The sentence uses a means of expression. Means of language expressiveness. The main thing is not to overdo it

Our language is an integral and logically correct system. Its smallest unit is the sound, the smallest meaningful unit is the morpheme. Words are made up of morphemes, which are considered the main language unit. They can be considered from the point of view of their sound, as well as from the point of view of structure, as or as members of a sentence.

Each of these linguistic units corresponds to a certain linguistic layer, tier. A sound is a unit of phonetics, a morpheme is a unit of morphemics, a word is a unit of vocabulary, parts of speech are units of morphology, and sentences are units of syntax. Morphology and syntax together make up grammar.

At the level of vocabulary, tropes are distinguished - special turns of speech, giving it special expressiveness. Similar means at the level of syntax are figures of speech. As you can see, everything in the language system is interconnected and interdependent.

Lexical means

Let us dwell on the most striking language means. Let's start with the lexical level of the language, which - we recall - is based on words and their lexical meanings.

Synonyms

Synonyms are words of the same part of speech that are close in their lexical meanings. For example, beautiful - lovely.

Some words or combinations of words acquire a close meaning only in a certain context, in a certain language environment. This contextual synonyms.

Consider the sentence: Day was august, sultry, painfully boring" . Words august , sultry, painfully boring are not synonyms. However, in this context, when describing a summer day, they acquire a similar meaning, acting as contextual synonyms.

Antonyms

Antonyms are words of one part of speech with the opposite lexical meaning: high - low, high - low, giant - dwarf.

Like synonyms, antonyms can be contextual, that is, to acquire the opposite meaning in a certain context. Words wolf And sheep, for example, out of context are not antonyms. However, in the play by A.N. Ostrovsky "Wolves and Sheep" two types of people are depicted - people-"predators" ("wolves") and their victims ("sheep"). It turns out that in the title of the work the words wolves And sheep, acquiring the opposite meaning, become contextual antonyms.

Dialectisms

Dialectisms are words that are used only in certain localities. For example, in the southern regions of Russia beet has a different name beetroot. In some areas, the wolf is called a biryuk. Veksha(squirrel), hut(house), towel(towel) - all these are dialectisms. In literary works, dialectisms are used most often to create local color.

Neologisms

Neologisms are new words that have recently come into the language: smartphone, browser, multimedia and so on.

obsolete words

In linguistics, words that have gone out of active use are considered obsolete. Obsolete words are divided into two groups - archaisms and historicisms.

Archaisms- These are obsolete names of objects that exist to this day. Other names, for example, used to have eyes and a mouth. They were named accordingly. eyes And mouth.

historicisms- words that have fallen into disuse due to the disappearance of the concepts and phenomena they designate. Oprichnina, corvee, boyar, chain mail- there are no objects and phenomena called by such words in modern life, which means that these are historic words.

Phraseologisms

Phraseologisms are adjoining lexical linguistic means - stable combinations of words reproduced equally by all native speakers. Like snow fell on your head, play spillikins, neither fish nor meat, work carelessly, turn up your nose, turn your head ... What kind of phraseological units are not in the Russian language and what aspects of life they do not characterize!

trails

Tropes are turns of speech based on a game with the meaning of a word and giving speech a special expressiveness. Consider the most popular trails.

Metaphor

Metaphor - the transfer of properties from one object to another on the basis of any similarity, the use of a word in a figurative sense. Metaphor is sometimes called a hidden comparison - and for good reason. Consider examples.

Cheeks are burning. The word is used figuratively are burning. Cheeks seem to burn - that's what a hidden comparison is like.

Sunset bonfire. The word is used figuratively bonfire. The sunset is compared to a fire, but it is compared hiddenly. This is a metaphor.

Expanded metaphor

With the help of a metaphor, a detailed image is often created - in this case, not one word, but several, acts in a figurative sense. Such a metaphor is called expanded.

Here is an example, the lines of Vladimir Soloukhin:

“The Earth is a cosmic body, and we are astronauts making a very long flight around the Sun, together with the Sun through the infinite Universe.”

The first metaphor Earth is a cosmic body- gives birth to the second - we, people are astronauts.

As a result, a whole detailed image is created - astronauts make a long flight around the sun on the ship-Earth.

Epithet

Epithet– colorful artistic definition. Of course, epithets are most often adjectives. Moreover, adjectives are colorful, emotionally evaluative. For example, in the phrase golden ring word golden is not an epithet, this is a common definition that characterizes the material from which the ring is made. But in the phrase golden hair, golden soul - golden, golden- epithets.

However, other cases are also possible. Sometimes a noun acts as an epithet. For example, frost-voivode. Governor in this case, the application is, that is, a kind of definition, which means that it may well be an epithet.

Often epithets are emotional, colorful adverbs, for example, funny in the phrase merrily walks.

Permanent epithets

Permanent epithets are found in folklore, oral folk art. Remember: in folk songs, fairy tales, epics, the good fellow is always kind, the girl is red, the wolf is gray, and the earth is damp. All these are constant epithets.

Comparison

Assimilation of one object or phenomenon to another. Most often it is expressed by comparative turns with unions as, as, exactly, as if or comparative clauses. But there are other forms of comparison. For example, the comparative degree of an adjective and an adverb, or the so-called instrumental comparison. Consider examples.

Time flies, like a bird(comparative turnover).

Brother is older than me(comparative turnover).

I younger brother(comparative degree of the adjective young).

meanders snake. (creative comparisons).

personification

Endowing inanimate objects or phenomena with the properties and qualities of living things: the sun is laughing, spring has come.

Metonymy

Metonymy is the replacement of one concept by another on the basis of contiguity. What does it mean? Surely in geometry lessons you studied adjacent angles - angles that have one common side. Concepts can also be related, for example, school and students.

Consider examples:

School went out on Saturday.

Kiss plate ate.

The essence of metonymy in the first example is that instead of the word students the word is used shko la. In the second example, we use the word plate instead of the name of what is on the plate ( soup, porridge or something similar), that is, we use metonymy.

Synecdoche

Synecdoche is similar to metonymy and is considered a variation of it. This trope also consists in replacement - but in a replacement necessarily quantitative. Most often, the plural is replaced by the singular and vice versa.

Consider examples of synecdoche.

"From here we will threaten to the Swede… ”- thinks Tsar Peter in A.S. Pushkin’s poem “The Bronze Horseman”. Of course, I didn't mean just one. Swede, A Swedes- that is, the singular is used instead of the plural.

And here is a line from Pushkin's "Eugene Onegin": “We all look at the Napoleons”. It is known that the French emperor Napoleon Bonaparte was alone. The poet uses synecdoche - he uses the plural instead of the singular.

Hyperbola

Hyperbole is an extreme exaggeration. "In a hundred and forty suns the sunset burned", - writes V. Mayakovsky. And Gogolevsky had trousers "as wide as the Black Sea."

Litotes

Litota is a trope, the opposite of hyperbole, an overstatement: a boy with a finger, a man with a fingernail.

Irony

Irony is called hidden mockery. At the same time, we put into our words a meaning that is directly opposite to the true one. "From off, smart, you wander your head", - such a question in Krylov's fable is addressed to the Donkey, which is considered the embodiment of stupidity.

paraphrase

We have already considered paths based on the replacement of concepts. At metonymy one word is replaced by another according to the adjacency of concepts, with synecdoche the singular is replaced by the plural or vice versa.

Paraphrase is also a substitution - a word is replaced by several words, a whole descriptive phrase. For example, instead of the word "animals" we say or write "our smaller brothers." Instead of the word "lion" - the king of beasts.

Syntactic means

Syntactic means are such linguistic means that are associated with a sentence or phrase. Syntactic means are sometimes called grammatical, since syntax, along with morphology, is part of grammar. Let's dwell on some syntactic means.

Homogeneous members of a sentence

These are sentence members that answer the same question, refer to one word, are one member of the sentence, and, in addition, are pronounced with a special enumeration intonation.

grew in the garden roses, chamomile,bells . — This sentence is complicated by homogeneous subjects.

Introductory words

These are words that more often express an attitude to what is being reported, indicate the source of the message or the way the thought is framed. Let's analyze the examples.

Fortunately, snow.

Unfortunately, snow.

Maybe, snow.

According to a friend, snow.

So, snow.

The above sentences convey the same information. (snow), but it is expressed with different feelings (fortunately, unfortunately) with uncertainty (maybe), indicating the source of the message (according to a friend) and way of thinking (So).

Dialogue

A conversation between two or more people. Let us recall, as an example, a dialogue from a poem by Korney Chukovsky:

— Who is speaking?
- Elephant.
- Where?
- From a camel...

Question-answer form of presentation

This is the construction of the text in the form of questions and answers to them. "What's wrong with a piercing gaze?" - the author asks at the same time. And he answers himself: “And everything is bad!”

Separate members of the sentence

Secondary members of a sentence, which are distinguished by commas (or dashes) in writing, and by pauses in speech.

The pilot talks about his adventures, smiling at the audience (a sentence with a separate circumstance, expressed by a participial turnover).

The children went out into the field illuminated by the sun (a sentence with a separate circumstance, expressed by participial turnover).

Without a brother his first listener and admirer, he would hardly have achieved such results.(offer with a separate common application).

Nobody, except for her sister didn't know about it(offer with a separate addition).

I will come early at six o'clock in the morning (a sentence with a separate clarifying circumstance of time).

Figures of speech

At the level of syntax, special constructions are distinguished that give expressiveness to speech. They are called figures of speech, as well as stylistic figures. These are antithesis, gradation, inversion, parcellation, anaphora, epiphora, rhetorical question, rhetorical appeal, etc. Consider some of the stylistic figures.

Antithesis

In Russian, antithesis is called opposition. As an example of it, we can cite the proverb: “Learning is light, and ignorance is darkness.”

Inversion

Inversion is reverse word order. As you know, each of the members of the proposal has its "legitimate" place, its position. Thus, the subject must come before the predicate, and the definition must come before the word being defined. Certain positions are assigned to the circumstance and addition. When the order of words in a sentence is violated, we can talk about inversion.

Using inversion, writers and poets achieve the desired sound of the phrase. Remember the poem "Sail". Without the inversion, his first lines would sound like this: "A lonely sail turns white in the blue mist of the sea". The poet used inversion and the lines sounded amazing:

White sail lonely

In the mist of the blue sea...

gradation

Gradation - the arrangement of words (as a rule, which are homogeneous members, in ascending or descending order of their meanings). Consider examples: "This optical illusion, hallucination, mirage« (a hallucination is more than an optical illusion, and a mirage is more than an optical illusion). The gradation is both ascending and descending.

Parceling

Sometimes, to enhance expressiveness, the boundaries of the sentence are deliberately violated, that is, parceling is used. It consists in fragmenting the phrase, in which incomplete sentences are formed (that is, such constructions, the meaning of which is not clear out of context). An example of parceling can be considered a newspaper headline: “The process has started. Back" ("The process went back" - this is how the phrase looked before crushing).

Means of speech expressiveness- this is one of the most important factors due to which the Russian language is famous for its richness and beauty, which has been glorified more than once in poetry and immortal works of Russian literary classics. To this day, Russian is one of the most difficult languages ​​to learn. This is facilitated by a huge number of expressive means that are present in our language, making it rich and multifaceted. To date, there is no clear classification of means of expression, but still two conditional types can be distinguished: stylistic figures and tropes.

Stylistic figures- these are speech turns that the author uses in order to achieve maximum expressiveness, which means that it is better to convey the necessary information or meaning to the reader or listener, and also to give the text an emotional and artistic coloring. Stylistic figures include such expressive means as antithesis, parallelism, anaphora, gradation, inversion, epiphora and others.

trails- these are speech turns or words that are used by the author in an indirect, allegorical sense. These means of artistic expression- an integral part of any work of art. Tropes include metaphors, hyperbolas, litotes, synecdoches, metonymies, etc.

The most common means of expression.

As we have already said, there are a very large number of means of lexical expressiveness in the Russian language, so in this article we will consider those that are most often found not only in literary works, but also in the everyday life of each of us.

1. Hyperbola(Greek hyperbole - exaggeration) - this is a type of path, the basis of which is exaggeration. Through the use of hyperbole, meaning is enhanced and the desired impression is made on the listener, interlocutor or reader. For example: sea ​​of ​​tears; Ocean Love.
2. Metaphor(Greek metaphora - transfer) - one of the most important means of speech expressiveness. This trope is characterized by the transfer of the characteristics of one object, creature or phenomenon to another. This trope is similar to a comparison, but the words "as if", "as if", "like" are omitted, but everyone understands that they are implied: tarnished reputation; glowing eyes; seething emotions.
3. Epithet(Greek epitheton - application) is a definition that gives the most ordinary things, objects and phenomena an artistic color. Examples of epithets: golden summer; flowing hair; wavy fog.

   IMPORTANT. Not every adjective is an epithet. If the adjective indicates the clear characteristics of the noun and does not carry any artistic load, then it is not an epithet: green grass; wet asphalt; bright sun.

4. Antithesis(Greek antithesis - opposition, contradiction) - another means of expression that is used to enhance the drama and is characterized by a sharp opposition of phenomena or concepts. Very often the antithesis can be found in verses: “You are rich, I am very poor; you are a prose writer, I am a poet ... ”(A.S. Pushkin).
5. Comparison- a stylistic figure, the name of which speaks for itself: when compared, one object is compared with another. There are several ways in which comparison can be represented:

   - noun ("... storm haze the sky covers…”).

   A speech turnover in which there are unions “as if”, “as if”, “like”, “like” (The skin of her hands was rough, like the sole of a boot).

   - subordinate clause (Night fell on the city and in a matter of seconds everything was quiet, as if there was not that liveliness in the squares and streets just an hour ago).

6. Phraseologisms- a means of lexical expressiveness of speech, which, unlike others, cannot be used by the author individually, since this is, first of all, a stable phrase or phrase that is characteristic only of the Russian language ( neither fish nor fowl; fool around; how the cat cried).
7. personification- this is a trope that is characterized by endowing inanimate objects and phenomena with human properties (And the forest came to life - the trees spoke, the wind sang in the tops of the fir trees).

In addition to the above, there are the following means of expression, which we will consider in the next article:

• Allegory
• Anaphora
• gradation
• Inversion
• Alliteration
• Assonance
• Lexical repetition
• Irony
• Metonymy
• Oxymoron
• polyunion
• Litotes
• Sarcasm
• Ellipsis
• Epiphora etc.

The Russian language is one of the richest, most beautiful and complex. Last but not least, the presence of a large number of means of verbal expression makes it so.

In this article, we will analyze what a language tool is and what types it comes in. Consider examples of use from fiction and everyday speech.

Language means in Russian - what is it?

The description of the most ordinary object can be made beautiful and unusual by using language

Words and expressions that give expressiveness to the text are conditionally divided into three groups: phonetic, lexical (they are also tropes) and stylistic figures.

To answer the question of what a language tool is, let's get to know them better.

Lexical means of expression

Tropes are linguistic means in the Russian language, which are used by the author in a figurative, allegorical sense. Widely used in works of art.

Paths serve to create visual, auditory, olfactory images. They help to create a certain atmosphere, to produce the desired effect on the reader.

Lexical means of expression are based on implicit or explicit comparison. It may be based on external resemblance, personal associations of the author, or the desire to describe the object in a certain way.

Basic language tools: trails

We are confronted with trails from the school bench. Let's take a look at the most common ones:

1. The epithet is the most famous and common trope. Often found in poetry. An epithet is a colorful, expressive definition that is based on a hidden comparison. Emphasizes the features of the described object, its most expressive features. Examples: "ruddy dawn", "light character", "golden hands", "silver voice".
2. Comparison is a word or expression based on the comparison of one object with another. Most often it is drawn up in the form of a comparative turnover. You can find out by using the unions characteristic of this technique: as if, as if, as if, as, exactly, what. Consider examples: “transparent as dew”, “white as snow”, “straight as a reed”.
3. Metaphor is a means of expression based on hidden comparison. But, unlike it, it is not formalized by unions. A metaphor is built relying on the similarity of two objects of speech. For example: "onions of churches", "whisper of grass", "tears of heaven".
4. Synonyms are words that are close in meaning but differ in spelling. In addition to classical synonyms, there are contextual ones. They take on a specific meaning within a particular text. Let's get acquainted with examples: "jump - jump", "look - see".
5. Antonyms are words that have exactly the opposite meaning to each other. Like synonyms, they are contextual. Example: “white - black”, “shout - whisper”, “calm - excitement”.
6. Personification is the transfer of signs, characteristics of an animate object to an inanimate object. For example: “the willow shook its branches”, “the sun smiled brightly”, “the rain pounded on the roofs”, “the radio chirped in the kitchen”.

Are there other paths?

There are a lot of means of lexical expressiveness in the Russian language. In addition to the group familiar to everyone, there are those that are unknown to many, but also widely used:

1. Metonymy is the substitution of one word for another that has a similar or the same meaning. Let's get acquainted with examples: "hey, blue jacket (appeal to a person in a blue jacket)", "the whole class opposed (meaning all the students in the class)".
2. Synecdoche is the transfer of comparison from part to whole, and vice versa. Example: “it was heard how the Frenchman rejoiced (the author speaks of the French army)”, “the insect flew in”, “there were a hundred heads in the herd”.
3. Allegory is an expressive comparison of ideas or concepts using an artistic image. Most often found in fairy tales, fables and parables. For example, the fox symbolizes cunning, the hare - cowardice, the wolf - anger.
4. Hyperbole is deliberate exaggeration. Serves to give the text more expressiveness. Emphasizes a certain quality of an object, person or phenomenon. Let's get acquainted with examples: "words destroy hope", "his deed is the highest evil", "he became more beautiful forty times."
5. Litota is a special understatement of real facts. For example: “it was thinner than a reed”, “it was no higher than a thimble”.
6. Paraphrase is the replacement of a word or expression with a synonymous combination. Used to avoid lexical repetitions in one or adjacent sentences. Example: "the fox is a cunning cheat", "the text is the brainchild of the author."

Stylistic figures

Stylistic figures are linguistic means in the Russian language that give speech a certain imagery and expressiveness. Change the emotional coloring of its meanings.

Widely used in poetry and prose since the time of ancient poets. However, modern and obsolete interpretations of the term differ.

In ancient Greece, it was believed that stylistic figures are linguistic means of language, which in their form differ significantly from everyday speech. Now it is believed that figures of speech are an integral part of the spoken language.

What are stylistic figures?

Stylistics offers a lot of its own means:

1. Lexical repetitions (anaphora, epiphora, compositional junction) are expressive language means that include the repetition of any part of a sentence at the beginning, end, or at the junction with the next. For example: “That was a great sound. It was the best voice I've heard in years."
2. Antithesis - one or more sentences built on the basis of opposition. For example, consider the phrase: "I drag myself in the dust - and soar in the sky."
3. Gradation is the use of synonyms in a sentence, arranged according to the degree of increase or decrease of a feature. Example: "The sparkles on the Christmas tree shone, burned, shone."
4. Oxymoron - the inclusion in the phrase of words that contradict each other in meaning, cannot be used in one composition. The most striking and famous example of this stylistic figure is Dead Souls.
5. Inversion is a change in the classical order of words in a sentence. For example, not "he ran", but "he ran".
6. Parceling is the division of a single sentence into several parts. For example: “Nicholas is opposite. Looks without blinking.
7. Polyunion - the use of unions to connect homogeneous members of the proposal. It is used for greater speech expressiveness. Example: "It was a strange and wonderful and beautiful and mysterious day."
8. Unionlessness - the connection of homogeneous members in the proposal is carried out without unions. For example: "He rushed about, shouted, cried, moaned."

Phonetic means of expression

Phonetic expressive means are the smallest group. They include the repetition of certain sounds in order to create picturesque artistic images.

Most often this technique is used in poetry. The authors use the repetition of sounds when they want to convey the sound of thunder, the rustle of leaves or other natural phenomena.

Also, phonetic means help to give poetry a certain character. By using some combinations of sounds, the text can be made more rigid, or vice versa - softer.

What are the phonetic means?

1. Alliteration is the repetition of the same consonants in the text, creating the image necessary for the author. For example: "I dreamed of catching the departing shadows, the departing shadows of the fading day."
2. Assonance is the repetition of certain vowel sounds in order to create a vivid artistic image. For example: "Do I wander along the noisy streets, do I enter a crowded temple."
3. Onomatopoeia is the use of phonetic combinations that convey a certain clatter of hooves, the sound of waves, the rustle of leaves.

The use of speech means of expression

Linguistic means in the Russian language were widely used and continue to be used in literary works, whether it be prose or poetry.

Excellent mastery of stylistic figures is demonstrated by the writers of the golden age. Due to the masterful use of expressive means, their works are colorful, figurative, and pleasing to the ear. No wonder they are considered a national treasure of Russia.

We encounter linguistic means not only in fiction, but also in everyday life. Almost every person uses comparisons, metaphors, epithets in his speech. Without realizing it, we make our language beautiful and rich.

Means of speech expressiveness- these are speech turns, the main function of which is to give the language beauty and expressiveness, versatility and emotionality.
Phonetic (sound), lexical (associated with the word), syntactic (associated with the phrase and sentence) means are distinguished.
Phonetic means of expression
1. Alliteration- repetition in the text of consonant or identical consonant sounds.
For example: G O R od g R abil, g R fuck, g R abastal.
2. Assonance- repetition of vowels. For example:
M e lo, m e lo to sun e th e mle
Sun e limits.
St e cha gore e la on the table e,
St e cha burned ... (B. Pasternak)

3. Onomatopoeia- Reproduction of natural sound, imitation of sound. For example:
How do they wear drops of news about the ride,
And all through the night everyone clatters and rides,
Knocking a horseshoe on one nail
Here, then there, then in that entrance, then in this one.

Lexical means of expression (tropes)
1. Epithet- A figurative definition characterizing a property, quality, concept, phenomenon
For example: golden grove, cheerful wind
2. Comparison- Comparison of two objects, concepts or states that have a common feature.
For example: And the birches stand like big candles.
3. Metaphor- figurative meaning of the word based on similarity.
For example: The chintz of the sky is blue.
4. Personification- the transfer of human properties to inanimate objects.
For example: Sleeping bird cherry in a white cape.
5. Metonymy- replacement of one word by another based on the adjacency of two concepts.
For example: I ate three bowls.
6. Synecdoche- replacement of the plural by the singular, use of the whole instead of the part (and vice versa).
For example: Swede, Russian stabs, cuts, cuts...

7. Allegory- allegory; the image of a particular concept in artistic images (in fairy tales, fables, proverbs, epics).
For example: Fox- an allegory of cunning, hare- cowardice
8. Hyperbole- exaggeration.
For example: I haven't seen you in two hundred years.
9. Litota- an understatement.
For example: Wait 5 seconds.
10. Paraphrase- paraphrase, a descriptive phrase containing an assessment.
For example: King of beasts (lion).
11. Pun- a play on words, a humorous use of polysemy of words or homonymy.
For example:
Sitting in a taxi, DAKSA asked:
"What is the TAX for the fare?"
And the driver: "Money from TAX
We don't take it at all. That's SO-S!"
12. Oxymoron- a combination of opposite words.
For example: ringing silence, hot snow
13. Phraseologisms- stable combinations of words.
For example: bury talent in the ground.
14. Irony- subtle mockery, use in a sense opposite to the direct one.
For example: Have you been singing? This is the case: so come on, dance.
Syntactic means of expression (stylistic figures)
1. Inversion- violation of the direct word order
For example: We have been waiting for you for a long time.
2. Ellipsis- omission of any member of the sentence, more often the predicate.
For example: We sat down - in ashes, hailstones - in dust, In swords - sickles and plows.
3. Default- interrupted statement, giving the opportunity to speculate, reflect.
For example: I suffered... I wanted an answer... I didn't wait... I left...
4. Interrogative sentence- syntactic organization of speech, which creates a manner of conversation.
For example: How to earn a million?
5. Rhetorical question- a question that contains a statement.
For example: Who can't catch up with him?

6. Rhetorical appeal- highlighting important semantic positions.
For example: O Sea! How I missed you!
7. Syntactic parallelism- similar, parallel construction of phrases, lines.
For example: To be able to ask for forgiveness is a sign of strength. To be able to forgive is an indicator of nobility.
8. Gradation- the location of synonyms according to the degree of increase or weakening of the sign.
For example: Silence covered, leaned, engulfed.
9. Antithesis- stylistic figure of contrast, comparison, opposition of opposite concepts.
For example: Long hair, short mind.
10. Anaphora- unanimity.
For example:
Take care of each other,
Kindness warm.
Take care of each other,
Let's not offend.

11. Epiphora- repetition of final words.
For example:
The forest is not the same!
The bush is not the same!
Thrush is not the same!

12. Parceling- division of the proposal into parts.
For example: A man has gone. In a leather jacket. Filthy. Smiled.

It is known that not a single European lexicon can be compared with juiciness: this opinion is expressed by many literary critics who have studied its expressiveness. It has Spanish expansion, Italian emotionality, French tenderness. Language tools used by Russian writers resemble the strokes of an artist.

When experts talk about the expressiveness of a language, they mean not only the figurative means that they study at school, but also an inexhaustible arsenal of literary devices. There is no single classification of figurative and expressive means, however, language means are conditionally divided into groups.

In contact with

Lexical means

Expressive means, working at the lexical language level, are an integral part of a literary work: poetic or written in prose. These are words or phrases used by the author in a figurative or allegorical sense. The most extensive group of lexical means of creating imagery in the Russian language is literary tropes.

Varieties of trails

There are more than two dozen tropes used in the works. Table with examples combined the most used:

№	trails	Explanations for the term	Examples
1	Allegory	Replacing an abstract concept with a concrete image.	"In the hands of Themis", which means: in justice
2		These are paths based on figurative comparison, but without the use of conjunctions (like, as if). Metaphor involves the transfer of the qualities of one object or phenomenon to some other.	Bubbling voice (voice as if murmuring).
3	Metonymy	Substitution of one word for another, based on the adjacency of concepts.	The class was noisy
4	Comparison	What is comparison in literature? Comparison of objects on a similar basis. Comparisons are art media, with enhanced imagery.	Comparison: hot as fire (other examples: turned white like chalk).
5	personification	The transfer of human properties to inanimate objects or phenomena.	Whispered tree leaves
6	Hyperbola	These are tropes based on literary exaggeration that enhances a certain characteristic or quality on which the author focuses the reader's attention.	Sea of ​​work.
7	Litotes	Artistic understatement of the described object or phenomenon.	Man with nails.
8	Synecdoche	Replacing some words with others regarding quantitative relations.	Invite to zander.
9	Occasionalisms	Artistic means formed by the author.	The fruits of education.
10	Irony	A subtle mockery based on an outwardly positive assessment or a serious form of expression.	What do you say, smart guy?
11	Sarcasm	A caustic subtle mockery, the highest form of irony.	The works of Saltykov-Shchedrin are full of sarcasm.
12	paraphrase	Substitution of a word with an expression similar in lexical meaning.	King of beasts
13	Lexical repetition	In order to strengthen the meaning of a particular word, the author repeats it several times.	Lakes all around, deep lakes.

The article contains main trails, known in the literature, which are illustrated by a table with examples.

Sometimes archaisms, dialectisms, professionalisms are referred to as paths, but this is not true. These are means of expression, the scope of which is limited to the depicted era or area of ​​application. They are used to create the color of the era, the place described or the working atmosphere.

Specialized expressive means

- words that were once called objects familiar to us (eyes - eyes). Historicisms mean objects or phenomena (actions) that have gone out of use (caftan, ball).

Both archaisms and historicisms - means of expression, which are readily used by writers and screenwriters who create works on historical topics (examples are "Peter the Great" and "Prince Silver" by A. Tolstoy). Poets often use archaisms to create a sublime style (bosom, right hand, finger).

Neologisms are figurative means of language that have entered our lives relatively recently (gadget). They are often used in a literary text to create an atmosphere of a youth environment and an image of advanced users.

Dialectisms - words or grammatical forms used in colloquial speech of the inhabitants of one locality (kochet - rooster).

Professionalisms are words and expressions that are typical for representatives of a certain profession. For example, a pen for a printer is, first of all, a spare material that was not included in the room, and only then the place where the animals live. Naturally, a writer who tells about the life of a printing hero will not bypass the term.

Jargon is the vocabulary of informal communication used in the colloquial speech of people belonging to a certain circle of communication. For example, linguistic features of the text about the life of students will allow the word "tails" to be used in the sense of "exam debt", and not parts of the body of animals. This word often appears in works about students.

Phraseological turns

Phraseological expressions are lexical language means, whose expressiveness is determined by:

1. Figurative meaning, sometimes with mythological background (Achilles' heel).
2. Everyone belongs to the category of high set expressions (sink into oblivion), or colloquial turns (hang ears). These can be linguistic means that have a positive emotional coloring (golden hands - a load of approving meaning), or with a negative expressive assessment (small fry - a shade of disdain for a person).

Phraseologisms use, to:

• to emphasize the clarity and figurativeness of the text;
• build the necessary stylistic tone (colloquial or elevated), having previously assessed the linguistic features of the text;
• express the author's attitude to the reported information.

The figurative expressiveness of phraseological turns is enhanced due to their transformation from well-known to individually authorial ones: to shine in all Ivanovskaya.

A special group is aphorisms ( idioms). For example, happy hours are not observed.

Aphorisms include works of folk art: proverbs, sayings.

These artistic means are used in literature quite often.

Attention! Phraseologisms as figurative and expressive literary means cannot be used in an official business style.

Syntactic tricks

Syntactic figures of speech are turns used by the author in order to better convey the necessary information or the general meaning of the text, sometimes to give the passage an emotional coloring. Here are some syntactic means expressiveness:

1. Antithesis is a syntactic means of expressiveness based on opposition. "Crime and Punishment". Allows you to emphasize the meaning of one word with the help of another, opposite in meaning.
2. Gradations are expressive means that use synonymous words arranged according to the principle of the rise and fall of a feature or quality in the Russian language. For example, the stars shone, burned, shone. Such a lexical chain highlights the main conceptual meaning of each word - “shine”.
3. oxymoron - right opposite words nearby. For example, the expression "fiery ice" figuratively and vividly creates the contradictory character of the hero.
4. Inversions are syntactic expressive means based on the unusual construction of a sentence. For example, instead of "he sang" it says "he sang". At the beginning of the sentence, the word that the author wants to emphasize is taken out.
5. Parceling is the intentional division of one sentence into several parts. For example, Ivan is nearby. Worth watching. In the second sentence, an action, quality or sign is usually taken out, which takes on the author's emphasis.

Important! These figurative means Representatives of a number of scientific schools refer to stylistic. The reason for the replacement of the term lies in the influence exerted by the expressive means of this group on the style of the text, albeit through syntactic constructions.

Phonetic means

Sound devices in Russian are the smallest group of literary figures of speech. This is a special use of words with the repetition of certain sounds or phonetic groups in order to depict artistic images.

Usually such figurative means of language used by poets in poetry, or writers in lyrical digressions, when describing landscapes. The authors use repetitive sounds to convey thunder or the rustling of leaves.

Alliteration is the repetition of a series of consonants that create sound effects that enhance the imagery of the described phenomenon. For example: "In the silky rustle of snow noise." The pumping of sounds С, Ш and Ш creates the effect of imitation of the whistle of the wind.

Assonance - the repetition of vowel sounds in order to create an expressive artistic image: "March, march - we wave the flag / / We march to the parade." The vowel “a” is repeated to create an emotional fullness of feelings, a unique feeling of universal joy and openness.

Onomatopoeia - the selection of words that combine a certain set of sounds that creates a phonetic effect: the howl of the wind, the rustle of grass and other characteristic natural sounds.

Expressive means in Russian, tropes

Use of words of speech expressiveness

Conclusion

It is the abundance of figurative means expressiveness in Russian makes it truly beautiful, juicy and unique. Therefore, foreign literary critics prefer to study the works of Russian poets and writers in the original.