"Earthquake - what is it?" Educational lesson on life safety for older children. Earthquakes. Why earthquakes happen What is an earthquake for children

Marina Nikolaevna Gorelova
"Earthquake - what is it?" Educational lesson on life safety for older children

Earthquake - what is it??

(Educational lesson on life safety for older children)

Target: Formation of representation children about a natural disaster - earthquake.

Tasks:

1. Tell children about the structure Earth.

2. Explain with the help of manuals and experiment how this happens earthquake.

3. Introduce with rules of conduct during earthquakes.

Benefits:

1. World map

3. Tutorials: « Internal structure Earth» , “How do they arise? earthquakes?»

4. Pictures and photographs showing destroyed houses after earthquakes.

5. A basin of water, silhouettes of continents cut out of foam plastic, paper houses made by children at class on paper design.

6. Picture of a seismograph.

7. Apricot or apricot (in winter).

8. Dunno (toy)

Progress of the lesson.

Educator: Guys, look at what unusual paintings I brought you, what is depicted here? (destroyed houses, cracks in earth)

What do you think happened here? (earthquake)

Today we will talk about a very terrible natural disaster - earthquake. What is it earthquake?

Dunno: I know, it’s when there are a lot of cars driving that even the ground is shaking.

Educator: Guys, do you think Dunno is speaking correctly?

(answers children)

Now take some chairs, sit down, I’ll tell you a lot of interesting things.

The teacher shows the children globe: what it is?

That's right, this is a globe - a model of our Earth. Above Forests cover the earth, fields, mountains, rivers, lakes, seas and oceans, and what is inside Earth? (possible answers children)

U Earth very interesting structure. Look, it's an apricot (you can show apricots if the conversation is held in winter). It is soft and beautiful on top, and inside, in the middle, there is a bone.

Same with ours The earth has a core, very hard and called the mantle

The teacher shows tutorial "Structure Earth»

Scientists believe that the earth's crust is split into 7 giant plates (shows the continents on the map, and underneath them is the mantle.

Breeds of which "done" the earth's crust is many times lighter. And these plates, like icebergs in the ocean, float on the mantle. They move very slowly and collide quite often. The plate on which the land is located is called continental, it is heavier than the oceanic one, and when 2 plates collide, the heavier one runs over the lighter one and drowns it. It causes earthquake. And when 2 heavy plates collide, it begins to tremble in this place Earth, hunch over, rise up like mountains (shows a picture). No wonder this phenomenon is called earthquake. The earth not only shakes, it may crack and tremble. Telegraph poles fall, trains overturn like toys, houses collapse. Earthquake- this is a terrible disaster (shows pictures or photos).

Now let's play a little. Come out onto the carpet. Imagine that you plants: trees, flowers, bushes. A strong wind begins. The trees sway and wave their branches, Shrubs they also bend under the strong wind, the flowers wave their beautiful heads. Children repeat the movements after the teacher. Suddenly the wind calms down and everything around becomes quiet (sit on the chairs, let's continue our conversation)

Dunno: I heard that we had in Kuzbass earthquake, but all the houses are in place and nothing has been destroyed! So, all this is not true!

Educator: Earthquakes, Dunno, there are different strengths of vibrations. If weak earthquake, then it is similar to the shaking created by a passing, heavily loaded truck. Windows and doors rattle, floors and walls creak. The furniture begins to shake. Chandeliers are swinging. The water in the aquarium may fluctuate slightly. This earthquake up to 4.0 magnitude. Here it is We recently had an earthquake. When it happens earthquake up to 7.0 magnitude, then houses and buildings are partially destroyed. Well, when earthquake at 10 points a disaster begins (showing pictures).

And now we will try to call you ourselves earthquake and we'll see, what will happen. The teacher brings a large basin of water into the group and places it between two tables. He places silhouettes of continents cut out of foam on the water. They put paper one-story and multi-story houses on them. Children are seated around tables. The person who wishes takes a wooden hammer and knocks it on the bottom of the basin. There is excitement on the water, the figures are swaying. The next child knocks harder. Multi-storey buildings are falling. The last one knocks several times. "Continents" collide with each other, the houses fall into the water.

After the experiment is completed, the children sit on chairs.

Dunno: I understand, earthquake is scary! How do you know what's coming soon? earthquake?

Educator: For centuries people have tried to predict earthquakes and invented the apparatus, which registers this natural disaster. It's called a seismograph (picture)

There are thousands of seismographs installed all over the planet.

Cannot be predicted with accuracy earthquakes, but you can prepare for them. For example, in Japan, buildings are made lighter. High rise buildings in Tokyo they have special springs on the foundation (like springs that soften underground tremors. The teacher shows on the map Japan, China, Italy, Mexico, Turkey, Tajikistan, that is, countries where people often visit earthquakes.

Dunno: And if the seismograph noted that it was starting earthquake, What do we have to do?

Educator: If we heard on the radio and other means mass media evacuation notification, then you need to don’t panic, calmly take what you need and go to a safe place, that is, to a place where there are no high-rise buildings nearby. And if the earthquake took him by surprise, then you don’t need to run anywhere, but find reliable places: near doorways, near load-bearing walls, and under no circumstances hide under a bed or in a closet. Dunno, in our region there are strong there are no earthquakes, our emergency services are working very well, and I think that you and I will have time to evacuate to a safe place.

But we will now find out what necessary items you need to take with you.

Game - relay race "Evacuation"

Children are divided into 2 teams and stand in front of tables on which different items: clothes, toys, documents, products. One at a time, they run up to the table and put 1 item in the basket, and so on until each member of the team chooses the required item. At the end of the game, the teacher and Dunno examine the contents of the baskets and discuss with the children the correctness of the task.

Educator: Coming soon to ours kindergarten the game will take place "Evacuation". We will compete with guys from other groups: who gets dressed faster and runs to the appointed place. I hope that you and I are very well prepared and will complete the task for "Great".

The overnight train from Frisco was very late. Usually it arrived at the Hugson cul-de-sac by midnight, but this time it was only at five o’clock in the morning, when the sky in the east began to lighten, that the small train slowly crept towards the platform that served as the local station. The brakes squealed. The conductor shouted loudly:

Hugson dead end!

The young passenger rose from her seat and hurried to the exit. She had a wicker bag in one hand, a birdcage covered with newspaper in the other, and an umbrella tucked under her arm. The conductor helped her get out of the car, the driver separated the steam again, the train groaned, puffed and trudged further along the rails. He was late because the night before the ground under the rails trembled and shook all night long. The driver was afraid that the rails would soon diverge, and then the passengers would be in trouble. Therefore, he drove the locomotive slowly and carefully.

The girl stood, following the train with her eyes until it disappeared around the bend, then looked around with curiosity.

Hagson station did not look very hospitable, because it was completely empty. Its only decoration was an old wooden bench. Through the cloudy veil of pre-dawn twilight it was impossible to see either buildings or people. After some time, the girl noticed a horse and carriage nearby under the trees. She came closer and found that the horse was tied to a tree, his head hanging down to the ground. The horse was tall and bony, with long legs and large hooves. The skin hugged her ribs so tightly that it was impossible to count them, and her long head was clearly too big for her body. The horse's tail was short and stubby, and the harness was torn in many places, but was carefully repaired with the help of twine and pieces of wire. But the stroller was almost new, with a varnished top and curtains on the sides. Going in front and looking inside, the girl saw a boy on the seat, sleeping soundly, curled up.

She put the cage on the ground and poked the boy with her umbrella. He immediately jumped up and began furiously rubbing his eyes.

Hello! - he said, noticing the girl. - Are you Dorothy Gale?

“I,” she answered, carefully examining the tousled hair and the blinking, sleepy gray eyes of the driver. “Apparently you are waiting for me to take me to the Hugson farm?”

Well, yes,” he nodded. - So, has the train arrived?

If I didn't come, how would I end up here? - Dorothy smiled.

Her interlocutor laughed cheerfully and friendly. Jumping out of the carriage, he threw Dorothy's suitcase on the seat and placed the cage at his feet on the floor.

Canaries? - he asked.

No, this is my kitten Eureka. He always travels like this with me.

The boy shook his head.

“A strange name for a cat—Eureka,” he remarked.

“I named him that because he’s a foundling,” Dorothy explained. Uncle Henry says "eureka" means "I found it."

Clear. Well, get in.

The girl climbed onto the seat, the boy followed her. He took the reins apart, shook them and smacked his lips:

The horse did not move, only barely moved its drooping ear.

B-but! - the boy shouted again.

The horse remained motionless.

Perhaps,” the girl suggested, “we should untie him from the tree.”

The boy laughed cheerfully again and jumped to the ground.

Looks like I’m still asleep,” he said, untying his horse. - But Jim knows his business well, right, Jim? - and he patted the horse on the long muzzle.

The boy sat back in the carriage and took the reins. The horse backed out from under the trees, slowly turned around and trotted along the sandy road, already slightly visible in the predawn fog.

“I thought the train wouldn’t come at all,” the boy noted. - I waited at the station for five hours.

We were shaking every now and then,” Dorothy explained. - Didn’t you feel the tremors?

Well, in California we’re used to them,” her interlocutor answered. - We’ve stopped being afraid.

And the conductor said that this was the strongest earthquake in his memory.

Yah? Then, I probably overslept him, that’s why I didn’t notice,” the boy said, puzzled.

The girl was silent for a while. In the silence, only the rhythmic clatter of horse hooves could be heard. Then she asked:

How is Uncle Henry doing?

Not bad. She and Uncle Hugson were very happy with each other.

Mr. Hugson is your uncle? - asked Dorothy.

Yes. Uncle Bill Hugson is married to your Uncle Henry's sister. It turns out that you and I are second cousins,” the boy guessed and was very happy about his own discovery. - I work for my uncle on the ranch for ten dollars a month and grub.

“Not to say a lot,” the girl said with some doubt.

If you ask Uncle Hugson, he will say that there is a lot, but for me, not so much. “I’m gold, not a worker: I work as well as I sleep,” the boy added and laughed again.

What is your name? - asked Dorothy, thinking to herself that she really liked this merry fellow.

“They have different names,” he became confused for some reason. - Full name- Zebediah, but to his own people he’s just Zeb. So you've been to Australia?

Yes, along with Uncle Henry,” Dorothy answered. “We arrived in San Francisco a week ago, only Uncle Henry went straight to the Hugson farm, and I stayed in the city for several days with friends.

How long will you stay with us? - Zeb asked.

Just for one day. Tomorrow Uncle Henry and I are heading back to Kansas. We haven't been home for so long, and we both miss it very much.

The boy stretched his bony horse with a whip and thought. He wanted to say something else to his little companion, but before he could open his mouth, the stroller suddenly began to sway terribly from side to side, and the ground in front of it rose up. The next moment there was a deafening roar, and Dorothy saw a deep crack open in the ground next to the road, and then close again.

Oh my God! - she screamed, clutching the iron handrails. - What is it?

An earthquake, that's what! - The boy’s face instantly turned white. “You and I were just saved by a miracle, Dorothy.”

But then suddenly the horse stood rooted to the spot. In vain Zeb shook the reins and urged him - nothing helped. Then the boy began to whip the animal on the sides with his whip as hard as he could. Jim whinnied in protest and trotted slowly along the road.

For several minutes both the boy and the girl sat in silence. There was a smell of serious trouble in the air. Every few minutes the ground shook and shook. Jim's ears stood up on his head, his whole body tensed like a string. He did not run very fast, but sweat stains appeared on his sides, and from time to time he began to tremble like a leaf.

The sky darkened again, and the wind swept over the valley with an ominous cry and howl.

Suddenly there was a terrifying crash, and a huge crack opened in the ground right under the horse. Neighing wildly in horror, the animal fell into the crevice, dragging the stroller along with its passengers.

Dorothy clung tightly to the top of the stroller, and the boy did the same. Both were so shocked that they did not immediately understand what was happening.

They were surrounded by darkness on all sides, and in the darkness they all flew down, every second expecting to fall and be smashed to pieces on sharp rocks or

that the earth will close over their heads and bury them forever in its depths.

The terrible feeling of falling into the abyss, darkness, chilling sounds - unable to bear all this, Dorothy lost consciousness for several moments. Zeb - he was still a boy - did not faint, but he was also terribly scared and, pressing tightly into the seat of the stroller, expected every moment that it would be his last.

During times high technology, established rhythms of life, people often forget that they do not manage everything until the end. And the manifestations of global events such as earthquakes are only in a few cases truly noticeable. But if this cataclysm does reach civilized corners, this event may remain a scar on people's memories for a long time.

How does an earthquake happen?

Vibrations of the earth's surface, as well as tremors, are the process of an earthquake. Scientists believe that the earth's crust consists of 20 huge plates. They move at a very low speed of about a few centimeters per year through the upper layer of the mantle. The boundaries between plates are often mountains or deep-sea trenches. Where the slabs slide over each other, the edges become folded. And in the crust itself, cracks form - tectonic faults, through which mantle material seeps to the surface. Natural disasters such as earthquakes and volcanic eruptions often occur in these places. The area of ​​shock wave divergence sometimes extends for hundreds of kilometers.

Causes of the earthquake

• Collapses large mass rocks from the influence of groundwater often cause earth tremors at a short distance.
• In places of active volcanoes, under the pressure of lava and gases on the upper part of the crust, nearby areas are exposed to weak but prolonged tremors, often on the eve of an eruption.
• Man-made activities of people - the construction of dams, mining activity, nuclear weapons testing, accompanied by powerful underground explosions or redistribution of internal water masses.

How an earthquake occurs - earthquake foci

But not only the cause itself directly affects the power of the earthquake, but also the depth of the source of occurrence. The source or hypocenter itself can be located at any depth, from several kilometers to hundreds of kilometers. And it is a sharp displacement of large massifs of rocks. Even with a slight shift, vibrations of the earth's surface will occur, and the range of their movement will depend only on their strength and sharpness. But the further the surface, the less destructive the consequences of the cataclysm will be. The point above the source in the ground layer will be the epicenter. And it is often subject to the greatest deformation and destruction during the movement of seismic waves.

How an earthquake occurs - zones of seismic activity

Due to the fact that our planet has not yet stopped its geological formation, there are 2 zones - the Mediterranean and the Pacific. The Mediterranean stretches from the Sunda Islands to the Isthmus of Panama. The Pacific covers Japan, Kamchatka, Alaska, moves further to the California mountains, Peru, Antarctica and many other places. There is constant seismic activity due to the formation of young mountains and volcanic activity.

How does an earthquake occur - the strength of the earthquake

The consequences of such earthly activity can be dangerous. There is a whole science for studying and recording it - seismology. It uses several types of measurements of magnitude - a measure of the energy of seismic waves. The most popular Richter scale with a 10-point system.

• Less than 3 points are recorded only by seismographs due to their weakness.
• From 3 to 4 points a person already feels slight swaying of the surface. The environment begins to react - the movement of dishes, the swaying of chandeliers.
• At 5 points, the effect is enhanced; in old buildings, interior decoration may crumble.
• 6 points can significantly damage old buildings, causing rattling or cracking of glass in new houses, but they are already damaged at 7 points;
• Points 8 and 9 cause significant destruction over large areas and bridge collapses.
• The strongest magnitude 10 earthquakes are also the rarest and cause catastrophic destruction.

• When living in high-rise buildings, you should understand that the lower a person is, the better, but during evacuation you cannot use elevators.
• It is worth leaving buildings and moving away from them to a safe distance (turning off electricity and gas), avoiding large trees and power lines.
• If it is not possible to leave the premises, you need to move away from window openings and tall furniture or hide under a strong table or bed.
• While driving, it is better to stop and avoid high points or bridges.

Humanity cannot yet prevent earthquakes, or even predict the reaction in detail. earth's crust to seismic shocks. Due to the huge number of variables involved, these are incredibly complex forecasts. A person successfully passively defends himself in the form of strengthening buildings and improving the layout of infrastructure. This allows countries located on the line of constant seismic activity to develop successfully.

It's called an earthquake aftershock, which can be felt by a person to a large extent depending on the power of vibration of the earth's surface. Earthquakes are not uncommon and occur every day in different parts of the planet. Often, most earthquakes occur at the bottom of the oceans, which avoids catastrophic destruction within densely populated cities.

The principle of earthquakes

What causes earthquakes? Earthquakes can be caused by both natural causes and man-made ones.

Most often, earthquakes occur due to faults in tectonic plates and their rapid displacement. For a person, a fault is not noticeable until the moment when the energy generated from the rupture of rocks begins to break out to the surface.

How do earthquakes occur due to unnatural causes? Quite often, a person, through his carelessness, provokes the appearance of artificial tremors, which in their power are not at all inferior to natural ones. Among these reasons are the following:

• - explosions;
• - overfilling of reservoirs;
• - above-ground (underground) nuclear explosion;
• - collapses in mines.

The location where a tectonic plate breaks is the source of an earthquake. Not only the strength of the potential push, but also its duration will depend on the depth of its location. If the source is located 100 kilometers from the surface, then its strength will be more than noticeable. Most likely, this earthquake will lead to the destruction of houses and buildings. Occurring in the sea, such earthquakes cause tsunamis. However, the source can be located much deeper - 700 and 800 kilometers. Such phenomena are not dangerous and can only be recorded using special instruments - seismographs.

The place where the earthquake is most powerful is called the epicenter. It is this piece of land that is considered the most dangerous for the existence of all living things.

Studying earthquakes

A detailed study of the nature of earthquakes makes it possible to prevent many of them and make the life of the population living in dangerous places more peaceful. To determine the power and measure the strength of an earthquake, two basic concepts are used:

• - magnitude;
• - intensity;

The magnitude of an earthquake is a measure that measures the energy released during release from the source in the form of seismic waves. The magnitude scale allows you to accurately determine the origins of vibrations.

Intensity is measured in points and allows you to determine the ratio of the magnitude of tremors and their seismic activity from 0 to 12 points on the Richter scale.

Features and signs of earthquakes

Regardless of what causes an earthquake and in what area it is localized, its duration will be approximately the same. One push lasts on average 20-30 seconds. But history has recorded cases when a single shock without repetitions could last up to three minutes.

Signs of an approaching earthquake are the anxiety of animals, which, sensing the slightest vibrations on the surface of the earth, try to get away from the ill-fated place. Other signs of an imminent earthquake include:

• - the appearance of characteristic clouds in the form of oblong ribbons;
• - change in water level in wells;
• - malfunctions of electrical equipment and mobile phones.

How to behave during earthquakes?

How to behave during an earthquake to save your life?

• - Maintain reasonableness and calm;
• - When indoors, never hide under fragile furniture, such as a bed. Lie down next to them in the fetal position and cover your head with your hands (or protect your head with something extra). If the roof collapses, it will fall on the furniture and a layer may form, in which you will find yourself. It is important to choose strong furniture whose widest part is on the floor, i.e. this furniture cannot fall;
• - When outside, move away from tall buildings and structures, power lines that may collapse.
• - Cover your mouth and nose with a wet cloth to prevent dust and fumes from entering if any object catches fire.

If you notice an injured person in a building, wait until the tremors end and only then get into the room. Otherwise, both people may be trapped.

Where do earthquakes not occur and why?

Earthquakes occur where tectonic plates break. Therefore, countries and cities located on the whole tectonic plate without faults, they don’t have to worry about their safety.

Australia is the only continent in the world that is not at the junction lithospheric plates. There are no active volcanoes and high mountains on it and, accordingly, there are no earthquakes. There are also no earthquakes in Antarctica and Greenland. The presence of the enormous weight of the ice shell prevents the spread of tremors across the surface of the earth.

An earthquake is a physical vibration of the lithosphere - the hard shell of the earth's crust, which is located in constant movement. Often such phenomena occur in mountainous areas. It is there that underground rocks continue to form, causing the Earth's crust to be especially mobile.

Causes of the disaster

The causes of earthquakes can be different. One of them is the displacement and collision of oceanic or continental plates. During such phenomena, the surface of the Earth vibrates noticeably and often leads to the destruction of buildings. Such earthquakes are called tectonic. They may form new depressions or mountains.

Volcanic earthquakes occur due to the constant pressure of hot lava and all kinds of gases on the earth's crust. Such earthquakes can last for weeks, but, as a rule, they do not cause massive destruction. In addition, such a phenomenon often serves as a prerequisite for a volcanic eruption, the consequences of which can be much more dangerous for people than the disaster itself.

There is another type of earthquake - landslide, which occurs for a completely different reason. Groundwater sometimes forms underground voids. Under the pressure of the earth's surface, huge sections of the Earth fall down with a roar, causing small vibrations that can be felt many kilometers from the epicenter.

Earthquake scores

To determine the strength of an earthquake, they generally resort to either a ten- or twelve-point scale. The 10-point Richter scale determines the amount of energy released. The 12-point Medvedev-Sponheuer-Karnik system describes the impact of vibrations on the Earth's surface.

The Richter scale and the 12-point scale are not comparable. For example: scientists detonate a bomb underground twice. One at a depth of 100 m, the other at a depth of 200 m. The energy expended is the same, which leads to the same Richter rating. But the consequence of the explosion - displacement of the crust - has varying degrees gravity and affects the infrastructure differently.

Degree of destruction

What is an earthquake from the point of view of seismic instruments? A one-point phenomenon is determined only by the equipment. 2 points can be sensitive animals, and also, in rare cases, especially sensitive people located on the upper floors. A score of 3 feels like the vibration of a building caused by a passing truck. A magnitude 4 earthquake causes slight rattling of glass. With a score of five, the phenomenon is felt by everyone, and it does not matter where the person is, on the street or in a building. An earthquake of magnitude 6 is called strong. It terrifies many: people run out into the street, and mother-in-laws form on some walls of houses. A score of 7 leads to cracks in almost all houses. 8 points: architectural monuments, factory chimneys, towers are knocked over, and cracks appear in the soil. 9 points lead to severe damage to houses. Wooden buildings either topple over or sag heavily. Magnitude 10 earthquakes lead to cracks in the ground up to 1 meter thick. 11 points is a disaster. Stone houses and bridges are collapsing. Landslides occur. No building can withstand 12 points. With such a catastrophe, the topography of the Earth changes, the flow of rivers is diverted and waterfalls appear.

Japanese earthquake

IN Pacific Ocean 373 km from the capital of Japan, Tokyo, a destructive earthquake occurred. This happened on March 11, 2011 at 14:46 local time.

A magnitude 9 earthquake in Japan led to massive destruction. The tsunami that hit the country's east coast flooded large parts of the coastline, destroying houses, yachts and cars. The height of the waves reached 30-40 m. The immediate reaction of people prepared for such tests saved their lives. Only those who left home in time and found themselves in a safe place were able to avoid death.

Japan earthquake victims

Unfortunately, there were no casualties. The Great East Japan Earthquake, as the event became officially known, claimed 16,000 lives. 350,000 people in Japan were left homeless, leading to internal migration. Many settlements were wiped off the face of the Earth, and there was no electricity even in large cities.

The earthquake in Japan radically changed the habitual way of life of the population and greatly undermined the economy of the state. The authorities estimated the losses caused by this disaster at $300 billion.

What is an earthquake from the point of view of a Japanese resident? It is a natural disaster that keeps the country in constant turmoil. The looming threat forces scientists to invent more accurate instruments for detecting earthquakes and more durable materials for building buildings.

Affected Nepal

On April 25, 2015, at 12:35 p.m., an almost 8-magnitude earthquake that lasted 20 seconds occurred in central Nepal. The following happened at 13:00. Aftershocks lasted until May 12. The reason was geological fault on the line where the Hindu Plate meets the Eurasian Plate. As a result of these tremors, the capital of Nepal, Kathmandu, moved to the south by three meters.

Soon the whole earth learned about the destruction caused by the earthquake in Nepal. Cameras installed directly on the street recorded the moment of the tremors and their consequences.

26 districts of the country, as well as Bangladesh and India, felt what an earthquake was like. Authorities are still receiving reports of missing people and collapsed buildings. 8.5 thousand Nepalese lost their lives, 17.5 thousand were injured, and about 500 thousand were left homeless.

The earthquake in Nepal caused real panic among the population. And it is not surprising, because people lost their relatives and saw how quickly what was dear to their hearts collapsed. But problems, as we know, unite, as was proven by the people of Nepal, who worked side by side to restore the former appearance of city streets.

Recent earthquake

On June 8, 2015, an earthquake of magnitude 5.2 occurred in Kyrgyzstan. This is the last earthquake to exceed magnitude 5.

Speaking about a terrible natural disaster, one cannot fail to mention the earthquake on the island of Haiti, which occurred on January 12, 2010. A series of tremors ranging from magnitude 5 to 7 claimed 300,000 lives. The world will remember this and other similar tragedies for a long time.

In March, the shores of Panama experienced a magnitude 5.6 earthquake. In March 2014, Romania and southwestern Ukraine learned the hard way what an earthquake is. Fortunately, there were no casualties, but many experienced anxiety before the disaster. In recent years, earthquake scores have not crossed the brink of catastrophe.

Earthquake Frequency

So, the movement of the earth's crust has various natural causes. Earthquakes, according to seismologists, occur up to 500,000 annually in different parts of the Earth. Of these, approximately 100,000 are felt by people, and 1,000 cause serious damage: destroying buildings, highways and railways, breaks power lines, sometimes carries entire cities underground.