Presentation on the topic of Galileo Galilei in physics. Presentation on the topic "Galileo Galilei". Fragments from the presentation

Galileo Galilei - the great Italian physicist,
mathematician, engineer and astronomer.
He was born into a noble but impoverished
Florentine family. At the age of 20 he left medicine and
immersed himself in physics and astronomy.

۞
He made many discoveries in
physics as well as astronomy.
Galileo Galilei created a section of science
about motion - kinematics.
Discovered the laws of falling bodies and
pendulum swing.
Discovered that the acceleration of the free
falling bodies does not depend on their mass.
The first pointed to the existence
phenomena of inertia.
Developed the laws of statics.
Built the first spotting scope
for astronomical research.
Laid the foundations of heaven
mechanics.

Discovered the satellites
Jupiter
sun spots and
phases of Venus.
Made sure that
Milky Way
comprises
huge number
stars.
Proved that
surface of the moon
not flat, but
covered in mountains and
pitted with craters.

∞Even this cursory list allowed
to rank Galileo among the greatest
astronomers and physicists of all times.

Rare Scientists
showed their talents
in different fields of science
and reached such peaks
like Galileo.

Galileo was strong and determined
man. He passionately defended
heliocentric theory of Copernicus,
despite severe persecution
church. (Colosseum is a symbol of Italy.)

Inquisition.

In January 1632 came out
famous "Dialogue of two
Inquisition.
major systems peace,
Ptolemaic and Copernican,
whom Galileo brilliantly
develops the teachings of N. Copernicus about
the movement of the earth. This essay
provoked the wrath of the Inquisition, and through
received a few months
cease and desist order from rome
further sales of books, then
demanded by the Inquisition
about the appearance of Galileo in Rome. Galileo
officially considered a "prisoner
Inquisition." After four
interrogations in June 1633. Galileo
renounced the teachings of Copernicus. To him
was forbidden to print
works, but the work of Galileo is still
came out into the light.
And only in 1971. catholic
the church reversed the
condemnation of Galileo.

Neptune could be open
much earlier than this
made in 1846 by Halle
Le Verrier's calculations.
It turns out that
discoverer of Neptune
could be Galileo Galilei!
Great Italian
astronomer observing Jupiter
and its satellite system 28
December 1612, noted
on the sketch and Neptune,
whose brilliance was on
that moment was
approximately 8 star
quantities.

Even a month later
fixed in the picture
two stars that hit
in the field of view of the telescope
scientist, but one of them
was really
star, and the second "star"
was Neptune. He is
watched the next night
and on other days. On account
This Galileo said: “...
A little further were
located on one
two star lines. They are
also observed by me
last night, but I
for some reason it looks like they
were a little further away
from friend…"

By the way, Galileo was not
the last of those who
observed Neptune, counting it
star. Planet Neptune
"watched" John Flamsteed in
1690, but by mistake
mistook him for a star
whose position he
fixed in his
star catalog. The same
others have made a mistake
for example, Lalande (17321807), French astronomer,
which is mostly
studied
positions of the planets. His
planetary tables
were very popular at 19
century.

Death of a great scientist

In 1637 Galileo
blind Died in a villa
Arcetri, near
Florence. Only in
1737 was
completed last
the will of the scientist: his
the ashes were transferred to
Florence and
solemnly
buried next to
Michelangelo.

Chronology.

1564 Galileo was born on February 15 in Pisa.
1579 Education in the monastery of Santa Maria di
Vallombrosa.
1583 His first known observation
pendulum oscillations.
Introduction to geometry.
1585 Return to the parental home (then during
Florence).
1586 Construction of hydrostatic balances.
Work on the center of gravity solids.
1587 First trip to Rome.
1590 -1591
The work is about movement.

Chronology.

1592
1593
1597
1599
1600
1601
1604
1606
Professorship in Padua.
Work on mechanics.
Work on military fortifications.
Construction of a proportional compass.
Treatise on celestial sphere or Cosmography.
Reflection of acquaintance with Copernicanism in writing
Kepler.
The beginning of a life together with Marina Gamba.
Birth of first daughter, Virginia.
Birth of second daughter, Livia.
Testing a machine for lifting water.
Building a thermometer.
Birth of son Vincenzo.

Chronology.

1609
The study of the laws of falling and throwing.
Reproduction of the design of the telescope.
1610 Discovery of the moons of Jupiter.
Publication of the Starry Messenger.
Discovery of the rings of Saturn.
Observation of sunspots.
Discovery of mountains on the moon.
Milky Way resolution
individual stars.
court mathematician and
philosopher in Florence.
Discovery of the phases of Venus.

Chronology.

1611
Second trip to Rome.
Membership in the Accademia dei Lincei.
Acquaintance with Cardinal Barberini (the future
dad
Urban VIII).
Cardinal Bellarmine presents information on
discoveries of Galileo.
1612 Work on bodies in water.
Galilean method proposal
longitude definitions
the Spanish government.
Father Lorini's sermon
against Galileo.
1613 Article on sunspots.

Chronology.

1614
The daughters of Galileo go to the monastery.
Father Caccini's attacks on Galileo.
1615 Article by Father Foscarini.
Denunciation of the Inquisition on Galileo from
Father Lorini.
Third trip to Rome.
1616 The doctrine of tidal phenomena.
Galileo's letters in defense of Copernicanism.
Conclusion of the 11 qualifiers of the Holy
colleges.
Galileo's exhortation by the Inquisition.
Opinion of Cardinal Bellarmine on prudence
Galileo.
Decree on the prohibition of the Copernican doctrine.
Departure of Galileo from Rome in June.

Chronology.

1618 Galileo's pilgrimage to Loreto.
Father Grassi's work on comets.
1619 Vincenzo Galilei received the legal rights of his son.
1920 Death of Galileo's mother Giulia Ammannati di Pescia.
1621 Member of the consulate of the Florentine Academy.
1623 Work "Assayer of gold" ("Assay scales").
Cardinal Barbernia becomes Pope Urban VIII.
1624 Fourth trip to Rome.
1628 Serious illness.
A seat in the Council of Two Hundred and thus a Florentine
citizenship.
1630 Provision of a pension from the canon of Pisa
cathedral
through Urban VIII.
Fifth trip to Rome to promote
permission to print Dialogo in Florence.

Chronology.

Printing Dialogo in
1633 Florence.
Chronology
Galileo's eye disease.
.
Pope's order to appear before the Inquisition,
despite a life-threatening illness.
1633 Sixth trip to Rome in
1634
January - February.
process in the following months.
Renunciation June 22.
Stay in Siena.
Since December exile in Arcetri.
1634 Death of Virginia's daughter
1635 (sisters Maria Celeste).
1635 Dialogo published abroad.
Secret negotiations about the possibility of working in
Amsterdam.
1636 Gen. The states of Holland are interested in the method
Galilee
definition of longitude.
1632

Chronology.

disp.html?
Chronology.
1637 Complete blindness in the right eye.
1638 Blindness in both eyes.
In Leiden, Discorsi is released.
1639 Vincenzo Viviani at Galileo.
1641 Evangelista Torricelli with Galileo.
1642 Death 8 January.
Premises in the aisle of the church of Santa Croce.
1737 Transfer to the mausoleum in the Church of Santa
Croce and
construction of a monument
Viviani's will.
1835 Exclusion of Dialogo from the Index
banned books.
1979 Rehabilitation of Galileo by Pope John
Paul II.

Literature

E. Schmutzer, W. Schutz
Mir Publishing House, 1987
"Galileo Galilei"
Journal "Astronomy"
Astronomical site
"Galaxy"
Publishing house "Slovo", 1997
"Literature. Schoolchildren's Handbook"

THE END

Content
Tired of reading?
LiteratureBeginning
Years of life
Biography (beginning)
Discoveries
1
2
Inquisition
It is interesting
1
2
Biography (end) Chronology
1564-1591
1592-1606
1609-1610
1611-1613
1614-1616
1618-1630
1632-1636
1637-1979
Literature
End

Galileo Galilei was an Italian physicist, mechanic, astronomer, philosopher and mathematician who had a significant impact on the science of his time. He was the first to use a telescope to observe celestial bodies and made a number of outstanding astronomical discoveries. Galileo is the founder of experimental physics. With his experiments, he convincingly refuted the speculative metaphysics of Aristotle and laid the foundation for classical mechanics.

Padua, The years of stay in Padua are the most fruitful period scientific activity Galileo. He soon became the most famous professor in Padua. Crowds of students aspired to his lectures, the Venetian government constantly entrusted Galileo with the development of various kinds of technical devices, young Kepler and other scientific authorities of that time actively corresponded with him

The reason for a new stage in the scientific research of Galileo was the appearance in 1604 of a new star, now called Kepler's supernova. This awakens a general interest in astronomy, and Galileo delivers a series of private lectures. Having learned about the invention of the telescope in Holland, Galileo in 1609 constructs the first telescope with his own hands and directs it to the sky.

Galileo discovered mountains on the moon Milky Way disintegrated into separate stars, but the 4 satellites of Jupiter discovered by him (1610) were especially striking to his contemporaries. In honor of the four sons of his late patron Ferdinand de Medici (who died in 1609), Galileo called these satellites “Medician stars”. Now they are more appropriately called "Galilean moons".

The Creation of New Mechanics In 1623, Galileo's book "The Assayer" was published, a pamphlet directed against the Jesuits, in which Galileo expounded his erroneous theory of comets. The position of the Jesuits (and Aristotle) ​​in this case was closer to the truth: comets are extraterrestrial objects. This mistake did not prevent, however, Galileo from expounding and wittily arguing his scientific method from which grew the mechanistic worldview of later centuries.

Physics and mechanics in those years were studied according to the writings of Aristotle, which contained metaphysical reasoning about the "original causes" of natural processes. In particular, Aristotle stated: The speed of falling is proportional to the weight of the body. Movement occurs while the "motivating cause" (force) is in effect, and in the absence of force it stops. While at the University of Padua, Galileo studied inertia and the free fall of bodies. In particular, he noticed that the acceleration of free fall does not depend on the weight of the body, thus disproving Aristotle's first statement. Galileo also refuted the second of the above laws of Aristotle, formulating the first law of mechanics (the law of inertia): in the absence of external forces, the body either rests or moves uniformly. What we call inertia, Galileo poetically called "indestructibly imprinted movement." True, he allowed free movement not only in a straight line, but also in a circle.

Galileo experimentally and theoretically establishes the basic principles of mechanics. First of all, this is the principle of relativity for rectilinear and uniform motion and the principle of constancy of acceleration under the action of gravity. The first principle later led Newton to the concept of an inertial frame of reference, and the second to the concept of an inertial mass. And Einstein, having extended Galileo's principle of relativity to all physical processes (in particular, to light), and interpreting his second principle as the equivalence of the forces of inertia and gravity, created the general theory of relativity.

Achievements: Galileo invented: Hydrostatic balance for determining the specific gravity of solids. Galileo described their construction in the treatise "La bilancetta" (1586). The first thermometer, still without a scale (1592). Proportional compass used in drafting (1606). Microscope, poor quality (1612); with it, Galileo studied insects. He also dealt with optics, acoustics, the theory of color and magnetism, hydrostatics, strength of materials, problems of fortification. He conducted an experiment to measure the speed of light, which he considered finite (without success). He was the first to experimentally measure the density of air, which Aristotle considered equal to 1/10 of the density of water; Galileo's experiment gave a value of 1/400, which is much closer to the true value (about 1/770). He clearly formulated the law of the indestructibility of matter.)