Continuation. See No. 22, 23/2005, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10/2006

Dictionary-reference in questions and answers

(6th-11th grades)

What set of chromosomes is contained in spores, gametes, zygote of bryophytes?

Answer. In spores and gametes - a haploid set of chromosomes, in a zygote and a sporophyte developing from it - a diploid set.

Which generation prevails in mosses in the development cycle?

Answer. The gametophyte, or sexual generation, is represented by a leafy plant. The sporophyte cannot exist independently.

MUTAGENESIS - the occurrence of mutations under the influence of physical factors or chemicals - mutagens.

What physical factors can cause mutations?

Answer. High-frequency radiation - radiation, X-ray and ultraviolet radiation.

Why use artificial mutagenesis in breeding?

Answer. In breeding, artificial mutagenesis is used to obtain mutants of plants, animals, microorganisms, from which the desired forms with the desired properties are selected for further breeding.

MUTATIONS (from lat. mutatio- change) - sudden, natural or artificially caused, inherited changes in the genetic material, leading to a change in certain signs of the organism.

Which scientist is considered the founder of the theory of mutations?

Answer: Hugh De Vries (1901).

What types of mutations do you know?

Answer: Somatic - do not affect the germ cells and are inherited only during vegetative reproduction and generative - occur in the germ cells and are transmitted to the next generations. Gene - mutations of individual genes, chromosomal - occur during rearrangements of chromosomes, their breaks and genomic - a change in the number of chromosomes in cells.

What is the role of mutations in the evolution of the organic world?

Answer: Mutations cause a variety of changes in traits. Phenotypically manifested mutations are subject to the action of natural selection. Those that turn out to be the most adaptive in specific environmental conditions are preserved, while those that are harmful are eliminated by selection.

MUSCLES, MUSCLES - organs of the body of animals and humans, consisting of muscle tissue that can contract under the influence of nerve impulses.

What types of muscles are distinguished in the human body?

Answer. Skeletal or striated muscles, smooth muscles and cardiac muscle.

How is muscle activity regulated?

Answer. Muscle contractions are regulated and controlled by the nervous system. Each muscle is equipped with endings of sensory and motor neurons that perceive and transmit excitation.

Why are muscle movements normally coordinated, but in some pathologies, coordination of movements is disturbed?

Answer. Muscle contractions of skeletal muscles are under the control of the cerebral cortex. Coordination of movements is disturbed with temporary or permanent inhibition of the functions of the cerebral cortex.

What chemical compounds provide the ability of muscles to contract?

Answer. First of all, these are actin and myosin proteins - the main structural components of muscles.

Why does muscle fatigue gradually disappear?

Answer. Fatigue occurs when there is a lack of ATP energy, therefore, when energy reserves are replenished, fatigue disappears.

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INSECTIVOROUS PLANTS are autotrophic plants capable of trapping and partially digesting insects with the help of enzymes and organic acids. Thus, they make up for the lack of nitrogen.

Name the representatives of insectivorous plants.

Answer. Insectivorous plants include venus flytrap, nepenthes, pemphigus, etc. There are about 500 species in total, distributed mainly in warm regions of the Earth.

What insect-catching devices do insectivorous plants have?

Answer. These can be sac-shaped organs in the form of a jug, like in Nepenthes; the leaves of some plants are covered with sticky hairs. In sundew, the leaves slam shut when insects stick to them.

INSECTS - a class (according to some modern classifications, a superclass) of animals of the Arthropod type.

What are the main signs of insects that ensured their flourishing and distribution on Earth.

Answer. Chitinous covers of the body, providing protection, thermal insulation, support; the ability to fly associated with the development of wings; variety of oral apparatus; development with metamorphosis, allowing to adapt to different habitats; adaptability to pollination of flowering plants and feeding them with juices; tracheal breathing; caring for offspring in social insects.

What is the importance of insects in nature and their practical significance for humans?

Answer. Insects, due to their abundance (about 1 million species are known, the true number is probably 1.5–2 million species) are a powerful biological factor of the environment. The benefits of insects are associated with their functions as pollinators of plants, participation in soil formation. Insects loosen the soil and enrich it with humus. Insects perform sanitary functions, destroying rotting plant residues, animal corpses, and their excretions. Insects and their larvae serve as food for many vertebrates.
The harmful effect of insects is associated, first of all, with the damage that they cause to plants, especially during mass reproduction. Many insects are carriers of pathogens of dangerous diseases, such as the malarial mosquito, tsetse fly, mosquitoes, fleas, bedbugs.

HERITAGE is the transfer of genetic information from one generation of organisms to another.

What processes determine the patterns of inheritance?

Answer. These patterns depend on the features of doubling, combining and distribution of genetic material.

What types of inheritance are found in the organic world?

Answer. Depending on the location of DNA in the cell, nuclear and cytoplasmic inheritance are distinguished. There are various options for the inheritance of traits: linked, fully linked to the floor, not fully linked to the floor, and many other options.

HEREDITY - the property of organisms to pass on their characteristics and functions to the next generations.

What are "heredity factors"?

Answer. The material carriers of heredity are genes - sections of DNA or RNA molecules.

What is cytoplasmic inheritance?

Answer. This is heredity associated with the nucleic acids of cellular organelles - mitochondria and plastids.

What does the term "mitochondrial inheritance" mean?

Answer. This heredity is associated with mitochondrial DNA. The mitochondria of eukaryotic cells are capable of reproduction, and in higher organisms, signs due to mitochondrial heredity are transmitted only through the female line. This is explained by the fact that during fertilization, the cytoplasm of the spermatozoon does not penetrate into the egg, and therefore, male mitochondria do not penetrate either.

NATIONAL PARKS - protected natural areas (water areas) where natural complexes of special ecological, historical and aesthetic value have been preserved.

NEURON (from the Greek. neurons- vein, nerve) - a nerve cell, neurocyte, the main structural and functional unit of the nervous system, which has specific manifestations of excitability.

What parts does a neuron consist of?

Answer. A neuron consists of a body, an axon, and one or more dendrites.

Name the main types of neurons in the body.

Answer. Neurons are distinguished by function and structure. By function, neurons are divided into sensory, motor and intercalary (associative). According to the structure, there are unipolar (with one axon), bipolar (there is an axon and a dendrite) and multipolar (an axon and several dendrites). By the nature of the impact, excitatory and inhibitory neurons are distinguished.

What is the system of sensory, intercalary and motor neurons?

Answer. This system forms a reflex arc of the unconditioned reflex.

What is the point of contact between two neurons called?

Answer. Synapse. In it, excitation is transferred from neuron to neuron through a mediator.

NERVOUS SYSTEM - a set of individual neurons and other structures of the nervous tissue of animals and humans, uniting the activity of all organs and systems of the body in its constant interaction with the external environment.

What underlies the activity of the nervous system (NS)?

Answer. The activity of the National Assembly is based on the reflex. Any reaction of the body is associated with the conduction of excitation along the reflex arcs and the inhibition of this process.

How did the complexity of the NS occur during evolution?

Answer. As organisms developed and became more complex, the NS developed in the direction of improving the forebrain and especially its cerebral hemispheres. From diffuse type NS (in coelenterates), a transition was made first to diffuse-nodular and nodular (flat and annelids, insects), and then to centralized NS, which is under the control of the brain.

What do somatic NS and autonomic NS control?

Answer. Somatic NS controls the activity of skeletal muscles. Vegetative NS regulates the work of internal organs.

What departments is the autonomic NS divided into and how do these departments function?

Answer. The autonomic NS is subdivided into sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. They have the opposite effect on the internal organs. If the sympathetic system speeds up the work of the heart, then the parasympathetic slows down its work.

NOOSPHERE - a new state of the biosphere, in which the rational activity of man becomes the main, determining factor in its development.

Which scientist introduced the concept of "noosphere"?

Answer. P.Teilhard de Chardin and E.Leroy. They associated this concept with the emergence and development of mankind. The noosphere was understood by them as the “thinking shell of the Earth”.

What meaning did V.I. put into this concept? Vernadsky?

Answer. Vernadsky believed that humanity has a decisive influence on the biosphere. Developing and improving science, culture, technology, man influences all shells of the biosphere, changing them. Vernadsky argued the need for rational human activity in interaction with nature, and not against it.

REACTION NORM - the limits of modification variability, determined by the genotype of the individual.

Is it correct to say that a trait is inherited?

Answer. In fact, genes are inherited. Their combination determines the phenotype of the organism and the possibility of manifestation of changes.

What do the terms "broad response rate" and "narrow response rate" mean?

Answer. The concept of "broad reaction rate" means that the degree of expression of a trait can vary within a fairly wide range. For example, the height of a particular person, depending on the conditions of nutrition, lifestyle, sports, can vary within a few centimeters. “Narrow reaction rate” means that this trait has a small range of variability.

NUCLEIC ACIDS - polynucleotides, phosphorus-containing biopolymers that have a universal distribution in wildlife (see DNA).

What types of nucleic acids (NA) do you know?

Answer. There are two types of nucleic acids: DNA - deoxyribonucleic acid and RNA - ribonucleic acid.

How are nucleotides connected in NA molecules?

Answer. Linearly, the nucleotides in the NA molecule are linked by ester bonds between the phosphoric acid residue of one nucleotide and the carbohydrate residue of the next nucleotide.

What are the dimensions of a DNA molecule?

Answer. The length of various DNA reaches several hundred microns, the width of the molecule is 2 nm, and the length of one turn is 3.4 nm.

How is DNA different from RNA?

Answer. RNA is a single-stranded molecule that contains ribose and uracil instead of deoxyribose and thymine.

Nucleotides are monomers of DNA and RNA molecules, consisting of a nitrogenous base, a five-carbon sugar and a phosphoric acid residue.

What types of nucleotides are found in DNA and RNA?

Answer. DNA contains adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine, and RNA contains the same nucleotides, but instead of thymine, uracil.

How can complementarity of nucleotides be explained?

Answer. The distance between the carbohydrate components of two paired nucleotides is strictly fixed (1.1 nm). Therefore, a purine base can combine with a pyrimidine; in addition, the geometry of the base molecules is such that hydrogen bonds can only form between purines and pyrimidines. There are 2 bonds between adenine and thymine, and 3 bonds between guanine and cytosine.

If one strand of DNA is represented by AAT THC TAT nucleotides, what will the second strand look like?

Answer. TTA ACG ATA.

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METABOLISM - metabolism, a set of chemical transformations occurring in living organisms that ensure their growth, vital activity, reproduction, constant contact and exchange of matter and energy with the environment.

What types of metabolism in the body do you know?

Answer. There are plastic exchange (assimilation) and energy exchange (dissimilation). Plastic metabolism is the synthesis of organic substances in the body, which goes with the absorption of energy. Energy metabolism - the breakdown of organic compounds to final products, which goes with the release of energy.

What substances are synthesized in the body?

Answer. In the plant organism, carbohydrates are synthesized during photosynthesis, proteins, fats, nucleic acids. In other organisms, the same substances are synthesized, but photosynthesis does not occur.

What is the biological meaning of plastic exchange?

Answer. In the course of plastic metabolism, from complex substances that are not similar in composition to the complex substances of the body, complex substances characteristic of this organism are synthesized. This is called assimilation, or assimilation.

What is the biological meaning of energy metabolism?

Answer. The meaning of energy metabolism is to extract and accumulate energy from substances coming from outside. The extracted energy is stored in the form of ATP during glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. Then it is used for all life processes (see Energy exchange).

OLFACTORY ORGANS - structures that perceive chemical stimuli present in the environment. They are formed by the olfactory epithelium containing receptor cells. The sharpness of the sense of smell depends on the number of receptors. Shepherds have about 200 million, humans have 10 million.

OVULATION (from ovum- egg) - the release of mature eggs from the ovary into the body cavity.

How does ovulation occur in humans?

Answer. When the follicles rupture, the mature egg enters the uterine (fallopian) tube, then moves to the uterus within 7 days.

How is the frequency of ovulation regulated?

Answer. Neurohumoral pathway involving the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. It can occur under the influence of environmental signals, for example, changes in the length of daylight hours, temperature, etc.

Monocots are a class of flowering plants.

Give examples of monocot plants.

Answer. Monocotyledons include the families of cereals, lily, aronnikovye (aroid). The main representatives are cultivated cereals, sedges, tulips, lilies, onions, garlic, palm trees.

What are the main characteristics of monocot plants?

Answer. In monocots, as a rule, a fibrous root system, one cotyledon per seed, arcuate or parallel venation of leaves, no cambium, the number of flower parts is a multiple of three.

Monoecious plants - plants in which same-sex flowers - male (staminate) and female (pistillate) - or other male and female reproductive organs (in non-flowering plants) are on the same plant. Birch, hazel, oak, pine, spruce, corn, many mosses.

What method of pollination is typical for monoecious angiosperms and gymnosperms?

Answer. These are wind pollinated plants.

What adaptations for pollination can such plants have?

Answer. The flowers of angiosperms are collected in inflorescences, often bloom before the leaves appear, are located openly. Under these conditions, pollination is more efficient. In gymnosperms, the cones are open, which provides access to pollen.

ANNUAL PLANTS - plants that complete their development cycle in one year.

BIOLOGICAL OXIDATION - a set of reactions of oxidation of organic substances occurring in living cells.

What is the main result of biological oxidation?

Answer. Providing the body with energy.

What reactions underlie oxidation?

Answer. Donor-acceptor redox reactions associated with the transfer of hydrogen atoms or electrons from a donor to an acceptor. Oxygen serves as such an acceptor in plants, animals, and some microorganisms. Donors can be both organic and inorganic substances.

Biological oxidation is multistage. How can this be explained?

Answer. Complex organic compounds - proteins, fats, carbohydrates - contain a fairly large supply of energy in their chemical bonds. It is released gradually in a stepwise oxidation process. If this energy were released immediately, in the course of one reaction, then the cells would burn out.

How and where is the released energy stored?

Answer. Energy is stored in the mitochondria in the form of ATP.

Perianth - a set of integumentary leaves of a flower surrounding the stamens and carpels.

What perianth is called simple?

Answer. If the perianth consists of leaves of the same color and shape (lily of the valley, tulip), then it is called simple.

What perianth is called double?

Answer. Consisting of a cup and a corolla (carnation, rose, bluebell).

ONTOGENESIS (from the Greek. ontos- existent and... genesis) is the individual development of an individual, the totality of its transformations from birth (division of a unicellular organism or fertilization of an egg) to the end of life (death or a new division of an individual).

To be continued

Remember Vysotsky: "... the one who will be after - let them try"? Indeed, what will generation Z be like? According to sociologists and grandmothers who scold "current youth", the prospects are not very bright. Evil, cruel, infantile "adult children". Primitive consumers manipulated by the Internet. Details are in an interview with Mark Sandomierzsky.

Today it is customary to scold the youth. For the fact that they do not read, do not study, do not strive for anything, sit for hours in front of the computer, do not respect their elders ... There is some truth in this, no matter how beautiful individual representatives of these young people are, but for the most part they do not produce the most pleasant experience. Their interests, goals and aspirations are not clear to their parents - representatives of generations X and partly Y - and cause concern among sociologists and psychologists. What will be today's children and teenagers, representatives of Generation Z? What can we expect from those who come after? How will they try themselves in adulthood, and what kind of society will they create for us?

E-xecutive talks about the present and future of Generation Z representatives with the author of 17 books on psychology, psychotherapist, candidate of medical sciences Mark Sandomirsky.

e-xecutive: What are the boundaries of Generation Z?

Mark Sandomiersky: The now popular "theory of generations" arose relatively recently, at the junction of a number of disciplines: economics, demography, history, psychology ( Neil Howe, William Strauss). Accordingly, so far in this developing, interdisciplinary theory, the “scaffolding” has not yet been removed and there are a number of controversial points. So there are different estimates of the age boundaries of the "generation Z". For example, according to one classification, it includes those who were born from the beginning of the "zero". On the other hand, those who by the beginning of the "zero" had not yet left their teenage years. And in order to combine different approaches, it is appropriate to talk about the transitional generation from the 20th century to the 21st century - those who were born in the 1990s and up to 2010.

On the other hand, within this generation, as a large and rather heterogeneous age group, there are sub-generations. In particular, it is necessary to speak separately about those who were born from the beginning to the middle of the 90s. This subgeneration has clear socially significant psychological differences. Its conditional name is the “Tin” generation. “Tin”, as you understand, is what in youth jargon means “wonderful” or “cool”, but in fact is a derivative of the word “cruelty”. For this subgeneration, cruelty is not only the norm of behavior, but is also regarded by its representatives as something positive, as a virtue. Accordingly, its representatives are characterized by increased aggressiveness, conflict, their cruelty literally spills out - especially among their own kind, when they unite in groups (“huddle together”). It is no coincidence that in the recent social excesses associated with a surge of violence (for example, Manezhnaya Square), the role of the main "strike force" is played by teenagers 15-17 years old. This is also largely the result of the growth of juvenile delinquency, noted in our country in the second half of the "zero".

The described phenomenon of the growth of adolescent and youth aggressiveness is completely natural and characteristic not only for Russia, but also for most of the countries of the post-Soviet space. It captures in them the same age cohort - the last "children of perestroika" and the first "post-Soviet" children. Why are these "new young" hyperaggressive? The “echo” of the social stresses of their distant childhood, which created a kind of socio-psychological “time bomb”, the anti-social effect of which is manifesting itself now, “twenty years later”, is affecting. Research by American psychologists, designed to answer the question: where do people with aggressive, antisocial behavior, or sociopaths come from, showed that the cause of such behavioral disorders in an adult lies in his early childhood experience. The more a pregnant woman or a young mother experiences stress in the first two or three years of a child's life, the more likely it is that this child, growing up in adolescence and older, will show aggression and behave inappropriately. He will not cope with his negative emotions, will not sympathize and empathize with other people, because he simply does not know how to do this, he has not absorbed the appropriate stereotypes with his mother's milk. And since the beginning and the first half of the 1990s were a very difficult time of massive social stress for the entire post-Soviet space, this was reflected in the children who were born in those years. Right now we are reaping the fruits of the social catastrophe of those distant years - the collapse of the Soviet Union.

Of course, the patterns of behavior described are most characteristic of the early subgeneration of post-Soviet “children of the 21st century”. Those who were born from the late 90s to the present time, it would seem, do not have such an early experience of social stress, which in adulthood becomes the basis of aggressive adaptive behavioral strategies “against everyone”. But, alas, “bad” stereotypes of behavior in society, like bad habits, are contagious. The “wave” of such stereotypes in one subgeneration, raised by long-standing social cataclysms, spreads to subsequent age groups, is adopted by the mechanism of imitation, in the image and likeness of transferring other aggressive behavioral stereotypes - for example, “hazing” in the army.

Based on the foregoing, it is possible to predict the “difficulties of tomorrow” in working with personnel and managing the team, when “new young people” will join it. After all, becoming employees, they must behave in a team with increased conflict, since they will consider such behavior natural and correct. For them, aggressiveness may look like the norm of life, both in relation to their own parents, and in relation to each other, and in relation to the manager and employees at work.

e-xecutive: What will shape the views on life of representatives of generation Z? What will they be?

M.S.: The Internet will, of course, shape the views of the new generation. And already forms. After all, children now live in a different world than before: they communicate more with computers than with their parents and with each other. They are immersed in the Internet from childhood, it replaces television - children watch cartoons on the net and play online games. Further - more, and learning and communication with peers will become more and more online. From here, from the specifics of such a virtual way of communication with the outside world, which is familiar to the new generation, the further psychological features of this generation follow. Less human communication, more man-made. It is already clear that children and adolescents are better versed in technology, in something material, than in human emotions and human behavior. This is reflected even in the communication of children with their parents: the communicative distance between them increases, and the chain of social inheritance, the transfer of experience is interrupted. Today, parents play less and less role of authority for their children; The Internet is becoming the omniscient authority for the latter. Well, if children do not learn from their parents, then parents begin to learn from their children (a prefigurative society that is beginning to take shape today).

What will they be like today's Z kids when they grow up? This will be a fully "digital" generation, whose members will find it easier to establish contact with a computer than with each other. Perhaps, in the most striking form, the psychological characteristics of the new generation can be observed in their extreme manifestations, in the form of certain psychological syndromes.

First, it is hyperactivity. There is now a growing number of so-called "indigo children", or children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). It is difficult for these children to stay focused on one thing for a long time, they are very restless and therefore disinhibited, hyperactive. Therefore, such children often have problems with academic performance due to restlessness and impatience, although they may be gifted in some particular areas of activity. There is a myth, which is supported in the parental and partly pedagogical environment, that these are allegedly special, gifted children, “people of the future”. But this, unfortunately, is not the case. The reality is that "indigo children" have certain problems of a medical and psychological nature. The lack of emotional contacts in the family, primarily with the mother, and the excess of information that falls on the child's head from the first years of life, lead to a violation of the age-related development of the nervous system. That is why these children are highly excitable, impressionable, restless and less obedient.

And although over time these features of children's behavior are partially smoothed out, nevertheless, in the future, a society of former hyperactive children awaits us. A hyperactive society in which people will be distinguished by a greater need for novelty, the search for sensations, less patience and tolerance, and a tendency to increased conflict. The thinking of such people is focused on processing information in short portions - this is the so-called "clip thinking" (although this term has not yet been fully established in the psychological environment, one can rather refer to the works of social philosophers, in particular A. Ashkerova). These people will not read War and Peace, they will read comics and short texts on the Internet, texts that fit on one screen. And they will digest information in exactly the same way: faster, but in short portions. And this means a superficial approach to the analysis of information and decision-making.

The second feature of the "future generation" is a tendency to autism. We are talking about autism not in the form of a disorder (although there are more and more children with autism), but about preclinical forms of autism, considered as an extreme manifestation of the trend of human evolution (theory D. Skripnikova). Autization, as a way of interacting with the world of people who have been immersed in themselves since childhood and unable to communicate with others, acts as a defense against the problems of the modern lifestyle, as a way of fencing off the world, in fact, a way of desocialization.

e-xecutive: What will have a decisive influence on the development and formation of Generation Z?

M.S.: Internet, Internet and more Internet. It will replace other channels for obtaining information for them and, of course, will become more important than traditional media. Of course, the point here is not so much in the demands of the new generation, but in the laws of the progress of society and the development of Internet communications that we face today. There is even a special name for this process of global “internetization” of life: the Internet revolution (and its leading trend today is the social media revolution). At the same time, if in a traditional society, communication with other people, “person-to-person” communication, still had a greater influence than the media, then for the new generation, most likely, virtual communication will prevail over real. Here a certain contradiction arises: people tend to communicate less and less with each other (according to Baudrillard) - but at the same time they communicate more and more. They communicate less and less in social reality - and more and more in virtual reality. This is the tendency towards autism described above: a modern person is gradually becoming less sociable socially, people are increasingly isolated from each other, and the resulting social self-isolation (another contradiction, the desire to live in society - and be free from society) is compensated by communication through the Internet. In fact, the new generation will largely live on the Internet. They will rush there, running away from everyday reality, their interests, feelings and thoughts will be concentrated there.

Accordingly, when a person is distracted from the usual reality and lives in an artificial reality, for example, a virtual one, he breaks away from life, the real soil, and it becomes easier to manipulate him. A simple example. Why do epidemics of panic rumors periodically appear on the Internet? People are faced with information that they cannot verify, so they paradoxically trust it in order to get rid of the emerging uncertainty (virtual realization of Tertullian's postulate: "I believe, because it is absurd"). Legends about the “signals” of people who survived at the flooded hydroelectric power station, or about the terrible smog, because of which “everyone will die”, conspiracy theories of the origin of natural disasters that have befallen our country are indicative of the fact that they quickly spread on the Internet and covered a large audience. Here is an example of the fact that with the Internetization of communication, people become more pliable for manipulation, because they perceive information uncritically and, moreover, as users of social media, they become sources of panic information “contamination” for each other.

And this means that the new generation, which will spend even more time on the Internet than today's "old-timers of Runet", may turn out to be even more susceptible to manipulation. Breaking away from reality, people are forced to trust what they still cannot verify. And the main direction of the manipulation of mass consciousness, which is growing stronger every year and will be especially relevant for the new generation, is that people begin to perceive life as a whole as entertainment, as a game. And in this game, consumption becomes the main thing - information, goods, services, entertainment. We will slowly but surely grow into the Western standards of the consumer society, obeying the "damned" Zinoviev and ridiculed by Zadornov trend of Westernization. And from a psychological point of view, we can say that this will lead to even greater infantilization of the population. This trend is already noticeable in adolescents and young people, who make up a separate consumer and socio-psychological group, described by marketers as scammers, or “adult children”. They are characterized by the “Peter Pan syndrome”, or “eternal child”: they do not want to grow up and burden themselves with adult duties and responsibilities. Accordingly, they are determined to lead a consumer "childish" lifestyle. And the considered pattern has a very definite background: it is convenient. Convenient for the new generation to be manipulated to an even greater extent. Manipulate not for political purposes, they are irrelevant here, the new generation will most likely be even more apolitical. And to manipulate precisely for economic purposes, so that these children consume and buy, consume again and buy again.

e-xecutive: How will Generation Z differ from previous generations?

M.S.: On the one hand, they become less sociable, more immersed in themselves and the virtual world and fantasies. In the language of psychology - more introverted. On the other hand, if we are talking about a child, then this is childish egocentrism, it is natural for a child to think exclusively about himself. In relation to an adult, it is correct to call it individualism. Thus, the psychological diagnosis of the new generation is introverted individualism.

It must be emphasized that the further, the more noticeable the socio-psychological polarization, the stratification of young people will be: intellectual and cultural stratification, and not economic stratification (although the latter partly correlates with the former). When such a polarization occurs, then at one extreme there is a smaller part of adolescents who are interested in knowledge, who study intensively, and knowledge for them is of high value. And at the other extreme, there is a large part of teenagers, for whom, on the contrary, culture, education, knowledge are devalued, losing value. In their view, you can get a good job in life without having special knowledge. Settle in other ways - under patronage. In fact, infantile expectations lie here - for a child, all issues should be decided by parents, and for today's teenagers and youth, yesterday's children, mom and dad should arrange them in adulthood and create comfortable conditions for them, provide everything necessary for this life.

And here we must add that when we talked about the increased manipulation of the minds and feelings of the population, then the majority of the new generation subject to manipulative influence will become “slaves of public opinion”, more precisely, slaves of the Internet. From the net, they will draw samples of how to dress, how to behave, how to live correctly in general. Because for them right means “to be like everyone else”, to imitate the majority. And that smaller part of the generation that strives for individuality, originality, authenticity, self-realization, apparently, will be only a few percent. Here again we will be westernized, we will move towards such a value-cultural distribution of society, which has already taken shape in the West. Until now, we have somehow retained our originality, while (alas!) weeding out the remnants of the old Soviet education system (which was really good, unlike the modern Bologna system and the modernized standards of school education) and squandering the accumulated stock of culture. Now, with the entry into an independent life of the “generation Z”, everything will change completely - obviously, not for the better.

Compared to previous generations, the new youth will have an even more aggravated conflict between fathers and children, a conflict of worldview. The generation gap is deepening, and what children should receive from their parents - life experience, etc., they now basically discard. For them, the views of their parents ("ancestors", "geronts") are hopelessly outdated, which in itself is a big contradiction for society. For this means that young people will move away from their parents, neglect the opinion of their parents, but at the same time expect that their parents will solve their problems. That is, the new generation will place moral responsibility for their own problems on their parents - when something doesn’t work out for them, they resort to self-justification: it was their parents who didn’t give them, didn’t arrange it, didn’t teach them ...

The next important point is that the traditional family is disappearing. This trend is already clearly manifesting itself; it exists in society as a long-term trend. For the new generation, when they grow up, the psychological problems of starting a family will be even more acute. They have no personal experience of living in a complete family, a family with many children. This is also important. Why will the new youth be more self-centered? These children grow up in families where there is an only child who is automatically the center of attention. The child gets used to this state of affairs and believes that other people should treat him the same way as his parents. With such an infantile egocentric conviction, he enters an independent life.

New forms of family relations are surrogate forms of marriage. This is no longer a civil marriage, but the so-called weekend family. People do not live together, but only spend the weekend. Or a serial marriage, when both parties know in advance that it will not last long, a year and a half, a maximum of two. And in a sense, it turns out that the informational progress in society affects the family and children in a paradoxical way: there is a regression. We are slipping into primitive forms of social organization, when families did not yet exist as a unit of society, as in the Stone Age.

The family circle, meetings of relatives will also become a thing of the past, and in 15-20 years they will become virtual and people will communicate in a similar way to Skype. Already now there are young people who, living separately from their parents (but at their expense), communicate with “rodakami” only by phone or through the network. And it's not about individual families, unfortunately, this is a pattern, the way of life pushes young people to such behavior.

e-xecutive:What values ​​will representatives of Generation Z have?

M.S.: We must start with the fact that the new generation is experiencing a blurring of life principles and life guidelines. This happens due to several reasons. The first is a rapid change in life, as a result of which certain life principles, and even the style of life as a whole, become obsolete. The second is an ideological gap with parents, the life principles of the elders become irrelevant for young people. And, finally, the third is the redundancy of information, or information overload, which is an integral feature of the modern information society. It turns out that a person lives, as it were, in a fog in which landmarks are not visible. Previously, the life credo established in society was somewhat simplistic and populist: each person had to do something in his life that boiled down to a standard set (build a house, raise a son, plant a tree). Now there is no such certainty, which would be reduced to simple formulas. It would seem that a person acquires more freedom, but he does not know what to do with this freedom. What is the best way to live? What to be? What to strive for? How to act, how to manage your life correctly?

And moving on to values... Of course, values ​​are different, but they can be combined into four main groups: health (physical well-being and security), family, social values ​​(career, financial situation) and spiritual values ​​(education, culture). Summing up, we can say that the values ​​of health for the new generation will not go anywhere, maybe even more relevant. People will realize that more effort is needed to maintain health with a modern lifestyle, and consumption in this area will increase. But the second group of values ​​- family - in the eyes of the new generation, alas, is doomed to a gradual devaluation. The shift of attention will take place in the direction of social values ​​- career and well-being. But remembering about hyperactivity, increased conflict and problems with emotions, we can expect that this society will be prone to more intense competition of people with each other, competition not corporate, but personal. The new generation will strive even more than its predecessors to push others around with their elbows to achieve personal goals. And the fourth group of values ​​- spiritual - for a significant mass of young people will again depreciate. The group of highly cultured people, for whom education, spirituality, and personal development are of high priority, will, unfortunately, shrink.

e-xecutive: How will Generation Z perform at work? In relationships with superiors and colleagues?

M.S.: The main socio-psychological trend for the new generation is infantilization. It manifests itself in the fact that adults retain childlike features and, accordingly, in "adult" situations behave like a child, without realizing it. Accordingly, as workers, they will be less responsible, less executive, they are not ready to admit their guilt for failures and inadequate performance of some work. But at the same time, like children, they will constantly expect from others and from the leader an unconditional positive assessment of everything they do at work. Imagine: a child receives praise from his parents for his crafts and naive children's drawings, for the poems read at the kindergarten matinee - this is natural. But when a person grows up, becomes, for example, an office worker, and inside remains the same child, he expects the same unconditionally accepting positive assessment for his “works”, for his work, even if he does it poorly, inadequately. To this we must add the childish egocentrism and consumerist attitude to life characteristic of the infantile generation. Already, young employees, especially metropolitan "cadres", often claim to receive wages not for the result of their activities, not for the proper performance of functional duties, but simply for the very fact of being at the workplace, "serving" the prescribed number of hours ( partly filled with communication on the Internet). However, as folk wisdom says, life instructs those who want to work, and forces those who do not want to. The same thing happens with “adult children”: life is the best teacher for them.

e-xecutive: And how will representatives of the sub-generation "Tin" behave in the office?

M.S.: As we said, they are characterized by increased conflict, rigidity, uncompromisingness, the desire to "go ahead" in order to protect their interests, regardless of the interests of others, literally over their heads. It can be said that this generation will be more psychologically competitive in tomorrow's office wars, they will have an advantage over the more conforming, less conflicting representatives of older age groups. But the desire to work conscientiously, the desire for competence can hardly be expected from this generation, because the increased demands on others (the desire to “take”) among the “new” youth is often combined with undemanding to oneself (and unwillingness to “give”). And if their hidden aggressiveness, the desire for dominance is mistaken for leadership qualities, if the ideal leader is a person who does not “almond” with his subordinates, is used to “putting pressure” on them and can easily, without restraining himself by etiquette, slam his fist on the table and yell at employees, then the “children of the 90s” will ideally fit into such a stereotype of management. If leadership is really understood as the ability to direct a large group of people to achieve a common goal, uniting them, motivating them, finding an approach to everyone and creating a cohesive team from them, then it will probably be more difficult for the “new young” to achieve this than their older colleagues.

e-xecutive: From the above, we can conclude that the value of working professions will fall to zero?

M.S.: Quite possible. However, just like other "performing" professions associated with intense (not only physically) work, stereotyped actions, monotony, exhausting pace. After all, all these factors become a source of professional psycho-emotional stress. And if you treat life and work in an infantile, childish way - like a game, then in no case do you need to strain! After all, what is a game? When something needs to be done “pretend”, imitate busyness and vigorous activity. And those who want to "plow", "work hard", strain seriously, doing not only physical labor, are becoming less and less. You give virtual work with a virtual result! The Internet is the most popular place to work in the future, for the new generation. Industry, on the other hand, is quite stressful work: after all, even if a significant part of the work is performed by machine tools with program control, automated systems, the “human factor” still has a busy rhythm, tight work schedule, commitment, responsibility, etc. And the infantile attitude to work, characteristic of the new generation, comes down to a simple principle: to strain less, to do less in general, and to get more for it. This is not compatible with either workers or engineering professions. And the prestige of both those and others in society has long since fallen.

Alexandra Sycheva

Consider the life cycles of plants in figures 97-99. Remember from the 6th grade textbook how these plants reproduce. What is the essence of double fertilization in angiosperms (flowering) plants?

In plants, the formation of germ cells and individual development proceed differently than in animals. In the plant kingdom, there is an alternation in the life cycle of sexual and asexual generations. In addition, in plants, meiosis occurs not during the formation of germ cells, but during the maturation of spores.

alternation of generations in plants. Sporophyte (from the Greek spore - seed and fiton - plant) - an asexual generation of plants with a double set of chromosomes. Spores are formed on the sporophyte during meiosis. A gametophyte develops from spores (from the Greek gametes - spouse and phyton - plant) - a sexual generation with a single set. It produces gametes during mitosis. After fertilization, a sporophyte is formed from the zygote. Then the process is repeated. Depending on the type of plant, an adult organism can be a gametophyte or a sporophyte (Fig. 96).

Rice. 96. Alternation of asexual (sporophyte) and sexual (gametophyte) generations in the life cycle of plants

In green algae, the sexual generation, the gametophyte, predominates in the life cycle (Fig. 97). It reproduces asexually and sexually. In a certain period, gametophytes develop gametes, different or identical in size. After the fusion of gametes, a zygote is formed, from which spores are formed as a result of meiosis. They give rise to new gametophytes. In the life cycle of green algae, the sporophyte is represented by only one cell - the zygote.

Rice. 97. Life cycle of green algae (ulotrix)

In mosses, the gametophyte also predominates in the cycle (Fig. 98). It develops during spore germination. This is a leafy plant, on the shoots of which male and female organs of sexual reproduction are formed. Sporophyte - a thin stalk with a box - develops on the gametophyte and is not capable of independent existence.

Rice. 98. Life cycle of green moss cuckoo flax

In sporangia, spores are formed as a result of meiosis. Spores after maturation spill out and germinate in a humid environment, giving rise to a branching thread (pre-germ). Gametophytes develop from buds.

In ferns, club mosses and horsetails, on the contrary, the sporophyte predominates in the life cycle (Fig. 99). On it, in special organs - sporangia, as a result of meiosis, spores are formed. Spores after maturation spill out and germinate. When germinating from a spore, a sexual generation develops - a gametophyte, which is a small outgrowth. In the process of mitosis, male and female gametes are formed on it.

Rice. 99. Life cycle of male fern

In the presence of water, fertilization occurs and a zygote is formed. An embryo develops from it, and then a young plant - a sporophyte.

Reproduction and development of seed plants. Seed plants reproduce by seeds. The sporophyte predominates in the life cycle, and the gametophyte is greatly reduced in size (reduced), develops on the sporophyte and is represented by only a few cells. Consider the development of seed plants using the example of the life cycle of angiosperms, or flowering plants.

Rice. 100. Cone - the organ of family reproduction of gymnosperms

An adult plant is a sporophyte with a double set of chromosomes. The sporophyte develops from the seed. The reproductive organ is a flower (Fig. 101). The female organ, the pistil, and the male organ, the stamens, are formed in the flower. In the ovary of the pistil in the ovules, 4 spores are formed as a result of meiosis. The division occurs unevenly - one large spore and three small ones are formed. Three small spores die off, and one large one develops into a female gametophyte. The spore divides three times by mitosis and an eight-nuclear embryo sac is formed: 8 nuclei in which are distributed as follows. Closer to the pollen entrance there is a large nucleus - an egg, next to it are two smaller nuclei - accompanying ones. Three nuclei are located at the opposite pole of the sac, and two central nuclei are located in the center. All nuclei have a single set of chromosomes (n). Thus, the female gametophyte in angiosperms is represented by an eight-core embryo sac.

Rice. 101. Organs of seed reproduction of flowering plants: 1 - flower; 2 - fetus

In the pollen sacs of stamens, four small spores are formed from sporangium cells as a result of meiosis. All spores develop and give rise to male gametophytes. Each spore divides by mitosis and forms a vegetative and generative cell. The vegetative and generative cells are covered with a double membrane - a pollen grain is formed. Thus, the male gametophyte in angiosperms is represented by two cells with a shell - a pollen grain.

When pollen grains hit the stigma of the pistil of the flower, the vegetative cell begins to germinate, forming a pollen tube. Thanks to the current of the cytoplasm of the pollen tube, the generative cell moves towards the pollen entrance of the embryo sac (Fig. 102). At the same time, the nucleus of the generative cell divides by mitosis and two sperm cells are formed - immobile male gametes. They enter the embryo sac through the pollen passage. One sperm (n) fuses with an egg (n) to form a zygote (2n). A seed embryo develops from a zygote. The second sperm (n) fuses with the two nuclei of the central cell (2n), resulting in the formation of the endosperm of the seed, in which nutrients are stored. The nuclei of endosperm cells in angiosperms have a triple set of chromosomes (3n).

Rice. 102. Life cycle and double fertilization in flowering plants: 1 - fusion of sperm with the central cell; 2 - fusion of sperm with egg; 3 - seed peel; 4 - embryo (2n); 5 - endosperm (3n)

The process of fusion of sperm with the egg and the central cell is called double fertilization. It was discovered in 1898 by the Russian scientist Sergei Gavrilovich Navashin (Fig. 103). As a result of double fertilization, a seed is formed from the ovule of the flower, and the seed coat is formed from the integument of the ovule. Fruit walls develop around the seed from the ovary or other parts of the flower. When the fruit wall is opened or destroyed, the seed is outside. Under certain conditions, it germinates, a new plant develops from the seed embryo - a sporophyte.

Rice. 103. Sergei Gavrilovich Navashin (1857 - 1930)

So, in plants from lower to higher, there is a gradual increase in the life span of the sporophyte. Starting with ferns, the sporophyte predominates in the life cycle, and the gametophyte is gradually reduced to one or a few cells.

Lesson learned exercises

1. What is the peculiarity of the individual development of plants in comparison with animals?
2. How does the alternation of generations occur in plants?
3. Which generation dominates the life cycle of algae, mosses, ferns and seed plants?
4. How do angiosperms, or flowering plants, develop the female and male gametophyte?
5. Why is fertilization in angiosperms or flowering plants called double?
6. How does the gametophyte change from lower to higher plants? Explain what advantage this gives to the plant organism.

Today everyone is discussing the generations of the future -Y,Z andA, while the most economically active people of the generation X. Little is said or written about them, but they are shaping the future of the global economy and politics. About who are the people of the generation X, and how they differ from representatives of other generations, read our article.

The most active in economic terms today are representatives of the so-called generationsX. It has largely influenced the formation of the modern business environment and has made an invaluable contribution to the development of the global economy. Gen Xers have a unique value system that allows them to excel in all areas of life.

Generation X value system

This system is a set of behavioral and social attitudes that have developed under the influence of many factors. The system has a direct impact on a person's opinion regarding certain phenomena and things that he encounters throughout his life. It is she who is the main reference point in the process of making important decisions. Changing the value system during life is possible, but extremely rare.

Due to the huge variety of values, it is customary to divide them into several main categories. Most often, researchers identify 2 types of values :

Value #1

Spiritual

This category is one of the fundamental ones. This includes all attitudes and ideals, under the influence of which the individual's ideas about the good, justice, beauty, goodness, evil, and so on are formed. It is on a set of spiritual values ​​that ideas about what is necessary and due, preferences and desires, aspirations and inclinations depend;

Value #2

Material

Material values ​​include consumer values ​​expressed in material form: essentials, private property, availability of goods and services.

The final set of values ​​of each person is individual and unique. It is quite difficult to take into account each element of this system. However, there are certain combinations of values ​​(gender, family, national, professional) that are inherent in representatives of certain "generations".

generational theory

For the first time, several scientists started talking about this theory at once in the first half of the 90s. According to this theory, approximately every 20 years, a new generation of people is born whose value system is fundamentally different from the value system of their parents, grandparents. The formation of the value system of a representative of each new generation actually ends by the age of 11-15, after which it is only supplemented and strengthened. Already at this age, the first differences can be noticed: the attitude towards other people, money, material and spiritual wealth, the style of consumption and behavior in general.

The calculation and description of "generations" begins at the end of the 19th century. Each of the generations has its own unique values, which were formed under the influence of many factors. The activities of representatives of each generation provoked the creation of new conditions, which, in turn, began to influence the formation of the value system of the next generation.

The Lost Generation (1890 - 1900)

The first generation referred to in the mentioned theory are people born in 1890-1900. This era is characterized by social inequality, stratification of society, disillusionment with civilization, decline in culture and decadence. Representatives of the “lost generation” grew up and formed in the conditions of despotism and monarchism, and the most important event of that era was the unprecedented global military conflict - the First World War and the collapse of the imperialist state. As a response, representatives of the generation took an active part in revolutionary events, the formation of modern states, the creation of new ideas, the development of science and a new culture.

Winners (The Greatest) (1901 - 1925)

According to different versions, representatives of this generation were born from 1901 to 1925. These people grew up in an era of global changes in the social and political world order. Bold ideas, new areas of science and technology, the strengthening of totalitarian and authoritarian societies - all this influenced the value system of the representatives of the "winning generation". People born at this time were participants or witnesses of the Second World War, the creation of the UN, the post-war restoration of the world order.

Silent (1925 - 1945)

People born on the eve of and during the Second World War (1925-1945) are usually called the “silent generation”. They had to grow up and live in the post-war period, to restore the destroyed economy and industry. The beginning of the Cold War, the slow but steady growth of the economy, the gradual improvement of living conditions and the quality of life, the absence of global shocks, and the strengthening of power structures fall on the period of their activity. However, the childhood of these people was extremely difficult, which could not but leave an imprint on their whole life.

Baby boom (I) (1946 - 1964)

The representatives of the silent generation and the "winners" produced a huge number of children, resulting in a population explosion (1946-1964). The baby boom era saw the beginning of the sexual revolution, the heyday of rock music and the hippie culture. Authoritarian rulers no longer suited society, which often led to unrest and local conflicts. Demonstrations, rallies, popular performances and protests have become typical of this era.

At the same time, protest moods and narcissism begin to prevail. Generation Me people prioritized self-actualization, refusing conventional social responsibility. This generation was one of the first to start talking about the fact that the main thing in life is to have fun and change the world. People from the baby boom generation actively promoted the ideas of equality, non-violence, democracy and tolerance.

Generation X (1965 - 1979) (according to some researchers - up to 1982)

The socially active and freedom-loving baby boomers were replaced by representatives of generation X, born from 1965 to 1979 (according to some researchers - until 1982). In some cases, all children born before the 1990s and even 2000s are also included here, but this is not true.

The formation of the X's value system was influenced by: the war in Afghanistan, the Chechen war, the stagnation and fall of socialist regimes, the end of the Cold War, the opening of borders, freedom of movement, globalization, the growth in the number of emigrants, the fall and subsequent rapid growth of the economy.

The representatives of the unknown became even more independent of the official authorities. However, in contrast to the worldview of the baby boomers, attempts to change the world have been replaced by the absolute or partial indifference of the "X" to what is happening in the political arena. Sexual relations outside of marriage have become the norm, as well as the lack of religiosity and patriotism. Gen Xers are getting divorced more often, but family values ​​still play a primary role for them.

These people are not used to stability. Before their eyes, the whole system of the world was changing radically, and they got used to the difficulties associated with these changes. Infantilism and decadence are alien to them, they are active, quick-witted, they can be called "punching". They rely only on themselves, always have a plan "B", do not get lost in the face of difficulties and are ready for any difficult situations.

"X" changed the world beyond recognition. These people are characterized by high performance and productivity, they are persistent and diligent. For "people X" an important role is played by a career, level of education, material wealth. They strive to be successful, but often they do not look for new ways, but use long-proven routes.

Aygun KURBANOVA,
HR Director at Relief

People after 45 are professional and diligent, without unnecessary ambitions. Explain this to company management

Sometimes employers are afraid that subordinates will be older than the leader. But it's not scary! The main thing is to entrust age employees with suitable work that is not associated with high rates and constant stress. And there is always enough such work at the enterprise. For example, we have many employees in our company who are celebrating their 50th birthday this year. Just a year of anniversaries. And all these specialists work productively. Therefore, I am happy to take people over 45 years old to my department. They are more efficient, reliable, professional, and at the same time they do not have excessive ambitions (like a university graduate who does not know how, but wants a lot). I can rely on such an employee, because I am sure that everything will be done 100%. After all, he has both responsibility for the result and unwillingness to lose his job. This is exactly what HR directors should explain to top managers of the company.

Millennials (Y, YAYYA) (early 80s - late 90s)

Most economic models and incentive systems were created specifically for the Xs. Thanks to this, an HR director can quickly achieve an increase in labor productivity, while using a “standard” set of motivators, both tangible and intangible.

"X" are accustomed to achieve everything themselves. Career and life in general for them is a kind of step-by-step strategy. First you need to finish school, then go to college or university, get a profession and "crust". After that, the newly-minted specialist comes to the enterprise and starts from the bottom - works as a line or junior office staff with the prospect of slow but steady career growth. Managerial or expert positions "X" reached (and still reach) at the age of 30-40 years.

Employee motivation X

In most cases, rapid career growth is not possible for them. Representatives of the "X" are trying to "sell themselves" more profitable, but at the same time they understand that in order to implement such a plan, you need to match the declared price. Empty ambitions are rare for them, they are well aware of their own worth and require adequate remuneration for their labors.

Material motivation plays a huge role in stimulating generation X workers. Career advancement, obtaining new powers or responsibilities, solving assigned tasks, fulfilling the production plan - all this should be noted not only in the form of praise or recognition of merits from the management, but also quite tangible material rewards. By itself, the increase or bonus may even be insignificant, but it must be.

The most effective way of non-material motivation for X employees is the opportunity to gain new knowledge and improve their skills. Courses, seminars, business trips, webinars - all this will be appreciated by representatives of generation X.

An equally important role is played by the recognition of merit - public awards, the provision of a personal workplace, personal benefits, and so on. An excellent way to recognize the merits of such an employee is to appoint him as a mentor who should be involved in training newcomers to the team. With this technique, the personnel service can immediately decide 3 problems:

Problem #1

Increase the motivation of the mentor

By appointing an employee as a “teacher”, management demonstrates its loyalty and trust, which in turn encourages the mentor to better perform their own work;

Problem #2

Reduce newbie adaptation time

It will be easier for a new employee to join the team and get involved in work processes if an experienced employee, and not a representative of the personnel service, is engaged in adaptation and training;

Problem #3

Reduce the workload of the HR department

How to use the X's human resources

The “Unknown Generation” was formed at the dawn of the era of media communications, when the Internet and other types of mobile communications were more of a rarity than the norm. For this reason, for many Xs, live communication and real human relationships are of fundamental value. They are not so dependent on social networks and the Internet in general, so their picture of the world is much more realistic than representatives of Y and Z.

Characteristics of people from generation X

• have rich life experience
• have a great work experience
• have some merit
• have a good education
• diversified,
• tactful
• sociable.

These people are best suited to perform stable and responsible work that requires perseverance and a thorough approach.

Xs are attentive to people and details, so they make excellent managers of all levels. The consistency and predictability of actions allows them to be appointed as leaders of serious projects or developing business lines.

Thanks to business acumen and the ability to build working relationships, Xs can be safely sent for negotiations to other companies. They can be entrusted with the implementation of serious projects with pre-planned results.

Disadvantages of employees X

Unlike Y people (YYYA), whose representatives are very ambitious, Xs can and will work hard. It was this generation that gave rise to the term "workaholism" - dependence on work. An unfulfilled project, failures at work, missed deadlines - all this is taken very seriously and painfully by them.

Excessive workloads and responsibility provoke stressful situations from which the moral and physical health of these individuals suffers. For this reason, the X's are more prone to nervous breakdowns, moral exhaustion and depression. Damage to physical health manifests itself in the form of headaches, reduced sexual activity, heart attacks, early heart attacks and strokes.

Such consequences can be avoided only with the help of regular alternation of “work” and “rest” modes, creation of comfortable working conditions and a favorable atmosphere in the team.

Test yourself

What are the 2 main types of values?

• gender and family;
• professional and national;
• spiritual and material.

What is the name of the generation born between 1946 and 1964?

• lost;
• baby boom;
• millennials.

Which generation is the most active in the economy at the moment?

• Baby boom;

What's different about Generation X?

• high efficiency;
• unwillingness to grow up;
• protest spirit, active participation in political and public life.

The main disadvantage of generation X is:

• inflated ambitions;
• susceptibility to stress;
• dependence on modern technology.