Noun application examples from literature. Application in Russian: what do we know about it? Application can be expressed

Application

A definition expressed by a noun that agrees with the word being defined in case. The application denotes the quality-property of an object (fortress city, zipper), a generic characteristic (cockatoo parrot, eucalyptus tree), characterizes a person in relation to occupation, profession, specialty, position held (woman doctor, landscape artist, girl- secretary), social and national affiliation (landowner-nobleman, Arab students), place of residence, age, kinship (Muscovite athletes, old shepherd, Dumas the father), gives a person or object a qualitative characteristic, serves as a means of emotional assessment, acts as a the role of the epithet (handsome man, rooster-fighter, winter-enchantress, victorious people). The application can also define a personal pronoun (we, artillerymen), a substantivized word (advanced workers, physicist). When combining a person's own name and a common noun, the latter acts as an appendix. Engineer Petrova drew up a project for the reconstruction of the workshop (the predicate is consistent with the subject, and not with the application). Proper names of inanimate objects (geographical names) act as an application to common nouns. Lake Ilmen overflowed (the predicate agrees with the subject, not with the application). When two common nouns are combined in an appositive relationship, the syntactic role of each of them is determined by the context, the lexical meaning of both words, sometimes their order, and intonation. Yes, in a sentence The Ossetian cab driver tirelessly drove the horses(Lermontov) the syntactic function of single-case forms is determined by the context: the predicate drove as the subject is matched by the word cabman, denoting a profession and serving as a qualifying word, and the appendix (defining word) is the word Ossetian, denoting nationality. In some cases, double interpretation is possible. In a sentence Kirila Petrovich sent a French teacher from Moscow for his little Sasha(Pushkin) the defined noun can be both the first, the word (if we assume that it was meant to write out a Frenchman for the boy, who would be a teacher), and the second (if it was important to write out a teacher who would be French). In such cases, the order of words plays a certain role: more often the first is the qualifier, and the second is the defining ( Wed wrote out a French teacher, where the appendix is ​​the French word). Applications, as a rule, are words that can be replaced by adjective definitions: in combinations such as old watchman and watchman-old man, the role of application, regardless of the word order, is the word old man ( Wed’ old watchman). The application is inconsistent. An application that does not agree with the word being defined in case and retains the same initial form regardless of the case form of the word being defined.

These include:

a) some nicknames: Vladimir has the Red Sun, Vsevolod has the Big Nest, and Richard the Lionheart;

6) conventional names of literary works, press organs, enterprises, hotels, ships, etc.; in the novel “Eugene Onegin”, in the newspaper “Komsomolskaya Pravdam, at the factory. Red Dawn”, at the state farm “Giant”, at the hotel “Moscow”, with the motor ship “Rossiya”, on the icebreaker “Ermak”

The application is consistent. An application that agrees with the defined noun in case and sometimes in gender and number. Excellent student. Excellent student. Excellent students. Excellent students.

In some cases, there are features in app coordination. Animate nouns, acting as applications for inanimate nouns, usually adapt their form to the latter, that is, in the accusative case they have the form not of the genitive, but of the nominative case. To perpetuate the memory of hero cities. Rein in aggressor states. Provide collective farm consumers. Make the intruder plane descend.

Applications expressed by geographical names are in some cases consistent with generic names, in others they are not consistent.

As a rule, they agree:

1) names of cities, villages, villages. In the city of Smolensk, near the city of Tula; born in the village of Goryukhin(Pushkin); to the village of Duevka(Chekhov). Compound names do not agree, and often names whose gender and number diverge from the gender and number of generic names. In the city of Sovetskaya Gavan, near the city of Mineralnye Vody; in the village of Beretiki, in the village of Uglyanets;

2) names of rivers. On the Volga River, on the Dnieper River, beyond the Moscow River. Usually compound names, as well as little-known names, are not consistent. On the Northern Donets River, a tributary of the Golaya Dolina River, near the Ptich River, beyond the Ros River.

The names of cities, towns, hamlets, and rivers are often not consistent in the specialized literature so that their initial form can be easily identified.

As a rule, other geographical names (names of mountains, lakes, islands, bays, straits, deserts, stations, ports, towns, etc.), astronomical names, names of foreign administrative-territorial units, etc. are not consistent. Mount Elbrus, near Lake Baikal, behind the island of Novaya Zemlya, on the Taimyr Peninsula, near Cape Chelyuskin, in the Kara-Bogaz-Gol Bay, in the Skager-rak Strait, in the Sahara Desert, at Kursk station, in the port of Nakhodka, in the town of Yelsk, orbit of the planet Mars, in the state of Michigan, in the region of Tuscany, in the high mountain resort of Davos, in the department of Seine-et-Oise, in the principality of Liechtenstein, in the county of Sussex.


Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. - M.: Enlightenment. Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A.. 1976 .

Synonyms:

See what an “application” is in other dictionaries:

    May mean: Computer application program see Application software. A web application is a client-server application in which the browser is the client and the web server is the server. Application (linguistics) ... ... Wikipedia

    See appendix... Dictionary of Russian synonyms and similar expressions. under. ed. N. Abramova, M.: Russian Dictionaries, 1999. application addition, addition, addition; use, application, use; addition, addenda, ... ... Synonym dictionary

    APPENDIX, appendices, cf. 1. units only Action under Ch. attach attach attach. Point of application of force. Application of theoretical calculations in practice. Printing application. 2. That which is attached is an addition. Magazine with free... ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

    Application- additional to the main text reference materials, document. or of another nature, usually enriching the publication. P. should not be attributed to the publishing apparatus, since P. has a fundamentally different task - not to help more effectively use and explain the basics. text, and... ... Publishing dictionary-reference book

    APPENDIX, I, Wed. 1. see attached. 2. That which is an addition to something, that is attached to something. Magazine with applications. 3. In grammar: a definition expressed by a noun. Ozhegov's explanatory dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova... ... Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

    Table 1 BASIC AND ADDITIONAL UNITS IN THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS, SI (Systéme International, SI) Table 2 SI PRESCRIPTIONS AND FACTORS FOR FORMING DECIMAL MULTIPLES AND FRAME UNITS AND THEIR NAMES Table 3 IMPORTANT DERIVATIVES... ... Encyclopedia of technology

    Animals, plants and microorganisms are the most common objects of genetic research.1 Acetabularia acetabularia. A genus of unicellular green algae of the siphon class, characterized by a giant (up to 2 mm in diameter) nucleus... ... Molecular biology and genetics. Dictionary.

    Application- APPLICATION. A noun, understood in this phrase, as a sign or set of signs of an object given in thought, designated in the same combination by another noun, and not denoting at the same time another object,... ... Dictionary of literary terms

    application- An application system or program designed to solve problems in a specific field of technology. See horizontal, kilt. [L.M. Nevdyaev. Telecommunication technologies. English-Russian explanatory dictionary reference book. Edited by Yu.M. Gornostaeva... ... Technical Translator's Guide

    APPLICATION- a computer program that runs under a specific operating system (see) and provides work with disks and files... Big Polytechnic Encyclopedia

Application - this is a definition expressed by a noun in the same case as the word being defined. When characterizing an object, the application gives it a different name and states that it has some additional characteristic. Applications can refer to any member of a sentence expressed by a noun, personal pronoun, substantivized participle and adjectives, as well as numerals. For example: This is how Mikhail Vlasov lived, locksmith, hairy, sullen, with small eyes (M.G.); It was herPeterhof stranger (Paust.); The first, the eldest of all, Fede, you would give fourteen years (T.); Mother and father were traveling from Siverskaya station, and we, children, drove out to meet them (Eb.).

Applications can characterize the subject in relation to age, kinship, profession, specialty, occupation, national and social affiliation, etc.: Us, workers, Need to study(M.G.); Here is our Zoechka, waitress in the dining room (Gran.); And he gave the money to save the mermaid’s things daughters my (P.); During the war, a concrete worker became a sapper soldier (B. Pol.); may be the name of an item: And the steamer "Turgenev" was already considered, even at that time, a vessel that was quite outdated (Cat.); can serve as a designation of quality, properties of an object: And the fisherman, and hard worker scientist, painter, and poet (Tward.); And our diver-strongman in five - took seven minutes to walk several steps on the ground with difficulty (Paust.).

Applications can be expressed by nouns that, in context, have lost their specific meaning and turned into demonstrative words (man, people, people, woman, business and etc.). They must have explanatory words that contain the characteristics of the item. For example: Sometimes Nikolai Ivanovich came from the city instead of Natasha, a man with glasses, with a small light beard, a native of some distant province (M.G.); Engineer Kucherov sometimes drove through the village in a racing droshky or in a wheelchair. - bridge builder, plump, broad-shouldered, bearded man in a soft rumpled cap (Ch.).

When combining a proper noun (person's name) and a common noun, the common noun is usually used as an appendix: After half an hour graph Kosice and cornet Sevsky were already standing at the entrance to the house where Sosnovskaya lived (Boon.); It seemed to her that Rybin to an elderly person It’s also unpleasant and offensive to listen to Paul’s speeches (M.G.). However, if it is necessary to clarify a person, to specify it, a proper name with a common noun can be used as an appendix. In this case, the sign of the face is of primary importance. For example: The rest of the brothers Martin AndProkhor, similar to Alexey to the smallest detail (Shol.).

Proper names - names used in a figurative sense (in writing enclosed in quotation marks) are always applications and are in the nominative case form, regardless of the case form of the word being defined. For example: Among the seven hundred sailors who disembarked from the battleship "Potemkin" to the Romanian coast, there was Rodion Zhukov (Cat.); During tanker testing"Leningrad" shipbuilders launched another similar vessel - "Klaipeda".

There is also a lack of agreement among applications that are nicknames: At Vladimir's Red Sun, as well as for toponym applications: At the station Pushkino; On the lake Baikal.

The application can join the defined word using explanatory conjunctions that is, namely, or, as and etc.: The steppe, that is, a treeless and undulating endless plain, surrounded us (Ax); Klavicek, as a baker by profession, was sent by the controller to the supply department (N. Ostr); This small courtyard, or chicken coop, was blocked by a board fence (G.); using words for example, by name, by nickname, by surname, by nickname, by profession, by title and similar: The dear chef Ivan Ivanovich, nicknamed Bear, is in charge of the kitchen. (M.G.); ... I had to become a footman for a St. Petersburg official named Orlov. (Ch.).

Applications can be common, they can be homogeneous: On my mother's side I only had one close relative - her only surviving brother Vasily Ivanovich Rukovishnikov (Nab,); But then a real savior appears, our coachman Zakhar, a tall man scarred by smallpox, a man with a black mustache, similar to Peter the Great, an eccentric, a lover of jokes, dressed in a sheepskin coat, with mittens tucked behind a red sash (Eb.).

Combinations of applications with defined words are delimited from some combinations of similar form , the components of which are not connected by attribute relations. These include the following paired combinations: combinations of synonyms (stitches-paths, grass-ant, clan-tribe, time-to-time, mind-mind, wedding-marriage, chic-shine); combinations of antonyms (export-import, purchase-sale, questions-answers, income-expense); combinations of words by association (first name and patronymic, grandfathers and great-grandfathers, viburnum-raspberries, bread and salt, mushrooms and berries, songs and dances).

In addition, the components of some types of compound words are not applications (although they resemble them in the form of connection): a) compound words that are terms (sofa-bed, crane-beam, novel-newspaper, museum-apartment, hut-reading room), b) complex words, parts of which are evaluative words (firebird, good boy, boy-woman, would-be leader, miracle fish).

12. The concept of a minor member of a sentence. Basis for the classification of minor members. The concept of definition, additions, circumstances, semantic categories of circumstances. Methods for distinguishing minor members.

The question of minor members of a sentence in the history of Russian grammar has different solutions. There are two main directions in the study of minor members of a sentence: consideration of minor members, firstly, by meaning and, secondly, by the type of syntactic connection with other words. In both cases, definitions, additions and circumstances are singled out as secondary members, but the reasons for such selection are different, and therefore the same member of the sentence is defined differently in different approaches to classification. For example: in the phrase father's house word father is a definition if it is considered by the meaning or function it performs in relation to the word house, and an addition, if only the nature of the syntactic connection with the word is taken into account house (type of communication - control).

These two directions in the doctrine of minor members of a sentence are called formal (classification according to the nature of the syntactic connection) and logical (classification by meaning).

The beginning of the logical direction in the doctrine of minor members of a sentence was laid in the works of A. Kh. Vostokov and N. I. Grech. They coin the terms “addition” and “definition”. The members of a sentence, which in modern grammar are defined as circumstances, were included by them in the category of definitions.

the concept of a minor member of a sentence is a complex of all possible ways of expressing any meaning of the dependent component in a phrase. Ways of expressing meaning are basic, leading - morphologized, and non-basic - non-morphologized.

Morphologized minor members are expressed by parts of speech that are morphologically adapted to convey a specific meaning. Thus, adjectives are adapted to express attributive meanings, nouns are adapted to convey objective meanings, adverbial meanings are expressed by adverbs, etc. Non-morphologized minor members are expressed by parts of speech that are morphologically adapted to convey other meanings. Thus, GOLDEN RING is a morphologized definition, and RING FROM GOLD is non-morphologized (since it is expressed by a noun, adapted to reflect object meanings).

Traditionally, there are 3 categories of minor members of a sentence: addition, definition and circumstance.

1. A complement is a minor member of a sentence with an objective meaning: it denotes the object to which the action or attribute is transferred, or the object through which the action is performed.

A morphologized object is a noun in oblique cases with or without prepositions, as well as substantivized parts of speech. Eg: reading a BOOK (noun); talked about THIS (local); retell what you read (adv.); I saw THREE (number).

The non-morphologized addition is expressed by the infinitive: I advise you to READ, I ask you to COME; I was ordered to FULFILL your request (P.).

The supplement may depend on:

1) verbs and verb forms. For example: DRINKING tea, TALKING about a friend, PREPARED for a competition, READING a book, READING with friends;

2) adjectives. For example: EXPERIENCED in business, DEAR to me, READY for the exam, FASTER than a bird, THE BEST of the students, LOOKING like a mother;

4) procedural nouns (see the topic “Object relations in phrases”): RECEIVING goods, WRITING a play.

The most typical are verb complements.

Among morphologized additions, direct and indirect additions are distinguished.

The direct object denotes the object to which the action is directly directed, and is expressed by a noun in V.p. without a preposition with transitive verbs and some words of the state category. For example: I’m reading a BOOK, I met a FRIEND, I see a CITY; It hurts my ARM, I feel sorry for my SON. Material nouns with transitive verbs can be in the genitive case without a preposition. For example: drink TEA, buy SUGAR, pour MILK. With transitive verbs with negation, the direct object can also appear in R.p. without pretext. For example: I didn’t see the MOVIE, I didn’t write down the PHONE.

The indirect object is expressed by nouns in other cases and has a more complex objective meaning. For example: helped MOM (object - recipient), wrote with a PENCIL (object - tool), bought for SON (object - beneficiary), be proud of SON (object - intermediary), etc.

The addition is included in the sentence based on the syntactic connection of control (less often - adjacency) and on the basis of object syntactic relations.

2. Definition - a minor member of a sentence with an attributive meaning, denoting the quality or distinctive features of objects.

A morphologized definition is a consistent definition, i.e. definition formed on the basis of the coordination connection:

1) adjective: GOOD weather, OLD magazines;

2) participles: SPEAKING parrot, READ books;

3) adjective pronouns: MY cat, OUR children, THIS house, EVERY person, SOME students;

4) ordinal numbers: FIRST grade, IN THE THIRD row;

5) cardinal numbers in oblique cases: ABOUT TWO comrades, in FIVE houses, IN BOTH hands.

Non-morphologized definitions are inconsistent definitions, among which there are 2 types: controlled and adjacent.

Controlled definitions are formed on the basis of the control connection and are expressed by nouns:

1) indicating that something belongs to someone, a part to the whole. For example: SISTER's bag, CAT's bowl, CIRCLE member, INSTITUTE students, CHESS PLAYERS' club;

2) characterizing the object in various details. For example: a boat WITH A SAIL, a girl WITH A SCYTHE, a man IN A HAT, chintz WITH POKADS, morning WITHOUT RAIN;

3) specifying, narrowing the concept. For example: PHYSICS teacher, Minister of EDUCATION, COMPUTER SCIENCE specialist, era of CLASSICISM;

4) characterizing an object by likening it to another object. For example: hairstyle like a HEDGEHOG, nose like a POTATO, beard like a WEDGE (this is the so-called Creative comparison);

5) indicating the material from which the item is made. For example: a frying pan made of ALUMINUM, a shirt made of cotton, a brooch made of GOLD;

6) indicating the purpose. For example: SUN cream, mascara, ointment FOR SKIS, flowers FOR MOM;

7) giving a qualitative description of the subject (usually in phrases). For example: a person of RARE KINDNESS (=very kind); goods FIRST GRADE (=first-class); MP of LEFT BELIEF, HIGH GREAT man;

8) characterizing the subject in terms of spatial location (if they are closely adjacent to the word being defined). Eg: The house ON THE MOUNTAIN was clearly visible.

Adjacent definitions are formed on the basis of the connection of adjacency and attributive relations and are expressed:

1) unchangeable adjectives: coat BEIGE, scarf BORDEAUX;

2) adverbs expressing the qualitative characteristics of an object: horseback ride, conversation in ENGLISH, soft-boiled eggs;

Adverbs that characterize an object by its location are less commonly used: neighbor on the LEFT, house OPPOSITE;

3) comparative degree of adjectives: the girl is SIMPLE, the boy is LOWER;

4) infinitive: the art of TELLING, the gift of PRESENTING, the need to CONVINCE.

A variation of the definition is application.

An appendix is ​​a definition expressed by an agreed noun (less commonly, a pronoun) and represents the second name of the subject. For example: student-philologist, fat man-doctor, sorceress-winter, CAPTAIN Ivanov, planet MARS, cat VASKA; Her father, IVAN SERGEEVICH, was a geologist.

The connection between the application and the defined word is a mutual agreement based on appositive relations, since the subordination of the application is not formally expressed. In this regard, difficulties arise in determining the main word and application.

This distinction is possible only at the semantic level.

Applications are considered:

1) nouns that clarify the first name and are in postposition. For example: The owner, an elderly man, stood on the threshold; He, the teacher, was respected in the village;

2) nouns that specify a concept, narrowing the scope of meaning. For example: CHEMIST teacher, PORTRAIT painter, EXCELLENCE student;

3) the previous group is adjacent to nouns indicating a species characteristic. For example: hare-BELYAK, thrush-Rowanberry, hat with earflaps;

4) nouns containing a qualitative characteristic of an object. For example: oak-HERO, QUEEN-pine, city-HERO, magpie-THIEF, singer-SUFFERER, street-SNAKE, CHATTER-starling;

5) nouns that are proper names and do not denote a person. For example: ZIMA station, MOSCOW River, Lake BAIKAL, TOMSK city. However, when combining a common noun with a person’s proper name, the appendix is ​​the common noun, for example: COUNTESS Bezukhova, HANDSOME Anatol, KUCHER Selifan, etc. Unlike people's names, animal names are applications: FILYA the cat, SHARIK the dog, KESHA the parrot. In elementary school, combinations with proper names are more rationally considered as one member of the sentence: CAT VASKA loved fish; He took BROTHER PETYA to school.

3. A circumstance is a minor member of a sentence with adverbial meaning, denoting a sign of an action or characteristic.

A morphologized circumstance is expressed by an adverb: it went FAST, it was dripping ON TOP, it was cooked ON TIME. A circumstance expressed by a noun correlating with an adverb is also considered morphologized. Eg: watched WITH SAD (=sad); looked with SURPRISE (=surprised); worked with TENSION (= intensely).

Non-morphologized circumstances are expressed by nouns in oblique cases, gerunds and infinitives. For example: IT WAS QUIET OUTSIDE; He nodded SILENTLY; I came to TALK to you.

The following categories of circumstances are distinguished:

1) circumstances of place, direction of movement (spatial). For example: The path led INTO THE FOREST; HERE you can get help; I walked along the MILL; The road turned LEFT;

2) circumstances of the time. For example: IN WINTER it is frosty here; It had been raining since the morning; We returned LATE; The factory hummed ALL NIGHT;

3) circumstances of the course of action. For example: Masha studies WELL; Father walked with difficulty;

4) circumstances of quantity, measure and degree. Eg: He repeated it TWICE; Very interesting book; I'm sick and tired of everything;

5) circumstances of logical conditionality - this is a special group of circumstances denoting various types of conditionality of an action:

a) circumstances of the cause. Eg: We were late BECAUSE OF AN ACCIDENT; The trees turned white from frost; IN THE HURT I did not notice the signal;

b) circumstances of the condition. Expressed by gerunds, participial phrases and nouns with prepositions WITH, WITHOUT, IN CASE. Eg: IN CASE OF REFUSAL, return immediately; IN STRONG WINDS the forest makes a menacing noise; Having forgotten my native language, I become numb;

c) the circumstances of the assignment. Expressed by nouns with prepositions IN SPITE OF, DESPITE, NOTWITHSTANDING. For example: DESPITE WE ARE FATIGUE, we returned cheerful; CONTRARY TO FORECASTS, the weather was good;

d) circumstances of the goal. They are expressed by some adverbs (NAZLO, ON PURPOSE), nouns with prepositions FOR, ON and infinitives. For example: At the station we got off to have lunch; The daughter was present in the dining room TO DECORATE THE TABLE (Ch.); You did it ON PURPOSE.

Most often, conditional circumstances are expressed by nouns, which are collapsed predicative constructions. For example: IN STRONG WINDS, the forest makes a menacing noise - IF THE WIND IS STRONG, then the forest makes a menacing noise; I will help you OUT OF FRIENDSHIP - I will help you BECAUSE I AM YOUR FRIEND.

It should be noted that it is not always possible to give a clear description of the circumstance during syntactic analysis, since in the text it can combine different shades of meaning. Recently, they began to distinguish such categories as circumstances of the situation (situation): IN THE DARKNESS, IN THE SMOKE, IN THE WIND; modal circumstances: ACTUALLY, REALLY, USUALLY.

The appendix in the Russian language is distinguished as a special type of definition, which is a single or nominal phrase and gives a different name/characteristic to the person or thing designated by the word being defined. For example: The winner of the competition was Russian woman Irina Volkova. Famous person- He must plan his every step in advance.

The application in Russian is used, as a rule, to determine profession, social or family affiliation, names of geographical objects, clan-species relations, etc.

Ways to Express Application and Defined Word

1. Noun (with and without dependent words) in the nominative case, regardless of the case form of the word being defined: newspaper "TVNZ"/ in the newspaper "TVNZ", city Moscow/ about the city Moscow.

2. which corresponds to the form of the word being defined: old man-street cleaner / old man- janitor, young woman-taxi driver / girl-taxi driver.

3. Single noun or noun phrase with conjunction How, for example: Him, as an experienced person, can trust.

4. Noun/phrase containing words by name, by surname, by nicknames y, etc.: And he had a friend, by the last name Russov.

An application in Russian can refer to a noun, pronoun, as well as an adjective, participle or numeral, which in this context acts as a noun: Next morning gorgeous The birch tree outside the window became completely white. Here she is, my betrothed. Third, guy about eighteen, was completely pale with fear.

Peculiarities of distinguishing between an application and a defined word

In cases where both the word being defined and the application are expressed by nouns, some difficulties may arise in their definition. Here are the rules for applications in Russian (examples are attached):

1. The predicate in a sentence always agrees with the subject, that is, with the word being defined, and not with the application: The entire newspaper "News" already sold out (newspaper sold out).

2. When declension, the application, and not the word being defined, will retain the shape of a newspaper "News"- in the newspaper "News".

3. If a proper name in combination with a common noun denotes an inanimate object, then it is an application: river Dnieper, factory "Elektromash".

4. The opposite situation occurs if a proper name denotes a first or last name: Brother Peter, Professor Ivanov.

Separate application in Russian

In accordance with current applications, applications are separated in the following cases:

1. When following the defined word: Nastenka, favorite of all teachers, coped well with any task.

The exception is applications with a touch of beingness, when it is possible to replace them with a construction with the word being: My faithful friend and ally, Ivan never let me down (cf. Being my faithful friend and comrade, Ivan never let me down).

2. When they refer to personal pronouns: Victory Day, he means a lot to all of us.

3. When applications are located after the word being defined and have a clarifying meaning, including if they include words that is, namely, for example, especially and etc . Example: The owner of the estate, Stepanov, turned out to be an extremely hospitable person. Many birds for example, rooks, spend the winter in warm regions.

In some cases, an application in Russian is separated using dashes rather than commas. It is important to remember that if the application is in the middle of a sentence, the highlighting characters must be paired, that is, the same: two commas or two dashes.

It's time to talk about the application. Application is a special case of definition. An application is a minor member of a sentence that answers questions but is expressed by a noun that agrees with the word being defined in case. If my explanation is not very clear to someone, I will try to explain it with examples.
1). An old neighbor had difficulty climbing the stairs. (This appendix indicates age.)
2). The French pilot turned out to be a good friend of my uncle. (This appendix denotes nationality.)
3). Doctor Odintsova was conducting an appointment in room thirty. (This application denotes a profession.)
4). Last year we traveled along the Pechora River. (This application denotes the proper name of the river.)
A special type of application are proper nouns, which denote various names: works of art, magazines, newspapers, ships, enterprises, etc. All these names are written in quotation marks and with a capital letter.
For example.
1). The magazine “Seven Days” published a TV program and interesting articles about film actors.
2). Our class had an excursion to the Red October confectionery factory.
3). The novel in verse “Eugene Onegin” was called by V.G. Belinsky “an encyclopedia of Russian life.”
Unlike regular applications, these are inconsistent. This means that if the noun itself changes case, then the appendix (what is written in quotation marks) remains in the nominative case. Compare.
We met a French pilot. A patient left Dr. Odintsova. (Appendices are consistent, that is, they change together with the noun they refer to.)
BUT: From the magazine “Seven Days” we learned about the new film. The main character of the novel “Eugene Onegin” is a representative of the noble youth. (Appendixes remain in the nominative case, regardless of the case of the noun being qualified.)
You have probably already noticed that in two examples the applications are written with a hyphen with qualified nouns. This happens when both the noun and the appendix are common nouns (that is, written with a small letter).
Examples: victorious people, first-grader girl, non-pouring inkwell.
A hyphen is also placed in cases where the proper name comes first and the common noun comes second.
Examples: Moscow River, Ivanov-grandson, Odessa-mother.
BUT: Moscow River, grandson Ivanov, mother Odessa.
Another clarification. If the noun clause preceding the noun being defined can be replaced by a cognate adjective, then a hyphen is not placed between these words.
Example. At the races we admired the handsome horses (compare: beautiful horses).
An old gardener slowly approached the children (compare: old gardener).
BUT: If you swap these nouns, then you need to put a hyphen.
At the races we admired the beautiful horses.
An old gardener slowly approached the children.
For the first lesson on the application, I think this is quite enough. But there is more complex material ahead, which will talk about the isolation of applications. Stay tuned for more.

mob_info