fourth threshold, huge, called Aifor in Russian, and Neasit in Slavic, since they nest in the stones of the threshold pelicans. So, at this threshold, everyone moored to the ground with their noses first, the men appointed to serve as guards came out with them and left. They constantly carry
Russian fleet. Miniature of the Radziwill Chronicle. End of the 15th century
guard because of pachinakites1. And the others, taking the things that they had in monoxide2, lead the slaves3 in chains overland for six hours4 until they pass the threshold. Then, some also dragged, others on board, having transported their monoxyls to this side of the threshold, pushing them into the river and carrying the load, they enter themselves and set sail again. By approaching? to the fifth rapids, called in Russian Varuforos, and in Slavic 3>lniprakh5, for it forms a large backwater6, and having again crossed “about the bends of the river their monoxyls, as on the first and second rapids, they reach the sixth rapids, called in Russian Leandi, ah
in Slavic Beruchi, which means “Boiling of water”, and overcoming it in the same way. From it they sail to the seventh horn, called Strukun in Russian, and Naprezi in Slavic, which is translated as “Small Threshold”. Then they reach the so-called Kraria crossing, through which the Khersonites, [id* from Russia, and the Pachinakites cross on their way to Kherson. This crossing has the width of a hippodrome7, and the length, from the bottom to the [place] where the underwater rocks protrude, is as far as the arrow of the one who fired it will fly from there. In view of this, the Pachinakites and warriors descend to this place against the Ros. After passing this place, they reach the island called St. Gregory. On this island they perform their sacrifices, since there is a huge oak tree there: they bring *
Russian cross found in Chersonesos. Bronze. XIII century Sevastopol. Chersonese Museum-Reserve
“Tagwa of live roosters, they strengthen and arrows around [the oak], and the other - pieces of bread, meat and what everyone has, as their custom dictates, they also draw lots for the roosters: either slaughter them, or eat them, or kill them alive1 . Pachinakita is not afraid of this island of dew,
until they end up in the Selina River. Then, moving in this way from [this island] for four days, they sail until they reach the bay of the river, which is the mouth in which (the island of St. Epherius lies). When they reach this island, they rest there for two or three days. And again, they re-equip their monoxyls with everything they need that they lack: sails, masts, helms, which they brought [with them]. Since the mouth of this river is, as said, a bay and extends all the way to the sea, and in the sea lies an island.” St. Epherius, from there they go to the Dniester River and, having found refuge there, they rest there again. When favorable weather arrives, having set sail, they come to the river called Aspros, and, having similarly rested there, they set off again and come to Selina, and the so-called branch of the Danube River. Until they pass the Selina River , the pachinakites follow next to them. And if the sea, as often happens, throws monoxyl onto the land, then everyone [others] will land in order to resist the pachinakites together. From Selina they are not afraid of anyone, but, having entered the land of Bulgaria, they enter to the mouth of the Danube. From the Danube they arrive in Konopa, and from Konopa - in Constantia... to the Varna River; from Varna they come to the Dichina River. All this refers to the land of Bulgaria. From Dichina they reach the region of Mesemvria - those places , where their painful and terrible, unbearable and difficult voyage ends. The winter and harsh way of life of those very dews is as follows. When the month of November comes, their archons immediately leave with all the dews from Kiava and go to polyudium, which is called “whirling”, and namely, in Slavinia, the Vervians, Drutuvites, Krivichi, Severians and other Slavs, who are Pactiots of the Ros. Feeding there throughout the winter, they return to Kiaw again, starting in April, when the ice on the Dnieper River melts. Then, just as has been said, taking their monoxyls, the org equip [them] and set off for Romagna.
[Know] that bonds can fight with pachinakites.
About Khazaria, how to fight [with it] and by whose forces
[Know] that the Uzes are capable of fighting the Khazars, since they are in their neighborhood, just like the exusiocrator of Alania.
[Know] that the nine Climates of Khazaria are adjacent to Alania and Alan can, if, of course, he wants, rob them from here and cause great damage and disaster to the Khazars, since from these nine Climates came all the life and abundance of Khazaria.
About the Kherson fortress and the Bosporus fortress
[Know] that the exusiocrator of Alania does not live in peace with the Khazars, but considers the friendship of the basileus of the Romans more preferable, and when the Khazars do not want to maintain friendship and peace in relation to the basileus, he can greatly harm them, both by lying in wait on the roads and by attacking walking without guards during the transition to Sarkel, to Klimaty and to Kherson. If this exusiocrator tries to prevent the Khazars, then both Kherson and Klimaty will enjoy a long and deep peace, since the Khazars, fearing an attack by the Alans, find it unsafe to march with an army against Kherson and Klimaty and, not having the strength to fight against both at the same time, will forced to keep peace.
About Black Bulgaria and Khazaria
[Know] that the so-called Black Bulgaria can fight the Khazars.
37. About the Pachinakit people
Let it be known that the Pachinakites first lived on the Atil River, as well as on the Geikh River, being neighbors of the Khazars, and so
called bonds. However, fifty years ago, the mentioned bonds, having entered into an agreement with the Khazars and going to war against the Pachinakites, overcame them and expelled them from their own country, and the so-called bonds control it until the present time. The Pachinakites, having taken flight, wandered around, looking for a place for their settlement. Having reached the land that they still possess, having discovered the Turks on it, having defeated them in war, having driven them out, they expelled them, settled here and have owned this country, as it is said, up to this day for fifty-five years.
Let it be known that the whole of Pachinakia is divided into eight themes, with the same number of great archons. And the themes are as follows: the name of the first theme is Irtim, the second is Tsur, the third is Gila, the fourth is Kulpei, the fifth is Kharavoi, the sixth is Talmat, the seventh is Hopon, the eighth is Tsopon. At the time when the Pachinakites were expelled from their country, he had archons in the theme of Irtim Vaitsa, in Tsura - Kuela, in Gil Kurkute, in Kulpei - Ipaosa, in Kharavoi - Kaiduma, in the theme Talmat Kosta, in Hopon - Giatsi, and in the theme Tsopon - Batana. After this death, their cousins inherited power, for they established laws and ancient custom, according to which they had no right^ to transmit dignity to their children or to their brothers; It was enough for those who owned it that they ruled during their lives. After their death, either their cousin or the sons of cousins should be elected, so that the dignity does not remain permanently in one branch of the family, but so that the honor is inherited and received by relatives along the lateral line. No one from an outside family invades and becomes an archon. The eight themes are divided into forty parts, and they have archons of lower rank.
You should know that four clans of Pachinakites, namely: Kuartsitsur theme, Sirukalpei theme, Vorotalmat theme and Vulatsopon theme, are located on the other side of the Dnieper River towards the edges [respectively] more eastern and northern, opposite Uzia, Khazarin, Alania , Kherson and other Climates. The remaining four clans are located on this side of the Dnieper River, towards the more western and northern edges, namely: the Giazikhopon theme is adjacent to Bulgaria, the Lower Gila theme is adjacent to Turkia, the Kharavoi theme is adjacent to Russia, and the Iavdiertim theme is adjacent to the payable the country of Russia in localities, with Ultins, Dervlenins, Lenzanins and other Slavs. Pachinakia is five days' journey from Uzin and Khazaria, six days from Alania, ten days from Mordia, one day from Russia, four days from Turkey, half a day from Bulgarin, it is very close to Kherson , and even closer to the Bosporus.
Let it be known that at the time when the Pachinakites were expelled from their country, some of them, by their own desire and decision, remained in place, live with the so-called bonds and are still among them today, having the following special characteristics (to distinguish them from those and to show who they were and how it happened that they were cut off from their own): after all, they shortened their clothes to the knees, and cut off their sleeves from the very shoulders, trying to show that they were cut off from their own and from their fellow tribesmen.
You should know that on this side of the Dniester River, in the region facing Bulgarin, at the crossings across this river, there are empty fortresses: the first fortress was called Aspron by the Pachinakites, since its stones seem completely white; the second fortress of Tungata, the third fortress of Kraknakaty, the fourth fortress of Salmakata, the fifth fortress of Sakakaty, the sixth fortress of Gieukata. Among the very buildings of ancient fortresses, certain signs of churches and crosses carved in sandstone are found, so some people maintain the tradition that the Romans once had a settlement there.
You should know that the Pachinakit are also called Kangar, but not all of them, but the people of three themes: Iavdiirti, Kuartsitsur and Khavuksingila, as more courageous and noble than others, for this is what the nickname Kangar means.
(Translation by G. G. Litavrin. pp. 33-53, 155-159)
Konstantin Porphyrogenitus.
ABOUT MANAGING THE EMPIRE
Konstantin Porphyrogenitus. About managing an empire. Nauka, M. 1991.
Primary source on the Internet:http://
histru.
newmail.
ru/
biblio/
kb_
lit.
htm
Preface
(G.G. Litavrin and A.P. Novoseltsev)
It is difficult to name among the Byzantine written monuments early Middle Ages any other work that would be distinguished by the same broad author’s intention, the same abundance of subjects, and variety of genres, as the essay “On the Administration of the Empire” attributed to Emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus (908–959), compiled in 948–952. It is not easy to point out any other work of Byzantine historiography during the heyday of the empire, which would remain equally little known to its contemporaries. Created as a confidential reference guide to managing the empire for the young heir to the throne, the future Romanus II (959–963), Constantine’s work was obviously not intended even for the educated elite of Byzantine society. The book, in the author’s opinion, contained too much confidential advice and recommendations in the field of diplomacy and management of the internal affairs of the state; personal attitudes towards some representatives of the imperial family were too openly expressed so that the contents of the teaching treatise could be made widely public,
We do not even know whether and to what extent the work of Constantine Porphyrogenitus really had practical significance. In any case, it is least likely that it was used by the one for whom it was primarily intended - the son of Constantine Roman.
The essay “On the Administration of an Empire” found an attentive reader and grateful researcher only in modern times, more than half a millennium after it was written. It is unlikely that any written monument of Byzantium of the 10th century. enjoyed greater attention in scientific literature. The works devoted to its analysis far exceed in quantity even the so-called “Procopiana” (literature about the works of Procopius of Caesarea, who wrote in the era of Justinian I in the middle of the 6th century and among whose works there were also those intended only for the confidential knowledge of a narrow circle of friends and relatives) .
For Soviet readers, this book is of particular interest also because it contains most of the information on the earliest history Ancient Rus', preserved in the works of foreign authors of that era.
Complete Russian edition The monument was carried out by G. Laskin at the very end of the last century. After a quarter of a century, it became a bibliographic rarity, but Laskin’s translation, made from still uncritical editions of the Greek original, and the commentary are hopelessly outdated. Individual fragments of the treatise “On the Administration of the Empire” were subsequently published several times with various kinds of explanatory notes or without them at all. The most famous and thorough among these publications is the translation by V.V. Latyshev and N.V. Malitsky. A few years ago, a new translation of the work by G. G. Litavrin saw the light of day. However, as was said in the introductory note to the translation, it can only be considered as preliminary. It does not cover the entire text of the original (almost the entire most extensive chapter, the 53rd, is excluded), lacks commentary, and is published without the Greek original of the monument. In addition, the translation at that time contained a number of inaccuracies and omissions, which are corrected in this edition.
Work on it began more than 10 years ago on the initiative of V.T. Pashuto and G. G. Litavrin by employees of the Institute of History of the USSR of the USSR Academy of Sciences and the Institute of Slavic and Balkan Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences for the ongoing publication “Ancient Sources on the History of the Peoples of the USSR.”
Briefly about the goals and principles of publication. It is based on a critical edition of the monument, which was prepared by the Hungarian Byzantinist D. Moravcsik and was first published in 1949 with a translation into English by R.J. Jenkins. In 1962, a London commentary to the text of the treatise “On the Administration of an Empire” was published, compiled by famous scientists (Byzantinists, Orientalists and Slavists), among whom, in addition to D. Moravcsik and R. Jenkins, were D. Obolensky, B. Lewis, F. Janitor, St. Runciman. In 1967, the original and translation were republished, and all conjectures, emendations and amendments proposed in the scientific literature over the past almost 20 years after the first edition were carefully collected and presented, including in numerous reviews of the 1949 publication.
We reprint here the Greek text from the latest Washington edition of 1967, along with footnotes about the spelling features of the manuscripts and about the corrections proposed (and partially accepted by the publishers). In the commentary we indicate the most important conjectures accepted by the publishers and note individual (very rare) cases of disagreement with them. The transliteration of personal names, geographical and ethnic names, and technical (untranslatable) terms is as close as possible to their Middle Greek pronunciation. In the translation, words missing from the text of the monument are enclosed in square brackets, which we inserted either instead of gaps in the manuscript, or in order to make the text, sometimes lapidary, as understandable as possible. Some gaps (unfilled) are marked in the Greek text and in the translation by emphases and are specified in the commentary. The numbering of references to the commentary, separate for each chapter, is given in the text of the translation to help the reader who does not speak the original language.
The Introduction gives an idea of the era when Constantine's work was created, about the author(s), about the sources on which it was based, about the organization of work on it, about the main ideas carried out in it, and about the significance of the work as a historical source and monument literature. Of course, all these issues are covered very briefly in the Introduction. But they are touched upon many times, sometimes much more fully and specifically, in the Commentary. When analyzing the news of Constantine, we often pay the main attention to other subjects and realities than the authors of the London commentary. Our commentary complements rather than replaces London's. Thus, we limit ourselves to the briefest notes concerning the countries of the Arab East, Western European countries and the Byzantine Empire itself. The center of gravity of the research and interpretation of the material falls on the chapters of the monument, containing evidence about the Northern Black Sea region, the Caucasus, Eastern and Central Europe and the peoples of the Balkan Peninsula (mainly Slavic), i.e. on those subjects that (except, perhaps, only the chapter 9 about Ancient Rus') the compilers of the London commentary were less interested.
We do not provide exhaustive literature on a particular topic in the Commentary: this is practically impossible within the framework of one book. Either the most important works are indicated, or those that contain such a relatively complete bibliography. In order not to clutter the text of the Commentary, references to literature used more than once are given in abbreviations, disclosed in the bibliographic index at the end of the book.
The chronological table covers only the main events mentioned in Constantine's work. Two maps are attached to the publication - “Geographical nomenclature of the essay “On the Administration of an Empire”” and “ Byzantine Empire in the second half of the 10th century." The first contains the geographical names contained in Constantine's treatise (in the forms adopted in the Russian translation). Three indexes are given for the Greek and Russian texts (personal names, geographical and ethnic names, technical terms).
The Introduction and Commentary were written by a team of researchers from the Institute of USSR History of the USSR Academy of Sciences, the Institute of Slavic Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences, INION of the USSR Academy of Sciences, as well as the Soviet Encyclopedia publishing house.
Introduction and translation - G. G. Litavrin.
A comment:
Lemma and Preface - M.V. Bibikov.
Chapters 1–2 - M.V. Bibikov.
Chapter 3 - V. P. Shusharin.
Chapter 4 - M.V. Bibikov, V.P. Shusharin.
Chapters 5–7 - M.V. Bibikov.
Chapter 8 -M.V. Bibikov, V.P. Shusharin.
Chapter 9 - E.A. Melnikova, V.Ya. Petrukhin with the participation of A.A. Zaliznyak (comments 6, 8, 11, 13, 14, 16, 29, 33, 35, 40, 42, 43), G.G. Litavrina (comments 21, 31, 32, 39, 46, 48–50, 53, 56–63), M.V. Bibikova (comment. 1, 76), B.N. Flory (comment 20).
Chapter 10 - M.V. Bibikov.
Chapter 11 - M.V. Bibikov with the participation of T.M. Kalinina (comment 2).
Chapter 12 - M.V. Bibikov.
Chapter 13 - G.G. Litavrin with the participation of V.P. Shusharin (comments 3–5, 8).
Chapters 14–21 - A. P. Novoseltsev.
Chapter 22 - A.P. Novoseltsev with the participation of M.V. Bibikova (commentary 29–30).
Chapters 23–24 - S. A. Ivanov.
Chapter 25 -A.P. Novoseltsev, S.A. Ivanov.
Chapter 26 - V.K. Ronin.
Chapter 27 - G.G. Litavrin, V.K. Ronin.
Chapter 28 - V.K. Ronin.
Chapter 29 - O.A. Akimova.
Chapters 30–31 - O.A. Akimov with.participation of B.N. Flory (ch. 30, comment. 14–18; ch. 31, comment. 18).
Chapter 32 - H.P. Naumov.
Chapter 33 - O.V. Ivanova with the participation of B.N. Flory (comment 8).
Chapters 34–35 - H.P. Naumov. Chapter 36 - O.V. Ivanova.
Chapter 37 - T.M. Kalinin with the participation of B.N. Flory (comment 15). Chapters 38–39 - V.P. Shusharin.
Chapter 40 - V.P. Shusharin with the participation of G.G. Litavrina (comment 21).
Chapter 41 - B.N. Florya with the participation of V.P. Shusharina (comment 3).
Chapter 42 - M.V. Bibikov, A.P. Novoseltsev with the participation of T.M. Kalinina (comment 27).
Chapters 43–46 - V.A. Arutyunova-Fidanyan.
Chapters 47–52 - G.G. Litavrin.
Chapter 53 - M.V. Bibikov, L. I. Gratsianskaya.
In some cases (chapters 9 and 13), when one commentary is composed by several authors, their initials in italics are indicated in the text.
The bibliographic index was compiled by V.K. Ronin, maps - L.I. Gratsianskaya and V.K. Ronin. The indexes were prepared by L.I. Gratsianskaya and V.K. Ronin. Scientific-organizational and scientific-technical work was carried out by V.K. Ronin, L.I. Gratsianskaya, M.N. Too much noise.
G.G. Litavrin, A. P. Novoseltsev
1. Laskin G, Works of Konstantin Porphyrogenitus “On themes” (De thematibus) and “On peoples” (De administrando imperio) // Readings of OIDR. 1899. Part I.
2. Latyshev V.V., Malitsky N.V. The essay of Konstantin Bagryanorodny “On government” // Izv. GAIMK. 1934. Issue. 91.
3. Litavrin G.G. Konstantin Porphyrogenitus. On the management of the empire // Development of ethnic self-awareness of the Slavic peoples in the early Middle Ages. M., 1982. App.
4. Constantine Porphyrogenitus. De administrano imperio. Bp., 1949. 5 Constantine
Porphyrogenitus. dc administrano imperio. L., 1962. Vol. 2.
6. Constantine Porphirogenitus. De administranto imperio. Washington, 1967.
7. Abbreviations adopted by D. Moravcsik: F - Fontes et loci paralleli (sources and parallel places); U - Variae lectiones et coniecturae (varieties and conjectures). Lists: P - codex Parisinus gr. 2009; P1 - manus prima; P2–9 - manus recentiores; Pх - manus incerta (ante a. 1509); ry - manus incerta (post a. 1509); V - codex Vaticanus-Palatinus gr. 126; V1 - manus prima; V2 - manus secunda; F - codex Parisinus gr. 2967; F1 - manus prima; F2 - manus secunda; M - codex Mutinensis gr. 179. Editions: Me - editio Meursiana; Meursius - notae Meursii; Ba - editio Banduriana; Bandurius - animadversiones Bandurii; Be - editio Bekkeriana; Bekker - apparatus criticus Bekkeri; edd. - editions Me Ba Be; Migne - editio a Migne curata; Bury - editio cap. 29–36 a J. Bury facta.
Introduction (G.G.Litavrin)
The name of Constantine Porphyrogenitus (or Porphyrogenitus) is so well known to historians that sometimes it is used to designate an entire historical period: Byzantinists often talk about the era of Constantine Porphyrogenitus. What is meant here is not primarily the fact that not a single Byzantine emperor, starting from Constantine the Great, i.e. from the 4th to the 10th century, officially occupied the throne for as long as Constantine Porphyrogenitus (908–959) ( his independent reign was short-lived: 945–959), and the special atmosphere in the spiritual life of the empire was the time when its culture flourished.
Constantinople, as once before, under Justinian I, again became the focus of luxury, splendor and grandeur, unseen in any other capital of Europe. The glory of the “workshop of splendor” returned to it. The fine arts flourished again. Artistic crafts have reached high perfection. New noble palaces and temples were erected, striking in their grace and beauty. Interest in antiquity, renewed half a century ago, has deepened cultural heritage. The definition widely used in science today - “Macedonian Renaissance” - is applied primarily to the reign of Constantine Porphyrogenitus, the third representative of the Macedonian dynasty (867–1056) on the Byzantine throne.
The bright cultural upsurge was undoubtedly associated with significant changes in the economy of the empire, its social structure, in internal political life, as well as with changes in the foreign policy situation in the second half of the 9th - first half of the 10th centuries. The defining feature of the era of Constantine was the rapid development of feudal relations, which the state spontaneously tried to regulate. Already at the turn of the 9th-10th centuries. The central government established everywhere, both in the countryside and in the city, its constant strict control over the economic life of the country. The property of the emperor's subjects was subjected to a scrupulous assessment for taxation. Free villages - communities that became tax-paying, were bound by a mutual guarantee - community members were mutually responsible for paying taxes to the treasury; peasants were also obliged to serve in the military militia.
Crafts and trade in cities, which at that time were experiencing a period of revival and growth, were also subject to careful regulation. Not a single product was sold or bought on the market without the state collecting a trade duty from it. The control of the authorities over the economic and social life of the townspeople in the capital of the empire was especially strict, carried out in accordance with the provisions and norms of the legal collection introduced into practice by Constantine’s father Leo VI - “The Book of the Eparch” (i.e., the mayor of Constantinople).
In the first half of the 10th century, the femme military-administrative system of governing the provinces finally became widespread in the empire, ensuring more advanced organization of the collection of state taxes, the defense of the country and the recruitment of femme peasant militia. At the head of each theme was a strateg appointed by the emperor, who had full military and civil power. By this period, the apparatus of the central government was also significantly expanded, differentiated and streamlined: separate departments (logoffices, or secrets) were in charge of foreign relations and mail, collection of taxes and duties, equipment of troops and payment of salaries to hired soldiers, and imperial estates. A variety of specialized services and offices, large and small, provided for the varied needs of the imperial palace. Beginning of the 10th century. In Marxist Byzantine studies, the completion of the Byzantine centralized feudal monarchy is usually dated. The Synclite (Senate) - the council under the emperor turned into a decorative institution under the omnipotent monarch in his will. Abolishing the right of the synclite and curiae (city government bodies) to appoint officials, Leo VI the Wise, father of Constantine Porphyrogenitus, declared their complete uselessness, since “nowadays the emperor takes care of everything.”
The emperor relied on a powerful, extensive bureaucratic system of power. The empire was dominated by high-ranking, mostly civilian nobility, to which the ruling Macedonian dynasty at that time also belonged. But at the same time, a landowning provincial aristocracy, which traditionally played a major role in the Byzantine army, was emerging and quickly strengthening. The objective process of stratification and landlessness of peasants quickly gained momentum. Despite control over the growth of large land ownership by the state, contrary to those adopted since the 20s of the 10th century. Due to government measures aimed at preserving small peasant landownership, full-scale tax-paying and military-liable peasant farms, many free peasants became wigs - dependent on private individuals (villagers). This process took place especially quickly in the 10th century, including during the reign of Constantine VII, when the class of feudally dependent peasantry took shape. The growing class of large feudal lords increasingly expressed dissatisfaction with the rule of the civilian nobility, who controlled the throne and relied on strengthening centralized forms of exploitation. It was on this basis that Constantine VII’s predecessor, Romanos I Lecapinus, and then Constantine himself encountered the machinations of the feudal opposition precisely on this basis.
The main conflict between the two groups of the ruling class in the struggle for power occurs at a later time (the last quarter of the 10th - the last quarter of the 11th century). In the meantime, during the era of Constantine VII, the empire as a whole was on the rise. The subordination of the free peasantry to the centralized state, the flourishing of the urban economy, and the establishment of the feminine system strengthened the forces of the empire. Byzantium intensified its foreign policy, moving on almost all its borders from defense to offensive. Already at the end of the 9th century, during the reign of Constantine’s grandfather Basil I the Macedonian, in the new legal collection “Isagoge”, instead of the principle of “protect and save” that dominated in the iconoclastic era in foreign policy, a new one was put forward: “to preserve existing benefits, return lost ones and obtain missing ones .
The Arab danger was becoming a thing of the past. The fragmented caliphate weakened the onslaught. Empire troops in the middle of the 10th century. reappeared on the banks of the Tigris and Euphrates. The Armenian and Georgian principalities, freed from Arab dependence, became vassals of the empire. With the death of King Simeon of Bulgaria and the conclusion of a peace treaty in 927, sealed by a dynastic marriage, the Bulgarian danger disappeared for a long time. The Empire strengthened its influence in the Serbo-Croatian lands. She sought to strengthen her position in Italy. The empire also vigilantly monitored the state of affairs in the northern regions adjacent to the Black Sea: its diplomacy tried to neutralize possible danger its borders from the Ancient Rus' and the Pechenegs, which were strengthening in this area.
The main foreign policy successes of the emperors of the Macedonian dynasty, during which the empire reached the peak of its power, did not occur during the reign of Constantine VII. The foundations of this power were laid by Constantine’s grandfather Basil I the Macedonian (867–886), and Constantine’s grandson Basil II the Bulgarian Slayer (976–1025) became famous for his victories and conquests. However, even under Constantine, the empire continued to increase its strength; it lost nothing of what his predecessors had acquired, and in the wars with the Arabs at the end of his reign, it managed to push them even further to the south and southeast, opening the way for an offensive into Mesopotamia and Syria.
The personal fate of Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus was, perhaps, the most difficult in comparison with the circumstances of life of other representatives of the Macedonian dynasty. Considered the heir to the throne, Constantine - a royal child, then a youth, a young man and a mature man - fully experienced the absence in the political theory and practice of the empire of a firm principle of heredity of imperial power. The very birth of Constantine was accompanied by a major political and social scandal. The son of Leo VI the Wise (886–912) and the beautiful Zoe Karvonopsis (the nickname literally means “Fire-Eyed”), Constantine was essentially an illegitimate child. Leo VI's marriages were amazingly unhappy: his wives died one after another. In nine years, from 892 to 901, he buried three wives. The first two left him daughters, and the third died during childbirth along with a son who was barely born. The unfortunate emperor did not dare to enter into a fourth marriage - the church resolutely and unconditionally forbade it. Even a third marriage was allowed by the canons in exceptional cases, and it took Leo VI considerable effort to marry Zoe’s predecessor Evdokia.
Constantine was born in September 905. The inexpressibly delighted father, who had finally found an heir, faced a difficult struggle to achieve the legalization of the rights of his son born out of wedlock. In April 906, the emperor and Zoya were secretly married in the palace by a simple priest. However, the legality of the marriage was not recognized by the powerful patriarch Nicholas the Mystic (901–907 and 912–925). Only at the end of the next year, after Leo VI published a special short story enshrining the prohibition of a fourth marriage in secular legislation (this was the condition of the new Patriarch Euthymius: 907–912), the marriage of Leo VI and Zoe was recognized by the church, and Constantine acquired the rights of an imperial son . On May 15, 908, the boy, who had not reached the age of three, was crowned as his father’s co-ruler. However, Constantine was not the only co-ruler of Leo VI. This was also his uncle Alexander, his father’s brother, who was crowned Vasily I about 30 years ago.
On May 11, 912, on the holiday - the day of the founding of Constantinople, traditionally celebrated since 330. Leo VI died, entrusting the care of his son to his brother Alexander, who, as rumor claimed, not only did not have warm feelings for his nephew, but also intended to destroy him physically. The immediate exile of Constantine's mother Zoe and the disgrace of dignitaries and servants close to Leo VI were regarded as confirmation of this plan. However, Alexander’s plans, if he really harbored them, were not destined to come true: on May 6, 913, he died suddenly.
Constantine, thus, turned out to be the only crowned person on the throne of the empire. The regency council under the young autocrat (autocrat) included Nikolai Mystic, who again became patriarch under Alexander, and the commander of the imperial fleet (drungar of the fleet) Roman Lekapin, and soon also Konstantin’s mother Zoya, who was returned from exile. Protracted heavy wars with Bulgaria, which broke out again in 913, led to an increase in the role of the military at court, including Roman Lekapin, who enjoyed the support of the capital's bureaucracy and part of the provincial nobility. His plans were apparently also facilitated by the patriarch, who transferred his hostility towards Leo VI and Zoe to their son. Zoya and Constantine were essentially in the complete power of the two regents mentioned.
In 919, 14-year-old Constantine received the daughter of Roman Lekapin, Elena, as his wife and awarded his father-in-law the high rank of basileopator (“father of the emperor”), which provided a preemptive right among other nobles to participate in the administration of the empire. In the fall of the following year, Constantine crowned Roman as Caesar (the title was given, as a rule, only to close relatives of the emperor), and at the end of the same year - as his co-ruler. Regent, father-in-law and co-ruler. Roman I Lecapinus (920–944) essentially seized the reins of government of the empire from the young Constantine for the coming quarter century, revealing great organizational abilities and the ability to achieve the main goal through skillful compromises.
The true intentions of Roman I, who swore an oath to the synclit not to encroach on royal power when he was appointed regent, were revealed less than six months later: in May 921, Roman I crowned his eldest son Christopher as co-ruler. A whole escalation of measures followed, aimed at gradually depriving Constantine VII (and his possible heirs) of the rights to real participation in the affairs of the state. The following year, Romanus I found himself in the rank of chief emperor (autokrator), between 922 and 924. Christopher was promoted to second place, directly behind his father, and Constantine was pushed to third; in December 924, Roman’s two other sons, Stefan and Constantine, also became co-rulers with their father. In 933, all opposition to Romanus on the part of the higher clergy was finally eliminated: his youngest son, 16-year-old Theophylact, took the throne of the Patriarch of Constantinople. The position of the representatives of the Lekapin family on the throne seemed unshakable.
Judging by the data of the 51st chapter of the work “On the Administration of the Empire,” the son-in-law of Romanus I and the Dowager Empress Zoe were not just neglected in the palace: they were kept under vigilant supervision. They were acutely aware of the danger constantly threatening them. The situation in the family probably changed after the death of Christopher in 931. The old emperor did not elevate Stephen to the rank of deceased son, and Constantine Porphyrogenitus took second place. Apparently, discord began among the Lacapinids. In all likelihood, the forces behind the rightful heir to the throne also became more active. Among the ardent supporters of Constantine VII, who sought to ensure him autocratic power as the immediate successor of Romanus I, was Constantine’s wife Elena, who was ready to act against both her father and her brothers for her husband’s sake. Soon Roman’s illegitimate son, the palace eunuch Vasily Nof, who had a sharp mind and indomitable ambition, also found himself in their camp.
Of course, the atmosphere in the palace became even more tense after Elena gave birth to a son in 938, who was named Roman in honor of his grandfather. The concerns of the sons of Roman I Stefan and Constantine for their rights to the throne increased sharply. There is reason to assume that Constantine VII and a group of courtiers acting in his favor were able to bring the outcome closer by taking advantage of the circumstances of the conclusion of the Byzantine-Russian treaty in the fall of 944. The fact is that, according to the text preserved in the Russian chronicle, the treaty was signed on the part of the empire by Roman, Constantine and Stefan (the names are given in this order). It is clear that Constantine here is Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus, who, therefore, from 931 again received the rank of chief among the co-rulers: the son of Roman I Constantine was younger than Stephen and could not be named earlier than him. In this case, Roman’s son Konstantin probably somehow angered his father and he was not allowed to sign the agreement at all. One way or another, Constantine VII and his supporters managed to direct the discontent of Roman’s sons against their father, and on December 16, 944, Roman I was deposed by them and exiled to Prot Island, one of the Prince’s Islands near the capital, and 41 days later, On January 27, 945, they were, in turn, freely arrested by order of Constantine VII and sent into exile and into custody. Soon, on Easter, on April 6 of the same year, Constantine crowned his son Roman as co-ruler.
Considered emperor from the age of three, Constantine truly became one only at the age of forty. Having been removed from the affairs of governing the empire for so long, he apparently filled his leisure time with the study of various sciences and familiarization with the heritage of ancient literature. However, the fame of his learning was greatly exaggerated. He, of course, was the most educated among the crown bearers of the Macedonian dynasty, surpassing even his father Leo VI in this, not to mention his grandfather, son and grandson, but was significantly inferior to his contemporaries, such as, for example, Patriarch Nicholas the Mystic. The education of Constantine VII was, in all likelihood, not systematic. He didn't know Latin. His knowledge of history was also relative. In connection with the question of who prevailed in Constantine - a politician or a scientist - assumptions have been made in science about various kinds of complexes that seem to be; could not help but develop in the mental makeup of a well-read emperor, consumed by the thought of his great destiny and his pitiful role in reality. The texts of the works preserved under the name of Constantine do not at all justify such guesses, however. They allow us to judge, although also presumably, about something more personally important for Constantine, about the relationship that developed between father (Constantine VII) and son (Roman II) in the mid-40s - early 50s. The emperor's remarks addressed to his son are filled with care and anxiety not only for him, but also for his ability as a basileus to withstand circumstances.
Porphyrogenitus « Aboutmanagement .empire: Dalmatian and Croatian historical..."Russian" names of rapids by Constantine Porphyrogenitus
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CONSTANTINE VII Porphyrogenitus (Porphyrogenet) (905 - 959) - Byzantine emperor from the Macedonian dynasty, one of the most educated people of his era, patron and publisher of compilation collections (encyclopedias), author of essays On themes, On ceremonies, On the management of the empire, which are the most important sources for studying the history of Byzantium, Kievan Rus and other countries. The chapter on the management of the empire contains a well-known, albeit brief, description of the economic and political structure of Rus'.
Preface...... 4761 1. About pachinakites: how useful they are, being in peace with Vasileus Romeev...... 4764 2. About pachinakites and dews...... 4766 3. About pachinakites and Turks. ..... 4768 4. About the Pachinakites, Dews and Turks...... 4769 5. About the Pachinakites and Bulgars...... 4770 6. About the Pachinakites and Chersonites...... 4771 7. About basils sent from Kherson to Pachinakia...... 4772 8. About basils sent from the God-protected city to Pachinakia with chelands along the rivers Danube, Dnieper and Dniester...... 4773 9. About dews sent with monoxyls from Russia to Constantinople...... 4775 10. About Khazaria, how it is necessary and with whose forces to fight [with it]....... 4781 11. About the Kherson fortress and the Bosporus fortress...... 4782 12. About Black Bulgaria and Khazaria...... 4783 13. About the peoples neighboring the Turks...... 4784 14. About the origin of Muhumet...... 4795 15. About the Fatimid family...... 4797 16. From the rule that the mathematician Stephen derived about the performance of the Saracens - in what year from the foundation of the world it happened and who then held the scepter of the kingdom of the Romans..... 4798 17. From the chronicle of blessed Theophan...... 4799 18. The second leader of the Arabs Abu-Bahar - three years...... 4801 19. The third leader of the Arabs Umar...... 4802 20. The fourth leader of the Arabs Ufman...... 4803 21. From the chronicle of Theophanes : year from the creation of the world 6171...... 4804 22. From the chronograph of Blessed Theophan about the same: about Mavia and his family...... 4810 23. About Iviria and Spain...... 4815 24. About Spain...... 4818 25. From the history of Blessed Theophan of Sigrian...... 4819 26. Genealogy of the glorious King Hugo...... 4824 27. About the theme of Laguvardia, about its principates and archonties ...... 4828 28. A story about how the city now called Venice was inhabited...... 4833 29. About Dalmatia and its neighboring peoples...... 4836 30. A story about the theme Dalmatia ...... 4851 31. About the Croats and about the country in which they currently live...... 4859 32. About the Serbs and about the country where they live now...... 4864 33. About the Zakhlums and about the country that they now inhabit...... 4872 34. About the Tervuniots and Kanalites and about the country that they now inhabit...... 4874 35. About the Diocletians and about the country that they now inhabit ...... 4876 36. About the Pagans, also called Arendans, and about the country that they now inhabit...... 4877 37. About the people of the Pachinakites...... 4879 38. About the genealogy of the people of the Turks and about where they come from...... 4883 39. About the people of the Kavars...... 4887 40. About the clans of the Kavars and Turks...... 4888 41. About the country of Moravia...... 4892 42. Land description from Thessalonica to the Danube River and the Belegrad fortress..... .... 4894 43. About the country of Taron...... 4900 44. About the country of Apakhunis and the fortresses of Mantzikiert, Perkri, Khliat, Khaliat. Artses, Tivi, Khert, Salomas and Tsermatsu...... 4910 45. About the Ivirs...... 4916 46. About the genealogy of the Ivirs and the fortress of Ardanutsi...... 4925 47. History tells about the resettlement of the Cypriots the following...... 4933 48. Chapter 39 of the sixth holy synod, which took place in Trulla of the great palace...... 4935 49. Asking how the Slavs were put into service......... 4937 50. About the Slavs in the Peloponnese theme, about the Milings and Eserites......... 4941 51. About how the royal dromonium was built......... 4954 52. What took place, how as stated above, to serve with horses in the Peloponnese theme under the despot Roman...... 4965 53. The story of the Kherson fortress...... 4966 Comments on the work...... 4992
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