Scientist Schmalhausen. R. L. Berg. Why isn't the chicken jealous? Synthesis of evolutionary ideas

(born 1884) - zoologist, academician of the All-Ukrainian Academy of Sciences (since 1922), director of the All-Ukrainian Research Institute of Zoology and Biology in Kyiv (since 1930). Until 1921, Sh.'s work was devoted to Ch. arr. comparative anatomy of vertebrates. The works of Schmalhausen made a valuable contribution to the theory of the phylogeny of unpaired fins and the origin of the limbs of terrestrial vertebrates. From 1921, Schmalhausen switched to research in experimental embryology, working on the problem of growth patterns and questions of the mechanics of development.

Ch. works: Unpaired fins of fish and their phylogenetic development, "Notes of the Kyiv Society of Naturalists", Kyiv, 1913, vol. XXIII, no. 2-3; The development of the limbs of amphibians and their significance in the question of the origin of the limbs of terrestrial vertebrates, "Scientific notes of the Moscow University, Department of Natural History", M., 1915, no. 37; Fundamentals of comparative anatomy of vertebrates, M. - P.,; The problem of death and immortality, M.-L., 1926; On the laws of growth in animals, "Nature", L., 1928, No. 9; A series of articles on the laws of growth in the journal "Archiv für Entwicklungsmechanik des Organismen", V., 1925-31, B-de 105, 107, HO, 113, 116, 123, 124.

Schmalhausen, Ivan Ivanovich

[R. 11 (23) apr. 1884] - owls. zoologist, specialist in comparative anatomy, acad. Academy of Sciences of the USSR (since 1935) and Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (since 1922). Honored activity Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (1935). Son of I. F. Schmalhausen. In 1907 he graduated from Kyiv. un-t. Prof. Voronezh. (since 1918), Kyiv. (since 1921) and Moscow. (1938-48) high fur boots; in 1930-41 - dir. Institute of Zoology and Biology of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR and in 1938-48 - dir. Institute of Evolutionary Morphology (now Institute of Animal Morphology named after A. N. Severtsov) of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR; since 1948 he has been working at the Zoological Institute. Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Sh. wrote numerous works on questions of evolutionary morphology, on the study of the laws of animal growth, and on questions about the factors and laws of the evolutionary process. A number of works are devoted to the history of the development and comparative anatomy of the unpaired fins of fish and the origin of the limbs of terrestrial vertebrates. He proposed his theory of the growth of animal organisms, which is based on the notion of an inverse relationship between the growth rate of an organism and the rate of its differentiation. In a number of studies he developed the theory of stabilizing selection as an essential factor in evolution. Since 1948 he has been studying the origin of terrestrial vertebrates.

Cit.: Unpaired fins of fish and their phylogenetic development. [Diss.], Kyiv. 1913; The development of the limbs of amphibians and their significance in the question of the origin of the limbs of terrestrial vertebrates. [Diss], M., 1915; Fundamentals of comparative anatomy of vertebrates, 4th ed., M., 1947; The organism as a whole in individual and historical development, M.-L., 1942; Ways and patterns of the evolutionary process, M.-L., 1939; Factors of evolution (Theory of stabilizing selection), M.-L., 1946; Problems of Darwinism, M., 1946.

Schmalg a Uzen, Ivan Ivanovich

Genus. 1884, mind. 1963. Zoologist, embryologist, evolutionist. Specialist in the problems of comparative morphology and experimental embryology, patterns of embryogenesis, etc. Author of the law of parabolic growth of animals, the concept of macroevolution. Introduced an original way of calculating growth rate constants. He made a significant contribution to the creation of the synthetic theory of evolution (STE). Graduate of the natural department of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Kyiv University (1906). He worked at the Institute of Embryology and Comparative Anatomy (1906-12), at the Department of Zoology of Moscow University (1913-18), was a professor at the Department of Zoology at Voronezh University (1918-21), a professor at the Department of General Zoology and Embryology at Kyiv University (1921-37), headed the Institute of Zoology and Biology of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (1925-37), the Institute of Evolutionary Morphology of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (since 1938) and the Department of Darwinism of Moscow State University (1939-48). Initiator of the publication and editor-in-chief of the Journal of General Biology (1940-48). After the August session of VASKhNIL in 1948, he was removed from teaching work, removed from all positions. He was a senior researcher, and since 1955 head of the laboratory of embryology at the Zoological Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Proceedings: "The Organism as a Whole in Individual and Historical Development" (monograph, 1938), "Ways and Patterns of the Evolutionary Process" (monograph, 1939), "Factors of Evolution. The Theory of Stabilizing Selection" (1946), "Problems of Darwinism" (1946) , "The Origin of Terrestrial Vertebrates" (monograph, 1964, posthumously), "Cybernetic Questions of Biology" (1968, posthumously), etc. Son of I. F. Schmalhausen (see).

SchmalhausenIvan Ivanovich- academician, famous zoologist-morphologist, a prominent scientist in the field of comparative anatomy of vertebrates.

Ivan Ivanovich Shmalgauzen was born in Kyiv on April 11, 1884 in the family of an outstanding botanist, professor of Kyiv University Ivan Fedorovich Shmalgauzen. Ivan Ivanovich received his secondary education at the Kyiv First Gymnasium, which he graduated in 1901. In the same year, he entered the natural department of the Physics and Mathematics Faculty of Kyiv University. Due to breaks in studies related to the so-called student unrest and the events of 1905, he completed his university studies only in 1907, and completed the state exams on February 28, 1909 and received a diploma of the 1st degree.

While still a university student, Schmalhausen became interested in the comparative anatomy of vertebrates, began research in this area and became one of the most active employees of the zootomy laboratory. During his student years, he studied the structure and development of the lungs in reptiles. In 1905, he published in German his first scientific work on the development of the lungs in snakes, and then began his research on the development of limbs in amphibians, which he successfully continued after graduation from the university. A gold medal was awarded to student I.I. In 1905, as a student, he served as an assistant professor at the Higher Women's Courses. In 1908, Ivan Ivanovich was elected a supernumerary laboratory assistant at the Department of Zoology, and on November 11, 1910, he was approved as a full-time laboratory assistant at the zootomy laboratory. A year and a half later, he was transferred to the position of a full-time laboratory assistant, and later a senior assistant at the Institute of Comparative Anatomy of Moscow University. For 5 years, from 1913 to 1918, Schmalhausen worked as a Privatdozent at Moscow University.

Studies on the morphology of unpaired fins and the development of paired limbs of terrestrial vertebrates, which Schmalhausen began to carry out back in Kyiv, and later continued in Moscow, gave him material first for a dissertation for a master's degree "Unpaired fins of fish and their phylogenetic development", and then a doctoral dissertation "The development of the limbs of amphibians and their significance in the question of the origin of the limbs of terrestrial vertebrates", which he defended at Moscow University.

During the years of work in Kyiv, I. I. Shmalgauzen did a lot for the development of zoology. Already in 1922, he was elected chairman of the Kyiv Society of Naturalists, and a year later he organized and headed the Department of Zoology at Kiev University. During these years, without abandoning comparative anatomical research, Ivan Ivanovich also worked a lot in the field of experimental biology.

In 1925, Schmalhausen organized the Biological Institute within the system of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, which 5 years later was merged with the Zoological Museum and with the research department of zoology of the Institute of Zoology and Biology of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine.

In 1935, I. I. Shmalgauzen was appointed director of the laboratory of experimental zoology and morphology, as well as director of the K. A. Timiryazev Biological Institute. Three years later, he moved to Moscow, where, in addition to working at the institute, he headed the Department of Darwinism at Moscow University.

Since the mid 1930s. Schmalhausen dealt with general biological problems, was involved in the process of creating a synthetic theory of evolution (STE) by scientists from different countries, published two monographs in the late 1930s: "The Organism as a Whole in Individual and Historical Development" (1938) and "Ways and Patterns of the Evolutionary Process" (1939). It was a synthesis of his research in paleontology, morphology and embryology and data from population genetics and ecology.

Schmalhausen, emphasizing the ecological significance of Severtsov's teachings on the main directions of the evolutionary process, significantly expanded their number and showed the dependence on the forms of the struggle for existence, death and natural selection.

Schmalhusen's book Factors of Evolution. The Theory of Stabilizing Selection” (1946), which enriched Darwin’s theory of evolution by introducing the theory of stabilizing selection and studying the mechanisms of both the evolutionary process and individual development as self-regulating systems. In his theory, the scientist formulated a number of genetic and evolutionary concepts: about the mobilization reserve of hereditary variability and the conditions for its opening, about the adaptive norm of a population, about the integrity of the phenotype as a unit of selection action. In the same year, another of his books on evolutionary theory, The Problems of Darwinism, was published.

At the infamous August session of VASKhNIL in 1948, domestic genetics was crushed. Schmalhausen, one of the leading Russian biologists, along with others was accused of sabotage and servility to Western science. As a result, the world-famous scientist was removed from all posts, he was “graciously” given the opportunity to work as a senior researcher at the Zoological Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences, in which he headed the embryology laboratory until the end of his life.

After 1948, the main attention of the scientist switched to the problems of the origin of terrestrial vertebrates. The results of many years of research were presented in the posthumously published monograph "The Origin of Terrestrial Vertebrates" (1964). Schmalhausen proved that vertebrates descend from a single common ancestor - not from one pair of parents, but from a homogeneous group of individuals.

In the mid 1950s. again returned to the evolutionary theory, presenting it from the position of cybernetics (by this he anticipated many provisions of cybernetics). His original ideas in this area were summarized in the posthumous book Cybernetic Problems of Biology (1968) and used in another book, also posthumously published, The Regulation of Shape Formation in Individual Development (1964).

In the last years of his life, he devoted much time to the problems of progressive evolution and the so-called "evolution of evolution." In the abstract of his book “Factors of Progressive Evolution” published in 1972, a complex model of the features of the action of evolutionary factors towards arogenesis, one of the main directions of progress in the evolution of animals, occurs, in which their organizations and functions change, contributing to an increase in the level of vital activity. Schmalhausen left a sketch for a research plan on the topic "the evolution of the factors of evolution and its driving forces." Under the evolution of evolution, he understood the historical restructuring of genetic systems, changes in the intensity of the process of occurrence of mutations and their involvement in the evolutionary process, the new formation of factors such as meiosis (a method of cell division, which results in a decrease in the number of chromosomes in daughter cells; the main link in the formation of germ cells) , diploidy, sexual process, etc.

The great teaching experience of I. I. Schmalhausen helped him to leave a large textbook for universities, "Fundamentals of Comparative Anatomy of Vertebrates", which went through four editions and is one of the best textbooks on comparative anatomy of vertebrates.

The scientist developed the theory of animal growth patterns and the theory of stabilization selection, which eliminates most deviations from the normal organization of a living organism. Among the significant scientific achievements of Schmalhausen, one should point out the theory of holomorphosis developed by him, according to which all developmental processes, individual and specific, should be considered as one whole. His theories were published in The Organism as a Whole in Individual and Historical Development, The Factors of Evolution, and Ways and Patterns of the Evolutionary Process.

Schmalhausen, Ivan Ivanovich

Schmalg a Uzen, Ivan Ivanovich

- owls. geologist, acad. AN Kaz. SSR. Honored activity n. etc. Kaz. SSR. Graduated from the Ural Polytechnic. in-t in Sverdlovsk. Until 1936 he worked in the Urals. geological management, in 1936 -38- in Kazakh. geological...
- Doctor of Philosophy, prof. mathematics price Kharkov | University. and Derptsk...
Big biographical encyclopedia
- one of our outstanding soldiers. engineers. He began his service as a column leader in the retinue of His Grand., After which he participated in the wars with Napoleon and the camps. against the Swedes, and distinguished himself during the siege of Sveaborg. Further...
Big biographical encyclopedia
- - Lieutenant Colonel of the Belarusian Hussars. Father - Estonian landowner Herman Ludwig von Levenshtern, mother - Hedwig Margarita Stahl-von-Golstein. He entered the service as a cadet in the Sumy Hussar ...
Big biographical encyclopedia
- zoologist, academician of the All-Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, director of the All-Ukrainian Research Institute of Zoology and Biology in Kyiv ...
Big biographical encyclopedia
- Corresponding Member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, Ordinary Professor at the University of St. Vladimir...
Big biographical encyclopedia
- Den, Ivan Ivanovich - an outstanding Russian military engineer ...
Biographical Dictionary
- Schmalhausen - Russian botanist. At first he was a senior conservator at the St. Petersburg Botanical Garden, then a professor of botany at Kiev University ...
Biographical Dictionary
- Ivan Ivanovich, biologist, theorist of evolutionary doctrine, academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR ...
Russian encyclopedia
- Russian botanist. At first he was a senior conservative in St. Petersburg. botanical garden, then a professor of botany at Kiev University ...
Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron
- I Schmalhausen Ivan Ivanovich, Soviet biologist, zoologist, theorist of evolutionary theory, academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, Honored Scientist of the Ukrainian SSR. Son of I. F. a. Graduated from Kyiv University...
- Russian botanist, corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Father of I. I. Schmalhausen. Graduated from Petersburg University. Professor at Kyiv University. The main works on paleobotany and floristry ...
Great Soviet Encyclopedia
- Russian biologist, theorist of evolutionary doctrine, Academician of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Son of I.F. Schmalhausen ...
- Russian botanist, one of the founders of paleobotany in Russia, corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Works on Modern Flora Cf. and Yuzh. Russia...
Big encyclopedic dictionary
- Characters of "The Tale of how Ivan Ivanovich quarreled with Ivan Nikiforovich" by N.V. Gogol. Allegorically: about former friends who quarreled over an insignificant reason ...
Dictionary of winged words and expressions
- Book. Iron. or Contempt. About people who have been in a petty quarrel for a long time. BMS 1998, 223. /i> The names of the main characters of N.V. Gogol's "The Tale of How Ivan Ivanovich Quarreled with Ivan Nikiforovich"
Big dictionary of Russian sayings

"Schmalhausen, Ivan Ivanovich" in books

KONEVSKY Ivan Ivanovich

From the book Silver Age. Portrait Gallery of Cultural Heroes of the Turn of the 19th–20th Centuries. Volume 2. K-R author Fokin Pavel Evgenievich

KONEVSKY Ivan Ivanovich fam. Oreus; September 19 (October 1), 1877 - July 8 (21), 1901 Poet, critic. Collection of poems and meditative prose "Dreams and Thoughts" (St. Petersburg, 1900), "Poems and Prose. Posthumous collected works” (M., 1904, with an article by V. Bryusov). “He was an extremely charming comrade. Honest, responsive

FUNDUCLEY IVAN IVANOVICH

From the book 50 famous eccentrics author Sklyarenko Valentina Markovna

FUNDUCLEY IVAN IVANOVICH (born in 1804 - died in 1880) For thirteen years in a row, Ivan Ivanovich performed the difficult duties of the Kyiv civil governor. The people of Kiev elected their eccentric pet an honorary member of the Imperial University named after St. Vladimir

Ivan Ivanovich Oktyabrev

From the book History of Russian chanson author Kravchinsky Maxim Eduardovich

Ivan Ivanovich Oktyabrev Victorious euphoria, as you know, was quickly replaced by a long-term "cold war". After World War II, a fairly large number of our citizens turned up in the West who did not want to return to the "communist paradise". On the contrary, they all wanted

Korotkov Ivan Ivanovich

From the book The Most Closed People. From Lenin to Gorbachev: Encyclopedia of Biographies author Zenkovich Nikolai Alexandrovich

KOROTKOV Ivan Ivanovich (04/26/1885 - 11/14/1949). Candidate member of the Organizing Bureau of the Central Committee of the RCP(b) from 09/25/1923 to 05/23/1924. Member of the Central Committee of the RCP(b) in 1922 - 1924. Member of the Central Control Commission of the RCP (b) - VKP (b) in 1924 - 1934. Member of the CPC under the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks in 1934 - 1939. Member of the CPSU since 1905. Born in the village of Tursino, Vladimir province. From the peasant

Ivan Ivanovich

From the book Gone Beyond the Horizon author Kuznetsova Raisa Kharitonovna

Ivan Ivanovich I didn’t want to become a dacha owner again, but seeing how hard Vanya was going through the sidelong glances of the owners of rented dachas, I realized that there was no other way. Zinaida Semyonovna Markina, one of the founders of the dacha cooperative

IVAN IVANOVICH - THE THIRD KING "IVAN THE TERRIBLE"

From the book The Spiral of Time, or The Future That Has Already Been author Khodakovsky Nikolay Ivanovich

IVAN IVANOVICH, THE MINOR - THE THIRD TSAR "IVAN THE TERRIBLE" Ruled in 1563-1572. During this period, the Zakharyins-Romanovs came to power. Terror begins, the oprichnina is introduced. According to the new chronology, after the death of Tsarevich Dmitry in 1563, Ivan's second son, Ivan, became king

7.6. IVAN V IVANOVICH

From the book Reconstruction of World History [text only] author Nosovsky Gleb Vladimirovich

7.6. IVAN V IVANOVICH IVAN V IVANOVICH 1563-1572. In the Western European chronicles, he was reflected as Habsburg = Novgorod "FERDINAND I" 1558-1564 on. See fig. 7.21 and fig. 7.22. After the tragic death of the teenage tsar DMITRY IVANOVICH, his younger brother IVAN V IVANOVICH takes the throne.

Ivan U Ivanovich

From the author's book

Ivan U Ivanovich Ivan V Ivanovich 1563-1572. In the Western chronicles it was reflected as Habsburg = Novgorod "Ferdinand I" 1558-1564 on. After the tragic death of the tsar - a teenager Dmitry Ivanovich, his younger brother, a teenager Ivan V Ivanovich, takes the throne. With his reign

Fedor Ivanovich ― Ivan Ivanovich Young

author

Fyodor Ivanovich? Ivan Ivanovich Molodoy 1557 Ivan IV's son Fedor is born 1458 Ivan III's son Ivan is born 99 1584 Fedor becomes Grand Duke of Moscow 1485 Ivan becomes Grand Duke of Tver 99 1598 Fedor's death 1490 Ivan's death 108 Ivan Ivanovich died on March 7, and Fedor

Ivan IV ― Ivan Ivanovich the Young

From the book Scaliger's Matrix author Lopatin Vyacheslav Alekseevich

Ivan IV? Ivan Ivanovich Young 1530 Birth of Ivan IV 1458 Birth of Ivan Ivanovich 72 1534 Ivan IV becomes Grand Duke of Moscow 1471 Ivan becomes co-ruler of his father, Grand Duke Ivan III of Moscow 63 1553 Ivan IV falls ill and is dying 1490 Death of Ivan

Ivan Ivanovich

From the book Liberation of Vienna: a chronicle novel author Korolchenko Anatoly Filippovich

Ivan Ivanovich An inveterate paratrooper was also the chief of staff of the regiment, Major Lisov. Once, during a demonstration of a documentary film about the famous mass airdrop, he said: - Carefully observe that bomber. - It was a four-engine "TB-3", on

From the book Electrical enrichment methods. A true story about virtual amoebas, modern innovative entrepreneurship and other nonsense like love and sm author Cherkashin Pavel Alexandrovich

Ivan Ivanovich Sanchez is not used to morning calls to his new Indonesian number. In Moscow, no one knew him, and in Gleb's office everyone understood very well that Sanchez, who works mainly at night, does not wake up before noon. Therefore, the hysterical trill could not

SHMALHAUSEN, IVAN IVANOVICH(1884-1963) - biologist, theorist, carried out a new evolutionary synthesis, widely involving ecology and biocenology, academician (1935), student of A.N. Severtsov; working in the field of evolutionary morphology of animals, created the theory of growth, the theory of stabilizing selection and the concept of the integrity of the organism in individual development, the author of a major work (1935).

Born 11 (23) April 1884 in Kyiv. The father of I.I.Shmalgauzen was a professor of botany at Kyiv University. He managed to awaken in his youngest son an interest in wildlife. After graduating from the gymnasium, Schmalhausen chose the natural department of the Physics and Mathematics Faculty of the University. One of the university teachers who had a decisive influence on the choice of Schmalhausen's scientific interests was the founder of the direction of evolutionary morphology of animals, professor-zoologist Alexei Severtsov. While still a university student, Schmalhausen became interested in the comparative anatomy of vertebrates. In 1905 he published his first scientific work in German on the development of the lungs in snakes. For the work performed during 1905-1906 Summary of information on the development of the limbs of vertebrates student Schmalhausen was awarded a gold medal.

In 1907 he graduated from the university in the department of zoology, continued to work at the university as an employee of the zootomy laboratory of the department of zoology and the department of zoology of the Kyiv Polytechnic Institute.

In 1912 he moved to Moscow. At Moscow University, he went from laboratory assistant at the Institute of Comparative Anatomy at the University (1912) to Doctor of the Department of Zoology (1916).

In 1918–1921, he was a professor at the Voronezh People's Institute and the Voronezh Agricultural Institute, and was elected an extraordinary professor at the Department of Zoology at the Yuryev (now Tartu) University (1918). His most important work during these years was the preparation of a fundamental textbook Fundamentals of Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy, the first edition of which was published in 1923.

He returned to Kyiv in 1922. He took the department of embryology and general biology of the Kyiv Higher Institute of Public Education (later - Kyiv State University, 1921-1937); Professor, Senior Researcher of the Physics and Mathematics Department of the All-Ukrainian Academy of Sciences (VUAN, 1921); organizer and first director of the Institute of Zoology and Biology of the All-Russian Academy of Sciences (1930–1941, since 1939 - the Institute of Zoology of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, now the Institute named after Academician I.I. Shmalgauzen of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine). Contemporaries say that the employees of the modest laboratory, from which the current Institute of Zoology developed, felt like members of the academician's family, since the laboratory was located in 1930 practically at his home.

In 1937 Schmalhausen moved to Moscow. He worked as director of the laboratory of experimental zoology of the Institute of General Biology. K.A. Timiryazev Academy of Sciences of the USSR (later the Institute of Evolutionary Morphology named after A.N. Severtsov). In 1939 he was elected head of the Department of Darwinism at Moscow University.

Teaching a general course in the theory of evolution and scientific work were the main tasks of the Department of Darwinism in the pre-war period. During the leadership of the department, Schmalhausen published his generalizing works in the field of the theory of evolution, which have not lost their significance at the present time. The theory of evolution of ontogenetic correlations has been presented in a number of articles and in the book , withstood three editions (the last - in 1982). The theory of stabilizing selection was formulated in the book Factors of evolution(stabilizing selection theory). The first edition of the book appeared in 1946. Problems of Darwinism- the most complete generalizing work on the theory of evolution in domestic and world literature.

Dealing with the evolution of animals, he paid much attention to genetics. He was one of a group of Soviet biologists who spoke openly at the August session of the All-Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences in 1948 against T.D. Lysenko. As a result, he was branded as a supporter of "Mendelism-Morganism", and remained unemployed for several subsequent years. Only high authority in the scientific world saved him from a more serious punishment for defending "bourgeois pseudoscience", as genetics was then positioned. In 1951, he was invited by Academician E.N. Pavlovsky to the post of senior researcher, and then head of the laboratory of embryology created for him at the Zoological Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences (now the Laboratory of Evolutionary Morphology named after Academician I.I. Shmalgauzen of the Institute for Ecology and Evolution Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences).

Honorary member of the German Academy of Naturalists "Leopoldina" (Halle, East Germany, 1958), the German Academy of Sciences (1960), the Academy of Zoology in Agra (India, 1962).

Awarded with a medal. C. Darwin (Academy of Sciences "Leopoldina", GDR, 1958), Gold Medal. I.I. Mechnikova (AN USSR, 1963).

In connection with the 50th anniversary of the founding, the Institute of Zoology of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR was named after its organizer, Academician I.I.Shmalgauzen (1981). The Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences established a prize named after him (1995).

Author of more than 150 scientific papers on evolutionary morphology, experimental zoology, the study of growth patterns, the problem of correlations, animal phylogeny and evolutionary problems. Among the main scientific works: The organism as a whole in individual and historical development(1st ed. 1938); Ways and patterns of the evolutionary process(1st ed. 1940); Factors of evolution: the theory of stabilizing selection(1st ed. 1946); Problems of Darwinism(manual for universities, 1st ed. 1946); Cybernetic questions of biology (1968).