Presentation for a history lesson “Spiritual life during the period of “stagnation”. Presentation for a history lesson (grade 11) on the topic. Development of a lesson on the history of Russia: “Culture and spiritual climate in the era of “stagnation” Taganka Theater

PLAN Manifestation of economic reform in agriculture Manifestation of economic industry Standard of living of the people Dissident movement - anti-people reform actions protest against

The essence of the conservative course of the new leadership is defined by the word “stabilization,” which became a symbol of the Brezhnev era. But it was not possible to achieve this goal, because the system immediately lost two important incentives for economic development: ü Fear of reprisals with the death of Stalin ü Enthusiasm and romantic faith with the elimination of Khrushchev.

IN SEPTEMBER 1965, AN ECONOMIC REFORM IN AGRICULTURE WAS ANNOUNCEED: Increasing purchase prices for products; Redistribution of national income in favor of agriculture; Development of the social sphere of the village; Result: there were no significant changes in agricultural policy, agricultural production continued to lag, and the state was forced to purchase bread abroad.

IN SEPTEMBER 1965, ECONOMIC REFORM IN industry WAS ANNOUNCEED: Transition from administrative to economic methods of management; Transfer of enterprises to self-financing, expansion of their independence, material incentives for workers depending on the results of their work; Economic management was centralized, 95% of Ukrainian enterprises were again subordinated to Moscow;

PROGRESS OF THE REFORM: At the first stage of the reform, relatively high rates of industrial development were ensured. Economists called 1966-1970 the “golden” five-year period. In Ukraine, fixed production assets and the total volume of industrial production increased by 1.5 times, and national income by 30%. However, in the early 1970s, the rate of increase slowed down, symptoms of the collapse of the reform. appeared

REASONS FOR THE FAILURE OF ECONOMIC REFORM: The reform did not concern the fundamentals of the administrative-command system, was not comprehensive, and did not change the structural and investment policy; The party-state apparatus could not, and did not want, to abandon the usual methods of economic management;

Mismanagement and irresponsibility intensified, corruption, organized crime and the “shadow” economy became increasingly evident. Thus, in 1970-1980. The national economy entered a period of crisis. In Ukraine, the predominance of the fuel and raw materials industries became more and more noticeable. Less than 30% of Ukrainian industry capacity worked for the consumer market (while in developed countries this figure reached 50-60% or more)

LIVING STANDARD OF THE PEOPLE During the 60-80s, there was a certain increase in the well-being of the people and an increase in wages. But this prosperity was relative: in terms of living standards, Ukraine in the 80s. was among the countries occupying 50-60th places in the world. In addition, this welfare was ensured through the sale of national natural resources - oil, gas, coal, timber. There was an acute shortage of industrial and food products, and queues became a shameful sign of people’s lives.

IN THE SOCIO-POLITICAL SPHERE THE FOLLOWING FEATURES STANDED OUT: Strengthening the political monopoly of the CPSU, concentration of all power in its hands, Absence of real bodies of self-government, people's power, Growth of the bureaucratic apparatus, Curtailment of democracy, Violation of civil rights and freedoms, Implementation of repression

As a protest against the anti-people actions of the party-state apparatus, the dissident movement gains strength. In Ukraine, the dissident movement aimed at the free development of Ukrainian culture and language, and ensuring civil rights. The “sixties” became the core of Ukrainian dissidence.

In 1950 -1960 The main manifestation of dissidence was protests and appeals to the country's leaders. Uncensored literature was distributed - “samizdat”, where the works of I. Dzyuba and E. Sverstyuk were published. In 1959, the Ukrainian Workers' and Peasants' Union, led by L. Lukyanenko, arose in Lvov, which demanded the secession of the Ukrainian SSR from the USSR and the creation of an independent socialist Ukraine. Based on a denunciation, the group was arrested, L. Lukyanenko received a 15-year prison sentence. In 1964 -1967 In the Western Ukrainian lands, the underground organization “Ukrainian National Front” operated, which aimed to establish an independent democratic Ukrainian state. In 1970 -1974 In Lvov, samizdat “Ukrainian Bulletin” was published, the chief editor of which was V. Chernovol.

In the dissident movement during 1960 -1972. About a thousand people took part. Despite its small numbers, it was a moral and ideological threat to the Soviet system. In the 1980s. the dissident movement intensified. Thanks to the activities of its representatives, the idea of the need for reforms in all spheres of life, the need to form its own independent Ukrainian state, matured.

Introduction

More
twenty
years
V
Soviet
stories
there was an era of “stagnation”, which in the region
culture was characterized by contradictory
trends.
On the one hand, fruitful
development of all spheres of scientific and artistic
activities.
WITH
another
sides,
intensified
ideological
control of the country's leadership over creativity
writers, poets, artists and composers.

Conditions of cultural life

In the 70s, the division was becoming more and more clearly visible
culture into official and “underground”,
not recognized by the state.
Majority
talented
poets,
writers,
artists, directors found themselves between
official and unofficial culture.
There was pressure to deny access to the viewer,
to the reader.
Publishers stopped accepting manuscripts.
Performances were removed from the repertoire.
The films went on the shelf.
Forced
to go abroad and announced
traitors.

Literature

Literature, like everything else, was divided into
official and "unofficial".
Everything was accompanied by the expulsion of those who did not
wanted
give up
freedom
creativity: I.A. Brodsky, A.A. Galich.
In the 70s A.I. Solzhenitsyn, V.E.
Maksimov,
V.N.
Voinovich,
G.N.
Vladimov, V.P. Aksenov and others left
Soviet Union at different times.

V.S. Grossman

Vasily Semyonovich Grossman - Soviet writer.
V.S. Grossman brought his novel “Life and Fate” to the editorial office
magazine "Znamya", being already a recognized writer, but
the manuscript was not accepted, but after a while it was
seized by KGB officers.
Trying to save the book, he wrote to N.S. Khrushchev.
There was a decision prepared by the referents that the return
manuscript is "out of the question" and that a novel could be
published in the USSR no earlier than 200-300 years later.
Another copy of the novel in the mid-1970s, after the writer’s death,
was exported to the West. The novel was published abroad in
1980, and in the USSR - in 1988, during perestroika.
Over the years he wrote: “Good for you!”, 1967; “Everything Flows...”, Frankfurt, 1970;
"Life and Fate", Lausanne, 1980; “On Jewish Topics”, Tel Aviv,
1985.

A. A. Galich

Alexander Arkadievich Galich - Russian Soviet poet,
screenwriter,
playwright,
author
And
executor
own songs.
Galich was prohibited from giving public concerts.
They didn’t print it and didn’t allow the record to be released.
In essence, it was a ban on any
professional activities and work.
In 1969, the Posev publishing house published a book of his songs.
As a result, in 1971 Galich was expelled from the Union of Writers of the USSR, and in 1972
- from the Union of Cinematographers.
In 1974, Galich was forced to emigrate, and immediately after crossing
border was deprived of Soviet citizenship.
On October 22, 1974, by a decree of Glavlit in agreement with the CPSU Central Committee, all
his previously published works were banned in the USSR.

About books by L.I. Brezhnev

Brezhnev trilogy - memoir books
"Small Earth", "Renaissance" and
"Virgin Land", the author of which was considered
Leonid Brezhnev (actually there were
written by a group of professional
journalists).
For this trilogy, Brezhnev was awarded
April 1980 Lenin Prize for
literature.
Circulation
each
books
made up
15
millions of copies.
The books were brought into the school
literature program.
The trilogy was translated and distributed to
national libraries of 120 countries
peace.

Education

Transition to universal secondary education
completed by 1975.
was
96% of Soviet youth completed or completed the course
high school or special education institutions
(vocational school, technical school).

The acceleration of scientific and technological progress has complicated
school programs, which led to a decrease
interest in classes led to a deterioration in the level of
preparation.
A significant restructuring of the entire
pedagogical system.
Education reform was launched in 1984, but
turned out to be unprepared and was folded.

is increasing
number of students and
higher education
establishments.
Passes in the early 70s
company for
transformation
pedagogical
institutions in
universities (by 1985
– 69 universities).

Overproduction of specialists with higher education with a shortage
skilled workers led to a decline in prestige
higher education (an engineer received a salary lower than a worker)
Many specialists with university diplomas had to work outside of
specialties.
“In the early 70s. XX century People's Teacher of the USSR Viktor Fedorovich

education of schoolchildren. It has become popular in many countries around the world.

“In the early 70s. XX century People's Teacher of the USSR Viktor Fedorovich
Shatalov developed an original innovative training system and
education of schoolchildren. It became popular in many countries
peace.
Viktor Fedorovich Shatalov - innovative teacher,
People's Teacher of the USSR, Honorary Doctor
academy
pedagogical
Sciences
Ukraine,
Honored Teacher of Ukraine.
Author of the training system using
reference signals. In this system, educational
material
presented
V
webralographic form. Uses pedagogy
cooperation, game forms of classes.

The science

Development
Sciences
V
in general
characterized as stagnation.
Not
Maybe
be
Network of scientific institutions and research
centers has expanded significantly.
Research intensification and strengthening
connections between science and production.
Research and production associations were created
(by 1985 - 250 such NGOs).
A new approach to energy development (nuclear
power plants, nuclear icebreaker "Arktika").
Intensive development of oil and gas fields
Western Siberia.

Achievements of Soviet science in the "field of theoretical and
experimental physics (quantum electronics and laser
technique).
Research in various fields of chemistry and biology
(deciphering protein structure, genetic engineering, laser
medicine).
Scientific developments of defense and space technology and
technologies.
Research in economics, sociology, social sciences.
forecasting (large-scale programs have been developed
for development, placement and improvement
national economic complex as a whole).
Historical science (successes in the study of specific
facts and events of the past).
Theoretical developments in the field of economics and sociology
remained only on paper.

A. M. Prokhorov

Alexander Mikhailovich Prokhorov - outstanding
Soviet physicist, one of the founders
the most important direction of modern physics -
quantum electronics, Nobel laureate
in physics in 1964, one of the inventors of laser
technologies.
Prokhorov's scientific works are devoted to radiophysics,
accelerator physics, radio spectroscopy, quantum
electronics and its applications, nonlinear optics.
Created by:
laser based on two-quantum transitions (1963),
range of continuous wave and infrared lasers
(1966),
powerful gas-dynamic laser (1966).

HELL. Sakharov

Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov - Soviet physicist, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences and
politician, dissident and human rights activist, one of the founders
Soviet hydrogen bomb. Winner of the Nobel Peace Prize for 1975.
On January 22, 1980 he was arrested and with his second wife Elena Bonner without
court exiled to the city of Gorky. Was deprived of: the title of three times Hero
Socialist Labor, the title of laureate of Stalin (1953) and Lenin
(1956) prizes, as well as the Order of Lenin (the title of member of the USSR Academy of Sciences was not deprived
was).
In the late 1970s and early 1980s, there was a campaign against Sakharov in the Soviet press. IN
The Great Soviet Encyclopedia (published in 1975) and then in those published until 1986.
encyclopedic reference books, the article about Sakharov ended with the phrase “In recent years, he has moved away
from scientific activity."
In Gorky, Sakharov went on three long hunger strikes. In 1981, he, together with Elena Bonner,
stands the first, seventeen days, - for the right to travel to her husband abroad for L. Alekseeva
(Sakharovs' daughters-in-law).
In July 1983, four academicians (Prokhorov, Scriabin, Tikhonov, Dorodnitsyn) signed a letter
“When they lose honor and conscience” with the condemnation of A.D. Sakharov.
In May 1984, the second (26 days) - in protest against the criminal prosecution of E. Bonner. IN
April-October 1985 - third (178 days) - for the right of E. Bonner to travel abroad for surgery
on the heart. Sakharov was forcibly hospitalized and force-fed.
During the entire time of A. Sakharov’s Gorky exile, a campaign was going on in many countries around the world against him.
protection. For example, the square is a five-minute walk from the White House, where the Soviet
embassy in Washington, was renamed “Sakharov Square”. In various world
The Sakharov Hearings have been held regularly in capitals since 1975.
He was released from Gorky exile only with the beginning of Perestroika, at the end of 1986.

Painting

Painting management policy also
was under construction
on
balance sheet
unmotivated
prohibitions
And
temporary relief.
Long years of dominance of socialist realism in
paintings led to the degradation of taste
and mass artistic culture
Soviet spectator, unable
perceive nothing more complex,
how
literal
copying
reality.

Alexander Shilov, a portrait artist who worked in the “photographic” manner, gained enormous popularity in the late 70s.

realism", author of portraits in
traditional romantic style.
Participated in exhibitions of young
artists, and in 1976 became
member of the Union of Artists of the USSR.

"Bulldozer Exhibition"

On September 15, 1974 in Moscow there was
destroyed
exhibition
24th
avant-garde artists
(“bulldozer exhibition”), but
already at the end of September, seeing that
this event caused a great deal
public
resonance,
official authorities allow
hold another exhibition in
which involves the same
the most avant-garde.
Paintings damaged during overclocking
"Bulldozer Exhibition" September 15
1974
Oscar Rabin.
Passport. 1972. Oil on canvas.

I.S. Glazunov

Ilya Sergeevich Glazunov - People's Artist of the USSR, academician
Russian Academy of Arts, State Prize laureate
Russian Federation, founder and rector of the Russian Academy
painting, sculpture and architecture by I. S. Glazunov, full holder of the order
"For services to the Fatherland", monarchist.
In 1977, an exhibition containing the painting "Roads of War"
(image of the retreating Soviet army), was closed
as "contrary to Soviet ideology". The picture was
destroyed. Subsequently, the artist wrote the author's
copy.
Since 1978 he taught at the Moscow Art Institute.
In 1981 - organized and became the director of the All-Union
Museum of Decorative, Applied and Folk Art in
Moscow.
Since 1987 - Rector of the All-Russian Academy of Painting,
sculpture and architecture.
Glazunov I. S. Ivan the Terrible. 1974

Ilya Glazunov

“Roads of War” I. Glazunov

Theater

The constant struggle for the ideals of true humanism,
theater led freedom of thought and creativity. Creators
fought for the life of almost every performance.
Such as
"Man from outside" at the Theater on Malaya Bronnaya,
"The Dawns Here Are Quiet", "Hamlet" at the Taganka Theatre,
"Solo for a clock with a fight", "Meeting of the Party Committee",
“Feedback” at the Moscow Art Theater.
In such conditions, many creative individuals went into
themselves, into private life, others emigrated. numbers and
facts.
Forced emigration awaited many. From the country
The director of the Taganka Theater Yu had to leave.
Lyubimov.

Yu. Lyubimov

Yuri Petrovich Lyubimov is a Russian director, actor and
teacher, founder of the Moscow Drama and Comedy Theater
Taganka, Honored Artist of the RSFSR (1954), People's Artist
Artist of Russia (1992), winner of the second Stalin Prize
degrees (1952).
In 1980, Vladimir Vysotsky died, and the theater staged a performance dedicated to
in memory of the artist - the authorities ban him.
Yuri Lyubimov's next production (1982) - Pushkin's - was also banned
"Boris Godunov".
In 1983, rehearsals of Bulgakov’s “Theatrical Novel” were prohibited.
When in March 1984 Lyubimov went to England to stage “Crime and
punishment”, he was treacherously, behind his back, relieved of his position
artistic director. And then they deprived me of Soviet citizenship.
After being deprived of citizenship, he worked in Israel, America, England,
Scandinavia, France, Italy, Germany. Staged both dramatic and
opera performances. Including La Scala and the Grand Opera.
The West gladly received Yu. Lyubimov - Israel and Hungary provided
he has his own citizenship, he has access to the famous and best theater scenes,
his productions are very successful.

Theater on Taganka

“And the dawns here are quiet”, Taganka Theater
January 6, 1971
Hamlet, Taganka Theater
July 17, 1980

Sculpture

Ernst
Iosifovich
Unknown
-
Soviet
And
American sculptor.
Sculptural compositions of the Unknown expressing him
expression and powerful plasticity were often composed of
parts of the human body.
Monument at the grave of N.S.
Ernst Neizvestny.
2005 year.
He preferred to create sculptures in bronze, but he
monumental sculptures were created from concrete.
For his work, Neizvestny was criticized by
the then head of the Soviet Union N.S. Khrushchev, who in
1962 at an exhibition called his sculptures
"degenerate art":
- Why are you so
distorting the faces of Soviet people? N. S. Khrushchev.
In 1976, Unknown emigrated to Zurich, Switzerland, and in
1977 Moves to New York, USA.
Later, Ernst Neizvestny created a tombstone for N.S.
Khrushchev (Novodevichy Cemetery).
The most significant works of the Unknown
Soviet period are - "Prometheus" in the All-Union
pioneer camp Artek (1966) and “Lotus Flower”,
built near the Aswan Dam in Egypt (1971).

E. I. Neizvestny

"Lotus flower", Egypt
1971
Memorial "Memory to the miners of Kuzbass"
work by Ernst Neizvestny

M.M. Shemyakin

Mikhail Mikhailovich Shemyakin - Russian artist and
sculptor. Laureate of the State Prize of the Russian Federation,
People's Artist of Kabardino-Balkaria, honorary
Doctor of the University of San Francisco.
From 1959 to 1971 he worked as a laboratory assistant,
performing various types of work.
He is subjected to forced treatment in a clinic for
mentally ill for three years and discharged to
a state of moderate severity, when huge
efforts
medical
specialists
was
albeit conditionally, legal capacity has been restored.
In 1971 he was expelled from the USSR.
First he lived in Paris, then in the USA, since 1981 - in
New York, since 1991 - in Claverack, New
York), New York State. Move back to the USSR
Mikhail Shemyakin was allowed only in 1989,
after 18 years of exile. Mikhail Mikhailovich created
Institute of Philosophy and Psychology of Creativity in
city of Hudson (USA).

E.V. Vuchetich

Evgeniy Viktorovich Vuchetich - outstanding Soviet
sculptor-monumentalist, People's Artist of the USSR
(1959), full member (1953) and vice-president
(1970)
Academy
arts
THE USSR,
Hero
Socialist Labor (1967), five-time laureate
Stalin Prize (1946-1950), Lenin Prize laureate
prizes (1970).
“Motherland”, Mamayev Kurgan, Volgograd 1963-1967.
According to the project and under the direct supervision of Vuchetich, it was built
memorial ensemble to the heroes of the Battle of Stalingrad on Mamayev Kurgan in
Volgograd (together with architects Ya. B. Belopolsky and others,
Lenin Prize (1970))
One of the most famous and
majestic monuments of monumental art dedicated to the theme
heroic feat of the Soviet people in the fight against the fascist occupiers
- composition “Motherland” (author Vuchetich). It is sincere and
the call of the Fatherland was soulfully embodied in the face of a screaming woman with
sword in hand, defend your native land from the enemy invader.

“The Motherland is calling!”‎

“The Motherland is calling!”
The sculpture is made from pre-made blocks
prestressed reinforced concrete - 5500 tons of concrete
and 2400 tons of metal structures (without
the foundation on which it stands).
The total height of the monument is 85-87 meters. He
rests on a concrete foundation 16 deep
meters. The height of the female figure is 52 meters
(weight - over 8 thousand tons).
The statue stands on a slab only 2 meters high,
which rests on the main foundation. This
the foundation is 16 meters high, but it is almost
not visible - most of it is hidden under
earth. The statue stands freely on the slab, like
chess piece on the board.
Thickness
reinforced concrete
walls
sculptures
is only 25-30 centimeters. Inside
frame rigidity is maintained at ninety
nine metal cables, constantly
under tension.
The sword was 33 meters long and weighed 14 tons.
originally made of stainless steel,
covered with titanium sheets.

Monument to V.I. Lenin, Volga-Don Canal, Volgograd1970-1973
gg.
The decision to build a monument to V.
I. Lenin was received on the eve
celebrating the 100th anniversary of
birth of a leader.
In 1952, on a high pedestal was
a giant monument to I.V.
Stalin. The project was headed by Evgeniy
Vuchetich (architect Polyakov L.M.).
This monument stood for several years,
towering 40 meters above
level of the Volga. 26-meter Stalin,
dressed in the usual jacket and
crowned with a cap, thoughtfully
looked into the distance of the river, tightly squeezing in
hands rolled up party
newspaper.
IN
progress
process
de-Stalinization initiated by the XX Congress
CPSU in 1956, the monument was
monument
removed, to I.V. Stalin
But
remained
empty
Volga-Donskoy
channel, Volgograd
reinforced concrete
pedestal.

Movie

Undoubtedly, cinema has experienced a difficult
situation. A large number of similar
tapes filled the cinema screens.
Search
such
talented
Soviet
directors like A. Tarkovsky, A. German, not
became the achievement of a wide film audience.
Filmed
literary
classic.
Comedies are being filmed.
Epochal
phenomenon
V
development
domestic
cinema
came
monumental painting by S. F. Bondarchuk
"War and Peace" (1965–1967).
.

Mosfilm: L. I. Gaidai “Operation Y” 1965, “Caucasian
captive" 1967, "The Diamond Arm" 1969, "Ivan
Vasilyevich changes profession" 1973, E. A. Ryazanov "Irony
fate or Enjoy Your Bath" 1976, "Moscow no tears
believes”, V. Ya. Motyl “White Sun of the Desert” and more.
Lenfilm: Vladimir Fetin “Striped Flight” 1961
Odessa Film Studio: S. S. Govorukhin “Change the meeting place
it is forbidden".
Film Studio. A. Dovzhenko: “They were known only by sight” - Anton
Timonishin.
Riga Film Studio: “Chickens are counted in the fall” - Olgert
Dunkers.
However, not all films reached mass release. Long
many works remained unknown to the general public for a time
A. A. Tarkovsky, for example his famous “Stalker”.

L. I. Gaidai

Leonid Iovich Gaidai - Soviet film director, screenwriter,
actor. People's Artist of the RSFSR (1974), People's Artist of the USSR (1989).
In 1956, Leonid Gaidai’s first film was released - “Long
way”, based on the stories of V. G. Korolenko.
Later
two
of the year
on
screens
came out
scandalous
satirical picture “The Groom from the Other World” almost
cost the director his career. After this, Gaidai goes to
shade for three years.
1961 was marked by two short films "Dog"
Barbos and unusual cross" and "Moonshiners". These works
bring fame to the director, as well as the legendary
trio Coward - Dunce - Experienced.
The following year, Gaidai will film three short stories by O. Henry,
as part of his film "Business People".
After taking a break of three years, Leonid released three films,
each of which becomes popularly loved
a work of Soviet cinematography. Comedy film
“Operation “Y” and other adventures of Shurik”, consisting
of three film novels, takes first place at the box office 1965
of the year. Like Gaidai’s next two films - “Caucasian
captive, or Shurik's New Adventures" (1966) and
"The Diamond Arm" (1968) which repeat this
achievement.

Detective
comedy
Leonid
Gaidai
-
"The Diamond Arm" was recognized in 1995
the best domestic comedy in 100 years,
winning a TV viewer poll.
In the 1970s he was involved in film adaptations of classic
works (I. Ilf and E. Petrov, M. Bulgakov, M.
Zoshchenko, N. Gogol). In 1981-1988. Gaidai
shot stories for the film magazine “Wick”.
Several new films have also been released.
Gaidai.
Leonid Gaidai’s last work was the film “On
Deribasovskaya good weather, or Brighton Beach
It's Raining Again" released in 1992.
“The Diamond Arm” 1968

E. A. Ryazanov

Eldar Aleksandrovich Ryazanov is a famous Russian and
Soviet film director, screenwriter, actor, poet. People's
artist of the USSR.
In 1955, Eldar Aleksandrovich became a director at the Mosfilm film studio and
directed the first Soviet wide-screen film revue “Voices of Spring”.
In 1956, “Carnival Night” was a huge success.
Comedies: the lyrical “Girl without an Address” (1957), the heroic “Hussar
ballad" (1962), everyday "Give me a book of complaints" (1964), eccentric
“The Incredible Adventures of Italians in Russia” (1974).
One of the best paintings by E. A. Ryazanov is “Beware of the Car” (1966).
The widest audience was attracted by E. A. Ryazanov: “Zigzag
good luck" (1968), "Old Robbers" (1972), "The Irony of Fate, or With Ease
ferry!" (1975), “Office Romance” (1977), “Station for Two” (1982).
The films “Garage” (1979) and
“Say a word for the poor hussar” (1980), “Cruel Romance” (1984, based on
based on the play by A. N. Ostrovsky “Dowry”), which caused a stormy
controversy in the press, and much more.
Eldar Aleksandrovich created his own cinema, gave him a “start in life”
to many young actors, I discovered famous actors in a new way.

In 1979-1985, Eldar Aleksandrovich as
host of the TV show “Kinopanorama”. In addition, they
More than 200 original television programs have been created.
Television series became the most popular
"Eight Girls, One Me", "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs"
“Conversations in the fresh air”, “Let's talk about
oddities of love", "Parisian secrets of Eldar
Ryazanov."
In 1984, Eldar Aleksandrovich was awarded the title
People's Artist of the USSR, he twice became
laureate of State Prizes: USSR (1977 - for
film "The Irony of Fate, or Enjoy Your Bath!") and the RSFSR
named after the Vasiliev brothers (1979 - for the film
“Office Romance”), awarded two orders
Red Banner of Labor, Order of Friendship of Peoples
and “For services to the Fatherland” II and III degrees, as well as
French Order of Arts and Letters. He -
winner of international film festivals in Madrid,
Delhi, Brussels, etc.
In 2010 he became one of the founders of the Cinema Union. Lives
and works in Moscow.

A.A. Tarkovsky

Andrei Arsenievich Tarkovsky -
Soviet film director and screenwriter.
outstanding
Already with his first work – “Ivan’s Childhood” (1962) – he declared
like a philosopher in a movie. His films were not entertainment.
Spectators watched his paintings “Andrei Rublev” several times
(1966/1971), “Solaris” (1972), “Mirror” (1974), “Stalker”
(1979), “Nostalgia” (1983), “Sacrifice” (1986). Every
viewing opened up the possibility of a new reading of time and
person. A.A.
Takovsky always wanted to make a film as if it were about
contemporary. He wanted to make the viewer philosophize along
with myself. It was difficult work, not accessible to everyone, but
attractive and interesting in the creative process,
the opportunity to “travel within yourself through cinema.”
With A.A. Tarkovsky, a line of "philosophical cinema" began, which
translated cinema from the farcical spectacle of the mass
culture into the category of high art.
Monument to Andrey
Tarkovsky at the entrance
at VGIK.

Music

An important role in cultural life
played the Soviet man
pop music. Western rock culture
leaked from under the "iron
curtain", influencing
to Soviet popular
music.
A sign
time
became
the emergence of “via” - vocal-instrumental ensembles (“Gems”, “Pesnyary”,
“Time Machine”, etc.).
The whole country knew the names
popular singers Sofia
Rotaru, Valery Leontiev and others.

The seventies - the time of ascent in the firmament of the national
stage of the new bright star Alla Pugacheva.

Significant impact on development
classical music rendered
creativity of G. V. Sviridov (suite
"Time forward!" 1965
musical illustration for the poem
A. S. Pushkin “Blizzard” 1974).
Master of musical compositions
large forms, including ballets,
operas, symphonies became R. K. Shchedrin
(ballet “Anna Karenina” 1972,
opera "Dead Souls" 1977).
Synthesis of classical traditions and
innovative compositional
techniques distinguished by a creative manner
A. G. Schnittke.

Peculiar musical and
became poetic “samizdat”
tape recordings. Wide
distribution of tape recorders
predetermined the widespread
dissemination of bard songs (V.
Vysotsky, B. Okudzhava, Yu. Vizbor), in
to which they saw an alternative
official culture.

Music and V.S. Vysotsky

Vladi Mir Semyonovich Vysotsky - Soviet poet, bard, actor, author
several prose works, laureate of the State
USSR Prize (1987, posthumously).
Vysotsky played about thirty roles in films (including
“The meeting place cannot be changed”, “Little tragedies”,
“Short Encounters”, “Master of the Taiga”, “Vertical”). Participant
permanent troupe of the Taganka Drama and Comedy Theater.
One of its brightest manifestations was the song creativity of V.S. Vysotsky. To him
managed to say in songs about those aspects of life that were not usually discussed
speak openly.
Democratic creativity, breadth of life, deep understanding
national spirit, its historical roots made Vysotsky truly
people's poet and artist, although he did not receive any titles or awards during his lifetime
was getting.
The phenomenon of Vysotsky’s popularity is a characteristic feature of his time. Only
Some of his songs during the author’s lifetime were heard from the screen, on the radio, or were
recorded on records.
Main
same
source
distribution
his
works
were
tape recordings.
Vysotsky’s audience was the whole country. Others not officially recognized
the authors, as a rule, were not so widely known.

Conclusion

Situation
disintegration
Soviet
culture
continued.
The discrepancy between culture and power has become more noticeable.
Official culture was losing its position. Unofficial
the field of culture expanded and strengthened its position beyond
account of the underground, dissidence, (dissent based
on disagreement with the dominant ideology existing
system, dissidence usually combines cultural and
political content).
The cultural “two worlds” manifested itself most clearly in culture
everyday life. In particular, public
The so-called “hipsters” began to be ostracized,
those. young people who strived extraordinarily
dress
And
like this
way
emphasize
my
individuality.

Period of Stagnation in the USSR

Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev

A statesman and party leader who held senior leadership positions in the USSR for 18 years: from 1964 until his death in 1982. Veteran of the Great Patriotic War. Participant in the Victory Parade on Red Square on June 24, 1945 (commissar of the combined regiment of the 4th Ukrainian Front).

Alexey Nikolaevich Kosygin

Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1964-1980). Twice Hero of Socialist Labor (1964, 1974).

The Eighth Five-Year Plan (1966-1970), which passed under the sign of Kosygin’s economic reforms, became the most successful in Soviet history and was called “golden”. Over the years of the Five-Year Plan, national income increased by 186% by 1960, production of consumer goods - by 203, retail trade turnover - by 198, wage fund - by 220

"Kosygin reform"

Agricultural reform - March 1965

Industrial reform - September 1965

Reducing the plan for mandatory grain supplies.
Establishing a firm product procurement plan for 5 years.
Increasing purchase prices for products.
Introduction of price surcharges for above-plan products.
Introduction of guaranteed wages for collective farmers instead of workdays.
Cancellation of restrictions on personal subsidiary plots: the size of a personal plot has been increased, it is allowed to keep an unlimited number of livestock, and to trade freely on the market.
Strengthening the material and technical base of agriculture: with funding, the implementation of programs for comprehensive mechanization, chemicalization and soil reclamation began. The Bolshoi Stavropol, North Crimean, and Karakum canals are being put into operation.

The transition from the territorial principle of management to the sectoral one: the liquidation of economic councils and the restoration of ministries,
Improving planning: reducing planned indicators, assessing economic activity not by gross, but by sold products,
increasing the independence of enterprises - introducing elements of cost accounting.
Strengthening economic incentives for teams (creating economic incentive funds from part of the profits: a material incentive fund, a fund for social, cultural and everyday development, a self-financing production fund) and increasing the material interest of workers.
Measures to strengthen the activity of labor collectives.

Funds allocated for development were used extremely ineffectively. Giant complexes were built, expensive equipment was purchased, but there were no results. The introduction of wages led to the development of dependency sentiment in the village.

During the years of the Eighth Five-Year Plan, when the reform was implemented, production volume increased by one and a half times. About 1,900 industrial enterprises were built: Volzhsky Automobile Plant in Togliatti.

Reasons for reform failures

The inviolability of the foundations of the economic basis of the Soviet system - the socialist mode of production, based on the command-administrative system, directive principles of decision-making.
Lack of support from the party leadership.
A decline in the working-age population, depletion of the traditional raw material base, wear and tear of equipment, and an increase in military spending.
The Soviet model of directive economics has exhausted itself. has exhausted itself.
The priority of ideology over economics.
Contradictions between directive departmental management and elements of enterprise independence

Food program

a state program adopted in the USSR at the May (1982) Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee to overcome the commodity shortage in the country. The program adopted for the period 1982-1990 was supposed to intensify production in agriculture and improve the situation with food supplies in the USSR.

According to official statistics, the goals set by the program for key indicators were achieved. Thus, the goals were achieved to increase consumption of: meat and meat products per capita from 58 kg in 1980 to 70 kg in 1990; milk and dairy products - from 314 to 330 kg; eggs - from 239 to 265 pcs.
reputable economists question the results, citing the economic crisis that occurred before the collapse of the USSR

Baikal - Amur Mainline (BAM) - April 1974 was announced All-Union shock Komsomol construction ,

the section of the highway was put into permanent operation

Dissidents in the USSR

Dissidents sent open letters to central newspapers and the Central Committee of the CPSU, produced and distributed samizdat, organized demonstrations (for example, the “Glasnost Rally”, Demonstration of August 25, 1968), trying to bring to the public information about the real state of affairs in the country.
The beginning of a broad dissident movement is associated with the trial of Daniel and Sinyavsky (1965), as well as with entry of Warsaw Pact troops into Czechoslovakia (1968).

From lat. dissidens - « dissenter" - citizens of the USSR who openly expressed their political views, which differed significantly from the prevailing one in society and the state communist ideology and practice, for which many of the dissidents were persecuted by the authorities.

A special place within the dissident world was occupied by the human rights movement, which united disparate manifestations of independent civil and cultural initiative into a single whole.
Since the late 1960s, the meaning of the activities or tactics of many dissidents who adhered to different ideologies became the struggle for human rights in the USSR - first of all, for the right to freedom of speech, freedom of conscience, freedom of emigration, for the release of political prisoners (“prisoners of conscience”).
In 1978, the Free Interprofessional Association of Workers (SMOT) was created - an independent trade union. In 1982, the “Group for Establishing Confidence between the USSR and the USA” emerged.
Larisa Bogoraz , Elena Bonner , Natan Sharansk yay, Vadim Delone And Natalya Gorbanevsk and I.

Poster 1968

Final Act Meetings on Security and Cooperation in Europe (1975)

Declaration of Helsinki _ August 1, 1975:
in international legal areas: consolidation of the political and territorial results of the Second World War, outlining the principles of relations between participating states, including the principle of the inviolability of borders; territorial integrity of states; non-interference in the internal affairs of foreign states;
in the military-political field : coordination of confidence-building measures in the military field (pre-notification of military exercises and major troop movements, presence of observers at military exercises); peaceful settlement of disputes;
in the economic field : coordination of the main areas of cooperation in the field of economics, science, technology and environmental protection;
in the humanitarian field : harmonization of commitments on issues of human rights and fundamental freedoms, including freedom of movement, contacts, information, culture and education, the right to work, the right to education and health care; equality and the right of peoples to control their own destinies and determine their internal and external political status.

Brezhnev Doctrine

Brezhnev Doctrine(English) Brezhnev Doctrine or Doctrine of Limited Sovereignty) - a description of the foreign policy of the USSR of the 60s - 80s formulated by Western politicians and public figures. The doctrine was that the USSR could interfere in the internal affairs of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, which were part of the socialist bloc, in order to ensure the stability of the political course, built on the basis of real socialism and aimed at close cooperation with the USSR.

The concept appeared after Leonid Brezhnev's speech at the fifth congress of the Polish United Workers' Party (PUWP) in 1968
Example: events in Czechoslovakia in 1968.

Prague Spring

Operation Danube - introduction of ATS troops to Czechoslovakia, which began on August 21, 1968.
As a result of Operation Danube, Czechoslovakia remained a member of the Eastern European socialist bloc.

Yuri Vladimirovich Andropov

Soviet statesman and political figure, General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee (1982 - 1984), Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR ( 1983 - 1984), Chairman of the State Security Committee of the USSR (1967 - 1982).

Konstantin Ustinovich Chernenko

General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee from February 13, 1984, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR from April 11, 1984 (deputy - since 1966). Member of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) since 1931, the Central Committee of the CPSU - since 1971 (candidate with 1966 -th), member of the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee since 1978 (candidate since 1977).

The presentation is intended for Russian history lessons in 11th grade. The presentation covers the following topics: conservation of the political regime under L.I. Brezhnev, the course towards establishing military parity between the USSR and the USA and its consequences for the USSR, the fight against dissent, the dissident movement. Briefly talks about political figures: L.I. Brezhnev, Yu.V. Andropov, K.U. Chernenko.

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USSR in 1964 – 1984

Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev (Life: 1906 – 1982) 1976 - Marshal of the USSR 1964 - First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee; 1966 – General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee; 1977–1982 – Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, i.e. head of state.

L.I. Brezhnev “Power fell on Brezhnev like a gift of fate. He gained power so smoothly, as if someone had been trying on Monomakh’s hat for a long time ahead of time on different heads and settled on this one. And it suited him, this hat, so well that he wore it for eighteen years without any fears, cataclysms or conflicts. And the people immediately surrounding him longed for only one thing: for this man to live forever - it was so good for them.” F. Burlatsky

Conservation of the political regime

From stability to stagnation Time from 1964 to 1984 in history is called the “period of developed or mature socialism” or the period of “stagnation”. In 1964, headed by L.I. Brezhnev, the new leadership set a course for stabilizing the situation in the country (conservation of the political regime). The principle of stability meant the rejection of any innovations in the political, economic, ideological and personnel spheres. All previous decisions concerning economic management were canceled (economic councils were dissolved, line ministries were restored).

From stability to stagnation. 1967 - 50 years of October. Brezhnev's speech: The concept of building a “developed socialist society” in the USSR was formulated, which argued that it was impossible to make an immediate leap into communism. Time must pass during which socialism will develop on its own basis.

From stability to stagnation The “creeping rehabilitation” of I.V. has begun. Stalin: in 1965, in celebration of the 20th anniversary of the Victory of the Soviet people in the Great Patriotic War, Brezhnev's report gave a high assessment of Stalin's role in the defeat of fascism. At the same time, the price of victory, repression, and huge losses was hushed up; criticism of the cult of personality was curtailed, the relevant sections were removed from history textbooks; The public rehabilitation of victims of political repression has ceased. In 1966 - a letter from the intelligentsia (P. Kapitsa, K. Paustovsky, I. Smoktunovsky, O. Efremov, G. Tovstonogov and others) protesting in connection with "the emerging partial or indirect rehabilitation of Stalin."

From stability to stagnation The CPSU itself underwent changes: The decision of 1962 on the division of party committees into industrial and agricultural ones was canceled, the territorial-production basis for building the CPSU was restored; In 1966, the former names of the leading bodies of the party were restored, the post of General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU was restored; the principle of mandatory regular turnover (rotation) of party leaders at all levels has been abolished; From a political organization, it finally turned into the most important element of the state structure, in which Soviets and other representative bodies existed as a decorative element.

From stability to stagnation In the new Constitution of the USSR (1977), the monopoly position of the CPSU was enshrined - Article 6 of the Constitution legitimized the role of the party as the leading and guiding force of Soviet society. With Brezhnev coming to power, the ruling nomenklatura gained stability, which was not the case under Khrushchev. Nomenclature privileges have increased: state dachas, special rations, closed shops and studios, personal cars, special housing.

To provide material support for the state apparatus, the system of benefits and privileges was improved. An anecdote from that time: Brezhnev makes a report at the congress: “And in the next five-year plan we will live better.” Pause - no applause. Brezhnev repeats: “And in the next five-year plan we will live better!” Then a question comes from the audience: “What about us?”

The cult of personality of L.I. became more and more inflated. Brezhnev. His special role during the Great Patriotic War was allegedly emphasized, although he was only the head of the political department of the 18th Army. During his time in power, L.I. Brezhnev received more than 200 orders and medals, and was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union 4 times. Laureate of the Lenin Prize for Literature (for the trilogy “Little Land”, “Virgin Land”, “Renaissance”). 1976 - Marshal of the USSR. L.I.Brezhnev

Delegation of Georgian workers in the 18th Army. The head of the political department of the 18th Army L.I. Brezhnev is in the top row, far right.

From stability to stagnation These measures met the expectations of the party and state apparatuses, but they had a negative impact on the development of society: Centralization of power led to its bureaucratization, an increase in the size of the army of officials: from 1965 to 1985. the total number of management personnel was approaching 18 million people, that is, for every 6-7 employees there was 1 manager. The aging of personnel began: in 1965-1984. The composition of the Politburo of the Central Committee remained almost unchanged. In 1980, the average age of members of the Politburo of the Central Committee was 71 years.

Gerontocracy (Greek) – the power of the old (aging of the political elite) The “elders” held their posts for decades, until their death...

Gerontocracy (Greek) – the power of the old (aging of the political elite) “Even very old leaders, very sick ones, did not retire. They had no time for change. To live to the natural end with power and one’s own well-being... During the years of stagnation, “senile egoism” truly flourished in the country’s leadership. Academician Petrovsky (Minister of Health)

From stability to stagnation Locally, in the union republics and regions of the RSFSR, in the absence of a regular change of leaders, a regional elite began to emerge. The regional elite reflected local rather than national interests. In some regions (especially in Central Asia, the Caucasus, and Moscow) there was a direct merging of entire links of the party and state apparatus with the shadow economy and criminal elements.

System of party authorities

Constitution of the USSR - October 7, 1977. Fourth Basic Law for the years of Soviet power, Third Constitution of the USSR

Provisions of the Constitution: The Constitution stated that a developed socialist society was built in the USSR. Article 6 formalized the special leadership position of the CPSU. The rights and freedoms of citizens were proclaimed (to work, free education, medical care, pensions). But in reality, these rights were violated, or remained on paper.

The course towards establishing military parity between the USSR and the USA D.F. Ustinov - Minister of Defense of the USSR (1976 - 1984)

Mid 60's - the country's leadership has set the task of achieving military-strategic parity with the United States. The number and equipment of the armed forces is also increasing (the USSR began to annually produce tanks and armored personnel carriers almost 5 times more than the United States). The share of military spending in the GNP (gross national product) of the USSR in some years reached 30%. Since 1967, intercontinental ballistic missiles have been installed in underground mines. Course towards establishing military parity (equality) between the USSR and the USA

An intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) is a surface-to-surface guided ballistic missile with a range of at least 5,500 km. Missiles of this class, as a rule, are equipped with nuclear warheads and are designed to destroy strategically important objects located at long distances and on remote continents.

Since 1976, medium-range missiles have been installed in Eastern European countries. A powerful air defense (air defense) and missile defense (missile defense) system is being deployed. On the one hand, the country's defense capability is being strengthened, military-strategic parity with the United States has been achieved. On the other hand, the maintenance of a powerful military-industrial complex (military-industrial complex) had a negative impact on the well-being of the population and the economy as a whole. Course towards establishing military parity between the USSR and the USA

The course towards establishing military parity between the USSR and the USA In 1976, the medium-range missile system RSD-10 Pioneer, nicknamed SS-20 in the west, was adopted by the Soviet Army.

The fight against dissent Human rights movement, dissidents

Dissidence Control over culture and public life has increased. The all-powerful body, as under Stalin, was the KGB (State Security Committee). Mid 60's - formation of a movement of dissidents (dissidents). 1965 – the beginning of the dissident movement. Protests in connection with the arrest of writers A. Sinyavsky and Y. Daniel, who were accused of publishing their works, "discrediting the Soviet state and social system" abroad, and sentenced to 7 years (A. Sinyavsky) and 5 years (Yu. Daniel) camps.

Dissidence by Y. Daniel and A. Sinyavsky in the courtroom

Leader of the human rights movement Soviet physicist, academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, one of the creators of the first Soviet hydrogen bomb (1953) carrying out reforms, openness, greater openness of Soviet society. Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov (1921 – 1989)

Leader of the human rights movement Writer, public figure. 1973 - wrote a "Letter to the leaders of the Soviet Union", where he proposed to abandon the Marxist ideology, unfold the "old Russian banner", transfer the efforts of the state from "external tasks to internal ones", etc. The strongest blow to the history and practice of repression in the USSR was dealt by his book The Gulag Archipelago. 1974 – arrested and deported to Germany. 1994 – return to Russia of A.I. Solzhenitsyn. Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn (1918 – 2008)

M. Rostropovich G. Vishnevskaya I. Brodsky A. Tarkovsky M. Shemyakin All the repressive and propaganda power of the state machine was directed against the dissidents. They were accused of criminal offenses, put in psychiatric hospitals, sent to camps and exile, sent abroad.

Yuri Vladimirovich Andropov (1914-1984) 1967 – 1982 - headed the KGB (state security committee). 1982 – 1984 - General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee. Recognized the need to modernize the economic and political system of "real socialism" while maintaining and strengthening the control of the CPSU and the KGB. Under him, a campaign was launched to strengthen labor discipline, the fight against "unearned income", etc. began.

Konstantin Ustinovich Chernenko (1911-1985) Since 1978 - member of the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee. 1984 – 1985 - General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee. Being a sick man, he remained in power for only 13 months. Under him, there was a return to the Brezhnev traditions of rule.