Types of subordination in Russian. Types of subordination. Subordinating relationship in phrases

In a phrase, dependent words are associated with the main three ways: coordination, control, adjunction . The classification of methods of subordination is based on what part of speech the dependent word is expressed.

Coordination- this is a method of communication in which the dependent word is put in the same forms of gender, number and case as the main word. For example: shady garden(masculine, singular, nominative), after a long separation(feminine, singular, genitive) fallen leaves(plural, nominative). When the form of the main word changes, the form of the dependent word also changes accordingly: shady garden, shady garden(Genitive), in a shady garden(prepositional).

When agreed, the dependent word can be expressed: by an adjective (difficult task), pronoun-adjective (our friend), communion (incoming wave), ordinal number (second entrance) quantitative numeral in indirect cases (with three friends).

Control- a method of communication in which the dependent word is placed with the main one in a certain indirect case with or without a preposition. For example: buy a magazine(the dependent noun is in the accusative case), talk to him(the dependent pronoun is in the instrumental case with the preposition "s"). In control with changing the form of the main word, the form of the dependent word does not change. Wed: buy a magazine, bought a magazine, bought a magazine, buy a magazine.

When controlled, the dependent word can be expressed: noun (break vase) pronoun-noun (tell him), cardinal number (divide by five) and other parts of speech used in the meaning of a noun (care for the sick).

adjoining- a method of communication in which a dependent invariable word (or form of a word) is associated with the main one only in meaning and intonation. For example: go limping, very happy.

When adjoining, the dependent word can be expressed: adverb (crying loudly) infinitive (ready to help), gerund (work non-stop) form of the comparative degree of an adjective or adverb (older boy, come closer) invariable possessive pronouns (her friend).

Types of communication - coordinating and subordinating.

Posted in Syntax

Read 439294 times

In Russian, there are two main types of communication between words and sentences - coordinating and subordinating.

writing connection is present in equal parts: in this case it is impossible to ask a question from one part to another. Such a connection between words in coordinating phrases (forest and mountains). In simple sentences, these are homogeneous members (“... We will dance the forest and mountains!” I. Krylov). A coordinating connection is also between parts of compound sentences (“... And we have notes, and we have instruments ...” I. Krylov). Coordinating conjunctions contribute to the coordinative connection: and, but, but, or, or, then - then, not that - not that, etc.

subordination combines the main part and the dependent part. From the main part, a question is asked to the dependent part. Such a connection can be found in subordinating phrases (let's sit down next to each other) and in complex sentences ("... we'll probably get along, under what condition? If we sit next to each other" I. Krylov). The subordinating relationship is carried out with the help of the endings of dependent words, specified with the help of prepositions and formalized by subordinating conjunctions: what, which, where, because, if, when, etc. complex sentence. In the phrase “everything to him”, the subordinating relationship is expressed by the ending -him, supported by the preposition to, from the main word to the dependent, the question is asked to whom? The main and subordinate clauses are connected by a subordinating conjunction so.

If in a phrase both words are unchangeable parts of speech, that is, they have no endings and prepositions are not used with them, then the connection between them is carried out with the help of intonation. In a non-union complex sentence, the connection between simple sentences is also carried out by the intonation of enumeration.

Types of subordination in a phrase and sentence

There is such a thing in linguistics as a subordinating relationship. In Russian, the subordinating connection occurs in phrases and sentences. This happens all the time in speech. But what is a subordinating phrase and a sentence?

First, let's look at what subordination means. It connects independent (significant) words and phrases through the fact that one part is main and the other is dependent. It is very easy to check this. From the main part, you can ask a question to the dependent. Such a connection is determined both by meaning and grammatically. For example, a beautiful flower, where from the word "flower" you can ask the question "what?" to the word "beautiful" and determine that the dependent here is an adjective.

Types of subordination in a phrase

Coordination

The gender, number and case form of the dependent part are fully consistent with the main part, that is, it is likened to it. From the main word, you can ask questions “what?” and "whose?" (These questions may vary depending on the form).

This is interesting: compound sentences, examples in the literature.

When agreeing, the noun is always the main one, and the dependents can be:

Adjectives: blue sea, clear image, bright light.
Ordinal numbers: first place, (on) the tenth floor, hundredth film.
Participles: a writing person, a running kitten, a bouncing ball.
Possessive pronouns (other than them, him, her): our hearts, my treasure.

Coordination also is complete and incomplete. In the first case, the dependent word in all forms is likened to the main one, and in the second case, only partially. But the incomplete form concerns rather only exceptions and vernacular. An example of incomplete (or partial) agreement is the case when a word denoting a profession (as we know, many such words are in the masculine form, but the person himself can be a woman) has an adjective next to it, but in a different gender (our doctor).

Control

When controlling, the dependent word changes under the influence of the main word only in case, one word “controls” another. A word combination with control can be: a verb + a noun, a gerund + a noun, a participle + a noun, two nouns or a cardinal number + a noun. It happens two types of control: with a preposition when there is a preposition, or without a preposition. When managing a dependent word, a question of an indirect case or an adverbial question (where, where, from where) is asked, since a word can answer two questions at the same time.

Examples: smoking a cigarette, living in a house, a cat toy, six players, dropping out of school, writing books.

adjoining

With this type of connection, one part "adjoins" the other. In other words, these phrases determined only by meaning, since both parts retain all their shapes. The main sign of adjacency is that the dependent word is an invariable part of speech (verb infinitive, gerund, adverb, pronouns his, her, them).

The main difference from management and coordination is precisely the “independence” of the parts and dependence on each other only in meaning. Adjacency is the connection of two nouns if they denote a name (Lake Baikal, the country of Russia, the Volga River). You can ask a circumstantial question (not to be confused with management!): what to do, what to do, what to do, what to do, and whose (him, her, them).

Examples: his jacket, planet Earth, live well, drive without stopping, grew up quickly.

Phrases that do not have a subordinating connection

Word and service part of speech (near the house).

Compound words (more vivid).

Words joined by "and".

Phraseologisms.

Verb and subject.

Subordination in sentences

Sentences also have a subordinating relationship, but this only applies to non-compound sentences. A complex sentence differs from a compound one in that both parts cannot be broken. If they are used separately, then the sentence will lose its meaning, while parts of a compound sentence are quite possible use separately and on the letter to divide by a dot.

Separate the types of subordination in such sentences only if there are several subordinate clauses. For example: he told me that he would only go to the place where he was sent. Here we see one main clause and two dependent ones.

sequential;
parallel;
homogeneous.

Sequential a sentence can be defined if a question goes from the main part to a subordinate clause, and from this clause to another clause. For example: I bought a jacket (which one?), which was sewn for me in an atelier (in which one?), which is far from my home.

At parallel in the form of subordination to all subordinate clauses, questions are asked from the main part, but from different words. Thus, a kind of "parallel" is obtained. In such cases, usually the main part is between the dependents. (Example: when the bell rang at school, I was talking to a new classmate who had recently moved into our class).

At homogeneous type dependent sentences refer to the same word in the main part. (For example: today I went for a walk in the park, which is usually very few people and where I forgot my jacket).

obrazovanie.guru

Types of subordination in phrases

With the help of 5-ege.ru you can easily learn how to determine the type of subordination.

subordination- this is a connection that unites sentences or words, one of which is the main (subordinate), and the other is dependent (subordinate).

phrase- this is a combination of two or more significant words related to each other in meaning and grammatically.

green eyes, writing letters, hard to convey.

In the phrase, the main (from which the question is asked) and the dependent (to which the question is asked) word is distinguished:

Blue ball. Rest outside the city. The ball and rest are the main words.

Trap!

The following are not subordinating phrases:

1. The combination of an independent word with a service: near the house, before a thunderstorm, let him sing;

2. Combinations of words as part of phraseological units: beat buckets, fool around, headlong;

3. Subject and predicate: the night has come;

4. Compound word forms : lighter, will walk;

5. Groups of words united by a coordinating link: Fathers and Sons.

Video about types of subordination

If you like the video format, you can watch it.

There are three types of subordination:

seashore, young people reading, first snow, my home

Questions may vary by case!

Remember! The prepositional case form of a noun can be a circumstance, therefore questions of circumstance are asked for these forms (see below)

listen carefully, go without looking back, soft-boiled egg

4. possessive pronouns (his, her, them)

2. What are you doing? having done what?

3. how? where? where? where? when? why? why?

Distinguish!

Her coat is adjoining (whose), to see her is control (whom).

In the categories of pronouns, two homonymous (the same in sound and spelling, but different in meaning) categories are distinguished. The personal pronoun answers the questions of indirect cases, and it participates in the subordinating connection - control, and the possessive answers the question whose? and is immutable, it participates in adjacency.

Go to the garden - management, go there - adjoining.

Distinguish between the prepositional case form and the adverb. They may have the same questions! If there is a preposition between the main word and the dependent, then you have control.

Algorithm of actions No. 1.

1) Identify the main word by asking a question from one word to another.

2) Determine the part of speech of the dependent word.

3) Pay attention to the question you ask to the dependent word.

4) According to the identified signs, determine the type of connection.

Parsing the task.

What type of connection is used in the phrase CAPTURE MECHANICALLY.

We define the main word and ask a question from it: catch (how?) mechanically; catch - main word, mechanically - dependent. Determine the part of speech of the dependent word: mechanically- is an adverb. If the dependent word answers the question as? and is an adverb, then the phrase uses the connection abutment.

Algorithm of actions No. 2.

1. In the text, it is easier for you to find the dependent word first.

2. If you need agreement, look for the word that answers the question which? whose?

3. If you need control, look for a non-nominative noun or pronoun.

4. If you need to find an adjunction, look for an invariable word (infinitive, gerund, adverb or possessive pronoun).

5. Determine from which word you can ask a question to the dependent word.

From the sentences, write out a subordinating phrase with the connection CONNECTION.

I was in third grade when I had a bad cold. I have otitis media. I screamed in pain and pounded my head with my hands. Mom called an ambulance, and we went to the district hospital.

When adjoining, the dependent word is an infinitive, adverb or gerund. Let's try to find these parts of speech: strong (how?) adverb. We find the main word for it, from which a question is asked to the adverb: caught a cold.

Thus, write out the phrase got a bad cold.

Home » Preparation for the Unified State Examination in the Russian language » Types of subordination in phrases

Ways of subordination

The methods of subordination are as follows: coordination, control, adjacency

Coordination as a way of subordination

Coordination- this is a type of subordination when the dependent word takes on the grammatical forms of the main word, for example: a beautiful picture.

main word when agreed, there are a noun, a substantiated adjective or participle (that is, it has passed into the category of nouns), as well as a pronoun, a noun, for example: high spirits, student canteen.

dependent word can be an adjective, pronoun-adjective, ordinal number or participle, i.e. such categories of words in which the categories of gender, number and case are not independent, for example: the right decision, our meeting.

Management as a way of subordination

Control- a type of subordinating connection, when the dependent word is used in that indirect case that requires the main word, for example: write a book, click teeth, advise a friend (to whom? dative case);

main word when managing, it can act as a verb (to enjoy meeting), a noun (love for people), an adjective (worthy of regret), an adverb (not far from the city), ordinal number (first in class).

When driving dependent word nouns, noun pronouns, substantiated adjectives (cover with snow, conversation with workers) always appear.

Adjacency as a way of subordination

adjoining- this is a kind of syntactic connection when an immutable dependent word is attached to the main one in meaning. For example: Very nice (how nice?).

Adjoining invariable words: infinitive, adverb, form of a simple comparative degree, gerund, some invariable adjectives (order to advance, door to the left, a little south).

Infinitive adjoins the verb (try to answer, came to visit), noun (desire to make peace), adjective (intends to rest)

Comparative forms adjoin the verb (answer better, run faster), to the noun (the news is more interesting, the drink is stronger)

Participles adjoin the verb in cases where the meaning of the adverb develops in them (read lying, sleep sitting).

Invariable adjectives such as beige, mini, maxi, Hindi, midi, flared, etc. adjoin nouns (Hindi language, peak hours).

Distinguish between connection and control

Her shoes- this is an adjunction (whose?),
To see him- management (of whom?).

In the ranks of pronouns there are two homonymous ranks. The personal pronoun answers the questions of indirect cases, and it participates in the subordinating connection - this is control, and the possessive participates in the adjunction.

run to the store- management,
go here- junction.

It is important to distinguish between the prepositional case form and the adverb, because there may be the same questions! If there is a preposition between the main and dependent word, then this is management.

Rules of drawing e and SIMULATOR FOR THE SPELLING OF UKRAINIAN MOVI With whom there are such regularities. Rewrite, inserting a patch of missing letters about […]

Description of Sonya from Crime and Punishment Sonya Marmeladova is the main character of the novel "Crime and Punishment" by Dostoevsky. This article presents a quotation portrait of Sonya Marmeladova in the novel "Crime and Punishment": a description of the heroine's appearance in quotations. […]
Fast loading: Gibbd Dear visitor, you have entered the site as an unregistered user. We recommend that you register or enter the site under your name. Information Visitors who are in the Guests group cannot leave comments on this […]
To check which suffix (-ova- or -yva-) to write in the verb, you need to put the verb in the form of the first person singular. If the suffix does not change, you need to write -yva-: scout - scout, add - add. If in the suffix there was an alternation -ova-/ […]
20. The concept and goals of punishment in Russian criminal law. The law defines punishment as a measure of state coercion, imposed by a court verdict and applied to a person found guilty of a crime. The punishment lies in the stipulated […]
Rules of terms /П Т/ П Т - 1 . Each syllogism should have only three terms. If this rule is violated, a logical error “quadrupling of terms” occurs, consisting in the fact that one of the terms is used in two meanings. For example: Life is a struggle Life is […]

In contact with

Types of subordination in a phrase

Coordination

When agreeing, the noun is always the main one, and the dependents can be:

Adjectives: blue sea, clear image, bright light.
Ordinal numbers: first place, (on) the tenth floor, hundredth film.
Participles: a writing person, a running kitten, a bouncing ball.
Possessive pronouns (other than them, him, her): our hearts, my treasure.

Control

When managing, the dependent word changes under the influence of the main word only in case, one word “controls” another. A word combination with control can be: a verb + a noun, a gerund + a noun, a participle + a noun, two nouns or a cardinal number + a noun. It happens two types of control: with a preposition when there is a preposition, or without a preposition. When managing a dependent word, a question of an indirect case or an adverbial question (where, where, from where) is asked, since a word can answer two questions at the same time.

Examples: smoking a cigarette, living in a house, a cat toy, six players, dropping out of school, writing books.

adjoining

Examples: his jacket, planet Earth, live well, drive without stopping, grew up quickly.

Phrases that do not have a subordinating connection

Word and service part of speech (near the house).
Compound words (more vivid).
Words joined by "and".
Phraseologisms.
Verb and subject.

Subordination in sentences

sequential;
parallel;
homogeneous.

At homogeneous type dependent sentences refer to the same word in the main part. (For example: today I went for a walk in the park, which is usually very few people and where I forgot my jacket).

A subordinating relationship is such a relationship between parts of a complex sentence or phrase, in which one part is controlling, and the second is subordinate to it. Based on this, we will analyze the types of subordination in the phrase and in the sentence. For clarity, each of the above cases will be considered with an example.

Types of subordination in a phrase

There are only three of them. This is coordination, control and adjacency.

Coordination

The gender, number and case of the main word in this type of connection is consistent with the dependent word.

Examples: a beautiful flower, another world, the ninth day.

As you can see, this type of connection is typical for phrases, where the noun is the main word, and the adjective, participle or ordinal number is dependent. Also, a possessive pronoun can act as a dependent word, for example, in the phrase “our souls”. The type of subordination here will be agreement.

Control

The main word in management puts the secondary in dependence with the help of a case. The combinations of parts of speech here can be quite diverse: verb and noun, participle or gerund and noun, noun and noun, numeral and noun.

Examples: sitting on a bench, knowing the truth, entering a room, a bowl of clay, ten sailors.

In the tasks of the GIA and the Unified State Examination, students are often faced with the task of changing the type of phrase from control to coordination or vice versa. Without understanding the material, the graduate may make a mistake. In fact, the task is quite simple. To do this, it is enough to know the types of subordination and be able to apply them.

The classic version of the task is a connection of two nouns. For example, "porridge from corn." The subordinate word must be changed into an adjective. Then “corn porridge” comes out, respectively, no other types of subordinating relationship, except for coordination, are suitable here. So, everything is done correctly.

If it is necessary to change the connection from agreement to control, then we change the adjective to a noun and put it in a certain case in relation to the main word. So, from a "strawberry cocktail" you get a "strawberry cocktail".

adjoining

In this case, the main word is associated with the dependent only in meaning. Such a connection is between a verb and an adverb, a verb and a gerund, a verb and a verb, a verb and an adjective or an adverb of a comparative degree.

Examples: "smile happily," "says sobbing," "I can swim," "be smarter," "it got worse."

It is quite simple to determine this connection: the dependent word does not and cannot have a case and gender. It can be an infinitive, a participle, comparative degrees of an adjective and an adverb.

We have considered all types of subordination in the phrase. Now let's move on to a complex sentence.

Subordinating relationship in a sentence

Types of subordination in a complex sentence can be distinguished in the presence of several subordinate clauses. They connect with the main sentence in different ways. For this reason, it can be noted that the subordinating relationship, the types of which we will analyze, can be expressed in various ways, depending on the nature of the subordination.

Sequential submission

With this type of connection, the subordinate clauses are subordinate to each other sequentially. Such a proposal scheme resembles a nesting doll.

Example. I asked for a guitar from a friend who was helping me put on a show where we played Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson.

The basis of the main sentence here is "I asked." The subordinate clause, which enters into a subordinating relationship with it, has the basis "which helped to arrange." Another subordinate clause departs from this sentence, subordinate to it - "we played Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson."

Parallel subordination

This is a kind of complex sentence in which several subordinate clauses are subordinate to one main sentence, but at the same time to different words.

Example. In that park where lilacs bloom luxuriantly in the spring, I was walking with a friend whose image seemed sweet to you.

The main sentence is: “I was walking in that park with a friend.” The subordinate clause "where lilacs bloom magnificently in spring" is built into it. It obeys the phrase "in that park." From him we ask the question "in what?". Another subordinate clause - “whose image seemed cute to you” - is built from the word “familiar”. We ask from him the question "what?".

Thus, we see that the subordinate clauses are connected by a subordinate relationship with one main sentence, but at the same time with its different parts.

Homogeneous submission

Subordinate clauses with homogeneous subordination are associated with one main clause. They refer to the same word and answer the same question.

Example. They guessed that their action would have consequences, that it was better to leave the idea and let everything be as it is.

The main sentence is "they guessed". From him we ask the question "about what?". Both adjectives answer this question. In addition, both the first and second subordinate clauses are connected with the main clause with the help of the predicate “guessed”. From this we conclude that the proposal with homogeneous subordination.

All the examples given refer to sentences where there is precisely a subordinating relationship, the types of which we have analyzed. This information will be necessary for everyone who is going to take exams in the Russian language, especially the GIA and the Unified State Examination, where there are a number of tasks to test such knowledge. It is important to remember that without understanding how phrases and sentences are built, it is impossible to fully master literate speech. This is a must-know for anyone who wants to learn how to write without errors.

subordination - this is a connection that unites sentences or words, one of which is the main (subordinate), and the other is dependent (subordinate).

phrase - this is a combination of two or more significant words related to each other in meaning and grammatically. green eyes, writing letters, hard to convey. In the phrase, the main (from which the question is asked) and the dependent (to which the question is asked) word is distinguished: Blue ball. Rest outside the city. Ball and rest are the main words.

The following are not subordinating phrases:

1. The combination of an independent word with a service one: near the house, before a thunderstorm, let him sing; 2. Combinations of words as part of phraseological units: beat the buckets, play the fool, headlong; 3. Subject and predicate: the night has come;

4. Compound word forms: lighter, will walk;

5. Groups of words united by a coordinating link: fathers and children.

There are three types of subordination:

Coordination - this type of subordinating connection, in which the dependent word becomes in the same forms as the main one: green oak, wide field, fresh cut grass, green lawns.
The main word in agreement is a noun (or a word in its meaning), a dependent adjective, a participle, as well as a numeral and a pronoun, similar in form to an adjective: green oak, oak green in the distance, third oak from the road, this oak. Sometimes the dependent word in agreement can be a noun: hero city, teenage girl, giant cliff.
A dependent word can agree in number, gender and case, or in number and case, or only in case.
When negotiating, a change in the main word causes a corresponding change in the dependent word: green oak - green oak - green oak etc.
Agreement is expressed using the ending of the dependent word.

Control - this type of subordinating connection, in which the dependent word (noun or word in the sense of a noun) is placed in the case determined by the main word: be proud of your deeds(the main word governs the instrumental case); strive for perfection(the main word governs the dative case); road to port(the main word governs the accusative case).
When controlled, only the form of the main word changes: I'm proud of my deeds, proud of your deeds, be proud of your deeds etc.

Combined with words like three palm trees(with inanimate noun) word three in them. and wine. cases governs a noun, and in other cases it agrees with it: im. and wine. P. three tables- management; dates P. three tables, creative P. three tables, preposition P. ( about) three tables- agreement.
Combined type three girlfriends(with an animate noun) management is observed only in it. n., in other cases - agreement: three friends, three friends, three friends,three friends, (about) three friends- agreement.

adjoining - this type of subordinating connection, in which the dependent word is associated with the main one in meaning and intonation: go fast, speak slowly, desire to speak,very cute.
Invariable words adjoin - adverbs (soft-boiled egg), gerunds (met smiling), infinitive (went out for a walk, desire to go).

Exercise. What type of connection is used in the phrase CAPTURE MECHANICALLY.

We define the main word and ask a question from it: to catch (how?) Mechanically; catch - the main word, mechanically - dependent. We determine the part of speech of the dependent word: mechanically is an adverb. If the dependent word answers the question how? and is an adverb, then adjunction is used in the phrase.

1. In the text, it is easier for you to find the dependent word first.

2. If you need agreement, look for a word that answers the question what? whose?

3. If you need control, look for a non-nominative noun or pronoun.

4. If you need to find an adjunction, look for an invariable word (infinitive, gerund, adverb or possessive pronoun).

5. Determine from which word you can ask a question to the dependent word.

Exercise. From the sentences, write out a subordinating phrase with the connection CONNECTION.

I was in third grade when I had a bad cold. I have otitis media. I screamed in pain and pounded my head with my hands. Mom called an ambulance, and we went to the district hospital.

When adjoining, the dependent word is an infinitive, adverb or gerund. Let's try to find these parts of speech: strongly (how?) - adverb. We find the main word for it, from which a question is asked to the adverb: caught a cold. Thus, we write out the phrase got a bad cold.

B3 - types of subordination

Teacher's comments

Possible difficulties	good advice
It can be difficult to determine the type of connection of words in phrases noun + noun, where the dependent word answers the question what? For example: smart daughter, city of Moscow, birch leaf, house by the road.	Try changing the main word to be plural or oblique, such as genitive. If the dependent noun changes at the same time, that is, it agrees with the main word in number and case ( clever daughters, the city of Moscow), then the type of connection of words in this phrase is agreement. If the dependent noun does not change, that is, it does not agree with the main word in number and case ( birch leaf, houses by the road), then the type of connection in this phrase is control.
Sometimes the gender, number and case of nouns associated with control are the same, so in such cases you can confuse control with agreement, for example: with the director of the college.	To determine the type of connection of words in a given phrase, you need to change the form of the main word. If the dependent word changes after the main one, then this is a phrase with agreement: at the beautiful artist - beautiful artist. If the dependent word does not change, then it is a controlled phrase: from the director of the college - to the director of the college.
Some adverbs formed from nouns and other parts of speech can be confused with the corresponding parts of speech and make a mistake in determining the type of connection, for example: to go in the summer - to admire the summer, to cook hard-boiled - into a tough mess.	To determine the type of connection in such a situation, it is necessary to correctly determine the part of speech, which is a dubious word. If the doubtful word is written together with the former preposition or through a hyphen, then this is an adverb: hard-boiled, away, towards, in the old way. If the word is without a preposition or is written separately from a preposition, try asking a case question to the questionable word: go how? summer. The question is obviously inappropriate, so this is an adverb, the type of connection is adjunction. Admire how? summer. The question is appropriate, so it's a noun, the type of connection is control. When the dependent word answers the question which? and is an adjective, the type of connection of words is agreement: in trouble what? cool.
Sometimes it is difficult to establish which word in a phrase is the main one and which is dependent, for example: slightly sad, love to eat.	In phrases adjective + adverb, the main word is always the adjective, and the dependent word is the adverb, which means sign sign. In phrases verb in the form of mood + infinitive, the main word is always the verb, and the dependent word is the infinitive. The type of connection of words in both phrases is adjunction, because the dependent word is immutable.

Syntax. The concept of a sentence and a phrase

Syntax is a section of grammar that studies the structure and meaning of phrases and sentences.

A sentence is the basic unit of syntax that expresses a thought containing a message, question, or motivation. The sentence has intonational and semantic completeness, i.e., it is formed as a separate statement.

It's cold outside (message).

When does the train leave? (question).

Please close the window! (urge).

The offer has grammatical basis(subject and predicate). According to the number of grammatical bases, sentences are divided into simple (one grammatical base) and complex (more than one grammatical base).

The morning fog over the city has not yet dissipated, although it has thinned(simple sentence).

The one with the gold tooth turned out to be a waiter, not a crook(difficult sentence).

By the nature of the grammatical basis, simple sentences are two-part and one-part.

According to the completeness of their implementation, proposals are divided into complete and incomplete.

According to the purpose of the statement, sentences are narrative, incentive and interrogative.

By intonation, sentences are exclamatory and non-exclamatory.

phrase two or more words are called, combined in meaning and grammatically (using subordination).

The phrase consists of the main and dependent words. From the main word, you can ask a question to the dependent.

Go (where?) into the wilderness.

Charging (what?) battery.

The phrase, like the word, names objects, actions and their signs, but more specifically, precisely, because the dependent word specifies the meaning of the main one. Compare:

Morning - summer morning;

Sleep - sleep long.

Between the main and dependent word in a phrase, three types of subordination are possible: agreement, control and adjunction.