Culture of pre-Mongol Rus' 10-13 centuries presentation. Presentation on the course of Russian history on the topic: “Culture of Rus' in the 9th - early 13th centuries. (pre-Mongol period)" (grade 10, history). St. George's Cathedral in the Yuryev Monastery in Novgorod
Culture of Rus' of the pre-Mongol period
Furtai A.L.
- Religion of the Eastern Slavs.
- Culture: a) literature;
b) architecture;
c) craft.
- Costumes.
Religion of the Eastern Slavs
Perun (god of thunder) Beles (god of livestock and wealth), Svarog (god of the family hearth), Dazhbog (Sun deity) Whistling (Slavic storm god), Semargl (god of fire and moon), Stribog
- The religion of the Eastern Slavs was paganism. In East Slavic paganism one can find all those stages that were characteristic of other pagan cults that existed among other peoples. The oldest layer is the worship of objects and phenomena of the immediate environment that were woven into human life. The main deities of the Slavs were: Perun (god of thunder) Beles (god of livestock and wealth), Svarog (god of the family hearth), Dazhbog (Sun deity) Whistling (Slavic storm god), Semargl (god of fire and moon), Stribog (god of the wind). In honor of these gods, idols were erected and sacrifices were made to them.
- The religion of the Eastern Slavs was paganism. In East Slavic paganism one can find all those stages that were characteristic of other pagan cults that existed among other peoples. The oldest layer is the worship of objects and phenomena of the immediate environment that were woven into human life. The main deities of the Slavs were: Perun (god of thunder) Beles (god of livestock and wealth), Svarog (god of the family hearth), Dazhbog (Sun deity) Whistling (Slavic storm god), Semargl (god of fire and moon), Stribog (god of the wind). In honor of these gods, idols were erected and sacrifices were made to them.
- The religion of the Eastern Slavs was paganism. In East Slavic paganism one can find all those stages that were characteristic of other pagan cults that existed among other peoples. The oldest layer is the worship of objects and phenomena of the immediate environment that were woven into human life. The main deities of the Slavs were: Perun (god of thunder) Beles (god of livestock and wealth), Svarog (god of the family hearth), Dazhbog (Sun deity) Whistling (Slavic storm god), Semargl (god of fire and moon), Stribog (god of the wind). In honor of these gods, idols were erected and sacrifices were made to them.
- The religion of the Eastern Slavs was paganism. In East Slavic paganism one can find all those stages that were characteristic of other pagan cults that existed among other peoples. The oldest layer is the worship of objects and phenomena of the immediate environment that were woven into human life. The main deities of the Slavs were: Perun (god of thunder) Beles (god of livestock and wealth), Svarog (god of the family hearth), Dazhbog (Sun deity) Whistling (Slavic storm god), Semargl (god of fire and moon), Stribog (god of the wind). In honor of these gods, idols were erected and sacrifices were made to them.
(Slavic god of fire and moon)
Perun (god of thunder)
It is not without reason that Perun is considered the main deity of the pagan pantheon of the Eastern Slavs. Perun is considered the patron saint of warriors and knights. He is glorified on the days of victory and sacrifices are made to him, wishing to achieve military success. Perun is also subject to the elements of nature and some areas of people’s lives.
Perun is, first of all, the god of thunder.
In the Spring Thunderstorm, ancient man saw a life-giving source, a renewal of nature, hence the primary role of Perun.
Perun is armed with a club, a bow and arrows (lightning bolts are the arrows that God threw), and an axe. The ax was considered one of the main symbols of God.
The Slavs represented Perun as an elderly man with a gray, silver head and a golden mustache and beard.
The name Perun itself is very ancient. Translated into modern language, it means “The one who hits harder,” “striking.”
Perun was considered the founder of the moral law and the very first defender of Truth.
Perun (god of thunder)
Svarog (god of the family hearth)
God of fire, blacksmithing, family hearth. Heavenly blacksmith and great warrior. Svarog is a blacksmith. He forges in the heavenly forge and therefore is associated with fire.
Svarog is the owner and keeper of the sacred fire and its creator. Svarog greatly contributed to the development of knowledge. Svarog established the very first laws, according to which each man was supposed to have only one woman, and a woman one man.
The largest sanctuary of Svarog is located in a Polish village Radogost .
Svarog is worshiped in the Czech Republic and Slovakia, where they call him “Rarog”.
(god of the family hearth)
Stribog (god of the wind)
Stribog is the god of the wind in East Slavic mythology.
The name Stribog goes back to the ancient root “strega”, which means “elder”, “paternal uncle”. A similar meaning is found in “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign,” where the winds are called “Stribozh’s grandchildren.”
He can summon and tame a storm and can turn into his assistant, the mythical bird Stratim. In general, the wind was usually represented in the form of a gray-haired old man living at the edge of the world, in a dense forest or on an island in the middle of the ocean.
The idol of Stribog was installed in Kyiv among the seven most important Slavic deities.
It is unknown whether there was a permanent holiday in honor of Stribog, but he was mentioned and revered along with Dazhbog. Probably the wind, like rain and sun, was considered the most important for the farmer.
The sailors also prayed to Stribog to give “wind to the sail.”
Stribog (god of the wind)
Culture
By the time Christianity was adopted, Rus' already had its own unique culture. Crafts and wood construction techniques have reached a high level. The formation of the Old Russian state was associated with the process of folding a single ancient Russian nation And unified Russian literary language .
Russian culture of the pre-Mongol period as a whole stood on a par with Western European culture and actively interacted with it.
Literature
In the era of transition from a pre-class society to a feudal one, in the oral folk art of the Russian people, as well as among the peoples of Western Europe, epic epic. Its plots are most firmly preserved in people's memory and were recorded by scientists many centuries later. By the 9th - 10th centuries. refers to the appearance of the plots of the epics “Mikhailo Potok”, “Danube”, “Volga and Mikula”. The end of the 10th century was especially fruitful for the formation of the epic epic. - reign period Vladimir Svyatoslavich. “Vladimir the Red Sun” himself became a generalized image of the ruler of Rus', and his reign became the “epic time” of Russian epics. The main characters of the epics - Ilya Muromets And Nikitich(his prototype was Vladimir Svyatoslavich’s maternal uncle, Dobrynya, mentor and adviser to the prince)
Ilya Muromets
LITERATURE
life of the Slavs
chronicles
birch bark letters
graffiti (lettering on walls)
Cyril and Methodius - creators of the Slavic alphabet
No later than the end of the 9th - beginning of the 10th centuries. extend to Rus' Slavic alphabet - Cyrillic And Glagolitic. Created in the second half of the 9th century. Cyril (Constantine) and Methodius and initially spread in the West Slavic state - Great Moravia, they soon penetrated into Bulgaria and Rus'.
KIRILL and MEFODIUS, brothers, Christian missionaries to the Slavs, creators of the Slavic alphabet, the first monuments of Slavic writing and the Old Church Slavonic literary language.
Cyril and Methodius
Cyril and Methodius in 863 were invited from Byzantium by Prince Rostislav to the Great Moravian Empire to introduce worship in the Slavic language. The main liturgical books were translated from Greek into Old Church Slavonic.
Cyril and Methodius
Birch bark letters
The appearance in Rus' of literature in the Slavic language, on the one hand, and the revival and complication of social life in the conditions of the development of feudal relations and the formation of the state structure, on the other, contributed to the widespread literacy. A clear indication of this are birch bark letters - letters written on birch bark with various (mostly business) contents. The authors of the birch bark letters were people from various strata of ancient Russian society.
The earliest charters date back to the 11th century. They were discovered during excavations in nine ancient Russian cities, but the bulk of the finds are from Novgorod, where natural geographical conditions contributed to better preservation of birch bark letters.
Birch bark letter
Chronicle
The most important genre of secular ancient Russian literature was chronicle. The subject of debate among researchers remains the time of its origin (from the end of the 10th to the second half of the 11th centuries). Most likely, the first chronicle was preceded by some chronicle records. And the first chronicle code, the text of which can be reconstructed, is the so-called Initial arch the end of the 11th century, which became part of the Novgorod First Chronicle.
At the beginning of the 12th century, an outstanding work of medieval literature was created in the Kiev-Pechersk Monastery "The Tale of Bygone Years"(around 1113). The author of its original edition is considered to be monk Nestor . Answering the questions posed at the very beginning of the story (“Where did the Russian land come from, who was the first prince in Kiev and how did the Russian land come to exist”), the author unfolds a broad canvas of Russian history, which is understood as part of world history. (At that time, biblical and Roman-Byzantine history was considered world history). When writing the “Tale”, numerous domestic and translated historical and literary works were used - the Initial Code, the “Chronicle” of Gregory Amartol and Simeon Logofet, biblical tales, oral legends, etc.
monk Nestor
Russian epic XI-XIII centuries.
In the second half of the 12th century, in addition to Kyiv and Novgorod, chronicle writing developed in the centers of most of the newly formed feudal principalities: Chernigov, Vladimir-on-Klyazma, Galich, Pereyaslavl, etc., while maintaining its all-Russian character. Russian epic of the 11th - early 12th centuries. enriched with stories dedicated to the fight against Polovtsian raids. The image of Vladimir Monomakh, the initiator of the fight against the nomads (in epics they are called Tatars), merged with the image of Vladimir Svyatoslavich. There were not only heroic epics, but also those that described peaceful life.
By the middle of the XII - beginning of the XIII centuries. refers to the appearance of Novgorod epics about Sadko. They are also called short stories. There are two known epics about Sadko, the guslar. In the chronicles there is a mention of the wealthy merchant Sotko Sytinich, who was famous for his generosity. In Novgorod there is the Church of Boris and Gleb, which, according to legend, was built with the money of a rich merchant. Sotko became the prototype of Sadko - the guslar.
"The Tale of Igor's Campaign"
At the end of the 12th century. the most poetic of the works of ancient Russian literature was created - "The Tale of Igor's Campaign", which became the pinnacle of literary creativity in Rus' during this period. The basis of its plot is a description of the unsuccessful campaign against the Polovtsians of the Novgorod-Seversk prince Igor Svyatoslavich, committed in 1185. The main idea of the “Lay” was the need for the unity of Russian princes in the face of external danger. At the same time, the author is not a supporter of state unification: his call is aimed at consensus in actions, against civil strife and princely strife. The unknown author of the Lay apparently belonged to the druzhina nobility of one of the southern Russian appanage principalities and had a deep knowledge of Russian reality.
Episode image
from "The Tale of Igor's Campaign"
Architecture
In the X - XII centuries. develops construction made of stone, mostly temple, and church painting. Outstanding architectural monuments of the mid-11th century have survived to this day (though not in their original form) - Cathedrals of St. Sofia in Kyiv and Novgorod, Spassky Cathedral in Chernigov.
Cathedral of St. Sofia in Kyiv
Cathedral of St. Sofia in Novgorod
At the turn of the XI and XII centuries. The rise of monumental art in the Vladimir-Suzdal land begins, and during the reign of Andrei Bogalyubsky and Vsevolod the Big Nest it experienced a magnificent flourishing. Many temples, princely courts and castles are being built. The peaks of Vladimir-Suzdal architecture of the second half of the 12th century include Uspensky and Dmitrievsky cathedrals in Vladimir, Church of the Intercession on the Nerl.
Demetrius Cathedral in Vladimir
A new architectural style, distinguished by the simplicity of its structures and the modesty of the interior decoration of churches, was formed in Novgorod during the 12th century. ( Church of the Savior on Nereditsa, 1198). In the architecture of the late XII - early XIII centuries. a combination of local traditions, forms and elements of the Western European Romanesque style borrowed from Byzantium prevails.
Monuments of ancient Russian painting have hardly survived, but from written sources we know about the rich paintings of temples and towers, and from individual surviving fragments one can judge the high skill of the artists.
Church of the Savior on Nereditsa
Types of crafts
pottery
glass
woodworking
manufacturing
clothes, shoes,
leather treatment,
furs, spinning
linen, wool
Types of crafts
Jewelry
Rural craft of the pre-Mongol period is characterized by the presence of different forms of craft production: patrimonial (feudal-owner), suburban type (or type of Russian "row" of the 15th-16th centuries), artisanal and home. The first two are characterized by production specialization and market orientation. There is a standardization of a number of types of products, which in technology and quality were not much inferior to urban handicraft products; Highly specialized workshops (gunsmiths, locksmiths, etc.) are formed, possibly using organizational elements of apprenticeship, within the framework of suburban and, possibly, patrimonial craft.
In the 10th century The main materials for the construction of a permanent house were pine and reed. Archaeologically, a type of above-ground house without a subfloor with open hearths lined with limestone stones has been recorded. The dwellings consisted of two halves, one of which was residential (Izmer settlement). There were probably houses with underground floors containing cylindrical pits - storage rooms. We can assume the presence of semi-dugouts, the floor of which was buried in the ground, and the walls were lined with wooden boards.
There were outbuildings near the house. These were cylindrical pits with a calcined bottom and walls, sometimes with sand filling at the bottom. They most likely had a wooden ceiling or lid on top. They served for storing grain products. There were also special cellars for storing perishable foods. They had wooden floors and often had special steps for convenience at the bottom. The location of the buildings and the nature of the Bulgar estate still remains unclear. Most likely, the outbuildings and residential buildings did not form a single system, although the storage pits were orderly concentrated at the edge of the estate in one row in a checkerboard pattern.
Reconstruction of land dwellings of the Slavs of the X-XIII centuries.
Reconstruction
Slavic dwelling according to V.V. Sedov
Slavic dwelling of the X-XIII centuries.
Interior
There was practically no furniture in the yurt. They sat on carpets, felt or skins spread on the floor. Small wooden tables could be used for eating. In a stationary dwelling, the interior of the house was quite simple. Benches, shelves on the walls, probably chests and small caskets made up the home furnishings. Small tables for eating for one person could also be used.
Wealthier villagers could afford to use metal utensils in their households, in particular, boilers suspended on metal chains from the ceiling beam or on special struts near the hearth.
The walls were curtained with fabric. Curtains were also made from fabric, separating the “male” part from the “female” part. Wealthy and noble gentlemen had silk fabric - Chinese or Byzantine. Certain differences, most likely, were in the size and design of the residential yurt and the one intended for receptions.
The material from which clothing was made in the 8th - 13th centuries was as follows: woolen and silk fabrics, as well as fabric made from plant fibers. It is possible that leather was also used to some extent. Although archaeological traces of it in this regard have not been recorded. This, by the way, distinguishes the medieval costume from earlier nomadic costumes, in the manufacture of which mainly leather and thin felt were used. Clothes were made from homespun fabric - coarse cloth or linen; some of it was made from thicker flax fiber. It is likely that finer woolen fabric was also used. Wealthy people could afford to sew clothes from silk. Fur clothing was widely used. Most likely, the most common fur was fox, squirrel, hare, and beaver. Leather was used to make shoes. The skins of domestic animals were tanned - cows, horses, goats, sheep. The skin of wild animals was used - elk and deer. For most poor people, bast shoes were the most affordable.
Women's suits
The outer clothing was a cuff - an overlay like an amice made of linen, not sewn at the sides. The zapona was also shorter than the shirt. It was worn with a belt and pinned at the bottom. Bib - A shorter outer garment with wide short sleeves was decorated along the bottom, neck and sleeves. It was also worn over a shirt.
In addition to the shirt, the women's costume of the feudal nobility included Byzantine forms of clothing: tunics, dalmatics, draped cloaks. Women's outerwear included sweatshirts with wider sleeves than men's, from which the decorated sleeves of the shirts were visible. Headdresses played an important role in women's costume. Girls wore loose long hair or a braid braided flat, low at the back of the head.
women's suits
woman suit
feudal nobility
Men's suits
Since the 11th century. hats were an integral part of Russian men's costume for both the nobility and the poor. Peasants wore round caps made of felt, coarse cloth with a narrow fur trim, wealthy people wore thin cloth or velvet, nobles wore velvet or brocade caps with decorations made of silver, gold, precious stones and a fur band. Tunics made of expensive Byzantine wool with long sleeves and side slits at the bottom were also ceremonial princely clothing. Outerwear is the Novgorod fur coat - a straight-swinging garment made of bright silk or velvet fabric with a turn-down collar and long sewn-in sleeves. Since ancient times, the underwear of the nobility and the main clothing of the peasants were shirts and ports. The peasant shirt was made from canvas, variegated, with a lining on the chest and back, which was sewn on with red threads. Russian warriors wore a short chain mail shirt with slits on the sides and short sleeves over their clothes, and a sholom with aventail on their heads.
men's ceremonial
princely clothes
clothes of Russian soldiers
Russian culture of the pre-Mongol period, in all its components, stood on a par with the culture of Western Europe and actively interacted with it.
The monuments that have survived to this day allow us to conclude about the high level of development of the culture of Rus' and place it on a par with the most developed states of that time. Evidence of this is the high level of literacy among the Russian population, the widespread distribution of translated literature and the creation of original monuments of Russian literature; development of all types of art.
The synthetic nature of Russian culture of the 10th and early 13th centuries; based on the pagan culture of the Eastern Slavs and the Christian tradition of Byzantium, created conditions for the further development of a distinctive national culture
- Old Russian architecture / Rappoport P.A. – St. Petersburg, 2004.
- Art of Ancient Rus' / Wagner G.K., Vladyshevskaya T.F. – M.: Eksmo Publishing House, 2003.
- Culture of Ancient Rus': pre-Mongol period / Kolpakova G.S., 2007.
FEATURES OF ANCIENT RUSSIAN CULTURE
Old Russian culture developed inpermanent
interaction
With
cultures of surrounding peoples.
The culture is religious.
The culture was based on centuries-old
history of the development of oriental culture
Slavs It was during the Slavic era
the beginnings were laid in antiquity
Russian spirituality, language, culture in
in general. LITERATURE
ARCHITECTURE
ART
Old Russian literature
parchmentcinnabar
miniature
enamel
Covers for manuscript books
Ostromir Gospel of the 11th century.
Collection of Svyatoslav of the 11th century.
Mstislav Gospel of the 12th century.
Genre is a historically establishedtype
literary
works,
abstract sample, based on
which specific texts are created
literary works.
chronicle
The oldest Russian chronicle - "The Taletemporary years". Its author is considered
monk of the Kiev Pechersk Monastery
Nestor and dated to 1113. The Tale of Bygone Years came to us in
handwritten copies no older than the 14th century.
The most famous of them are
Lavrentyevskaya, Ipatyevskaya
Radziwill Chronicle.
Laurentian list 14th century.
Laurentian list invitation to Rurik and his brothers
Ipatiev list 14th century.
Radziwill list 15th century. Princess Olga's Revenge
Life (hagiography)
biography of famous spiritualand secular persons canonized
Christian Church
Word (teaching, speech)
genre workeloquence.
solemn eloquence
"A Word on Law and Grace"
moralizing eloquence -
"Teaching of Vladimir Monomakh"
“The Sermon on Law and Grace” by Metropolitan Hilarion of Kyiv (circa 1049)
Vladimir Monomakh “Teaching to Children” (circa 1096)
"The Tale of Igor's Campaign"
"The Tale of Igor's Campaign"The plot is based on the campaign of 1185
Russian princes against the Polovtsians,
undertaken by Novgorod-Seversky
Prince Igor Svyatoslavich.
The "Word" was written at the end of XII
century, shortly after the one described
events (often dated to the same 1185
year, less often 1-2 years later).
"walking"
"walking"a type of travel literature
Their main purpose is to tell about
Christian
shrines,
V
them
also contains information about nature,
climate, customs of other countries.
"Walking
Palestine.
abbot
Daniel"
V
"The Word of Daniel the Sharper" second half of the 12th century.
"The Word of Daniel the Sharper"second half of the 12th century.
Prisoner of Lache Lake, Daniil Zatochnik
turns to the prince, tries again
deserve princely favor and
prove to the prince his usefulness in
as a wise advisor.
"By the Prayer of Daniel the Sharper" 30s. XIII century
"By the Prayer of Daniel the Sharper"30s XIII century
It is addressed to Yaroslav Vsevolodich,
at that time the prince of Pereyaslavl
Zalessky. The author of this edition is a nobleman, a representative of the new
categories in the ranks of the mainstream
class. A characteristic feature of "Prayer"
is a negative attitude towards
the highest nobility - the boyars.
Architecture
architectureX-XII centuries
architecture first
thirds XII- first third
XIII
Architecture X-XI
multi-headednesscross-domed church
nave
altar apses
dome drums
Tithe CHURCH (CHURCH OF THE VIRGIN) in Kyiv (10th century)
Churchcollapsed
while taking
Kyiv by the Mongols
in 1240,
when in it
residents took refuge
cities.
SPASO-PROSABRAZHENSKY CATHEDRAL in CHERNIGOV 1036
SOPHIA CATHEDRAL IN Kyiv (1037-1056)
Hagia Sophia in Kyiv (current state)
layoutIn the 11th century St. Sophia Cathedral was
thirteen poles.
The number of domes (domes) was
deeply symbolic.
Thirteen Domes
symbolized Jesus
Christ and the twelve
apostles
The church was built from plintha (wide and flat baked brick). Rus' did not yet know marble
The church was built from plinth(wide and flat baked brick).
Rus' did not yet know marble Church of St. Sofia. Apses. Church of St. Sofia. Choirs. Church of St. Sofia.
Interior.
SOPHIA CATHEDRAL IN NOVGOROD (1045-1050)
Novgorod was one of the oldestcenters of Russian writing, and
library of the St. Sophia Cathedral - one
from
the most
large
book
treasuries in Rus'. Stored here
rare handwritten and early printed
books. Among them is Ostromirovo
Gospel.
HOLY ASSUMPTION CATHEDRAL OF KIEV-PECHERSK LAVRA (1073-1078)
Kyiv. Holy Assumption CathedralKiev-Pecherskaya
laurel
GOLDEN GATE IN Kyiv (XI century).
Golden Gate in Kyiv (XI century).GOLDEN GATE IN Kyiv (XI
V.).
12th century architecture
Vladimir-Suzdal architectureNovgorod architecture
VLADIMIRO-SUZDAL ARCHITECTURE
VLADIMIROSUZDAL ARCHITECTUREA. religious buildings
B. secular buildings
Spaso-Preobrazhensky Cathedral in Pereslavl-Zalessky (1152-1157)
Assumption Cathedral on the river Klyazma in Vladimir (1158-1160)
Assumption Cathedral on the river Klyazma,
Architectural design
Church of the Intercession on the Nerl 1165
Church of the Intercession on the Nerl.Reconstruction.1165.
Demetrius Cathedral in Vladimir 1197
St. George's Cathedral in Yuryev-Polsky 1230 - 1234
St. George's Cathedral in YuryevPolsky 1230 - 1234St. George's Cathedral in Yuryev-Polsky
St. George's Cathedral in YuryevPolskyPalace of Andrei Bogolyubsky
Golden Gate in Vladimir
Novgorod and Pskov architecture
Reducing volumes.Simplification of the configuration of stone buildings.
Multi-domed churches have been replaced by single-domed ones.
Temples were built not according to princely orders, but on
means of boyars and merchants or parishioners of one
streets (streets).
Simplification of construction techniques and
decorative finishing was allowed in short
deadlines to build cost-effective structures,
corresponding to material
possibilities and aesthetic ideas
customers. Novgorod. Yuryev Monastery. XII century.
St. George's Cathedral in the Yuryev Monastery in Novgorod
Transfiguration Cathedral of the Mirozhsky Monastery in Pskov
Gathering of the Spaso-Mirozhsky Monastery in Pskov.Around 1156
Church of the Savior on Nereditsa
Church of Paraskeva Friday 1207
NOVGOROD STYLE-power, monumentality
-Short, strong
-Five- or single-headed
-Instead of a mosquito net, a pitched ceiling
-Decorations: niches, arches, crosses, rosettes
-Arches and triangles on the reels
VLADIMIRO-SUZDAL STYLE
- Temples have become taller and slimmer
- Walls are thinner and lighter
- instead of modest jewelry
rich stone carvings on the walls
- Arcature belt
- Extended drums
Pyatnitskaya Church in Chernigov
Three-navetower-shaped,
looking up
single-dome building.
Thick walls
lined with bricks
special equipment
“in the box” (outside and
inside there are rows of bricks,
and the spaces between
filled with them
solution).
Church of Peter and Paul in Smolensk
FINEART Christ Pantocrator
Archangels
Apostles
Evangelists
40 martyrs
Deesis
Our Lady of Oranta
Annunciation
Eucharist
Church Fathers
System for placing paintings.
Mosaic
In the St. Sophia Cathedral in Kyiva mosaic depicting
huge figure of Our Lady Oranta.
Mosaic placement scheme:
Mosaic of St. Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv, 11th century.
Mosaics of the St. Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv, 11th century.
perspective, symbolism of gestures and
colors.
the main focus was on
image of face and hands ICONS
Double-sided icon of the mid-12th century:
Savior Not Made by Hands and Adoration of the Cross
Ustyugskoe
Annunciation -
Savior Not Made by Hands Novgorod school of icon painting
St. George
temple image of Yuryev
monastery in Novgorod
1030 - foundation of Yuryev
monastery
On
basis
radiography
icons
it is concluded that it is close
original painting from
fresco
"Great Martyr
George" from Sofia of Kyiv.
30-40 years of the XII century -
consecration of St. George's
Cathedral of the Yuriev Monastery
twisted rope.
CONCEPTS
ENAMEL –
glassy mass,
which depending
from the addition of metal oxides
when fired, it acquires one or another
GRAIN –
jewelry technology,
patterns from small
metal balls.
SCHEME
Slide 1
Slyusar Svetlana Aleksandrovna history teacher of MKOU "Kosolapovskaya Secondary School" Tselinny districtSlide 2
Slide 3
Study the peculiarities of the culture of Ancient Rus'. Get acquainted with oral folk art, writing, literature, architecture and fine arts.
Slide 4
A project is a research work on a topic. A creative project is a union of students to research a topic based on several sources.
Slide 5
Under the influence of what factors was the distinctive culture of Rus' formed? What were the cultural features of the Old Russian state? What was the influence of Christianity on ancient Russian culture? What events do the epics tell about? Who are their heroes? Why do you think there were many literate people in the Old Russian state?
Slide 6
In one of the chronicles in 1132, when after the death of the great Kyiv prince Mstislav, all the principalities of Rus' left obedience to Kyiv, it is written - “And the whole Russian land was torn apart.” A period called feudal fragmentation began.
Slide 7
The state of fragmentation of Rus', when each principality-state in its daily life could rely, first of all, on its own capabilities and strengths, had a decisive impact on the culture and art of each region. What is happening at this time? Cities - economic and administrative centers of agricultural districts - are growing and strengthening, social stratification is increasing,
Slide 8
A number of local centers of culture are growing, art schools are emerging - Novgorod, Vladimir-Suzdal, Galician-Volyn, Ryazan, schools of Polotsk and Smolensk. Old Russian art in a number of political and cultural centers, where painting, architecture, and applied art developed independently, still had common features of that united but fading Kievan Rus. In other words, the unity of artistic culture was preserved. After all, he had a common past... After the collapse of the Kievan state and before the Mongol-Tatar invasion, literature continued to follow the directions that had been established under Yaroslav and his descendants - chronicles, lives, and teachings were written.
Slide 9
Military vehicles were created that were used in the siege and defense of fortresses - “vices”. Rus' also had its own doctors - “healers”, who were under the jurisdiction of the spiritual authorities. Sewing, weaving, and embroidery developed.
I CULTURE CULTURE OF Rus' IN THE IX - EARLY XIII CENTURIES (PRE-MONGOL PERIOD)
Writing According to medieval authors, writing existed among the Slavs before the adoption of Christianity. The adoption of Christianity contributed to the further development of writing and education. In the second half of the 9th century. Cyril and Methodius created the Glagolitic alphabet (Glagolitic), which was soon reworked by them using Greek writing, and this is how the current alphabet, the Cyrillic alphabet, which we still use (was simplified by Peter the Great) appeared. The earliest examples of the use of this letter that have survived to this day date back to the beginning of the 10th century. The agreement between Byzantium and Oleg was written in two languages - Greek and Slavic. then in 1918 I, Monument to the holy brothers Methodius and Cyril in Moscow on Slavyanskaya Square
Where did you learn to read and write? (theology, The main centers of literacy training were schools at monasteries and churches, where they mastered not only reading and writing skills, but also the higher sciences of that time, dialectics, rhetoric, etc.). grammar, The level of literacy in Rus' is evidenced by the schools opened under Yaroslav the Wise in Kyiv, where more than 300 children studied. The daughter of Yaroslav the Wise, Anna, one of the first literate women who became the queen of France, was educated in the princely chambers of Kyiv.
Materials for writing haratiya, headbands At that time they wrote on parchment (otherwise it was called leather, fur). Parchment was made, as a rule, from specially dressed calfskin. The text began to be written with a capital red letter - the expression “write from a red line” has since been preserved). decorated with drawings called miniatures. The sewn sheets of the book were bound, placed between two boards, with leather (hence the expression “read from board to board”). tight-fitting (until now Books are often
Literature The earliest written monument is the “Ostromir Gospel”. It was written in 1056-1057. for the Novgorod mayor Ostromir, after whom it got its name. 1073 and 1076 handwritten “Izborniki” ancient Russian book. The collections were compiled for Grand Duke Svyatoslav Yaroslavich by two copyists, one of whom was a clerk named John, the name of the second is unknown.
GENRES OF LITERATURE chronicle writing hagiography (hagiography) speech (teaching) solemn eloquence moralizing eloquence walking (walking)
Topis it Chronicles (or ancient Russian chronicles) is a historical genre of literature, which is an annual, more or less detailed record of historical events. The recording of the events of each year in chronicles usually begins with the words: “in the summer ...” (that is, “in the year ...”), hence the name - chronicle. The largest chronicle collection is “The Tale of Bygone Years,” compiled by the monk of the Kiev Pechersk Monastery Nestor at the beginning of the 12th century. The main question posed at the beginning of the chronicle: “Where did the Russian land come from and who was the first to begin the reign in Kyiv?”
LIVES OF THE SAINTS The lives of saints were important for ancient Russian people. Everyday literature began to be created. Among them are “The Tale of Boris and Gleb”, the life of Princess Olga, abbot of the Kiev-Pechora Monastery Theodosius. Monument to Boris and Gleb at the walls of the Boris and Gleb Monastery in Dmitrov Pskov icon XIV century (Russian Museum)
WORD (TEACHING) Word (teaching) is a work belonging to the genre of eloquence. In Rus' there were solemn eloquence - “The Word of Law and Grace” by Metropolitan Hilarion (substantiating the significance and glorifying of Christianity to the Russian land and princes) and moralizing - Monomakh’s “Teachings” (the political and moral testament of the Grand Duke). Vladimir's eloquence of acceptance
THE WORD ABOUT IGOR'S REGIMENT “The Lay of Igor's Campaign” is dedicated to the campaign of Novgorod Prince Igor of Seversk Svyatoslavich against the Polovtsians in 1185. The author sees the most important reason for the heavy defeat of Russia in the infighting between their disobedience to the great prince of Kiev. princes in N.K. Roerich “Igor’s Campaign”. 1942 Viktor Vasnetsov. After the massacre of Igor Svyatoslavich with the Polovtsians. 1880
WALKING (WALKING) Walking (walking) - about travel, shrines, sights, nature, customs of other countries (“Walking of Hegumen Daniel to Palestine”). Christians tell Abbot Daniel’s pilgrimage shaped man’s understanding of the world and his soul. to Palestine by medieval Russians
MUSIC 2 directions: folk (pagan) music – pagan ritual singing, accompanied by playing pipes, tambourines, and harps. At the princely courts, buffoons appeared - the first actors who combined a singer, musician, dancer, storyteller, and acrobat. The buffoons played the harp, trumpets, horns, pipes, bagpipes, tambourines; strictly Christian liturgical singing - spread after the adoption of Christianity and immediately became a professional activity. At first there were church and South Slavic singers. Singing took place without playing musical instruments; moreover, the Eastern tradition condemned instrumental music. Greeks participated in Christian services
ARCHITECTURE With the adoption of Christianity, temples began to be built. The first ones are wooden, they have not survived. In the 10th century the first stone temple was built - the Tithe Church (destroyed by the Mongols in 1240) Ruins of the Tithe Church in a drawing from 1826
The earliest surviving monument is the 13-domed brick Hagia Sophia Cathedral in Kiev, built under Yaroslav the Wise (30s of the 11th century). Bell tower of the St. Sophia Cathedral on St. Sophia Square Apse of the Cathedral. Exposed ancient masonry View of St. Sophia Cathedral (modern view)
HAGIA SOPHIA CATHEDRAL IN NOVGOROD The main Orthodox church of Veliky Novgorod, created in 1045-1050. It is one of the oldest surviving temples in Russia, built by the Slavs. St. Sophia Cathedral (south side) before restoration 1893-1900. St. Sophia Cathedral (modern view)
FINE ARTS Inside the temple, the walls were decorated with frescoes and mosaics. Fresco is painting with water paints on wet plaster. Mosaic - an image or pattern made from pieces of stone, marble, ceramics, smalt. Our Lady of Oranta (Unbreakable Wall). Mosaic in the altar of St. Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv, 11th century Fresco of St. Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv. 1040s early 1050s
CRAFT Archaeological excavations have shown that in Rus', along with agriculture and forestry, crafts developed among the Eastern Slavs. The most complex metal processing techniques were mastered. Blacksmiths made shovels, axes, ploughshares, sickles, and knives. Weaponmaking developed: swords, battle axes, helmets, etc. Jewelry production of crosses and rings appeared). (rings, bracelets, Products were decorated with filigree (a pattern made of gold or silver wire on a metal base) or grain - a pattern of gold or silver grains. They also learned to make glass jewelry, mastered pottery, carpentry, leatherworking, shoemaking, tailoring and etc.
REFERENCES Katsva, L.A. History of the Fatherland: a guide for high school students entering universities: a full course of preparation for final and entrance exams / L.A. Katsva, ed. V.R. Leshchinera. M., 2001. - P. 3544. Borisov, N. S. History of Russia from ancient times to the end of the 17th century: textbook. 10th grade / N. S. Borisov. M., 2009. – P. 4355. Electronic resources http://www.historicus.ru/kultura_i_iskusstvo_drevnei_ rusi/ http://russia.rin.ru/guides/5813.html
Culture of Rus' during the Tatar-Mongol invasion Problematic question:How did it happen that Rus' was conquered by the Golden Horde for almost three centuries?
Epics and chronicles, oral creativity and written literature continued
sing of heroes, daring princes and their fearless squads, but more and more often
the theme of anxiety for the future of Rus', torn apart, began to sound stronger in them
princely strife.
What caused the strife between the vain and proud princes, so
obediently bowing their heads before the Mongols?
By answering this question, we will better understand the features of Russian culture in
period under consideration. Reasons for the fragmentation of Russian principalities:
1) The problem of power in Rus' has been resolved for a long time
based on patriarchal traditions. Yaroslav the Wise
at the end of the 10th - beginning of the 11th century, established the law
inheritance: after the death of the Grand Duke of Kyiv
his throne is not inherited by the eldest son, but by the next one
the prince himself, brother. If there are no brothers left, he inherits
elder brother's eldest son, then eldest son
next brother, etc., power passed from one
prince to another in seniority, taking into account
not only direct ones, but also cousins and more distant ones
relatives.
This order of succession to power is called
“ladder law”. The sons of the prince, even while in
childhood, received any area from him
under your authority. The princes paid tribute to the Grand Duke.
Such a “common” possession of Russia - with permanent
changes and moves of princes - prevented and
the final formation of private property.
“Ladder right” order
succession to the throne
To
the eldest in the family. 2) The Kiev prince distributed possessions, judged, settled disputes, but the main
issues were resolved not individually, but at a general council of princes.
Regarding this order, which neither the East nor the West knew, the historian G.V.
Vernadsky noted that “...the political life of the Russian federation of the Kyiv
period was built in freedom. Three elements of power - monarchical,
aristocratic and democratic - balanced each other, and the people
had a voice in government throughout the country.” 3) with an increase in the number of contenders for power and the isolation of principalities
Rus' gradually fragmented.
The political connection of principalities and zemstvos (lands grouped around
significant cities) weakens with Kiev, appanage princes stop paying
tribute to the prince of Kyiv, do not submit to his court and do not participate in general decisions.
Regions that emerged around trading cities, such as Kiev,
Chernigov and later - Volyn, Vladimir-Suzdal and others,
become independent, but also in them the relationship between the princes and the people
are fraught with another turmoil.
Thus, the fragmentation of Rus' reached its limit. As soon as
the concept of seniority was destroyed in the grand-ducal family, each prince became
strive to strengthen one's own power and enrichment at the expense of others
principalities The selfish aspirations of the princes increased weakness from within
Russian lands, and the rest was completed by determination, cruelty and
the determination of the Mongols. Main development trends
culture
Three centuries (XIII-XV) passed under the sign of struggle
against the Golden Horde. During this time, culture
Rus' went through two periods:
1) from 1240 to the mid-14th century, which
characterized by a noticeable decline in all
areas of culture. This is due to the Mongol-Tatar invasion and the simultaneous
expansion of German, Swedish, Lithuanian,
Polish and Hungarian feudal lords.
2) second period - the rise of national
self-awareness and the revival of Russian
culture. As a result of foreign invasion
center of socio-political and cultural
life shifted to the northeast, where
Moscow's hegemony was gradually established,
around which the Russian lands united and
started
arise
Great Russian
nationality. Battle of the Kalka River
On May 31, 1223, the Mongols defeated the allied forces of the Polovtsian and Russian princes in
Azov steppes on the Kalka River. This was the last major joint
military performance of the Russian princes on the eve of Batu's invasion. However, in
The powerful Russian prince Yuri Vsevolodovich did not participate in the campaign
Vladimir-Suzdal, son of Vsevolod the Big Nest.
Princely feuds also affected
time of the battle on Kalka. Kyiv
prince
Mstislav
Romanovich,
strengthened with his army on
hill, did not take part in the battle.
Regiments of Russian soldiers and Polovtsians,
having crossed Kalka, they struck at
advanced detachments of the Mongol-Tatars,
which
retreated.
Russians
And
Polovtsian
shelves
got carried away
persecution.
Approached
same
basic
Mongolian
strength
have taken
pursuing Russians and Polovtsians
the warriors were caught in pincers and destroyed. The Mongols besieged the hill where the Kyiv prince fortified himself. On the third day of the siege
Mstislav Romanovich believed the enemy’s promise to release the Russians with honor
case of voluntary surrender and laid down his arms. He and his soldiers were brutally killed
Mongols. The Mongols reached the Dnieper, but did not dare to enter the borders of Rus'.
Rus' has never known a defeat equal to the Battle of the Kalka River. From the Azov steppes
Only a tenth of the army returned to Rus'. In honor of their victory, the Mongols
They arranged a "feast on bones". The captured princes were crushed by boards on which
the victors sat and feasted. Preparing a campaign against Rus'
Returning to the steppes, the Mongols
undertook
unsuccessful
attempt
capture
Volzhskaya
Bulgaria.
Reconnaissance showed what to do
wars of conquest with Russia and its
neighbors
Can
only
by
organizations
pan-Mongolian
hike.
The grandson led this campaign
Genghis Khan - Batu (1227-1255),
received from his grandfather in
inheritance all territories in the west,
"where the Mongol horse's foot will step."
His chief military adviser was
Subedei, who knew the theater well
future military actions. In 1235, at the khural in the capital of Mongolia, Karakorum, a decision was made to
all-Mongol campaign to the West.
In 1236 the Mongols captured Volga Bulgaria, and in 1237 they subjugated the nomadic
peoples of the Steppe.
In the fall of 1237, the main forces of the Mongols, having crossed the Volga, concentrated on the river
Voronezh, targeting Russian lands.
In Rus' they knew about the impending menacing danger, but
princely feuds prevented the vultures from uniting to fight back
a strong and treacherous enemy.
There was no unified command.
City fortifications were built for defense against neighboring
Russian principalities, and not from the steppe nomads.
Princely equestrian squads in weapons and combat
qualities were not inferior to Mongolian ones. But the bulk
The Russian army consisted of a militia - urban and
rural warriors, inferior to the Mongols in weapons and
combat skills.
Hence the defensive tactics, designed to
depletion of enemy forces. Defense of Ryazan
In 1237, Ryazan was the first Russian
lands were attacked by invaders.
Princes of Vladimir and Chernigov
They refused to help Ryazan.
Batu at the walls of Ryazan (1237)
The Mongols besieged Ryazan and sent
ambassadors,
which
demanded
obedience and one tenth "in
everyone." A courageous answer followed
Ryazan residents: “If we are all gone, then all
it will be yours."
On the sixth day of the siege the city was taken,
princely family and survivors
the inhabitants were killed.
Ryazan is no longer in its old place
revived (modern Ryazan is
a new city located 60 km from
old Ryazan, it used to be called
Pereyaslavl Ryazansky). Defense of Ryazan Conquest of North-Eastern Rus'
In January 1238, the Mongols moved along the Oka River to Vladimir-Suzdal
land. The battle with the Vladimir-Suzdal army took place near the city of Kolomna, on
border of Ryazan and Vladimir-Suzdal lands. Died in this battle
Vladimir’s army, which actually predetermined the fate of the North-Eastern
Rus'.
The population of Moscow offered strong resistance to the enemy for 5 days,
led by Voivode Philip Nyanka. After being captured by the Mongols, Moscow was
burned and its inhabitants killed. On February 4, 1238, Batu besieged Vladimir.
His troops covered the distance from Kolomna to Vladimir (300 km) in a month. On
fourth day of the siege, invaders through the gaps in the fortress wall next to
They broke into the city through the Golden Gate. The princely family and the remnants of the troops
closed in the Assumption Cathedral. The Mongols surrounded the cathedral with trees and set it on fire.
After the capture of Vladimir, the Mongols split into separate units and subjected
the defeat of the city of North-Eastern Rus'. Prince Yuri Vsevolodovich even before
approach of the invaders to Vladimir, he went to the north of his land to collect
military forces. The hastily assembled regiments were defeated on the Sit River in 1238
(the right tributary of the Mologa River), Prince Yuri Vsevolodovich himself died in the battle. Battle of the Sit River
Battle of the River Sit 4 March 1238
years between the troops of the Great
Prince Vladimirovsky Yuri
Vsevolodovich and hordes
Mongol-Tatars
under
led by Burundai.
As a result of the defeat of the Russians
troops resistance princes
North-Eastern Rus' was
broken.
The Mongol hordes moved towards
northwest of Rus'. They are everywhere
met with stubborn resistance
Russians. For example two weeks
defended a distant suburb
Novgorod - Torzhok.
Northwestern
Rus
was
saved from destruction, although
paid tribute. Having reached the stone Ignach-cross - an ancient sign-pointer on Valdai
watershed (one hundred kilometers from Novgorod), the Mongols retreated south to the steppe,
to restore losses and give rest to tired troops. The departure was
"raids". Divided into separate detachments, the invaders "combed" the Russians
cities. Smolensk managed to fight back, other centers were defeated.
Kozelsk offered the greatest resistance to the Mongols during the raid,
lasted seven weeks. The Mongols called Kozelsk an “evil city.”
Siege of Kozelsk 1238
G. Capture of Kyiv
In the spring of 1239, Batu defeated Southern Rus' (Pereyaslavl South), and in the fall the Principality of Chernigov.
In the autumn of the following 1240, Mongol troops, having crossed the Dnieper, besieged Kyiv.
After a long defense, led by governor Dmitr, the Tatars defeated
Kyiv.
The next year, 1241, the Galicia-Volyn principality was attacked. Batu's campaign against Europe
After
defeat
Rus'
Mongol hordes moved towards
Europe. Poland was devastated
Hungary,
Czech Republic,
Balkan
countries. The Mongols came to
borders of the German Empire,
reached the Adriatic Sea.
However, at the end of 1242 they
suffered a number of failures in the Czech Republic and
Hungary.
It came from distant Karakorum
news of the death of the Great Khan
Ogedei - son of Genghis Khan.
This was a convenient excuse to
stop the difficult journey. Batu
turned his troops back to
East. Decisive world-historical role in saving European civilization from
The Mongol hordes played a role in the heroic struggle of the Russian and other peoples against them
our country, which took the first blow of the invaders. In fierce battles
The best part of the Mongol army died in Rus'. The Mongols lost
offensive power. They could not ignore the liberation struggle,
deployed in the rear of their troops.
A.S. Pushkin rightly wrote: “Russia was destined for a great
purpose: its vast plains absorbed the power of the Mongols and
stopped their invasion at the very edge of Europe... the emerging enlightenment
was saved by torn Russia." Russian lands under the rule of the Golden Horde
The grandson of Genghis Khan, Batu, founded the state of the Golden Horde.
The Golden Horde covered a vast territory from the Danube to the Irtysh (Crimea,
Northern Caucasus, part of the lands of Rus' located in the steppe, former lands
Volga Bulgaria and nomadic peoples, Western Siberia and part of Central Asia).
The capital of the Golden Horde was the city of Sarai, located in the lower reaches of the Volga (sarai in
translated into Russian means palace).
It was a state consisting of semi-independent uluses, united
under the rule of the khan. They were ruled by Batu's brothers and the local aristocracy. Capital of the Golden Horde "Sarai-Batu"
The capital was the city of Saray (translated as a palace), it was located not far from
the present city of Astrakhan. The role of a kind of aristocratic council was played by the “Divan”, where decisions were made
military and financial issues. Finding yourself surrounded by Turkic-speaking
population, the Mongols adopted the Turkic language. Local Turkic-speaking ethnic group
assimilated the Mongol newcomers. A new people was formed - the Tatars. First
decades of the Golden Horde's existence, its religion was paganism.
The Golden Horde was one of the largest states of its time. At first
In the 14th century, it could field an army of 300,000. Rise of the Golden Horde
falls on the reign of Khan Uzbek (1312-1342).
During this era (1312), Islam became the state religion of the Golden Horde.
Then, just like other medieval states, the Horde experienced a period
fragmentation. Already in the 14th century. the Central Asian possessions of Zolotoy separated
Horde, and in the 15th century. Kazanskoe (1438), Crimea (1443), Astrakhanskoe stood out
(mid-15th century) and Siberian (late 15th century) khanates.
The Mongol steppe dwellers did not intend to live among Russian forests. That's why
they preferred to rule through the local nobility, entirely
depending on them. Russian lands were not included, but they fell into vassalage
from the Horde. In 1242, ambassadors were sent to the northeastern principalities, with
demand to appear before Batu.
Yarlyk is a khan's charter, which gave the right to Russian princes to rule in
their lands. The most attractive was the label for the Principality of Vladimir, because
now it was not the Kiev prince, but the Vladimir prince who had the right to seniority. Trips
Russian princes in the Horde were accompanied by humiliations and often ended with them
death.
Jarls
To Paiza was also a sign of the khan's power
(in Rus' they called it basma) -
Khan's credentials.
Paizi were issued to Horde officials,
received special powers from the khan. IN
depending on the authority of the owner
paizi were made of gold, silver, copper or
wood and differed in design (lion, dragon and
etc.). The Russian princes depended on the will of the khan so
the same as the Horde nobles. By the will of the khan
they could have been enthroned, and
executed.
Paiza of the 13th century.
On it is the inscription: “By the power of the eternal Heaven
May the name of Mongke Khan be holy.” The Russian princes adopted the Mongol customs, according to which the will
Khan was the law, and unquestioning obedience to him was unconditional
duty of subjects. Being slaves of the khans themselves, they could not tolerate the former
rights for his subjects. In addition, the princes were now surrounded by people from
the lower strata of the population, accustomed to obedience.
Thus, subordination to the Horde sharply increased the despotism of princely power. The Russian lands devastated by the Mongols were forced
recognize vassalage to the Golden Horde. Not
the ceased struggle waged by the Russian people against
invaders, forced the Mongol-Tatars to abandon
creation of its own administrative bodies in Rus'
authorities.
Rus' retained its statehood. This
contributed to the presence in Rus' of its own
administration and church organization. Besides,
the lands of Rus' were unsuitable for nomadic cattle breeding, in
difference, for example, from Central Asia, the Caspian region,
Black Sea region.
To control Russian lands, the institution of Baska governors was created
- leaders of military detachments of the Mongol-Tatars who monitored the activities
Russian princes.
The denunciation of the Baskaks to the Horde inevitably ended either with the prince being summoned to Sarai
(often he was deprived of his label, or even his life), or a punitive campaign in
unruly land.
Suffice it to say that only in the last quarter of the 13th century. was organized 14
similar campaigns to Russian lands. Some Russian princes, eager to quickly
get rid of vassal dependence on the Horde,
took the path of open armed
resistance. However, the strength to overthrow the government
There weren't enough invaders yet.
So, for example, in 1252 the regiments were broken
Vladimir and Galician-Volyn princes.
Alexander Nevsky understood this well, with
1252 to 1263 Grand Duke of Vladimir.
He set a course for recovery and recovery
economy of Russian lands.
The policy of Alexander Nevsky was also supported by
Russian church that saw great
the danger is in Catholic expansion, not in
tolerant rulers of the Golden Horde.
Collecting tribute from the end of the 13th century. was handed over
Russian princes. Consequences of the Mongol conquest and
Golden Horde yoke for Rus'
Different points of view
1) The Mongol invasion had no effect on Rus'
no impact that her culture, which
formed before the time of the invasion, retained its
national image, European in its
direction.
In many ways, Pushkin was right when he noted that
“The Tatars were not like the Moors. They, having conquered
Russia, they didn’t give her algebra or
Aristotle." The Mongol invasion did not bring
does not represent enlightenment or cultural values,
meaning more than those that were destroyed.
Historians adhered to the same point of view
Sergey
Soloviev
(1820-1879)
Sergei Solovyov and Vasily Klyuchevsky.
Basil
Klyuchevsky 2) Opposite views were expressed by the writer and author of “History of the State
Russian” N. M. Karamzin (1766-1825) and historian N. I. Kostomarov
(1817-1885).
Karamzin owns the phrase: “Moscow owes its greatness to the khans,” in
which also has its share of truth. Proponents of this point of view noted the influence
Mongols on the legal and political aspects of Russian reality.
N. M. Karamzin
N.I. Kostomarov The Mongol yoke led to the loss of democratic governance in Rus'.
City assemblies and people's councils ceased to exist (with the exception of
Novgorod and Pskov). But when the Russian vassals received from the khan the right to
to collect taxes for him, the competence of the Grand Duke of Rus' expanded. More
it grew more under Dmitry Donskoy, who became virtually united and
autonomous ruler.
During the Mongol period, the great Russian prince became a stronger ruler,
than his predecessors.
Thus, the Mongol-Tatar yoke was one of the factors
formation of autocracy in Rus'. The Mongol-Tatars strengthened the idea of supreme power in Rus'. Wherein
the power of the Mongol khan was unlimited, absolute,
despotic character. And this principle of autocracy began to take root more and more deeply.
into the political culture of the Russian people. The power that stands at the center of everything is itself
generates law, is outside and above law.
The king became not a legal concept, but a doctrinal concept (power from God).
The title "tsar" was adopted from 1547 to 1721.
Certificate of Constantinople
patriarch about approval for
Ivan IV royal title The Russian people, who have lived in conditions of continuous wars for almost two centuries, are tired
from the precariousness and unpredictability of his existence and desired a reliable
defender In the picture of the world, he appeared as a savior - which meant
time already deep Christian-Orthodox and Horde roots - the image
authoritarian ruler.
N.S. Trubetskoy believes that the Moscow state arose thanks to
Tatar yoke. They say that the Mongol yoke brought the Russian people out of the existence of small
scattered tribal and urban principalities on a wide road
statehood. The Mongols, in his opinion, gave the conquered Russian lands
foundations of political culture, centralism, autocracy, serfdom. This
led to the creation of a new ethnotype, the psychology of the Russian person. G.V. Vernadsky believes that it was the Mongols who led to the disappearance
democratic elements in the life of cities: the power of the prince in the city increased
region, then Moscow was able to expand its influence at the expense of other neighboring
cities and lands.
When Moscow absorbed all the appanage principalities, they found themselves in power
Moscow prince. The boyars who owned large plots of land lost
the right to transfer to another prince in case of dissatisfaction with his ruler.
The Mongols, who had extensive experience of one-man rule and cruel
unconditional submission to the Supreme Khan, clearly demonstrated strength
this device. For their part, the population felt that to achieve
liberation can only be achieved by uniting around a strong ruler.
G.V. Vernadsky notes that under the influence of the Mongolian order in
the Moscow principality introduced the death penalty and corporal punishment, and
subsequently military service. A new psychological state of the people has arisen, which could be
call it a “national depression.”
The impossibility of an open fight with a stronger enemy, hardship and horror
state of servitude was well justified by the Orthodox Church - suffering
on earth, you provide yourself with paradise after death.
Extremely cruel to everyone who resisted them, the Mongols demanded only
one - complete, unquestioning and servile worship. However, the Great
The Mongol state was not a religious system at all, but only a cultural-political one. Therefore, she imposed only laws on the conquered peoples
civil-political (“Chinggis Yasa”), not religious. The Horde was characterized by broad religious tolerance, moreover -
patronage of all religions. Demanding submission and tribute, believing completely
it was natural for the Mongols to live at the expense of the conquered peoples
attack either their faith or their culture. They not only allowed everyone
Gentiles had free exercise of religious rites, but were also treated with
a certain respect for all religions in general.
This is why the Orthodox Church in Russia has retained complete freedom
activities and received full support from the khan’s authorities, which was
confirmed by special labels (letters of letters) of the khans. The monasteries also found themselves in a favorable position - they were protected from extortions and
ruin. Their number began to increase, but especially rapid growth began in the middle of the 14th century.
century, when a strong desire for monastic life arose in Rus'. The hermits fled
into wild places, others joined them and so a monastery arose. We got used to it and
More and more lands were populated up to the North Sea. Consequences of the Mongol-Tatar yoke
1. The Mongol yoke suspended the cultural development of the country: they were torn apart
traditional ties with Byzantium and Western Europe.
2. Rus' has in many ways lagged behind the countries of Western Europe: it has not yet developed
domestic market, there was no guild association of artisans, as in the West.
Feudal fragmentation did not contribute to the creation of alliances of feudal lords, however
more formation of its own political institutions, such as parliament,
which could influence government policy.
3. A large number of the population were destroyed and captured
4. Cities destroyed.
5. Russian architecture suffered from the invasion. Due to lack of funds and
master builders, stone construction completely ceased for half a century.
And even renewed at the end of the 13th century, it lost many of its previous techniques
construction equipment. So, for example, in the XIV-XV centuries, Moscow masters again
returned to laying walls of cut stone, although already in the first half of the 13th century
Vladimir-Suzdal architects knew how to build from stone and brick, dense
limestone and calcareous tuff. Original art has completely disappeared
white stone carvings that decorated the buildings of the 18th-13th centuries. 6. During numerous raids, a huge number of monuments were destroyed
writing.
7. Chronicle writing has declined. According to D.S. Likhachev, it “is narrowing,
turns pale, becomes taciturn, loses those outstanding political
ideas and that broad all-Russian horizon that the Russians possessed
chronicles in the 11th and 12th centuries."
8. Education and literacy were preserved only by a thin layer of Orthodox
the clergy, spared by the “amazing ingenuity of the Tatars” (A. Pushkin). It
one "for two dark centuries nourished the pale sparks of Byzantine
education. In the silence of the monasteries the monks carried on their continuous
chronicle." “The Mongols,” wrote Pushkin, “did not resemble the Moors. They, having conquered
Russia, they didn’t give her either algebra or Aristotle.”
9. The old agricultural centers and once
developed territories. The border of agriculture moved to the north, southern
The fertile soils were called "Wild Field".
10. Many crafts became simplified and sometimes disappeared, which slowed down the creation
small-scale production and ultimately delayed economic
development.
11. The pace of cultural development of Russian lands has slowed down.
