1. All words of the Russian language can be divided into groups called parts of speech.

Together with syntax, morphology makes up a branch of the science of language called grammar.

2. Each part of speech has characteristics that can be grouped into three groups:

3. All parts of speech are divided into two groups - independent (significant) And official. Interjections occupy a special position in the system of parts of speech.

4. Independent (nominative) parts of speech include words naming objects, their actions and signs. You can ask questions about independent words, and in a sentence significant words are members of the sentence.

The independent parts of speech in Russian include the following:

	Part of speech	Questions	Examples
1	Noun	Who? What?	Boy, uncle, table, wall, window.
2	Verb	what to do? what to do?	To saw, to saw, to know, to find out.
3	Adjective	Which? whose?	Nice, blue, mom's, door.
4	Numeral	How many? which?	Five, five, five.
5	Adverb	How? When? Where? and etc.	Fun, yesterday, close.
6	Pronoun	Who? Which? How many? How? and etc.	I, he, so, my, so much, so, there.
7	Participle	Which? (what is he doing? what has he done? etc.)	Dreaming, dreaming.
8	Participle	How? (doing what? doing what?)	Dreaming, deciding.

Notes

1) As already noted, in linguistics there is no single point of view on the position of participles and gerunds in the system of parts of speech. Some researchers classify them as independent parts of speech, others consider them special forms of the verb. Participle and gerund really occupy an intermediate position between independent parts of speech and forms of the verb. In this manual we adhere to the point of view reflected, for example, in the textbook: Babaytseva V.V., Chesnokova L.L. Russian language. Theory. 5-9 grades. M., 2001.

2) In linguistics there is no single point of view on the composition of such parts of speech as numerals. In particular, in “academic grammar” it is customary to consider ordinal numbers as a special category of adjectives. However, school tradition classifies them as numerals. We will adhere to this position in this manual.

3) Different manuals characterize the composition of pronouns differently. In particular, the words there, there, nowhere etc. in some school textbooks they are classified as adverbs, in others - as pronouns. In this manual we consider such words as pronouns, adhering to the point of view reflected in “academic grammar” and in the textbook: Babaytseva V.V., Chesnokova L.L. Russian language. Theory. 5-9 grades. M., 2001.

5. Functional parts of speech- these are words that do not name objects, actions, or signs, but express only the relationships between them.

It is impossible to pose a question to official words.

Function words are not parts of the sentence.

Function words serve independent words, helping them connect with each other as part of phrases and sentences.

The auxiliary parts of speech in Russian include the following:

pretext (in, on, about, from, because of);

union (and, but, however, because, so that, if);

particle (would, whether, not, even, exactly, only).

6. occupy a special position among parts of speech.

Interjections do not name objects, actions, or signs (as independent parts of speech), do not express relationships between independent words and do not serve to connect words (as auxiliary parts of speech).

Interjections convey our feelings. To express amazement, delight, fear, etc., we use interjections such as ah, oh, uh; to express the feeling of cold - br-r, to express fear or pain - Ouch etc.

7. As noted, some words in Russian can change, others cannot.

TO immutable include all auxiliary parts of speech, interjections, as well as such significant parts of speech as:

adverbs ( forward, always);

gerunds ( leaving, leaving, accepting).

Some also remain unchanged:

nouns ( coat, taxi, blinds);

adjectives ( beige coat, electric blue suit);

pronouns ( then, there).

by using graduation;

Wed: sister - sisters; read - read.

by using endings and prepositions;

Sister - to sister, with sister, with sister.

by using auxiliary words.

1. Parts of speech in the Russian language, criteria for their identification.

In modern Russian there are independent and auxiliary parts of speech, interjections and onomatopoeic words. Independent (nominative) parts of speech name objects, their qualities, properties or actions or indicate them. They have their own grammatical meanings, bear verbal stress and serve as the main or minor members of a sentence. Independent parts of speech include nouns, adjectives, numerals, pronouns, verbs, adverbs. Some scientists - authors of textbooks (V.V. Babaytseva, L.D. Chesnokova) consider the participle and the gerund to be independent parts of speech. But more often, scientists attribute participles and gerunds to special forms of the verb (N. M. Shansky, M. M. Razumovskaya). Functional parts of speech (prepositions, conjunctions, particles) do not name phenomena of reality, but indicate various relationships between words (prepositions), words and sentences (conjunctions) or give semantic and emotional shades to words and sentences (particles). They do not have inflectional forms, do not have verbal stress, and are not members of a sentence. Interjections in Russian express, but do not name, the speaker’s feelings: Oh! Yes! Alas! etc. Onomatopoeic words reproduce sounds, screams: ku-ka-re-ku, mu-u-u, etc. Neither interjections nor onomatopoeic words are members of a sentence.

2. Word combination, its purpose in language. Structure and types of phrases

according to the way of expressing the main word.

3. Parse the sentence and draw a diagram.

1. Nominal parts of speech, their common and distinctive features.

Nominal parts of speech in Russian are a noun, an adjective, a numeral, and a pronoun. The features of these parts of speech are studied by morphology.

Nominal parts of speech are independent (having meaning), changeable (inflected) parts of speech, and are members of a sentence.

The noun occupies one of the main places in our speech. Everything that exists in the world is named by a word - a noun. Nouns denote an object and answer the questions who? What? (young man, cat, blizzard, decision, Moscow, blue, excitement). A subject in grammar is anything about which you can ask who is this? what is this?, for example: who is this? - Human; What is this? - textbook. Nouns are divided into groups depending on their lexical meaning:

1) concrete - they call objects of the surrounding world (living or inanimate nature): a house, a picture, a TV; boy, dog, bullfinch, oak;

2) real - they call substances: gold, oil, gas, salt, polyethylene;

3) abstract - they call phenomena perceived mentally: properties, qualities: whiteness, kindness, stupidity; actions: running, changing, pushing; states: joy, sleep, laziness; natural phenomena: blizzard, rainbow; social phenomena: parade, reform;

4) collective - they call many identical objects as one whole: foliage, children.

Nouns denoting generalized names of homogeneous objects (phenomena) are called common nouns, for example: river, mountain, city, kindness, uprising, tit. Nouns denoting the names of individual (separate) objects are called proper nouns, for example: Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov, Yuri Dolgoruky, cat Marquis, Europe, Arbat. Nouns are divided into animate (Volzhanin, carpenter, little bear) and inanimate (house, newspaper, Meshchera).

The division into animate and inanimate nouns does not always coincide with the division of everything that exists in nature into living and inanimate, for example, the names of plants, the words people, kids, pack, youth are inanimate, and the words doll, dead man, dead man, ace, jack, trump card (card terms) - to the animate.

Nouns belong to the masculine (man, house, tiger), feminine (sister, hut, tigress), neuter (generation, impression, patronymic) gender. Usually it is not difficult to determine the gender of nouns, but there is a group of words for which the gender can be correctly determined only by consulting a dictionary: swan - masculine; shampoo - masculine; chassis - neuter; callus is feminine.

Some masculine nouns denoting a profession or occupation can be used to denote both male and female persons (lawyer, geologist, salesman).

Foreign language nouns are often neuter (cafe, menu, atelier); the masculine gender includes nouns that name male persons or animals (maestro, kangaroo); to feminine - nouns naming female persons (Miss, Madame, Frau, Lady).

The gender of geographical names is determined by the gender of the associated common nouns (Tbilisi - city - masculine gender).

Depending on their gender, nouns belong to the 1st declension (masculine, feminine with endings -а, -я, words of the general gender - egoz®); to the 2nd declension (masculine gender with zero ending, neuter gender with endings -о, -е); to the 3rd declension (feminine gender with zero ending), for example: hotels®, Ban@ - 1st declension, del\o±, nail^ - 2nd declension, youth^), sensitivity^] - 3rd declination.

So, nouns have a specific lexical and general grammatical meaning (subject), are divided into groups depending on their meaning, and have constant morphological features (proper - common noun; animate - inanimate; gender, declension).

Adjectives denote a characteristic of an object and answer the questions: what? which? which? which? With the help of adjectives, an object can be characterized from various points of view. If adjectives indicate the quality of an object, which can be manifested to a greater or lesser extent (smart - smarter (comparative degree) - smartest (superlative degree), they are called qualitative. Qualitative adjectives characterize the object: ruddy, kind, big, warm.

Adjectives indicating that the object they define is related to another object are called relative: silver - related to silver, made of silver; Moscow - related to Moscow. The belonging of an object to a person or animal is determined by possessive adjectives: mother’s (dress), fox’s (footprints), Petina (book).

So, adjectives have a specific lexical and general grammatical meaning (a feature of the subject) and a constant feature - a rank in meaning (qualitative, relative, possessive). In the Russian language there are many words that have the meaning of number, count, for example: two, deuce, double, doubled, doubling. But only word two is a numeral.

A numeral is a nominal part of speech that denotes a number, the number of objects (two days), their order when counting (second student) and answers the questions how many? Which? which? (by count).

Numeral names are divided by meaning into quantitative (they answer the question how many? - five, fifteen, twenty-five, one hundred and twenty-five) and ordinal (they answer the question which? or which? - fifth, fifteenth, twenty-fifth).

Cardinal numbers can denote whole numbers (five), fractions (one-fifth) or have a collective meaning (five).

Numeral names are simple (consisting of one word), complex and compound (consisting of two or more words): eleven, five hundred, one thousand two hundred and thirty-one.

So, numerals have a specific lexical and general grammatical meaning (numbers) and constant morphological features: they can be ordinal and quantitative, simple, complex and composite, integer, fractional and collective (quantitative only).

Pronouns are words that are used instead of a name, denote persons (I, you, we, you, he, she, it, they), indicate objects, characteristics of objects, the number of objects, without naming them specifically (that, that, every , so much). Pronouns differ from all other nominal parts of speech in that they themselves do not have an independent meaning, but in speech, in the text, this meaning becomes specific because it correlates with a specific person, object, sign, quantity: There was a vase on the table. It [the vase] was of an unusual shape. This happened in a city that [the city] is known to everyone. Based on their meaning and grammatical features, nine categories of pronouns are distinguished: 1) personal (I, we; you, you; he, she, it; they); 2) returnable (self); 3) possessive (my, yours, ours, yours, yours); 4) demonstrative (this, that, such, such, such, so much); 5) attributive (himself, most, all, every, each, other); 6) relative (who, what, which, which, which, how many, whose); 7) interrogative (who? what? which? whose? which? how many? where? when? where? from where? why? why? what?); 8) negative (nobody, nothing, nobody); 9) indefinite (someone, something, someone, anyone, anyone, someone). Pronouns have morphological characteristics of the part of speech with which they relate.

So, all nominal parts of speech are independent, have specific lexical and general grammatical meanings and constant morphological features (grammatical meanings).

The initial form for nominal parts of speech is nominative case, singular, masculine (except for nouns). Fickle signs are also common. Nominal parts of speech change by case, number, gender (except for the noun). Let's prove this by changing sequentially all the words in a phrase consisting of nominal parts of speech.

For qualitative adjectives, a variable sign is a change in the form of the word (full or short), degree of comparison (comparative and superlative).

Nominal parts of speech in a sentence act as main or secondary members.

Nominal parts of speech- This is a noun, adjective, numeral, pronoun. These are significant parts of speech. They either name objects, qualities and properties, quantity, or indicate them.

These parts of speech have common grammatical features: number, gender, case.

These parts of speech can be either singular or plural: nouns - earth and lands, adjectives - beautiful and beautiful, numerals - first and first, pronouns - mine and mine.

Nouns, adjectives, numerals and pronouns are declined, i.e. change by case.

Each part of speech has its own declension, but they all answer the same case questions, for example:

Nominative - Who? What? textbook school, fourth, own.

Genitive - whom? What? textbook school, fourth, own.

Dative - to whom? Why? textbook school, fourth, own.

Accusative - whom? What? textbook school, fourth, own.

Creative - by whom? How? textbook school, fourth, their own.

Prepositional - about whom? about what?(about) the textbook school, fourth, his.

Nominal parts of speech in a sentence act as the main or secondary members of the sentence.

Morphological features of nouns.

Noun- an independent part of speech that denotes an object and answers questions Who? What?

Morphological features of a noun: own or common noun.

Nouns that name homogeneous objects or phenomena are called common nouns. Nouns that name single objects from a series of similar ones are called own.

Animated nouns name objects of living nature, a question is asked about them Who?Inanimate nouns name objects of inanimate nature, a question is asked about them What? Example from the text:

Genus. Nouns have three genders: masculine, feminine, neuter.

Nouns do not change by gender. Example from the text:

Case. There are six cases in Russian: nominative (who? what?), genitive (whom? what?), dative (whom? what?), accusative (whom? what?), instrumental (whom? what?), prepositional (about whom ? about what?). Changing a word by case is called declension.

Declension. Nouns are divided into three declensions:

The 1st declension includes feminine and masculine nouns with endings -and I.

The 2nd declension includes neuter nouns with endings -о,-е or masculine nouns with a zero ending. The 3rd declension includes feminine nouns with a zero ending. They have b at the end.

Number. Nouns have two numbers - singular and plural. There are nouns that are used only in the plural.

Nouns in a sentence most often they are subjects and objects, but can be any part of a sentence.

Pronouns as parts of speech, use as a means of connecting sentences in the text.

Pronoun- a part of speech that indicates objects, signs and quantities, but does not name them.

Pronouns (with a few exceptions) change according to cases; some by gender and number.

In a sentence, pronouns are usually subjects, objects, and modifiers.

According to their meaning, pronouns are divided into the following: ranks:

Personal - I, we, you, you, she, it, they.

Returnable - myself.

Possessive - mine, yours, ours, yours, his, hers, theirs, yours.

Index - this, that, such, so much, this.

Determinatives - all, every, every, most, himself, other, any, other, every kind.

Interrogative - Who? What? Which? what? which? whose? How many?

Relative - who, what, which, which, which, whose, how many.

Undefined - someone, something, anyone, anyone, something, something, something, anything, some, some, some, some, some, some, someone's, someone's, several, some, some.

Negative - no one, no one, nothing, nothing, none, nobody.

Adjectives.

Adjective- a part of speech that denotes an attribute of an object and answers questions Which? Whose?(autumn, red).

In a sentence, adjectives are modifiers or predicates: Day was clear, the fresh rays of the sun illuminate the entire garden.

By meaning, adjectives are divided into three categories:

Quality- denote such a feature (quality) of an object that may be present in the object to a greater or lesser extent.

2. Denote various qualities of objects: color (blue-black), inner qualities of a person, his state of mind (strong-willed), age (elderly), the size of the object (minuscule), qualities perceived by the senses (sour), general characteristics and assessment of the subject (doubtful).

3. May have a suffix - -ist-, -ovat-, -enk- etc. (sweetish).

4. Form a short form and degrees of comparison brave- brave,

bolder, the bravest.

5. Form complex adjectives and adjectives with a prefix Not-.

6. Combine with adverbs very, extremely, too and etc.

Relative- denote a feature of an object that cannot be present in the object to a greater or lesser extent.

1. Answer the questions: what? which? which?

2. They indicate the attribute of an object not directly, but through its relationship to another object: the material from which the object is made (wooden), time (day), place (suburban), purpose of the item (bookshelf) and so on.

3. Have suffixes -an-(-yan-), -sk-, -oe- and etc. (Moscow).

Not-.

very, extremely, too and etc.

Possessives- indicate that something belongs to a person or animal and answer questions whose? whose? whose?

1. Whose questions are answered? whose? whose? whose?

2. Indicate belonging to a person or animal: daddy, fathers, bearish.

3. They have the suffixes ov(s), -in(-yn), -ii(sistersyn).

4. They do not have a short form and do not form degrees of comparison.

5. Do not form complex adjectives and adjectives with a prefix Not-.

6. Do not combine with adverbs very, extremely, too and etc.

When using adjectives, their meanings can change, for example, adjective wolfish in a phrase wolf trail(i.e. the wolf's mark) is possessive (whose track? wolf), and this is the adjective in the phrase wolf fur coat will be relative (fur coat from what? from a wolf), and voracious appetite - high quality.

The meaning and formation of degrees of comparison.

Adjectives (qualitative only) can have degrees of comparison: comparative and superior.

comparative shows that in one or another object the characteristic is manifested to a greater or lesser extent than in another: This work is better than the previous one. This book is more interesting hot comparative degree can be formed. This day is hotter than yesterday).

Superlative means that a particular item is superior to other items in some way. Some sign appears in an object to a greater or lesser extent: he's the sweetest person(in the text: from the adjective calm You can form a superlative degree: the calmest sky, the calmest sky).

When using adjectives in the form of degrees of comparison, remember that you cannot say: better, less better, sweetest, less preferable and so on. It will be right: best, sweetest, preferred.

Adverbs on -o(s), formed from qualitative adjectives, can have degrees of comparison, which indicate that some attribute may be to a greater or lesser extent: high- higher- higher- below(in the text: hurry up - comparative degree of adverb soon). From adverb diligently you can form a comparative degree more diligently, excellent most diligently).

Degrees of comparison of adverbs

Comparative Excellent

simplecompound is formed from a combination

formed using consists of a combination of two words - simple suffixes -es(s), -e, more or less and comparative degree

-she from the original form of the original form of the adverb: adverbs and pronouns

adverb from which more (less) beautiful. everyone (total): final ones are discarded wrote it best.

-o(-e),- ho: easy- easier.

Similarities and differences between adjectives and participles.

Name adjective and participle have many common grammatical features.

1. Answer the same questions: Which? which? which? which?

Early, autumn What? – adjectives

Yellowed What? - participle.

2. An adjective denotes an attribute of an object, and a participle denotes an attribute of an object by action. Participles are formed from verbs, but there are also adjectives that are also formed from verbs and are called verbal.

3. Common to both adjectives and participles is the category of number, singular and plural, gender, which depends on which noun the adjective or participle refers to. Both adjectives and participles change cases and have the same endings.

4. Both adjectives and participles can have a short form:

Hot(adj.) - brought up(adv.).

But the sacrament also has differences:

1. Participles are formed using suffixes that adjectives do not have:

active participles present tense are formed using suffixes -ush---yush, -ush---yush, past tense -- wsh;-sh.

passive participles present tense are formed using suffixes -im, -eat, -ohm, past tense -enn, -nn, -t.

2. Formed from a verb, the participle retains its following characteristics:

1) type (imperfect and perfect):

what to do? Which? what did he do?

what to do? Which? what did he do?

2) time (present and past):

playing(present, vr.) - who plays

played y] (past tense) - who played

3) returnability (refundable or non-refundable):

decide(non-refundable) - having decided th (non-refundable)

decide(return) - having decided th Xia(return)

4) transitivity (transitive or intransitive)

cook(transition) - welded th (What?) pickle ( transition.)

wash your face(intransition.) - washing(uninterrupted)

5) The ability to have a dependent noun or adverb.

NOUN

Noun - this is an independent part of speech that combines words denoting objects and animate beings (the meaning of objectivity) and answering the questions who? What? This meaning is expressed using the independent categories of gender, number, case, animateness and inanimateness. In a sentence, nouns mainly act as subjects and objects, but they can also be other parts of the sentence.

Classes of nouns: common nouns, concrete nouns, collective nouns.

Depending on their lexico-grammatical features, nouns are divided into:

common nouns (names of homogeneous objects, actions or states): house, bed

proper (names of individual objects, isolated from a number of homogeneous ones - first names, surnames, geographical names, etc.): Vanya Petrov, Pluto, Moscow;

concrete (name specific objects and phenomena from real reality): boy, station and abstract (name an object or sign abstractly from the actor or bearer of the sign): hatred, love, care;

collective (denote a collection of identical or similar individual objects as one whole): students, sheet.

Lexico-grammatical categories of nouns:

The category of animate-inanimate: animate nouns denote living beings (people and animals), and inanimate nouns denote an object in the proper sense of the word, as opposed to living beings. This category is manifested in the declension of nouns, namely in the accusative plural: the accusative plural form of animate nouns coincides with the form of the genitive case, and of inanimate ones with the form of the nominative case. For masculine nouns (except for -a, -я), the same thing happens in the singular.

Gender category: all nouns (not counting those that are always used in the plural: scissors, gates, etc.) belong to one of three genders: masculine, feminine or neuter.

Category of number: in Russian there is a singular form (denotes one item in a series of homogeneous objects): chair, sock, boy, and a plural form (denotes an indefinite set of homogeneous objects): chairs, socks, boys.

The singular and plural numbers differ in different endings and different compatibility with other parts of speech.

There are nouns that have only a singular form: some abstract nouns (love, care), collective nouns (foliage, students), proper names (Moscow, Siberia), some nouns denoting substance (milk, gold).

There are nouns that, on the contrary, have only a plural form: some abstract nouns (vacations, twilight), some nouns denoting a substance (cabbage soup, cream), the names of some games (chess, hide and seek), some concrete nouns that consist of several components (scissors, trousers);

Case category: this category is based on the opposition of case forms and denotes the relationship of the object denoted by the noun to other objects, actions or characteristics. There are six cases in Russian: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, prepositional.

Declension of nouns is the change of nouns by case.

There are differently inflected nouns in the Russian language: these are 10 neuter nouns ending in -mya (flame, burden, time, udder, banner, seed, stirrup, shchemia, tribe, name) - inflected with the increasing suffix -en- in the singular in all cases , except for the instrumental, according to the 3rd declension, and in the instrumental case of the singular - according to the 2nd declension, in the plural they are declined according to the 2nd declension; the words mother, daughter (declined according to the 3rd declension with the increase -er-), path (declined in all cases according to the 3rd declension and only in the instrumental - according to the 2nd), child (this word is now not used in indirect cases singular).

There are also indeclinable nouns (that is, they do not change in case or number). These mainly include words of foreign origin that denote both inanimate objects (cafe, radio) and masculine and feminine persons (attaché, lady); they can also represent animals (kangaroos, chimpanzees), first and last names, geographical names (Baku, Helsinki), etc.

Syntactic functions of nouns

In a sentence, a noun can be; any member:

subject: Mom goes to the store,

addition: I asked him to give me the book.

definition: Mom bought me a notebook with squared paper.

application: The Volga River is very beautiful.

circumstance: He achieved his goal despite difficulties.

predicate: My father is an engineer.

Morphology

INDEPENDENT PARTS OF SPEECH (13)

• 32. Words of the state category (22 - 22)

  SERVICE PARTS OF SPEECH (22)

MORPHOLOGY is a section of grammar that studies different aspects of a word: its belonging to a certain part of speech, structure, forms of change, ways of expressing grammatical meanings.

PARTS OF SPEECH are lexico-grammatical categories into which words of a language are divided due to the presence of

1. semantic feature (some general meaning accompanying the specific lexical meaning of a given word),
2. morphological feature (system of grammatical categories specific to a given category of words),
3. syntactic feature (features of syntactic functioning).

In the Russian language, there is a distinction between independent and function words.

INDEPENDENT PARTS OF SPEECH

Independent (notional) parts of speech are categories of words that name an object, action, quality, state, etc. or indicate them and which have independent lexical and grammatical meaning and are members of the sentence (main or secondary).

Independent parts of speech include:

1. noun,
2. adjective,
3. numeral,
4. pronoun,
5. verb,
6. adverb.