Introductory words and phrases

Task formulation:

Choose your own subordinating conjunction, which should take the place of the gap in the third (3) sentence of the text. Write down this union.

(1)According to the blue-de-ni-yams of modern research-to-va-te-leys in humans, on the basis information on the Internet, the “nature” of reading. (2) Develop a focus on superficial, skimpy reading, and the skill of attention that remains unused The ability to read a long text disappears, like any ability that is not trained. (3)<...>consciousness, accustomed to working with small pieces and separate fragments that are not connected with each other, copes poorly with large texts, requiring time and attention.

Correct answer: due to this<ИЛИ>That's why

A comment:

The word “therefore” and the like are not suitable, since they would need to be followed by a comma; these are introductory words that are a conclusion from the chain of evidence. We are required to choose a subordinating conjunction.

The conjunction “due to this” can be replaced with “therefore”.

What you need to know:

The sentences in the text are interconnected both in meaning and grammatically. A grammatical connection means that the forms of words depend on other words in the neighboring sentence, which are consistent with each other.

Lexical means of communication:

1) Lexical repetition - repetition of the same word

Around the city there are low hills forests, mighty, untouched. In forests There were large meadows and remote lakes with huge old pine trees along the banks.

2) cognates

Of course, such a master knew his worth, felt the difference between himself and not so talented, but he knew perfectly well another difference - the difference between himself and a more gifted person. Respect for the more capable and experienced is the first sign talent. (V. Belov)

2) Synonyms. We saw in the forest moose. Elk I walked along the edge of the forest and was not afraid of anyone.

3) AntonymsNature has a lot friends. Foes she has significantly less.

4) Descriptive phrases

Built highway. Noisy, swift river of life connected the region with the capital. (F. Abramov)

Grammatical means of communication:

1) personal pronouns, possessive pronouns

1.And now I am listening to the voice of an ancient stream. He coos like a wild dove. 2.The call for forest protection should be addressed primarily to youth. To her live and farm on this land, to her and decorate it. (L. Leonov).3. He unexpectedly returned to his native village. His the arrival delighted and frightened the mother. (A. Chekhov)

2) demonstrative pronouns(such, that, this)

1.A dark sky with bright, needle-like stars floated over the village. Such stars appear only in autumn.(V. Astafiev). 2. They shouted with distant, sweet twitching corncrakes . These corncrakes and the sunsets are unforgettable; they were preserved forever by pure vision.(B. Zaitsev) - in the second text the means of communication are lexical repetition and the demonstrative pronoun “these”.

3) pronominal adverbs(there, so, then, etc.)

He [Nikolai Rostov] knew that this story contributed to the glorification of our weapons, and therefore it was necessary to pretend that you did not doubt it. So that's what he did(L.N. Tolstoy “War and Peace”).

4) unions ( mostly creative)

It was May 1945. Spring thundered. The people and the land rejoiced. Moscow saluted the heroes. AND joy flew into the sky like lights.(A. Alekseev). With the same chatter and laughter, the officers hastily began to get ready; again they put the samovar on dirty water. But Rostov, without waiting for tea, went to the squadron"(L.N. Tolstoy)

5) particles

6) introductory words and constructions (in a word, so, first of all and etc.)

Young people spoke about everything Russian with contempt or indifference and, jokingly, predicted for Russia the fate of the Confederation of the Rhine. In a word, society was pretty disgusting. (A. Pushkin).

7) unity of types of tense forms of verbs - the use of identical forms of grammatical tense that indicate simultaneity or sequence of situations.

Imitation of the French tone of the times of Louis XV was in fashion. Love for the Fatherland seemed pedantry. Smart guys back then extolled Napoleon with fanatical servility and joked over our failures.(A. Pushkin) - all verbs are used in the past tense.

8) incomplete sentences and ellipsis, referring to previous elements of the text:

Gorkin cuts the bread and distributes the slices. He puts me too: huge, you'll cover your whole face(I. Shmelev)

9) syntactic parallelism - identical construction of several adjacent sentences. To be able to speak is an art. Listening - culture. (D. Likhachev)

Option 2

Part 1

Read the text and complete tasks 1-3 .

(1)March 22, 1993 news agencies sensational news was broadcast around the world: the unknown robotics engineer Rudolf Gantenbrink did the most outstanding discovery decades. (2) Gantenbrink, who was hired by the German Archaeological Institute located in Cairo to study the possibility of installing a ventilation system in the Great Pyramid, sent a remote-controlled robot he created into the southern ventilation shaft of the burial chamber. (3)<…>having walked sixty-five meters, which was about half the distance, the robot sent a video image in which a door with a very mysterious void behind it was clearly visible.

1. Indicate two sentences that correctly convey the MAIN information contained in the text. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

1) German engineer Rudolf Gantenbrink created a special robot to explore ventilation shafts in the Great Pyramid, and this invention made the scientist famous.

2) A robot created by engineer Gantenbrink, while exploring a ventilation shaft in the Great Pyramid, discovered a mysterious door in this shaft, and this news shocked the whole world.

3) Robotics engineer Rudolf Gantenbrink, exploring the ventilation shaft of the Great Pyramid with the help of a controlled robot, made amazing discovery: There is a door in the shaft.

4) Rudolf Gantenbrink's robot, having completed half the journey in one of the mines in Cairo, sent the operator a clear video image.

5) In March 1993, sensational news spread throughout the world that an unknown robotics engineer, Rudolf Gantenbrink, had created a radio-controlled robot.

2. Which of the following words or combinations of words should be missing in the third (3) sentence of the text? Write down this word (combination of words).

On the contrary, Therefore, In all likelihood, And Probably

3. Read a fragment of a dictionary entry that gives the meaning of the word WORK. Determine in what sense this word is used in the second (2) sentence of the text. Write down the number corresponding to this value in the given fragment of the dictionary entry.

JOB, -s, zh.r.

1) Being in action, the activity of something, the process of converting energy of one type into another. R. machines.

2) Occupation, work. Physical river

3) Service, occupation at some kind. enterprise, institution as a source of income. To get a job.

4) plural Production activities to create, processing something. Irrigation works.

5) Product of labor, finished product. Printed works.

4. In one of the words below, an error was made in the placement of stress: the letter denoting the stressed vowel sound was highlighted incorrectly. Write this word down.

WILL EASIER AIRPORTS SEALING STARTED TO THE BOTTOM

5. One of the sentences below uses the highlighted word incorrectly. Correct the mistake and write this word correctly.

On a difficult track, the advantage was given not to the owners of the most powerful engines, but to the most TECHNICAL racers.

Kolosentsev immediately stood up with a BUSINESS look.

She considered herself a backward, UNLUCKY creature, doomed to live a dull, hard life.

Wait! - he interrupted me excitedly. “You are putting me in a HUMILIATING position.”

ROMANTIC irony, gothic parody, fighting street song, forms of small magazine-satirical (colloquial) genres, Shrovetide laughter are uniquely combined in Heine’s wonderful poetic satire.

6. In one of the words highlighted below, an error was made in the formation of the word form.Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.

aroma SHAMPOOS in SEVEN HUNDRED versts for more than a LONG time got wet in the rain

several young ladies

7. Establish a correspondence between grammatical errors and the sentences in which they were made: for each position in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

OFFERS

A) misuse case form of a noun with a preposition

B) disruption of the connection between subject and predicate

C) incorrect construction of sentences with participial phrase

D) incorrect construction of sentences with indirect speech

D) violation in the construction of sentences with homogeneous members

1) It was completely dark in the houses, squares, parks, it was deep night, from which something mysterious and mysterious wafted.

2) Without thinking for a second, Fedya rushed across the cyclist, who was riding straight towards little Dasha.

3) A small forest near the village, a tiny pond behind the garden, a small grandmother’s house - all this seemed to Nikolenka to be a huge world full of adventures.

4) Father promised that upon arrival from a business trip he would certainly tell in all details what he saw abroad.

5) All those who have found the strength to resist evil towards man will not allow cruelty towards nature.

6) When everyone expressed their point of view, after weighing all the pros and cons, we made a compromise decision.

7) D.S. Likhachev writes that “an intellectual can be recognized by his lack of aggressiveness, suspicion, inferiority complex, and gentleness of behavior.”

8) Anyone who was at Anna Dmitrievna’s party on that memorable day was struck by the luxurious decoration of her house.

9) After thinking a little, the professor said that even I, being an experienced surgeon, was not ready to take on such a complex operation, and it became clear that I, a doctor just starting my practice, could not cope.

8. Identify the word in which the unstressed alternating vowel of the root is missing. Write out this word by inserting the missing letter.

arrived..speech see..forge (food) abandoned (fence) simplification subtraction..tanning

9. Identify the row in which the same letter is missing in both words. Write out these words by inserting the missing letter.

pr..following, (to) pr..dacha

up..small, about..sk

be..delicious, ..shaved (beard)

pr..highed, pr..layed down

with..agreement, pr..image

10. Write down the word in which the letter E is written in the blank.

oil..pressure..seal..quiet..on moving..

11. Write down the word in which the letter I is written in place of the gap.

rebuilt..finished..unacceptable..hopeful..flourished..expanded

12. Determine the sentence in which NOT is spelled together with the word. Open the brackets and write down this word.

This (UN)FAMILIAR person behaved as if he knew everyone well.

Our hero constantly (NOT) had enough money, because it was spent quickly and stupidly.

Today's performance turned out to be no more (NOT) INTERESTING than yesterday's.

(UN)ABLE to speak in public, Demidov was very worried before the meeting.

I didn’t know how to start a conversation in such an (UN)USUAL environment.

13. Determine the sentence in which both highlighted words are written CONTINUOUSLY. Open the brackets and write down these two words.

Yegor sat alone for a long time in a (SEMI) DARK room, then he went out into the dining room, said something, but no one understood what he meant (IN) SEE.

Krygin was also a specialist in this field, and well known.

My grandmother and I walked DEEPLY into the forest, but I wasn’t worried at all, because I knew: my grandmother knew this forest well enough to find the way back.

SO the director talked about the company’s plans for the coming year, and everyone listened attentively for several hours.

The children split into columns of (AT) TWO and (THAT) HOUR they hit the road.

14. Indicate all the numbers in whose place NN is written.

In mid-September it was windy (1)o; yellow and crimson(2) leaves, doomed(3) obeying the gusts of wind, circled in desperate(4) round dances through the streets and squares and, mingling with silver(5) cobwebs, flew off somewhere into the distance.

15. Punctuate . Specify two sentences in which you need to putONE comma. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

1) I wanted to give my mother a box or a hat or a silk muffler for her birthday.

2) At night it was freezing and stars dotted the sky.

3) At the Bird Market you could either buy the animals you liked or simply admire them.

4) Lightning flashed and for a few moments the forest was illuminated with an inexpressibly bright light and filled with bizarre shadows.

5) Copernicus reflected on the Ptolemaic system of the world and was amazed at its complexity and artificiality, illogicality and confusion.

16. Place all punctuation marks:

Nikolai Ivanovich (1) being naturally strong and healthy person(2) that day, for no apparent reason, I felt ill and (3) immediately interrupting the meeting (4) and (5) calling a car (6) went to my home.

17. Place all the missing punctuation marks: indicate the number(s) in whose place(s) there should be a comma(s) in the sentence.

– You (1) guys (2) from the middle

Start off. And I will say:

I'm not the first shoes

I wear it here without repair.

Here (3) you (4) arrived at the place,

Take your guns and fight.

And who (5) of you (6) knows

What is Sabantui?

18. Place all punctuation marks: indicate the number(s) in whose place(s) there should be a comma(s) in the sentence.

Literary work was thought of by stylistics as a closed and self-sufficient whole (1) all elements (2) of which (3) constitute a closed system (4) and do not presuppose any others outside of themselves

statements.

19. Place all punctuation marks: indicate the number(s) in whose place(s) there should be a comma(s) in the sentence.

When Zhenya decided to accept Alexander Semyonovich’s offer (1) and (2) a letter about this decision had already been sent to his Moscow address (3) she was going to go say goodbye to her aunt (4) so that (5) despite the fact that (6 ) the relationship between them was very difficult (7) to receive a blessing from her.

20. Edit the sentence: correct the lexical error,excluding unnecessary word. Write this word down.

Cold snow packed into the wrinkles of the bark, and the thick, three-girth trunk seemed stitched with silver threads.

Read the text and complete tasks 21-26

(1) It was Christmas Eve...

(2) The guard of the resettlement barracks, a retired soldier, with a gray beard like mouse fur, named Semyon Dmitrievich, or simply Mitrich, approached his wife and said cheerfully:

- (3) Well, woman, what a trick I came up with! (4) I say, the holiday is coming... (5) And for everyone it is a holiday, everyone rejoices at it... (6) Everyone has their own: who has new clothes for the holiday, who will have feasts... (7) For example, your room will be clean, I will also have my own pleasure: I’ll buy myself some sausages!..

- (8) So what? – the old woman said indifferently.

“(9) Otherwise,” Mitrich sighed again, “it will be like a holiday for everyone, but, I say, for the kids, it turns out there is no real holiday... (10) I look at them - and my heart bleeds.” : oh, I think it’s wrong!.. (11) It’s known, orphans... (12) Neither mother, nor father, nor relatives... (13) It’s awkward!.. (14) So I thought of this: it’s necessary amuse the children! (17) They’ll bring a Christmas tree, decorate it with candles and gifts, and their kids will just jump for joy!.. (18) The forest is close to us - I’ll cut down the Christmas tree and give the kids such fun!

(19) Mitrich winked cheerfully, smacked his lips and went out into the yard.

(20) Wooden houses covered with snow and covered with boards were scattered around the yard here and there. (21)C early spring and until late autumn settlers passed through the city. (22) There were so many of them, and they were so poor, that good people built these houses for them, which Mitrich guarded. (23) By autumn the houses were vacated, and by winter there was no one left except Mitrich and Agrafena and a few more children, no one knows whose. (24) These children’s parents either died or went to an unknown place. (25) Mitrich had eight such children this winter. (26) He settled them all together in one house, where he was going to have a holiday today.

(27) First of all, Mitrich went to the church warden to ask for some cinders of church candles to decorate the Christmas tree. (28) Then he went to the resettlement official. (29) But the official was busy; without seeing Mitrich, he ordered to say “thank you” to him and sent fifty dollars.

(30) Returning home, Mitrich did not say a word to his wife, but just chuckled silently and, looking at the coin, figured out when and how to arrange everything.

(31) “Eight children,” Mitrich reasoned, bending the clumsy fingers on his hands, “that means eight candies...”

(32)...It was a clear frosty afternoon. (33) With an ax in his belt, in a sheepskin coat and a hat, Mitrich returned from the forest, dragging a Christmas tree on his shoulder. (34) He was having fun, although he was tired. (35) In the morning he went to the city to buy candy for the children, and sausage for himself and his wife, which he was a passionate hunter for, but he rarely bought it and ate it only on holidays.

(36) Mitrich brought the tree and sharpened the end with an ax; then he adjusted it so that it would stand, and when everything was ready, he dragged it to the children in the barracks.

(37) When the tree warmed up, the room smelled of freshness and resin. (38) The children’s faces, sad and thoughtful, suddenly became cheerful... (39) No one yet understood what the old man was doing, but everyone was already anticipating pleasure, and Mitrich looked cheerfully at the eyes fixed on him from all sides.

(40) When the candles and sweets were already on the tree, Mitrich thought: the decoration was sparse. (41) No matter how keen he was on his idea, he could not hang anything on the tree except eight candies.

(42) Suddenly such a thought came to him that he even stopped. (43) Although he loved sausage very much and treasured every piece, the desire to treat him to glory overpowered all his considerations:

- (44) I’ll cut each one a circle and hang it on a string. (45) And a slice of bread, and also for the Christmas tree.

(46) As soon as it got dark, the tree was lit. (47) It smelled of melted wax, resin and herbs. (48) Always gloomy and thoughtful, the children screamed joyfully, looking at the lights. (49) Their eyes perked up, their faces blushed. (50) Laughter, screams and chatter enlivened for the first time this gloomy room, where from year to year only complaints and tears were heard. (51) Even Agrafena threw up her hands in surprise, and Mitrich, rejoicing from the bottom of his heart, clapped his hands. (52) Admiring the Christmas tree and the children having fun, he smiled. (53) And then he commanded:

- (54) Public! (55) Come! (56) Taking a piece of bread and sausage from the tree, Mitrich dressed all the children, then took Agrafena for himself.

- (57) Look, the orphans are chewing! (58) Look, they’re chewing! (59) Look! (60) Rejoice! - he shouted. (61) And then Mitrich took the harmonica and, forgetting his old age, started dancing with the children. (62) The children jumped, squealed and twirled merrily, and Mitrich did not lag behind them. (63) His soul was filled with such joy that he did not remember whether such a holiday had ever happened in his life.

- (64) Public! – he finally exclaimed. – (65) The candles are burning out. (66) Get yourself some candy, and it’s time to go to bed!

(67) The children screamed joyfully and rushed to the tree, and Mitrich, touched almost to the point of tears, whispered to Agrafena:

- (68) Good!.. (69) We can say directly: right!..

(according to N.D. Teleshov*)

* Nikolai Dmitrievich Teleshov (1867–1957) - Russian Soviet writer, poet, organizer of the famous circle of Moscow writers “Sreda” (1899–1916). The story “Yolka Mitrich” (1897) is part of the “Migrants” cycle, dedicated to the great resettlement beyond the Urals, to Siberia, where peasants were given plots of land.

21. Read sentences 19–29. Indicate the number of the sentence after which the next fragment should appear.

“The houses were always overcrowded, and meanwhile the settlers kept coming and coming. They had nowhere to go, so they set up huts in the field, where they hid with their family and children in the cold and bad weather. Some lived here for a week, two, and others for more than a month, waiting for their turn on the ship.”

22. Which of the following statements arefaithful ? Please provide answer numbers.

Enter the numbers in ascending order.

1) Sentences 10–13 present the narrative.

2) Sentence 19 presents a narrative.

3) Sentences 30–31 provide a description.

4) Proposition 47 indicates the consequence of what is said in sentence 46.

5) Sentences 61–62 present the narrative.

23. From sentences 42–51, write down a phraseological unit with the meaning “very good, excellent, great.”

24. Among sentences 20–26, find the one(s) that is related to the previous one using a defining pronoun, a demonstrative pronoun, and a lexical repetition. Write the number(s) of this sentence(s).

25. Read a fragment of a review based on the text that you analyzed while completing tasks 20–23.

“Telling the reader the story of the holiday organized by Mitrich, N.D. Teleshov generously uses a wide variety of means artistic expression. At the lexical level, it is worth noting the active use of (A)_____ (“theirs” in sentence 17, “adjust” in sentence 36, “Mitrich”), as well as such a trope as (B)_____ (in sentence 2). Among other means of expressiveness, one can highlight such a technique as (B)_____ (for example, in sentences 15–16, 57–58), and such syntactic device, as (G)_____(in sentences 3, 68, 69).”

List of terms

1) synonyms 2) comparison 3) metonymy 4) litotes

5) colloquial vocabulary 6) rows homogeneous members

7) rhetorical exclamations 8) anaphora 9) rhetorical appeals

26. Write an essay based on the text you read.

Formulate one of the problems posed by the author of the text.

Comment on the formulated problem. Include in your comment two illustrative examples from the text you read that you think are important for understanding the problem in the source text (avoid excessive quoting).

Formulate the position of the author (storyteller). Write whether you agree or disagree with the point of view of the author of the text you read. Explain why. Argue your opinion, relying primarily on reading experience, as well as knowledge and life observations (the first two arguments are taken into account).

The volume of the essay is at least 150 words.

ANSWERS:

1. Answer: 23|32.

2. Answer: i.

3. Answer: 3.

4. Answer: started.

5. Answer: technical.

6. Answer: shampoo.

7. Answer: 45691

8. Answer: subtraction

9. Answer: agreement prototype

10. Answer: capture

11. Answer: graduated

12. Answer: unusual

13. Answer: it has to do with it too

14. Answer: 34.

15. Answer: 35

16. Answer: 1236

17. Answer: 12

18. Answer: 1.

19. Answer: 3457.

20. Answer: cold.

21. Answer: 22

22. Answer: 245.

23. Answer: to glory

24. Answer: 25

25. Answer: 5287

Explanation.

1. The holiday is very important for people. And this applies to both children and adults. Children can sincerely rejoice and have fun, this helps them forget about all the troubles and feel happy. And adults, thanks to the holiday, forget about age, about problems, and plunge into childhood, happy and carefree.

2. The problem of mercy. (What is mercy? How does it manifest itself? Do a person’s financial capabilities affect the ability to be merciful?)

2. Charity is the ability to care for others. Organizing a holiday is also an act of mercy, since it is an attempt to give children a piece of happiness. A person, even alone, can do a truly good deed, show mercy, because this feeling comes from within, it does not require large financial expenses, a person is driven only by the desire to help, please, make happy.

3. The problem of a good deed, the role of a dear deed in a person’s life. (What is the role of a good deed in our lives?)

3. When a person does good and brings happiness to others, this makes him happy.

* To formulate a problem, the examinee may use vocabulary that differs from that presented in the table. The problem can also be cited from the original text or indicated using links

Task No. 2 in the Unified State Exam in Russian is aimed at identifying the ability of graduates to correctly use various means of connecting text sentences. It is performed on the basis of the same text that was given in task No. 1. The specially omitted word, which is a connective, is the correct word, suitable in meaning, which students must now choose on their own, knowing only the part of speech.

In many cases the right word it just “asks” for empty place, however, to correctly complete the task, for which you can get one primary score, you need to have a good understanding of the means of communication of the proposal.

Theory for task No. 2 of the Unified State Exam in Russian

Means of connecting sentences in the text

Lexical means of communication:

Prepetition of the same word – lexical repetition.
Around the city there are low hills forests, mighty, untouched. IN forests There were large meadows and remote lakes with huge old pine trees along the banks.
Similar words.
Of course, such a master knew his worth, felt the difference between himself and not so talented, but he knew perfectly well another difference - the difference between himself and a more gifted person. Respect for the more capable and experienced is the first sign talents.
Synonyms.
We saw in the forest moose. Elk I walked along the edge of the forest and was not afraid of anyone.
Antonyms.
Nature has a lot friends. Foes she has significantly less.
Descriptive phrases.
They built a highway. A noisy, fast-moving river of life connected the region with the capital.

Grammatical means of communication:

Personal pronouns.
Demonstrative pronouns(such, that, this)
A dark sky with bright, needle-like stars. Such stars appear only in autumn.
Pronominal adverbs(there, so, then, etc.)
He [Nikolai Rostov] knew that this story contributed to the glorification of our weapons, and therefore it was necessary to pretend that you did not doubt it. So he did.
Unions(usually creative)
It was May 1945. Spring thundered. The people and the land rejoiced. Moscow saluted the heroes. And joy flew into the sky like lights.
Particles
Introductory words and designs(in one word, so, firstly, etc.)
Young people spoke about everything Russian with contempt or indifference and, jokingly, predicted for Russia the fate of the Confederation of the Rhine. In a word, society was pretty disgusting.
Unity of tense forms of verbs- the use of identical forms of grammatical tense, which indicate simultaneity or sequence of situations.
Imitation of the French tone of the times of Louis XV was in vogue. Love for the fatherland seemed pedantry. The wise men of that time praised Napoleon with fanatical servility and joked about our failures.
Incomplete sentences and ellipsis, referring to previous text elements:
Gorkin cuts the bread and distributes the slices. He puts it on me too: it’s huge, you’ll cover your whole face.
Syntactic parallelism– identical construction of several adjacent sentences.
To be able to speak is an art. Listening is a culture.

We are most interested in grammatical means of communication, namely points 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, since usually either introductory constructions or parts of speech such as conjunctions, particles, adverbs are missing.

Words that are most often missing in the text:

Besides– used to complement and expand the earlier sentence given;
in other words– applies in the case when already known information is reported, but formulated differently;
thus, therefore, thus– words necessary to summarize the above reasoning;
for example like this– used when you need to enter an explanation of what was said earlier;
vice versa– necessary for contrasting different information;
first of all, on the one hand– display the order of the arguments;
despite, although, in spite of– are used when something said in the sentence happens contrary to the facts given earlier;
because, because, the thing is that– needed to explain the reasons for the previously mentioned phenomena;
therefore, from here– help to draw a conclusion from the above;
however, but, but- contrast one sentence to another;
exactly, after all– are used to emphasize the meaning of some information, to clarify it;
even– reinforcing particle;
not by chance- "for this reason".

Algorithm for completing the task:

We read the text carefully.
We use the selection method - we will try to read the text with each of the proposed options and select the one that looks most harmonious.

Analysis of typical options for task No. 2 of the Unified State Examination in the Russian language

Second task of demo version 2018

(1) The consequence of the ongoing struggle for existence in the animal world is natural selection - a process that eliminates less adapted organisms and favors more adapted organisms. (2) In this competition, those representatives of the species who turn out to be the most viable, that is, adapted to specific living conditions, gain an advantage. (3)<…>

Which of the following words (combinations of words) should appear in the gap in the third (3) sentence of the text? Write down this word (combination of words).

On the other hand,

After all

Against,

Although

Despite this,

Execution algorithm:

The text talks about the laws of natural selection, that more viable animals have an advantage over weaker ones.
If you imagine that instead of spaces there are words and combinations of words on the other hand, on the contrary, although, despite this, which have the meaning of opposition, it turns out that the ability to produce healthy offspring is opposed to adaptability to the prevailing environmental conditions. This is an incorrect statement. On the contrary, the last sentence explains the reason for nature’s preference for more viable animals: After all they have a greater chance of leaving behind full-fledged offspring.

Answer: indeed.

First version of the task

(1) The ancient Greeks honored the winners of sports games. (2) The most famous athlete of all time was Milo of Croton, a student of the philosopher Pythagoras. (3) It was he who, as a boy, began to train his strength by lifting a calf on his shoulders and carrying it around the exercise area every day. (4) The calf grew, but Milo’s strength also grew. (5) ... three years passed, he carried a large bull around the stadium with the same ease.

(6) When Milo won a victory, a full-length bronze statue was cast in his honor; he threw it over his shoulder and brought it to the temple himself. (According to M.L. Gasparov)

Which of the following words (combinations of words) should be in the blank in the fifth (5) sentence?

When
Then
That's why
Against,
On the one side

Execution algorithm:

In this example, everything is quite obvious - such a simple task may appear on the exam, which once again proves the possibility of every student passing it. high scores. There is a narrative in the text - a mention that after three years he easily carried a large bull. This clearly indicates that the missing word is "when".
Even if you try to substitute all the given options, it is clear that they are absolutely not suitable. Therefore, the answer is 1.

Second version of the task

(1) It is impossible to create a reliable flu vaccine, since the virus changes the composition of its shell proteins every year, against which the vaccine must train the immune system of the vaccinated person. (2) ... for every epidemic it is necessary to develop new option vaccines. (3) French immunologists from the University of Lyon decided to approach the problem from the other end: to block the activity not of the virus, but of the PAR-1 protein, which is present in the mucous membranes of the lungs and is involved in the process of their inflammation under the influence of viruses. (4) It is assumed that the new vaccine will be produced in the form of a nasal spray. (“Flu vaccine: a new approach”, “Science and Life”, No. 8 2013)

Which of the following words (combinations of words) should be in the blank in the second (2) sentence?

If
Although
Because
More than that,
That's why

Execution algorithm:

The first sentence contains the cause, and the second effect: the virus changes the composition of proteins, and for each epidemic a new vaccine must be created. In our retelling of the main meaning of the text, the conjunction “and” is easily replaced by “therefore”; this word is the correct answer to the task.
However, you can try to substitute other options - for self-test. The word “if” is not suitable because the following “then” does not appear in the sentence. “Although” absolutely does not satisfy the meaning of the sentences; we can also talk about “because” and “in addition.”

Third version of the task

(1) Those who like to watch the vibrant palette of autumn leaves noticed that it had faded and came to the following conclusion: global warming of the planet’s climate affects the intensity of the color of autumn leaves. (2) By studying how climate affects the color of leaves, scientists came to the conclusion that during drought, leaves turn brown and fall off, and during cloudy weather, the formation of red pigment in the leaf slows down. (3)<…>, the intensity of the color of autumn leaves depends on the weather.

Which of the following words (combinations of words) should be in the blank in the third (3) sentence?

Vice versa
Moreover
On the other side
That's why
Thus

Execution algorithm:

When reading the text, it is obvious that options 1, 2 and 3 are not suitable. However, at first glance, making a choice between “therefore” and “thus” is not so simple: they both satisfy the meaning of the sentences - when there is a drought, the leaves fall, and when it is cloudy, red pigment is formed in the leaves more slowly, therefore, their color depends on the weather. Options 4 and 5 are both used to draw a conclusion and summarize.
Let's read the text more carefully: in the third sentence, immediately after the missing word, there is a comma. It is not placed after the adverb “therefore”, but “thus” is always separated by this punctuation mark! Therefore, the correct answer is 5.

8.Choose your own coordinating conjunction, which should stand at the place of the gap in

third (3) sentence of the text. Write down this union.

(1)One of the ways to obtain essential oils is enfleurage, which is based on the use

purified fat, allowing the absorption of essential oils. (2)The good thing about this process is that it can be extracted

essential oil without exposing the plants themselves or objects containing odorous substances to thermal

processing. (3)<...>Currently, enfleurage is not used in perfumery, as it requires large

costs of time and raw materials.

9.Choose your own adverb, which should stand in the place of the gap in the third (3)

text sentence. Write down this adverb.

(1) At the end of the 18th century in Philo with In philosophy and art, a movement arose known as “romance”

tism." (2) Instead of the cult of common sense, reason, romanticism began to affirm the cult of man ve what sky feelings.

(3)<…>in the field of art, romanticism brought to the fore the genre of landscape painting pi si: pictures of nature

y challenges va there is a person in the soul ve I'll take it first more essentially non-rational, emotional response.

10.Choose your own combination of words that should fill the gap in the third

(3) text sentence. Write down this combination of words.

(1)In the sea around the volcano neither what sky crater, on walking more th Xia on by top ness vul ka on or shallowly under water, about-

once no xia reef -howl she ring-shaped. (2) It consists of skeletons of corals - microscopic sea-

heavenly creatures, millions of which live in warm sea water not at shallow depths. (3)<...>vulka neither what skiy

destroy the island no up and down no under water, coral reef under neither ma is getting higher and higher.

11.Independently select a conjunction that should stand in the place of the gap in the third (3)

text sentence. Write down this union.

(1)Ra di ator auto mo bi la is a closed system, and therefore in winter there is fuss ka it's hard -

sti. (2) At temperatures below zero, ordinary water freezes and roofs va no pipes di ato ra, because for what

motor overheating no Xia, and, even worse, the frozen water expanded rya no and can explode the pipes. (3)<...>

mix water for the sake of the atmosphere va with antifreeze-sugar-containing liquid, do not in la fresh water

lies crawl into the ice even with a mine with temperature re.

12.Select the index particle yourself, which should stand at the place of the gap in

third (3) sentence of the text. Write this particle down.

(1)The plumage color of owls is usually “protective”, that is, it blends in with environment, helping

the bird remains unnoticed during the daytime rest. (2)The feathers of forest owls are usually brownish

color, while species living in coniferous forests have a grayish tint. (3)<...>owls who

live in the desert, and their relatives, found on flat terrain, are lighter, almost

red color; Polar owls have snow-white plumage.

13.Choose your own introductory word, which should be in the second place (2 )

text sentence. Write down this introductory word.

(1)B last years Much has been written about the dolphin's intelligence, which is outstanding among animals, and about its rare

learning abilities. (2)<...>dolphins are very smart: in the seas they save their wounded

brothers, together or alone, pushing them out of the water so that the victims could breathe; saved more than once

these animals and people. (3) The intelligence of dolphins is also indicated by the fact that in captivity they learned to do a lot

different tricks, but the fact that the intelligence and abilities of a dolphin are equal to human ones is unlikely to ever happen.

Lexical means of communication:

Lexical repetition- repetition of the same word. Around the city, forests spread across the low hills, mighty and untouched. In the forests there were large meadows and remote lakes with huge old pine trees along the banks.
Cognates. Of course, such a master knew his worth, felt the difference between himself and a less talented person, but he also knew perfectly well another difference - the difference between himself and a more talented person. Respect for the more capable and experienced is the first sign of talent.
Synonyms. We saw a moose in the forest. Sokhaty walked along the edge of the forest and was not afraid of anyone.
Antonyms. Nature has many friends. She has significantly fewer enemies.
Descriptive phrases. They built a highway. A noisy, fast-moving river of life connected the region with the capital.

Grammatical means of communication:

Personal pronouns. 1) And now I’m listening to the voice of an ancient stream. He coos like a wild dove. 2) The call for forest protection should be addressed primarily to young people. She should live and manage this land, she should decorate it. 3) He unexpectedly returned to his native village. His arrival delighted and frightened his mother.
Demonstrative pronouns(such, that, this) 1) A dark sky with bright, needle-like stars floated over the village. Such stars appear only in autumn. 2) The corncrakes screamed with distant, sweet twitching sounds. These corncrakes and sunsets are unforgettable; they were preserved forever by pure vision. – in the second text the means of communication are lexical repetition and the demonstrative pronoun “these”.
Pronominal adverbs(there, so, then, etc.) He [Nikolai Rostov] knew that this story contributed to the glorification of our weapons, and therefore it was necessary to pretend that you did not doubt it. That's what he did.
Unions(mostly composing) It was May 1945. Spring thundered. The people and the land rejoiced. Moscow saluted the heroes. And joy flew into the sky like lights. With the same chatter and laughter, the officers hastily began to get ready; again they put the samovar on dirty water. But Rostov, without waiting for tea, went to the squadron.”
Particles.
Introductory words and constructions(in one word, so, firstly, etc.) The young people spoke about everything Russian with contempt or indifference and, jokingly, predicted for Russia the fate of the Confederation of the Rhine. In short, the society was quite disgusting.
Unity of tense forms of verbs- the use of identical forms of grammatical tense, which indicate simultaneity or sequence of situations. Imitation of the French tone of the times of Louis XV was in vogue. Love for the fatherland seemed pedantry. The wise men of that time praised Napoleon with fanatical servility and joked about our failures. – all verbs are used in the past tense.
Incomplete sentences and ellipsis, referring to the previous elements of the text: Gorkin cuts the bread, distributes the slices. He puts it on me too: it’s huge, you’ll cover your whole face.
Syntactic parallelism– identical construction of several adjacent sentences. To be able to speak is an art. Listening is a culture.

Introductory word, conjunction, particle, adverb	When is it used?
IN OTHER WORDS, IN OTHER WORDS	It is used when the author of the text wants to say the same thing, but more clearly.
BESIDES	It is used when it is necessary to supplement what has been said with some, in the author’s opinion, important thoughts or circumstances.
THUS, SO, THEREFORE	They are used when the author of the text summarizes his reasoning.
FOR EXAMPLE, SO	They are used when the author wants to clarify something he said before.
VICE VERSA	It is used when the author of the text contrasts one sentence with another.
FIRST, ON ONE SIDE	Indicate the order in which arguments are presented.
DESPITE THIS, ALTHOUGH, DESPITE THIS	They introduce the following meaning into the author’s reasoning: “contrary to the circumstances indicated in the previous part of the text.”
BECAUSE, AS, BECAUSE, THE POINT IS THAT	The author uses it when he indicates the cause of the described phenomena.
SO, SO WHAT, FROM HERE	The author of the text uses it when he wants to draw a conclusion from his reasoning.
THAT IS	Used to clarify what was said earlier.
HOWEVER, THEN, BUT	Used to contrast the meaning of one sentence with another.
EXACTLY, IF	They add clarification and emphasize the importance of the thought.
EVEN	Enter the gain value.
NOT BY CHANCE	Means "for this reason".
MEANS	The author wants to provide an explanation of what was said before as an example, an illustration of his thoughts.

Meaningful relationships expressed by coordinating conjunctions:

Connecting: and, yes (=and), and...and..., not only... but also, like... so and, also, too
Dividers: or, or, then...that, not that...not that, or...or, either...or
Nasty: a, but, yes (=but), however, but
Gradational: not only, but also, not so much... as, not really... but
Explanatory: that is, namely
Connecting: also, also, yes and, and moreover, and
too, yes and, that is, namely.

Meaningful relations expressed by subordinating conjunctions:

Temporary: when, while, barely, only, while, just, barely, barely
Causal: since, because, because, in view of the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, for (obsolete), due to the fact that
Conditional: if (if only, if, if - obsolete), if, once, as soon
Target: so that, in order to, in order to (obsolete), for the purpose of, in order to, then in order to
Consequences: So
Concessive: although, despite the fact that
Comparative: as, as if, as if, exactly, than, as if, likewise, rather than (obsolete)
Explanatory: what, how, to
Conjunctions are not used at the beginning of a sentence: so, than, rather than, as well as explanatory conjunctions: what, how, so that.

Solve with the answers.
Explore Unified State Exam of Russian language.