Memo "independent parts of speech". Memo "independent parts of speech" Memo on identifying parts of speech

The order of parsing a word as a part of speech

Noun parsing

  1. Proper or common noun, animate or inanimate.
  2. Genus. Declension.
  3. Case. Number.
  4. Role in a sentence.

Oral analysis

The hunter saw a squirrel.

1. Squirrel- noun. Denotes an object, answers the question of whom? 2. Initial form - squirrel. 3. Common noun, animate. 4. Feminine, 1st declension. 5. Used in the accusative case, singular. 6. In a sentence it is a minor member of the sentence, explains the predicate: saw(whom?) squirrel.

Sample entry

Squirrel- noun, whom?, n. f. - squirrel, nav., soul., w. r., 1st class, in wine. p., in units h., Tue. member

Adjective parsing

  1. Part of speech. What does it mean, what question does it answer.
  2. Initial form (nominative singular masculine).
  3. Gender (in singular), case, number.
  4. Role in a sentence.

Oral analysis

The fragrant bird cherry blossomed.

1. Fragrant- adjective. Denotes a feature of an object, answers the question which one? 2. Initial form - fragrant. 3. Agrees with a noun in the feminine gender, nominative case, singular. 4. In a sentence it is a minor member that explains the subject: bird cherry(which?) fragrant.

Sample entry

Fragrant(bird cherry) - adj., which one?, n. f. - fragrant, and. r., in them. p., in units h., Tue. member

Verb parsing

  1. Part of speech. What does it mean, what question does it answer.
  2. Initial form (indefinite form).
  3. Conjugation.
  4. Time. Person and number - for verbs in the present or future tense. Gender and number are for verbs in the past tense. 5. Role in a sentence.

Oral analysis

Migratory birds are flying.

1. They're flying- verb. The word denotes the action of an object, answers the question what are they doing? 2. Initial form - fly. 3. Second conjugation. 4. The verb is used in the present tense, in the 3rd person, in the plural. 5. The predicate in the sentence is: Birds(what are they doing?) flying.

Sample entry

They're flying- v., what are they doing?, n. f. - fly, II sp., in the present, vr., in the 3rd l., in plural. h., tale

Pronoun parsing

  1. Part of speech. What does it indicate?
  2. Initial form (nominative singular).
  3. Person, number, case.
  4. Role in a sentence.

Oral analysis

I'm drawing the sea.

1. I am a pronoun, indicates a person. 2. The initial form is I. 3. 1st person, used in the nominative case, singular. 4. The subject is the subject of the sentence.

Sample entry

I- local, n. f. - I, 1st year, in units. h., in them. n., mean.

Parsing a sentence by parts of speech

Sample written analysis:

Memo 2

Sound-letter analysis of a word

  1. Say the word.
  2. Determine how many syllables there are in a word. Say the stressed syllable.
  3. Say (highlight with your voice) each sound in the word in order and give it a description:
    • if it is a vowel sound, then what kind of sound it is - stressed or unstressed;
    • if there is a consonant sound, then what kind of sound it is - dull or voiced, hard or soft, paired or unpaired.
  4. Tell me what letter represents each sound.
  5. Make a conclusion about the number of sounds and letters in a word.

Oral analysis of the word hat

The word hat has two syllables: shlya | pa. The syllable shlya is stressed.

I pronounce each sound and name its signs:

[w]- consonant sound, hissing, dull paired, hard unpaired, denoted by the letter “sha”;

[l"]- consonant sound, voiced unpaired, soft paired, denoted by the letter “el”;

[A]- a vowel sound, stressed, stands after a soft consonant sound, denoted by the letter “I”;

[P]- consonant sound, voiceless paired, hard paired, denoted by the letter “pe”;

[A]- a vowel sound, unstressed, is indicated by the letter “a”.

In a word hat 5 sounds and 5 letters.

Written analysis of the word “Christmas tree”

In a word Christmas tree 5 sounds, 4 letters. Letter e at the beginning of a word denotes the fusion of sounds [th "ó].

Memo 3

How to prepare for your presentation

  1. Read the text. Find out the meaning of words, phrases, and sentences that you do not understand.
  2. Determine the topic of the text. Observe how the topic is revealed in the text: where the author begins, what he reports about the subject of speech, how he ends the story (description, reasoning).
  3. Determine the main idea of ​​the text. Watch how she expresses herself.
  4. Determine how many parts there are in the text. Make a plan for the text. Find supporting words and phrases in each part.
  5. Read the text carefully again. Pay attention to the structure and design of sentences, punctuation marks, and the use of words and phrases. Find words with studied spellings, think about how to explain their spelling.
  6. Speak words that are difficult for you syllable by syllable, visually remembering their spelling.
  7. Read the text carefully again. Retell it in your mind. Close the book and write a summary.

After recording your presentation, be sure to check your work.

Memo 4

How to prepare for writing a narrative text

  1. Determine the topic of the text: what you will talk about. Determine the main idea of ​​the future text.
  2. Choose a title for the text: the title can reflect either only the topic, or only the main idea, or the topic and the main idea.
  3. Think about where you will start the story (what you will talk about in the introductory part).
  4. What will you talk about in the main part (how the action developed, what moment was the most interesting, how it all ended)?
  5. How will you finish the story (what will you say in the final part)?
  6. Try to retain the content of the composed text in your memory (make a plan, select key words, phrases).
  7. Write the text as a draft, edit it, read the written essay to your listeners (friends, family).

Memo 5

How to Prepare to Write a Descriptive Text

  1. Identify the object and its features that need to be described.
  2. Think about what words need to be used so that the description is accurate and expressive, what comparisons to use.
  3. Determine your attitude towards the subject or its characteristics that you will describe.
  4. Think over the content of the introductory, main, and final parts of the text.

Memo 6

How to prepare for writing an argumentative text

  1. Determine the topic of the statement. Formulate the main idea of ​​the argument.
  2. Think about what facts you will provide to support the main idea.
  3. Summarize the discussion.


Analysis of the proposal.






7.Write down the phrases.

1.Part of speech.

3.Permanent signs:


- genus;
- declination.
4. Variable signs:
- case;
- number.
5. Role in a sentence.

1.Part of speech.
2. Initial form.
3.Permanent signs:
- conjugation;
4. Variable characteristics:
- number;
- time;



1.Part of speech.

3.Fickle signs:
- number;
- gender (only in singular);
- case.
4. Role in the sentence.

1.Part of speech.
2. Initial form (im.p.).
3.Permanent signs
- face.
4. Variable signs:
-number.

-case.
5.Role in the sentence.
Analysis of the proposal.
1. Determine the sentence according to the purpose of the statement: narrative, interrogative, incentive.
2. Determine the sentence by intonation: exclamatory, non-exclamatory.
3. Determine the proposal based on the presence of minor members: widespread or non-extensive.
4. Underline the main parts of the sentence: subject and predicate.
5. Underline the minor parts of the sentence.
6.Indicate the parts of speech: noun, adjective, verb, pronoun, preposition.
7.Write down the phrases.
Morphological analysis of a noun.
1.Part of speech.
2. Initial form (im.p., singular).
3.Permanent signs:
- proper or common noun;
- animate or inanimate;
- genus;
- declination.
4. Variable signs:
- case;
- number.
5. Role in a sentence.
Parsing a verb as a part of speech (morphological parsing).
1.Part of speech.
2. Initial form.
3.Permanent signs:
- conjugation;
4. Variable characteristics:
- number;
- time;
- person (verbs have present and future tenses);
- gender (verbs in the past tense have a singular form).
5. Role in a sentence. Morphological analysis of the adjective.
1.Part of speech.
2. Initial form (singular, m.r., im.p.).
3.Fickle signs:
- number;
- gender (only in singular);
- case.
4. Role in the sentence.
Morphological analysis of pronouns.
1.Part of speech.
2. Initial form (im.p.).
3.Permanent signs
- face.
4. Variable signs:
-number.
-gender (only in the 3rd person singular).
-case.
5.Role in the sentence.

Independent parts of speech

Noun

A noun is a part of speech that denotes an object and answers the questions who? What?

Note.

In grammar, a subject is anything that can be asked about. who is this? What is this?


According to their meaning, nouns are divided intoown Andcommon nouns , animate Andinanimate .
Nouns are masculine, feminine or neuter.

Note.
Nouns do not change by gender.

Nouns vary by case and number.
The initial form of a noun is the nominative singular.
In a sentence, nouns most often are a subject and an object, as well as an inconsistent definition, application, circumstance and the nominal part of a compound predicate.

Proper and common nouns.

Proper names nouns are names of individuals, individual objects.
Proper nouns include:

    surnames (pseudonyms, nicknames), first names, patronymics of people, as well as animal names.

    geographical names

    astronomical names

    names of newspapers, magazines, works of literature and art, factories, ships, etc.

Note.
It is necessary to distinguish proper nouns from proper names.

Proper nouns sometimes turn into common nouns (for example: Ampere - French scientist, ampere - a unit of force electric current

Common nouns is a common name for all homogeneous objects and phenomena.
Common nouns can turn into proper nouns (for example: earth - land, Earth - planet of the solar system).

Nouns, animate and inanimate.

Animate nouns serve as names of people, animals and answer the question who?
Inanimate nouns serve as names for inanimate objects, as well as objects flora and answer the question what?
Inanimate nouns also include nouns such as group, people, crowd, flock, youth, etc.

Number of nouns.

Nouns are used in the singular when we are talking about one thing, and in the plural when we mean several things.
Some nouns are used only in the singular or only in the plural.

Nouns that have only a singular form:

    Set names identical persons, objects (collective nouns):youth, children, students, humanity and etc.

    Names of objects with real meaning:asphalt, iron, strawberries, milk, steel, beets, kerosene and etc.

    Names of quality or trait:whiteness, anger, dexterity, youth, freshness, blue, darkness, blackness and etc.

    Names of action or state:mowing, chopping, execution, suggestion, burning and etc.

    Proper names as names of individual objects:Moscow, Volga and etc.

    Words:burden, udder, flame, crown

Nouns that have only a plural form:

    Names of composite and paired items:trousers, scales, railings, vices, tongs, rakes, scissors, pitchforks, swings and etc.

    Names of materials or their waste, residues:whitewash, yeast, pasta, cream, bran, sawdust and etc.

    Names of time periods, games:hide and seek, blind man's buff, chess, vacation, day, weekdays and etc.

    Names of actions and states of nature:troubles, elections, negotiations, shoots, frosts, debates and etc.

    Some geographical names:Carpathians, Fili, Gorki, Athens, Alps, Sokolniki and etc.

Cases of nouns.

There are six cases in Russian. Case is determined by questions.

Nominative - who? or what?
Genitive - whom? or what?
Dative - to whom? or what?
Accusative - whom? or what?
Creative - by whom? or what?
Prepositional - about whom? or about what?

To determine the case of a noun in a sentence, you need:

    find the word to which the given noun refers;

    put a question from this word to the noun.

Declension of nouns.

Changing words by case is called declension.
Exists three declensions nouns.

First declension.

The first declension includes feminine nouns with the ending -а (-я) in the nominative singular case (country, land), as well as masculine nouns denoting people with the same endings (young man, uncle).

Second declension.

The second declension includes masculine nouns with a zero ending (shore, day), as well as with endings -о, -е (domishko, domiche) and neuter nouns with endings -о, -е in the nominative singular (word, building ).

Third declension.

The third declension includes feminine nouns with a zero ending in the nominative singular.

Indeclinable nouns.

Ten neuter nouns in -mya (burden, time, udder, banner, name, flame, tribe, seed, stirrup and crown) and the masculine noun path in the genitive, dative and prepositional cases in the singular have 3rd declension noun endings -and, and in instrumental case take the endings of nouns of the 2nd declension -em (-em).

Indeclinable nouns.

Indeclinable nouns are those that have the same form for all cases.
Among them there are both common nouns (coffee, radio, cinema, jury) and proper names (Goethe, Zola, Sochi).

Morphological analysis of a noun.

I. Part of speech. General meaning.
II. Morphological characteristics:
1. 2. Constant signs:
a) proper or common noun,
b) animate or inanimate,
c) gender,
d) declination.
3. Variable signs:
a) case,
b) number.
III. Syntactic role.

Adjective

Meaning and grammatical features of the adjective.

An adjective is a part of speech that denotes a characteristic of an object and answers the questions: what? which? which? whose?

Note.
In grammar, a sign is usually understood as properties, belonging, quantities, etc., characterizing objects.

The categories of adjectives are distinguished by meaning and form:qualitative, relative and possessive.
Adjectives, depending on nouns, agree with them, i.e. are placed in the same case, number, gender as the nouns to which they refer.
The initial form of adjectives is the nominative case in the masculine singular. Adjectives come infull and inbrief form(only high quality ones) .
In a sentence, adjectives in full form, as a rule, are agreed upon definitions, sometimes they are a nominal part of a compound predicate.
Adjectives in short form are used only as predicates.
Qualitative adjectives have comparative and superlative degrees.

Qualitative adjectives.

Qualitative adjectives denote a characteristic (quality) of an object that may be present in this object to a greater or lesser extent.

Qualitative adjectives denote the attribute of an object by:

    form (straight, angular)

    size (narrow, low)

    blossom (red, lemon)

    property (strong, tough)

    taste (bitter, salty)

    weight (heavy, weightless)

    smell (fragrant, fragrant)

    temperature (warm, cool)

    sound (loud, quiet)

    overall assessment (important, harmful)

    and etc.

Most quality adjectives havefull and short forms. Full the form changes according to cases, numbers and genders.
Adjectives inbrief forms vary by number and gender. Short adjectives do not bow down; in a sentence they are used as predicates.
Some adjectives are used only in a short form: much, glad, must, necessary.
Some qualitative adjectives do not have a corresponding short form: adjectives with suffixes denoting high degree sign, and adjective included in the terminological names (fast train, deep rear).

Qualitative adjectives can be combined with an adverb Very , have antonyms.
Qualitative adjectives havecomparative and superlative degrees of comparison . In form, each degree can besimple (consists of one word) andcomposite (consists of two words): harder, quieter.

Comparative.

The comparative degree shows that in one or another object a characteristic appears to a greater or lesser extent than in another.

Superlative.

The superlative degree shows that a particular item is superior to other items in some way.

Relative adjectives.

Relative adjectives denote a feature of an object that cannot be present in the object to a greater or lesser extent.

Relative adjectives do not have a short form, degrees of comparison, and cannot be combined with an adverb Very , have no antonyms.

Relative adjectives vary by case, number and gender (singular).

Relative adjectives mean:

    material (wooden spoon, clay pot)

    quantity (five-year-old daughter, two-story house)

    location (river port, steppe wind)

    time (last year's plan, January frosts)

    appointment (washing machine, passenger train)

    weight, length, measure (meter stick, quarterly plan)

    and etc.

Possessive adjectives.

Possessive adjectives denote that something belongs to a person and answer the questions whose? whose? whose? whose?
Possessive adjectives change by case, number and gender.

Morphological analysis of the adjective.

I. Part of speech. General meaning.
II. Morphological characteristics:
1. Initial form (nominative singular masculine).
2. Constant signs: qualitative, relative or possessive.
3. Variable signs:
1) for quality ones:
a) degree of comparison,
b) short and long form;
2) For all adjectives:
a) case,
b) number,
c) birth
III. Syntactic role.

Numeral

Meaning and grammatical features of a numeral name.

A numeral is a part of speech that denotes the number of objects, number, and also the order of objects when counting.
Based on their meaning and grammatical features, numeral names are divided into quantitative and ordinal.
Quantitative Numerals denote quantity or number and answer the question how many?
Ordinal numbers indicate the order of objects when counting and answer the questions which? which? which? which?


Note.

Quantity can also be denoted by other parts of speech. Numerals can be written in words and numbers, and other parts of speech - only in words: three horses - three horses.


Numerals change according to cases.
The initial form of the numeral is the nominative case.
In a sentence, numerals can be subject, predicate, attribute, adverbial tense.
A numeral denoting quantity, in combination with nouns, is one member of a sentence.

Simple and compound numbers.

Based on the number of words, numerals can be simple or compound.
Simple numerals consist of one word, andcomposite of two or more words.

Cardinal numbers.

Cardinal numbers are divided into three categories: whole numbers, fractional numbers and collective numbers.

Ordinals.

Ordinal numbers are formed, as a rule, from numerals denoting whole numbers, usually without suffixes: five - fifth, six - sixth.


Note.

Ordinal numbers first and second are non-derivatives (original words).


Ordinal numbers, like adjectives, change according to cases, numbers and genders.
In compound ordinal numbers, only the last word is declined.

Morphological analysis of the numeral name.

I. Part of speech. General meaning.
II. Morphological characteristics:
1. Initial form (nominative case).
2. Constant signs:
a) simple or compound,
b) quantitative or ordinal,
c) category (for quantitative).
3. Variable signs:
a) case,
b) number (if any),
c) gender (if any).
III. Syntactic role.

Pronoun

Meaning and grammatical features of the pronoun.

A pronoun is a part of speech that indicates objects, signs and quantities, but does not name them.
The initial form of pronouns is the nominative singular.
In a sentence, pronouns are used as a subject, attribute, object, and less often as adverbials; a pronoun can also be used as a predicate.

Classification of pronouns by meaning.

According to their meaning and grammatical features, pronouns are divided into several categories:

    personal (I you he she)

    returnable (myself)

    interrogative (who, what, which)

    relative (who, which, than, which)

    uncertain (someone, something, some)

    negative (nobody, nothing, some)

    possessive (mine, yours, ours, yours)

    index fingers (that, this, such, such, so much)

    definitive (all, every, other)

Personal pronouns.

Personal pronouns I AndYou indicate the participants in the speech.
Pronounshe, she, it, they indicate the subject that is being spoken about, has been said before or will be spoken about. They serve to connect independent sentences in the text.
PronounYou may refer to one person. Verb - predicate and short form Adjectives and participles are used in the plural. If the predicate is expressed by a full form adjective, then it is used in the singular.

Reflexive pronoun myself .

Reflexive pronoun myself indicates the person being spoken about.
Pronounmyself has no form of person, number, gender. It can be applied to any person, singular or plural, of any gender.
Reflexive pronounmyself in a sentence it can be an addition, sometimes it can be a circumstance.

Interrogative and relative pronouns.

Words that are answered by nouns (who? what?), adjectives (which? whose? what?), numerals (how many?), form a group interrogative pronouns.
The same pronouns without a question, as well as the pronounwhich serve for communication simple sentences as part of complex ones. This -relative pronouns.
In sentences containing a question, pronounswhat, how much - interrogative. IN complex sentences allied wordswhich, what, how much - relative pronouns.

Indefinite pronouns.

Indefinite pronouns indicate indefinite objects, characteristics, quantity.
Indefinite pronouns are formed by adding prefixes to interrogative and relative pronouns -something (something, someone, etc.) and-Not (someone, several, etc.), which is always under stress, as well as suffixes-this, -either, -something (someone, anyone, anyone, etc.).
Indefinite pronouns vary according to the type of pronoun from which oi are formed.
In a sentence indefinite pronouns There are subjects, objects, definitions.

Negative pronouns.

Negative pronouns (no one, not at all, no one, etc.) serve to deny the presence of any object, feature, quantity or to strengthen the negative meaning of the entire sentence.
They are formed from interrogative (relative) pronouns using an unstressed prefix neither- (nobody, no, no one's) and shock prefixNot- (no one, nothing).
Negative pronouns change by case, number, and in the singular - by gender.


Note.

Prefixed pronouns are not most often used in impersonal sentences, in which the predicate is expressed by the infinitive form of the verb.


Negative pronouns in a sentence are subjects, objects, and modifiers.

Possessive pronouns.

Possessive pronouns my, yours, ours, yours, yours indicate which person the item belongs to.
Pronounmy indicates that the object belongs to the speaker himself.Is yours indicates that the object belongs to the person with whom we are talking.
Pronounmine Indicates that an object belongs to the speaker, or his interlocutor, or a third party, who are the subjects of the sentence.
All of these pronouns in sentences are agreed upon adjectives.

Demonstrative pronouns.

Demonstrative pronouns that, this, this, such, such, so much, this serve to distinguish a particular object, feature, or quantity from others.
Sometimes demonstrative pronounsthat, such, such, so much serve to form complex sentences. In this case, they are demonstrative words in the main sentence; in the subordinate clause, as a rule, they correspond to relative pronouns, which are allied words in it.
In a sentence, demonstrative pronouns can be subject, object, attribute, predicate.

Determinative pronouns.

Determinative pronouns - all, every, every, every, himself, most, any, other, other.
Pronouns everyone, any, most indicate one item from a number of similar ones.
Pronounany indicates any one of many similar objects.
Pronounsall, everyone define an object as something inseparable.
Pronounmyself indicates the person or thing that produces the action.
Pronounmost , in addition to the meaning mentioned above, can denote the degree of a characteristic and is used to form the superlative degree of adjectives.


Morphological analysis of pronouns.

I. Part of speech. General meaning.
II. Morphological characteristics:
1. Initial form (nominative singular).
2. Constant signs:
a) rank,
b) person (for personal pronouns).
3. Variable signs:
a) case,
b) number (if any),
c) gender (if any).
III. Syntactic role.

Verb

A verb is a part of speech that denotes an action or state of an object and answers the questions what to do? what to do?
There are verbsimperfect and perfect forms.
Verbs are divided into transitive and intransitive.
Verbs change according to mood.
A verb has an initial form called the infinitive (or infinitive). It shows neither time, nor number, nor person, nor gender.
The verbs in the sentence are predicates.
The indefinite form of a verb can be part of a compound predicate, it can be a subject, an object, a modifier, or a circumstance.


Infinitive form of the verb (or infinitive).

Verbs in the indefinite form (in the infinitive) answer the questions what to do? or what to do?
Verbs in the indefinite form have an aspect, transitivity and intransitivity, and conjugation. Verbs in the indefinite form have endings -t, -ti or zero.


Types of verb.

Verbs imperfect form answer the question what to do?, and verbsperfect form - what to do?
Imperfective verbs do not indicate the completion of an action, its end or result. Perfective verbs indicate the completion of an action, its end or result.
A verb of one type may correspond to a verb of another type with the same lexical meaning.
When forming verbs of one type from verbs of another type, prefixes are used.
The formation of verb types can be accompanied by alternation of vowels and consonants in the root.


Transitive and intransitive verbs.

Verbs that combine or can combine with a noun or pronoun in the accusative case without a preposition are called transitive.
Transitive verbs denote an action that moves to another subject.
A noun or pronoun with a transitive verb can be in the genitive case.
Verbs are intransitive if the action does not directly transfer to another subject.
Intransitive verbs include verbs with the suffix -sya (s) .


Reflexive verbs.

Verbs with suffix -sya (s) are calledreturnable.
Some verbs can be reflexive or non-reflexive; others only reflexive (without suffix-xia they are not used).


Verb mood.

Verbs in indicative mood denote actions that are actually happening or will happen.
Verbs in the indicative mood change tenses. In the present and future tenses, the final vowel of the indefinite stem is sometimes omitted.
In the indicative mood, imperfective verbs have three tenses: present, past and future, and perfective verbs have two tenses: past and future simple.
Verbs inconditional mood denote actions that are desirable or possible under certain conditions.
The conditional mood of the verb is formed from the stem of the indefinite form of the verb using a suffix-l- and particleswould (b) . This particle can appear after or before the verb, and can be separated from the verb by other words.
Verbs in the conditional mood vary according to number and in the singular - according to gender.
Verbs inimperative mood express a call to action, an order, a request.
Verbs in the imperative mood are usually used in the form2nd person.
Verbs in the imperative mood do not change tenses.
Imperative forms are formed from the stem of the present or future simple tense using a suffix-And- or zero suffix. Verbs in the imperative mood in the singular have a zero ending, and in the plural --those.
Sometimes the particle is added to imperative verbs-ka , which somewhat softens the order.


Verb tense.


Present tense.

Verbs in the present tense show that an action is happening at the moment of speech.
Verbs in the present tense can denote actions that are performed constantly, always.
Verbs in the present tense change according to persons and numbers.

Past tense.

Verbs in the past tense show that the action took place before the moment of speech.
When describing the past, the present tense is often used instead of the past tense.
Verbs in the past tense form are formed from the indefinite form (infinitive) using a suffix -l- .
Verbs in the indefinite form in-ch, -ti, -thread (imperfect form) forms of the past tense singular masculine without a suffix are formed-l- .
Past tense verbs change according to number, and in the singular - according to gender. In the plural, verbs in the past tense do not change by person.

Future tense.

Verbs in the future tense show that the action will take place after the moment of speech.
The future tense has two forms: simple and compound. Shape of the futurecomposite imperfective verbs consists of the future tense of the verbbe and the infinitive form of the imperfective verb. The future tense is formed from perfective verbssimple , from imperfective verbs - future tensecomposite.


Morphological analysis of the verb.

I. Part of speech. General meaning.
II. Morphological characteristics:
1. Initial form (indefinite form).
2. Constant signs:
a) view,
b) conjugation,
c) transitivity.
3. Variable signs:
a) inclination,
b) number,
c) time (if any),
d) number (if any),
e) gender (if any).
III. Syntactic role.

Participle

A participle is a special form of a verb that denotes an attribute of an object by action and answers the questions: what? which? which? which?


Note.

Some scientists consider participles to be an independent part of speech, since they have a number of features that are not characteristic of the verb.

Like verb forms, participles have some of theirgrammatical features. They areperfect and imperfect; present and past; returnable and non-refundable.
The participle has no future tense form.
Participles are active and passive.

Denoting the attribute of an object, participles, like adjectives, grammatically depend on nouns that agree with them, i.e. become the same case, number and gender as the nouns they refer to.
Participles change by case, by number, by gender. The case, number, and gender of participles are determined by the case, number, and gender of the noun to which the participle refers. Some participles, like adjectives, have a full and a short form.Initial participle form - nominative singular masculine. All verbal features of the participle correspond to the initial form of the verb - the indefinite form.
Like an adjective, a participle in its full form in a sentence is a modifier.
Participles in short form are used only as a nominal part of a compound predicate.


Active and passive participles.

Active participles denote a sign of the object that itself produces the action.Passive participles denote a sign of an object that is experiencing action from another object.


Formation of participles.

When forming participles, the following verbal features are taken into account:

    Transitivity or intransitivity of a verb (both active and passive participles are formed from transitive verbs; only active participles are formed from intransitive verbs).

    Verb type (perfect verbs do not form present participles. Imperfect verbs do not form real present and past participles; most imperfective verbs do not form passive past participles, although these verbs have corresponding forms of present passive participles).

    Verb conjugations (both active and passive present participles have different suffixes depending on the conjugation of the verb).

    Reflexivity or non-reflexivity of the verb (from reflexive verbs passive participles are not formed). Active participles formed from reflexive verbs retain the suffix -sya at all times, regardless of what sound (vowel or consonant) is located before this suffix; The suffix -sya appears at the end of the participle.

When forming participles with present tense suffixes-ush- (-yush-), -ash- (-box-), -eat-, -im- and past tense-vsh-, -sh-, -nn-, -enn-, -t- masculine, feminine and neuter singular endings are added (-y, -y, -aya, -ee ) or plural endings (-s, -s ).
From a number of verbs are formedNot all types of participles.

Note.
Most transitive imperfective verbs do not have a passive past participle form.


Morphological analysis of the participle.

I. Part of speech (special form of a verb); from which verb is the general meaning derived?

II. Morphological characteristics:
1. The initial form is the masculine nominative singular.
2. Constant signs:
a) active or passive;
b) time;
c) view.
3. Variable signs:
a) full and short form (for passive participles);
b) case (for participles in full form);
c) number;
d) birth

III. Syntactic role.

Participle

A gerund is a special form of a verb that denotes an additional action in the main action expressed by the verb, and answers the questions: what are you doing? what did you do?


As a form of a verb, the gerund has some of its grammatical features. Participles come in perfect and imperfect form. They retain the form of the verb from which they are derived.
The gerund retains the verb feature -transitivity.


Note.

A gerund, like a verb, can be returnable and non-refundable.


A gerund, like a verb, can be qualified by an adverb.
In a sentence, the adverbial participle is an adverbial adverbial clause.


Note.

Some scientists consider gerunds to be an independent part of speech, since they do not have many grammatical features characteristic of a verb.


Imperfect participles.

Imperfective participles indicate unfinished additional action , which occurs simultaneously with the action expressed by the verb - predicate.
Imperfect participles are formed from the stempresent tense of the verb using a suffix-and I) .
After sibilants the suffix is ​​used-A , and in other cases --I.
From the verb to be, the imperfective participle is formed using the suffix-teach .


Notes

    From imperfective verbs with a suffix-va- in an indefinite form (to give, to recognize, to get up, etc.), the gerund is formed from the base of an indefinite form: to give out (give out) - giving out.

    Some verbs do not form imperfective participles:

    • from verbs whose roots consist of only consonants:
      beat - beat, tear - tear, sew - sew, burn - tourniquet, etc.
      Exception:
      rush - rush - rushing;

      from verbs with a present tense stem tog, k, x : to protect - take care, to be able - they can, etc.;

      from most verbs with the stem of the present tense to hissing: write - write, whip - whip, etc.;

      from verbs with suffix-Well- : fade - fade, get wet - get wet, pull - pull, go out - go out, etc.


Perfect participles.

Perfect participles denote a completed additional action, which, as a rule, occurs before the action begins. expressed by the verb - predicate.

Perfect participles are formed from the stem of the indefinite form or past tense (which, as a rule, coincide) with the help of suffixes -v, -lice, -shi. From reflexive verbs, perfect participles are formed with the suffix- lice (s), -shi (s). Participles with a base on a consonant are formed with a suffix-shi.


Notes

    From some verbs it is possible to form double forms: from the stem of the indefinite form and from the stem of the past tense (when they do not coincide).

    To suffix -to reflexive suffix-xia doesn't join.
    Some verbs form perfect participles using a suffix    -and I) from the basis of the future tense.


Notes

    Some verbs have preserved forms with suffixes-v, -lice, -shi (returning, getting ready, coming, bringing, bringing, saying goodbye, acquiring, seeing, seeing, hearing, hearing). if double forms exist, gerunds with the suffix are used more often-and I) as less bulky.

    Sometimes gerunds with suffixes-v, -lice are formed on imperfective verbs, but they are rarely used (having been, having eaten, not having).


Morphological analysis of gerunds.

I. Part of speech (special form of a verb). General meaning.
II. Morphological characteristics:
1. Initial form (indefinite verb form)
2. View.
3. Immutability.
III. Syntactic role.

Adverb

An adverb is a part of speech that denotes a sign of an action, a sign of an object or another sign.
An adverb can refer to a verb, to its special forms - participle and gerund, as well as to a noun, adjective and other adverb.
Adverb meanssign of action , if attached to a verb and a gerund.
Adverb meansattribute of an object , if attached to a noun.
Adverb meanssign of another sign , if attached to an adjective, participle or other adverb.
The adverb does not change, i.e. does not bow or conjugate.
In a sentence, adverbs are most often adverbs.


Note.

Some adverbs can be predicates.


Adverbs are divided into the following groups according to their meaning:

    Adverbs of manner - How? how? - fast, good, to pieces

    Adverbs of time - When? since when? How long? how long? - today, now, in winter

    Adverbs of place - Where? Where? where? - away, above, home

    Adverbs of reason - why - rashly, blindly, involuntarily

    Adverbs of purpose - For what? - on purpose, out of spite

    Adverbs of measure and degree - How many? at what time? how much? in what degree? to what extent? - very, quite, extremely

A special group consists of adverbs that do not name signs of an action, but only indicate them. In addition to their main purpose, they are used to connect sentences in the text.

    Demonstrative adverbs (here, there, here, there, from there, then)

    Indefinite adverbs (somewhere, somewhere, somewhere)

    Interrogative adverbs (how, why, where)

    Negative adverbs (nowhere, never, nowhere, nowhere)


Degrees of comparison of adverbs.

Adverbs on -o(s) , formed from qualitative adjectives, have two degrees of comparison:comparative and superior.
The comparative degree of adverbs has two forms -simple and compound. The simple form of the comparative degree is formed using suffixes-ee(s), -e, -she from the original form of adverbs, from which the final ones are discarded-o(-e), -ko . The compound form of comparative adverbs is formed by combining adverbs and wordsmore and less .
The superlative degree of adverbs usually has a compound form, which is a combination of two words - a comparative degree of an adverb and a pronouneveryone (total) .


Morphological analysis of the adverb.

I. Part of speech. General meaning.
II. Morphological characteristics:
1. An unchangeable word.
2. Degree of comparison (if any).
III. Syntactic role.

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