What is valeology and valeological culture. Valeology, what is it? Basic concepts of valeology

The Russian scientist I.I. Brekhman was one of the first in modern times to sharpen the problem of the need to develop the foundations of a new science and in 1980 introduced the concept of "valeology" (as a derivative of the Latin ... - health, to be healthy). Since then, valeology has stood out as an independent scientific direction. Its fundamental positions can be reduced to the following.

Valeology is an interscientific direction of knowledge about human health, about ways to ensure it, form and preserve it in specific conditions of life (E.N. Weiner).

Valeology is the science of the patterns of manifestation, mechanisms and methods of maintaining health (V.P. Kulikov).

The central problem of valeology is the attitude to individual health and the education of a culture of health in the process of individual development of the personality.

The subject of valeology research is individual human health and individual lifestyle.

The object of valeology is a practically healthy, as well as a person in a state of pre-illness in all the boundless diversity of his psycho-physiological, socio-cultural and other aspects of existence.

The goal of valeology is the maximum implementation of the inherited mechanisms and reserves of human life and the maintenance of a high level of the possibilities of its adaptation to the conditions of the internal and external environment.

The main tasks of valeology:

1. Research and quantitative assessment of the state of health and reserves of human health.

2. Formation of installation on a healthy lifestyle.

3. Preservation and strengthening of health and health reserves through familiarization with a healthy lifestyle.

In the scientific literature, there are several dozen concepts of health. Let's consider some of them.

Health is the state of the human body when the functions of all its organs and systems are balanced with the external environment and there are no painful changes (BME).

However, the organism during its development is not in a state of equilibrium with the environment, but changes all the time during the development of the form of interaction with the environment.

Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity (WHO Constitution, 1968). However, it is rather an ideal to which we should aspire, but which is not achievable.

Kaznacheev V.P. considers it necessary to refer the concept of health not to the individual, but to the population as a whole. Population health is a process of socio-historical development of psychosocial and biological viability.

R.M. Bayevsky (1979) defines health as the ability of the human body to adapt to changes in the environment, interacting with it freely, based on the biological, mental and social essence of a person.

N.A. Agadzhanyan (1984) believes that health is the optimal ratio of interrelated endogenous rhythms of physiological processes and their correspondence to external cyclic changes.

A.G. Shchedrina: "Health is a holistic multidimensional dynamic state (including its positive and negative indicators) in the process of genome realization in a specific social and ecological environment, which allows a person to carry out his biological and social functions to varying degrees." This emphasizes the dialectical unity of health and disease. Even a dying person has some part of health. In addition, R.M. Baevsky proposed to single out the third state - pre-illness, which occupies an intermediate state between the state of health and illness.

In connection with the above, there are:

The health of an individual (individual),

Health of small social groups (family),

The health of the entire population.

The concept of health is closely related to the concept of the norm.

Norm - the interval of optimal functioning of a living system (dictionary of fizirol. term.).

Traditionally, the norm has several meanings:

1) Average (age) - the average value characterizing any mass set of random events, phenomena, processes. This concept is used in physiology and medicine.

However, the same value of this or that indicator in two organisms of different ages can be determined by the different energy cost of maintaining it, that is, low energy cost is combined with a highly pronounced resistance of the organism to the disease and vice versa.

2) Individual - based on the concept of the genotype as a species characteristic of traits that are inherited.

3) The ideal norm is an individual indicator of 20-25 years, since at this time the minimum mortality from all major diseases.

4) Optimal norm - the value of physiological parameters, at which the minimum mortality (morbidity) from diseases associated with the violation of these parameters. Suitable for any age.

5) Social norm - a model of behavior.

According to the views of N.M. Amosov and I.A. Arshavsky, it is impossible to describe health with normative indicators, since:

a) hidden pathology is not detected,

b) there is no quantitative assessment of the level of health.

The amount of health is the sum of the reserve capacities of the main functional systems.

Power reserves - the maximum amount of a function, related to its normal level (N.M. Amosov).

Health Qualities:

The level and harmony of physical health,

Reserve capabilities of the main physiological systems,

The level of immune protection and nonspecific resistance of the organism,

The presence of a chronic disease, a developmental defect,

The level of moral-volitional and value-motivational attitudes that reflect spiritual and social health.

Health Functions:

1. Supports a certain level of vital activity, biological and social activity.

2. Provides a feeling of comfort.

Health components:

1. The physical component is how the body functions, the level of its reserve capabilities. This also includes the presence or absence of physical defects, chronic diseases.

2. The psycho-emotional component is the state of the mental sphere, the presence or absence of neuropsychic abnormalities, the ability to understand and express one's feelings, control emotions, a way of expressing attitudes towards oneself and other people.

3. The intellectual component is how a person assimilates information, uses it, the efficiency of searching and accumulating the necessary information, which ensures the development of the personality and its adaptation in the outside world.

4. Social component - awareness of the individual as a male or female subject and its interaction with others. It reflects the way of communication and relations with different groups of people, that is, with society.

5. Personal component - how a person realizes himself as a person, how his own "I" develops, that is, self-awareness and a sense of self-realization. The way of self-realization depends on what a person values and what he wants to achieve in his life.

6. The moral component is those fundamental target life attitudes that ensure the integrity of the personality, its development.

With age, the contribution of each of the components to holistic health changes.

Principles of valeology. The analysis of scientific literature allows us to speak about the following principles of valeology:

1. Consideration of the essence of individual health from the standpoint of a systematic approach (the human body is an open biosocial system) involves a specific definition of its structure, material substrate. From this follows the principle of structure.

2. Since a person is a part of the biosphere, his health cannot be considered in isolation from those natural processes that occur in the Universe and in the biosphere of the Earth. Therefore, when developing the concept of health, it is necessary to take into account the energy and information principles.

3. The principle of the knowability of the object of study is used, adjusted for the relativity of knowledge at the moment, in compliance with the commandment "Do not direct!"

4. The principle of determinism aims at identifying the causal relationships of the health phenomenon not only with the recognition and elimination of risk factors, but also with the search for sustainability factors.

5. The principle of development implies not only taking into account the characteristics of human ontogenesis, but also the dynamics of a healthy lifestyle strategy in accordance with changing conditions and the results achieved.

6. The principle of historicism obliges to analyze the theoretical and practical heritage of different eras to study the fundamental foundations of human health and healthy lifestyle.

7. The principle of integrativity - the use of methods from different sciences, the experience of scientists and practitioners from different countries, the unity of theory and practice.

8. At the physiological level, the basis of health is homeostasis - the body's ability to ensure the constancy of its internal environment despite external changes. According to the principle of homeostasis, health is maintained if the constancy of the internal environment of the body is maintained. And vice versa, it worsens and a disease occurs if homeostasis disturbances are persistent (V.M. Dilman, 1987). This implies such a principle of valeology as the principle of health preservation, the basis of which is homeostasis.

9. The principle of adaptability. The human body throughout its development is not in a state of equilibrium with the environment. He constantly adapts to the environment, reacting to stimuli coming from it. Therefore, human health, along with homeostasis, is provided by another fundamental ability of the body - adaptation. Adaptation to new conditions does not pass without a trace for the body. It is achieved at the expense of the functional resources of the organism. And if the payment for adaptation goes beyond the reserve capacity of the body, this leads to a breakdown of the adaptation mechanism and the onset of the disease (Davydovsky I.V. 1962, Amosov N.M. 1979 Treasurers V.P. 1980, 1983, etc.).

"Where did the new science come from? Where did it manage to form? What are its goals and objectives? Who are its creators? What is the subject and what is the novelty of its methods? What is its practical significance?"

You will find answers to all these questions in this article.

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V A L E O L O G I A

A new subject appeared - "valeology". Officially, valeology is the "science of health." She teaches the rules of hygiene, a healthy lifestyle, the basics of environmental literacy. This is the science that develops the theory of individual health.

There are two opinions on this issue. I'll tell you about the first one.

1 ." In a healthy body healthy mind""

common sense suggests that it is possible to involve a child in their own "health building" only if they take into account three aspects problem solving.

First of all , the child must receive and assimilate information about what is good for health and what is bad.

Secondly , educational aspect - the formation of a student's motivation to maintain and strengthen their health.

And the third aspect - purely practical, in which it is necessary to provide for at least a minimum of recreational activities:

complete physical education

rational and adequate nutrition,

Formation of an optimal psychological climate in the garden and at school.

All practical activities should take place against the background of constant monitoring ("measurement") of the level of health.

Only this indicator will give us reliable information - whether our actions are correct, whether our efforts are directed in the right direction.

Valeology in kindergarten.

The subject of valeology is individual human health as a category of quality of life. Valeology aims to teach a person hygienic rules for restoring, strengthening, improving health and instilling such skills.

There were developments of methods, exercises, games for children. This is all great! But that's not all. There is another opinion about valeology.

2 opinion

The child is taught that "health is the main value of human life." Not the soul, not love for one's neighbor, not the Motherland, not God, not the achievements of culture and reason, finally, but precisely physical health. The highest value invested in a child by new valeological programs is "self-awareness, which is better to start with the structure of one's own body." Children are taught to admire their body and love it! A person lives for the sake of his health, in him "the main value of life." Textbooks on valeology encourage children to "study their body", "listen to their body", "talk about diseases", continuously listen to the sensations in the liver, in the intestines, in the nose. It is hardly reasonable to develop excessive suspiciousness in children. The concentration of attention on the body during the education of feelings is a gross violation of age-related psychology and physiology. Due to the fixation on the body, schoolchildren are more likely to develop neuroses than to improve their health. As a result, the so-called "health programs" will not only fail to fulfill the declared goal, but will further worsen the health of children.

Russian people have always been famous for their health, endurance and strength. There are countless examples of this. The very way of life of Russians - moderate nutrition (with observance of fasts), baths, hardening, physical labor - contributed to health, which, of course, is very important. Recently, a new subject has been introduced in schools and in many universities - valeology. Literally, the word means "healthy lifestyle." Valeology programs made both parents and teachers alert. This is not surprising - they teach literally everything: from sexology, rules for hair care, skin care, bowels, cutting nails to intimate hygiene.

Perhaps the most alarming thing about the content of valueology is the values and priorities that it instills in the child.

- "Health first". Contrary to the domestic tradition of educating a highly spiritual personality, valeologists (or, according to them, "healers") are carrying out a real fetishization of the body.

Valeology, claiming to be a scientific discipline, has a very vague idea of its subject. Valeology is presented as the science of a healthy lifestyle. The motives for the introduction of a new subject seem to be clear: today there is a sharp deterioration in the health of our citizens, especially children. Coming to school, children soon become sick. What kind of training are we talking about here? In this regard, one of the priority tasks of the new stage of the reform of the education system was put forward - "Preserving and strengthening the health of children, pupils and students, forming in them the value of health and a healthy lifestyle."

So what is this subject about - about health or about a healthy lifestyle? If we talk about health, then doctors are called upon to observe it, whose task is to prevent diseases, including the mandatory education of the population. "No, - say valeologists, - our science is not medical, but pedagogical." Education, on the other hand, assumes that the student will be taught a certain way of life, a life ideal, on the basis of which a person must understand the meaning of his being, for what he should live, what to strive for.

What ideals does valeology teach? First of all - to live for the sake of the body. Acquaintance with the programs in valeology, offered to both future teachers and children, shows that for this science, a person is first of all a body. Of the human soul, nothing is directly said here, although its presence, as we shall see later, is implied.

"Health is the greatest value given to man by Nature" - THE VALEOLOGISTS SAY. If we were talking about calves and piglets, then this phrase would be true. But is it worth seeing the highest value of human life in purely physiological well-being? No, Rublev and Dostoevsky, Lomonosov and Vladimir Solovyov did not go down in history with their health. Not Schwarzenegger - the most valuable and most gifted of people ...

We must remember that "the body is the temple of the soul." And we always proclaim the supremacy of the spiritual in the integral structure of man.

Where did valueology come from? What, weren't there physical education lessons in kindergartens and schools? Were there no games designed to develop physical culture? All this was, but now it has become valueology. your body”, and in the senior classes “sexology”. Our task for educators is to be able to choose from all the methodological material on valeology something that will not harm the child, either physically or morally.

(for information)

The subject and specialty "Valeology" was excluded from the basic curriculum of educational institutions in Russia. Despite the scandals that accompany the introduction of valueology into the educational process of schools and universities, it continues to develop.

Summing up some results, it should be said that valeology:

1. is not a science, but claims to develop a worldview, that is, it is a non-traditional teaching, and therefore, according to the Law on Education, it should not be taught in educational institutions;

2. leads to the destruction of the existing system of education and upbringing;

3. has a detrimental effect on the spiritual health of children;

4. encroaches on the foundations of the family, on the traditional moral way of life;

5 . forms a cult of the body and has a pronounced emphasis on sexual relations. This leads to the development of egocentrism and selfishness in children, a violation of an adequate perception of the world around them, various mental and physical abnormalities;

6. Valeology as a school discipline is not taught in any country in the world.

The phenomenon of man, which arose in the process of evolution of the organic world, has become the subject of study of a huge variety of natural (biology, genetics, anthropology, chemistry, etc.) and social (history, philosophy, sociology, psychology, economics, etc.) sciences. However, until now, a person cannot give definitive answers to many questions concerning not only his essence, but also being. This fully applies to one of the fundamental aspects of his life and activity - health. At the same time, the very idea of health in recent decades has acquired particular relevance due to the fact that the quality of health is experiencing a steady downward trend. At the same time, it becomes more and more clear that to go “from the opposite”, from illness to ensuring health – and in fact, it is precisely this principle, despite the declared idea of prevention, that medicine professes – both wrong and harmful. The difficulty, however, is that the health methodology does not yet exist. This is not surprising, since until very recently there was, paradoxically, the science of health itself!

Russian scientist I.I. Brekhman was one of the first in modern times to sharpen the problem of the need to develop the foundations of a new science and in 1980 introduced the term "valeology" (as a derivative of the Latin valeo - "health", "to be healthy"). Since then, the term has become generally accepted, and valueology as a science and as an academic discipline is gaining more and more recognition not only in Russia, but also far beyond its borders. Its fundamental positions can be reduced to the following definitions:

Valeology is an interscientific direction of knowledge about human health, about the ways of its provision, formation and preservation in specific conditions of life. As an academic discipline, it is a body of knowledge about health and a healthy lifestyle.

The central problem of valeology is the attitude to individual health and the education of a culture of health in the process of individual development of the personality.

The subject of valeology are individual health and reserves of human health, as well as a healthy lifestyle. This is one of the most important differences between valeology and preventive medical disciplines, the recommendations of which are aimed at preventing diseases.

Object of valeology - a practically healthy person, as well as a person in a state of pre-illness, in all the boundless diversity of his psycho-physiological, socio-cultural and other aspects of existence. It is such a person who is out of the sphere of health care until he goes into the category of sick people. When dealing with a healthy or at-risk person, valeology uses the functional reserves of the human body to maintain health, mainly through familiarization with a healthy lifestyle.

Valeology method is a study of ways to increase human health reserves, which includes the search for means, methods and technologies for the formation of motivation for health, familiarization with a healthy lifestyle, etc. Here an important role is played by the qualitative and quantitative assessment of human health and health reserves, as well as the study of ways to improve them. If the qualitative assessment of health is traditionally used in medicine in its practice, then the quantitative assessment of the health of each individual person is purely specific to valeology and successfully develops and complements the qualitative analysis. Thanks to this, the specialist and the person himself acquire the opportunity to dynamically assess the level of his health and make appropriate adjustments to his lifestyle.

Basic purpose of valeology serve to maximize the use of inherited mechanisms and reserves of human life and maintain a high level of adaptation of the body to the conditions of the internal and external environment. In theoretical terms, the goal of valeology is to study the patterns of maintaining health, modeling and achieving a healthy lifestyle. In practical terms, the goal of valeology can be seen in the development of measures and the definition of conditions for the preservation and promotion of health.

The main tasks of valeology:

1. Research and quantification of the condition health and health reserves person.

2. Formation of installation on a healthy lifestyle.

3. Preservation and strengthening health and health reserves person by introducing him to a healthy lifestyle.

Valeology is fundamentally different from other sciences that study the state of human health. This difference lies in the fact that health and a healthy person are in the field of interest of valeology, while medicine has a disease and a sick person, and hygiene has a habitat and living conditions for a person. From here come the essential differences in the fundamental premises of each of these sciences in the subject, method, object, goals and objectives. That is why valueology should take the basic premises of Socrates (“man, know yourself”) and Confucius (“man, create yourself”) and determine its main strategic position: “Man, know and create yourself!”.

Mapping the defining features of the human health sciences

A significant part of life a person devotes to the knowledge of himself. Over the millennia, many questions have not yet been answered related to the human essence. The main fundamental of a full-fledged life -. Until recently, there was no science of health, however, the relevance of a healthy lifestyle in recent years has been widely recognized in many countries. Valeology, as the science of a healthy lifestyle, first appeared only in 1980.

What is valeology - general information

Today there are several definitions of the concept of valeology.

A direction that combines several sciences in order to study the reserves of the body, which ensure the constant development and preservation of human health under the influence of changing external factors.
The body of knowledge about a healthy lifestyle.

The subject of science is the study of the individual health of a person and the reserves of his body, the foundations of a healthy lifestyle.

It is important! The main difference between valeology and many medical sciences is the study of a healthy person. It is this fact that distinguishes it from other sciences, because a healthy person is not the subject of study of any science.

The method of valeology is a quantitative and qualitative assessment of health, the volume of its reserves. At the same time, scientific methods are unique, as they are used exclusively for valeology. Based on the characteristics obtained, it is possible to assess the level of health and make adjustments to a person’s lifestyle.

The main goal of valeology is to use the maximum amount of vital reserves inherited by a person at birth, as well as maintaining his adaptive abilities to the conditions of the external and internal environment.

It is important! The task of science is to develop methods for achieving and maintaining a healthy lifestyle.

Features of the formation of a healthy lifestyle

Aspects of a healthy lifestyle are primarily aimed at increasing the birth rate and the proper upbringing of adolescents. Today it is fashionable to live right, so young people attend special places where they are trained and learn how to maintain health and methods for restoring it.

Fashion for a healthy lifestyle is supported at the global level. WHO has defined the concept of "health" as a state of absolute physical, social and psychological harmony. Especially important is the application of the basics of valeology in preschool institutions, at the stage of formation and formation of personality. At this age, it is much easier to instill in a child an understanding of a correct, harmonious life. If a child learns the motto: “My choice is health”, in the future this will help to avoid many diseases.

scientific concept

In the concept of valeology, a healthy lifestyle is the ability of the body to adapt to constantly changing conditions and maintain vital activity. Every person should strive for such a standard. For science uses theoretical and practical tools. Motivation for a healthy lifestyle is supported by physical exercises, proper nutrition, and the rejection of bad habits.

It is important! The concept of “wellness” is inextricably linked with the science of a harmonious personality, which in translation means well-being.

Science falls into two broad categories:

general;
industry.

The mission of general valeology is the formation of laws, methods and tools for a harmonious life.

Branch valueology considers human health in combination with other sciences. This scientific direction is divided into several branches:

psychological;
family;
pedagogical;
sports.

Each direction has its own object, methodology and specific tasks. A common object for all directions is a healthy person and a person who is at the stage of pre-illness.

It is important! Predisease - the occurrence of pathological processes that can lead to a deterioration in a person's condition. We are talking about processes that develop as a result of a reduction in body reserves.

Valeology uses a whole set of methods and technologies aimed at timely detection of problem situations and their elimination. Using special scientific methods - statistical, logical - it is possible to bring a person out of the pathological state of pre-illness.

It is important! Valeological methods and technologies are inherently morbidity prevention.

Of course, valeological principles can be applied to an already ill person. It is about secondary prevention of morbidity.

The importance of applying scientific principles is confirmed by the positive results. Regular recovery in accordance with valeological principles allows you to:

increase health reserves;
prevent the development of pathology;
activate the processes of self-healing.

Methodological valueological principles

Health is perceived as an independent category that can be measured quantitatively and described qualitatively.
The main task of science is to form and increase one's own health.
The transition from a healthy state to a pre-disease is necessarily preceded by a state in which the body's reserves are reduced.

It is important! Human health in valeology is natural, not medical. This means that the conversation on the topic of valueology is to attract people to a harmonious, correct way of life.

If your motto is to choose a healthy lifestyle, you have specific tasks:

to work on ;
work to improve their own standard of living;
strive for adaptation in society;
explore the characteristics of your own body, work on its development and strengthening.

About valeology and hygiene

Some compare two concepts - valeology and hygiene, believing that they are identical. However, there are differences between the two sciences.

Thus, the two sciences follow the opposite direction. Valueology follows from people to the environment, and hygiene - from external factors to people.

It is important! In recent years, research by hygienists has been based on an assessment of the factors that directly shape health.

Speculation and myths

Some people mistakenly believe that valeology is a struggle for a healthy lifestyle. However, the concept of "way of life" includes many areas - physical culture, emotional state, level of cultural development,. Valeology - forms the principles of a lifestyle in which health is strengthened and multiplied.

Today, slogans are heard more and more often - we choose a healthy lifestyle. It is not surprising that the young science of valeology, which is essentially in its infancy, is already popular all over the world.

Various aspects became the foundation for its popularization:

ecology;
anatomy;
sociology;
physical education;
hygiene;
pedagogy.

Today, the motto: “We choose harmony and health” is not just big words, but the need to thoroughly study your body in order to sensitively respond to any pathological changes.

Myths about a healthy lifestyle:

sicknesses are given for sins;
all diseases are hereditary;
the cause of the disease is communication with energy vampires;
sickness due to parents;
all diseases are a punishment for mistakes made in a past life.

There are a huge number of such speculations, but valeology helps to correctly form an attitude towards one's own health and harmonious life.

If you are for a healthy lifestyle, pay attention to such a science as valeology. But such book about valeology let it always be at hand. It will help you to know yourself, your reserves and opportunities. Fashion for a healthy lifestyle covers the whole world, be in trend and follow fashion trends.

How to improve the body with the help of your own resources - look at the video.

Ticket number 1

1. Subject, object, method and tasks of valueology. Basic concepts of valeology.

2. Memory and its training

Basic concepts of valeology

The central problem of valeology is the attitude to individual health and the education of a culture of health in the process of individual development of the personality.

Subject valeology are individual health and reserves of human health, as well as a healthy lifestyle. This is one of the most important differences between valeology and preventive medical disciplines, the recommendations of which are aimed at preventing diseases.

An object valeology - a practically healthy, as well as a person in a state of pre-illness in all the boundless diversity of his psycho-physiological, socio-cultural and other aspects of existence. When dealing with a healthy or at-risk person, valeology uses the functional reserves of the human body to maintain health, mainly through familiarization with a healthy lifestyle.

method Valeology is the study of ways to increase the reserves of human health, which includes the search for means, methods and technologies for the formation of motivation for health, familiarization with a healthy lifestyle, etc. Here an important role is played by the qualitative and quantitative assessment of human health and health reserves, as well as the study of ways to improve them.

Main goal valeology - the maximum use of inherited mechanisms and reserves of human life and maintaining a high level of adaptation of the body to the conditions of the internal and external environment.

Main tasks valeology:

1. Research and quantitative assessment of the state of health and reserves of human health.

2.Formation of installation on a healthy lifestyle.

3. Preservation and strengthening of human health and reserves of human health through introducing it to a healthy lifestyle.

Basic concepts.

A life- the highest in comparison with the physical and chemical form of the existence of matter, naturally arising under certain conditions in the process of its development. Living objects differ from non-living ones in metabolism, the ability to reproduce, grow, actively regulate their composition and functions, to various forms of movement, irritability, adaptability to the environment, etc.

homeostasis- the property of the body to maintain its parameters and physiological functions in a certain range, based on the stability of the internal environment.

Homeostasis is often seen as the biological basis of health.

To preserve the biochemical and functional constants of the body, it is necessary to maintain a constant temperature of the whole organism, its parts and systems and even organs, glucose content, pH and other physicochemical properties of the blood, the stability of the cellular composition, etc.

Adaptation - adaptation to changes in the external environment in such a way that a person does not lose his ability to work.

The adaptive nature of life is one of its essential features: the entire vital activity of the organism proceeds in accordance with the events of the external environment, changes in which also determine changes in vital activity. Adaptation allows you to maintain the constancy of the internal environment, increases the power of homeostatic mechanisms, communicates with the external environment and, ultimately, allows you to keep the essential parameters of the body within the physiological limits that ensure the stability of the system.

There are three types of adaptive changes - urgent, cumulative and evolutionary.

Urgent adaptation is characterized by continuously occurring adaptive changes that occur in response to continuously changing environmental conditions.

Characteristic properties of urgent adaptation:

Occurrence only with direct external
exposure, so urgent reactions are not fixed in the body and disappear immediately after the elimination of this exposure;

the nature and intensity of the urgent adaptive response
exactly match the nature and strength of the external stimulus;

The body can respond with urgent reactions only to influences that, by their strength, nature and time, do not exceed the physiological capabilities of the body.

Cumulative adaptation is characterized by such changes that occur in response to long-term repeated external or internal influences.

The essence of evolutionary adaptation is that if the changed environmental conditions persist for a long enough time (at least 10 generations are assumed), then this leads to adaptive changes in the gene structure, as a result of which such conditions become “their own”, natural for subsequent generations.

Adaptive protective-adaptive reactions are divided into specific and non-specific. The first of them provide stability and resistance of the body only against a given stimulus (typical examples are adaptation to physical stress in training, the body's immunity to certain types of pathogens of infectious diseases in the form of immunity). Non-specific adaptive responses help to increase stability, the general resistance of the organism to any disturbing environmental factors.

Genotype and phenotype. Under genotype m is understood as the hereditary basis of the organism, the totality of genes localized in the chromosomes. In a broader sense, it is the totality of all hereditary factors of the body.

Under phenotype is understood as the totality of all the signs and properties of the organism, formed in the process of its individual development. The phenotype is determined by the interaction of the genotype, that is, the hereditary basis of the organism, with the environmental conditions in which its development proceeds.

Belonging to the species Homo Sapiens does not mean at all that all its representatives are genotypically identical. In this regard, all people differ in a number of geno- and phenotypic features:

· adaptive nature, determined by climatic and geographical factors; therefore, the adaptation of the Eskimo to the conditions of Central Africa (like the Ethiopian to the conditions of the tundra) will turn out to be rather inadequate;

· historical and evolutionary nature in the form of an ethnic group, characterized by religious, national development;

cultural, etc. features, therefore, for example, the Scandinavian ethnos differs from the Mongoloid;

social character, leading to differences in lifestyle, culture, social claims, etc., between an intellectual and a peasant, a city dweller and a village dweller;

economic nature, due to belonging to a particular socio-economic group (banker and worker, businessman and clerk).

Memory- the ability of the nervous system to perceive and store information and extract it to solve various problems and build its behavior. Thanks to this complex and important function of the brain, a person can accumulate experience and use it in the future.

Information signals first affect the analyzers, causing changes in them, which, as a rule, last no more than 0.5 seconds. These changes are called sensory memory - it allows a person to maintain, for example, a visual image during blinking or to watch a movie, perceiving the unity of the image, despite the changing frames. In the process of training, the duration of this type of memory can be extended to tens of minutes - in this case, they speak of eidetic memory, when its nature becomes controlled by consciousness (at least partially). Following the sensory memory in terms of the duration of information storage, they distinguish short term memory which allows you to operate with information for tens of seconds. The most important, most significant piece of information is stored in long-term memory which provides these functions for years and decades.

underlying memory memorization may occur both unconsciously and consciously. In the first case, it is difficult to reproduce information in the usual ways, in the second it is easier. The memorization mechanism can be imagined as a chain: need (or interest) - motivation - fulfillment - concentration of attention - organization of information - memorization. In this case, a violation of any part of the chain impairs memory. Nevertheless, people often complain of poor memory, referring to the difficulty of fixing the necessary information and, most importantly, extracting it from the pantries of long-term and sometimes short-term.

Although often people complain about a bad memory, as a rule, it is not a problem, but a low level of attention. It is difficult to concentrate attention if there are a lot of extraneous stimuli around, for example, noise, TV, radio, etc. are turned on. It is also difficult to focus attention if a person is tired, sick, in a state of increased neuropsychic stress, on the other hand, by purposefully training and managing attention, one can improve one's memory.

Interesting information is remembered best.

Different people remember information of different modalities differently: some better fix visual information, others - verbal. In addition, due to the functional asymmetry of the brain, one can distinguish verbal form of memory and figurative, therefore, in the lower grades, for example, the illustrative and emotional presentation of information is more important, and in the older grades, the logical one.

plays an important role in memory motivation. A person must be aware of why this information is needed - if the level of motivation is high, then memorization is successful. Based on this, memorization itself should not be a mechanical process, but a motivational-emotional one, or with a predetermined goal. The problem is simplified if self-hypnosis is used as a mechanism for generating motivation. The latter can be realized not only through auto-training, but also with the help of additional psycho-training techniques that develop a person’s capabilities in this direction. An important reserve of self-hypnosis training is the development of figurative-sensory thinking, which in itself expands the possibilities of memorization in the form of images. In this regard, the translation into sensory images of various verbal information (words, sentences, thoughts) in people of the right hemisphere type is effective.