Sentences with different syntactic roles of the infinitive. Syntactic functions of the infinitive. Infinitive as an object
Morphological analysis of the verb
Parsing order
I. Part of speech. General meaning. Initial form (infinitive).
II. Morphological characteristics.
Permanent characteristics: a) type; b) transitivity; c) repayment; d) conjugation.
Non-constant features: a) mood (indicative, imperative, subjunctive); b) time (if any); c) number; d) face (if any); e) gender (if any).
III. Syntactic role.
Verb initial form
Remember: infinitive May be any member of the proposal .
However, determining the syntactic function of the infinitive is often difficult.
In order not to make a mistake in determining the syntactic function of the infinitive, it is necessary to carefully study the theoretical material on this issue.
Infinitive as the main members of a sentence
v Independent infinitive standing at the first place in a sentence and intonationally separated from the predicate, is subject to . He names the action, the characteristics of which are contained in the predicate. Moreover, as a rule, it contains a definable concept about which some kind of judgment is made:
Live - means to work.
Play Hockey is his main hobby.
Create happiness is hard work.
All exaggerate was his passion.
v The infinitive subject can also occupy post position, if the second main term at the beginning of the sentence has explicit evaluative value:
The worst thing about our work is stay in its growth.
His business was patronize younger and take care about elders.
Wasted work - fish without hook and study without a book.
v The presence of one of the main members of the connective THIS indicates that we have a predicate, and infinitive - subject :
This is against our law - commemorate old.
This is the most accessible way to elevate yourself in your eyes - another humiliate .
What happiness is this - respect parents.
v Sometimes, when defining the main terms, the word order is decisive:
Become a sailor - his dream . His dream – become a sailor .
v The subject infinitive, like the predicate infinitive, can include words dependent on it if one verb does not convey the meaning of the statement. This is often found in proverbs and aphorisms:
To steal from a thief - only time to waste .
teach a fool – what to treat the dead .
play a song – it's not a field to yell .
Nothing to do – hard work .
House to lead – don't shake your beard .
Talk about what has been decided - only confuse .
To drink a tea – don't chop wood .
v Difficulty may arise when the infinitive is combined with words in – ABOUT .
Remember:
if the infinitive is at the first place in a sentence, and next comes the word on – ABOUT , in front of us two-part offer with subject - infinitive :
Argue with him useless .
Tell jokes with liberalism dangerous .
Infinitive reversal in second place after the word on - ABOUT , which is a category of state, turns the sentence into the impersonal :
It's no use arguing with him.
It wasn't easy to get there before work that day due to a snowstorm.
It's dangerous to joke with liberalism.
The presence of the category of state in the infinitive of words necessary, necessary, necessary, impossible, possible, etc. says that this is the predicate of impersonal sentences (regardless of word order):
You have here you can get lost .
Ask about it it was impossible .
Need to find another solution.
v Independent infinitive can act as predicate in so-called one-piece infinitives sentences (a type of impersonal constructions):
Not in sight better luck to you!
Raise sail!
Everyone get ready ! Be silent ! Raise no objection commander!
Who be in love ? Who should believe ?
Such constructions are most often of an order nature and are distinguished by the categorical nature of the statement.
v The infinitive is most often used in a compound verb predicate, which has two parts : auxiliary And main. First conveys the grammatical meaning of mood, tense, person, number or gender, second (infinitive) – the main lexical meaning.
An auxiliary verb can have phasic value (start, continuation, end of action ( started getting ready, started arguing, continued talking, stopped nagging ) and is used with the infinitive only imperfect form:
At my sister's began to stick together eyes.
Welcoming host started me treat .
Other meanings – modal: possibilities/impossibility of action ( didn't dare admit it ), ought ( forced to endure, must go ), expressions of will (desirability, determination, readiness) – changed my mind about buying ; subjective-emotional nature ( loved to eat ); assessment of the degree of normality of an action ( used to commanding ).
If there are two verbs (conjugated and infinitive), both are part of the verbal predicate, If actions relate to one person - the subject of the action:
Ranks are given by people, but People may be deceived . (Griboyedov)
If actions are performed different faces, then infinitive is not part of a compound verbal predicate, but acts as a minor member:
Brother asked Pavku come through thick and thin. (N. Ostrovsky)
Strictly b banned I'm a shot at these gentlemen drive up to the capitals. (Griboyedov)
Infinitives as secondary members of a sentence
Ø The infinitive can perform the function inconsistent definitions . In this case he explains nouns with modal meaning possibilities, necessity, desirability, expression of will, etc. :
× noun which? × noun which?
solution refuse fear make a mistake
× noun which? × noun which?
necessity meet wish help .
Less commonly, the infinitive defines abstract nouns with a different meaning: manner argue, pleasure go hunting, thought go, refusal submit and etc.:
× noun
Only hope ( which?) save her son supported her.
× noun
He was driven by desire ( which?) to figure out the truth.
× noun
Grushenka made him promise ( which?) come behind her at twelve o'clock.
Suddenly an opportunity arose which?) quickly leave from this city.
Ø The infinitive is addition , if the conjugated verb has a full lexical meaning, and the actions of the verbs relate to different persons :
I ask you ( about what?) speak on the merits of the matter.
My father taught me ( what?) walk on a boat with a pole.
The king deigned to order ( What?) we take you to him call . (P. Ershov)
In these examples the action verbs are to different people (I beg I , A will speak companion ; learned father , A will go on a boat son ; ordered tsar , A they came to call him subjects ).
ü Cases are much less common when an infinitive object denotes an action the same subject:
Yesterday we agreed ( about what?) go to the dacha.
In a week he learned ( what?) ride on skates.
My sister quickly got used to it ( for what?) care for a sick mother.
Ø The infinitive can also be circumstance of purpose . At the same time he joins only to the verb . Mainly verbs have the ability to carry an infinitive adverbial clause. movement in space ( lay down relax , sat down read , walked walk , ran catching up). If the infinitive refers to a verb of movement, then the subject of the action called the infinitive and the subject of the action called the supporting verb are required match :
Summer and autumn we're traveling for Kama ( for what purpose?) gather mushrooms.
Travelers settled down by the stream ( for what purpose?) rest And feed horses.
Syntactic role of the infinitive
| Sentence member | Examples |
| Subject | Repeat Yes learn - sharpen the mind. Amazing and enjoyable activity lie on your back in the forest and look up. Laugh healthy. |
| Predicate(or part of the predicate) | To you not in sight such battles! Argue I've never been with him could not . Lisa decided definitely her accompany . Hurry with answer No need . |
| Addition | Having crossed himself, He important sat down and the prisoner let down ordered. General Muravyov ordered fire . |
| Inconsistent definition | He had a treasured dream – move over to the capital. |
| Circumstance goals | To Pavlysh school drive study from different countries. |
To be continued…
Related information.
A.V. Kuklina
SYNTACTIC FUNCTIONS OF THE INFINITIVE
AS A COMPOSITION OF VERB INFINITIVE CONSTRUCTIONS
The article makes an attempt to describe the syntactic functions of the infinitive as part of verbal infinitive constructions in the unity of linear and supralinear aspects.
The question of the syntactic functions of words and phrases in a sentence has not lost its significance in the science of language to this day. This is explained, first of all, by the fact that members of a sentence are often interpreted from formal logical positions (members of a sentence are replaced by the logical concepts of subject, predicate, object), morphological positions (members of a sentence are identified with parts of speech), as well as structural ones (members of a sentence are determined by the position occupied them in a sentence) positions. Quite little attention is paid to the grammatical side of the problem: as O.V. rightly notes. Aleksandrov (Dolgova), predominantly the grammatical description of the members of a sentence is limited to the formulation of “questions” to which these members of the sentence answer.
Numerous studies in this area, conducted primarily within the framework of the Moscow State University school under the leadership of O.S. Akhmanova and her followers, convincingly showed that the most promising approach is in which the members of a sentence are interpreted as “the most typical connections of a given syntactic connection and a given content of syntactic relations, as those most regularly reproduced in various (diverse) utterances.” In other words, the members of a sentence can be represented as more or less typical functions performed by words or phrases in constructing a statement.
The fruitfulness of the functional approach was demonstrated using the material of various syntactic structures. Taking as a basis the methodological principle of the unity of syntagmatics and syntax, A.N. Morozova, using the material of attributive phrases, showed that syntactic in-
© Kuklina A.V., 2006
Anna Vladimirovna Kuklina - Department of English Philology, Samara State University.
the interpretation of this phenomenon is ambiguous and depends on a number of colligational and collocation features that influence the prosodic organization of this phenomenon in speech. S. A. Suchkova, who studied substantive prepositional combinations, came to a similar conclusion.
However, the need for a functional description of the member structure of a sentence is not limited to substantive groups. Of particular interest in this regard are verbal constructions, primarily combinations of the personal form of the verb with the infinitive. Verbal infinitive constructions have received a fairly complete description, primarily from the point of view of their structure (A.S. Hornby, Ya.M. Vovshin). The semantic aspect of the implementation of infinitive constructions is not left without attention: most works provide a fairly detailed list of verbs in the personal form, after which the use of an infinitive is obligatory (L.S. Barkhudarov, O.G. Yagodnikova). Regarding the functional load of infinitive constructions in a statement, it should be said that clear criteria that make it possible to distinguish the roles of the infinitive in each specific case do not yet exist.
It is well known that the infinitive in a sentence can act as a component of a sentence member and as an independent member of a sentence. So, I.P. Ivanova and her co-authors talk about the infinitive as an addition in the construction I wanted to tell them before they discover, at the same time L.S. Barkhudarov describes the infinitive in the structurally identical construction He seems to know it as part of a verbal compound predicate. A different approach, based on the rejection of the opposition part of the predicate/object, is proposed by G.G. Pocheptsov. Here, as the scientist believes, we should talk about the so-called complication of the predicate, as a result of which a complex syntactic structure arises and its syntactic status changes. Therefore, infinitive constructions of type I like to sing, where both verbal elements correspond to one subject, should be considered as a complicated member of the sentence.
However, the matter is not limited to the problem of the independence of the infinitive as a member of a sentence. In the interpretation of the infinitive, the “eternal” question of distinguishing between the secondary members of the verb group - objects and adverbs - is quite clearly manifested. V.V. Burlakova analyzes various approaches to the distinction between addition and circumstance (primarily semantic and transformational) and comes to the conclusion that it is fundamentally impossible to find universal objective criteria for their distinction. B.A. Ilyish proposes to talk about “neutralization of differences” in cases where the addition and circumstance cannot be differentiated, calling them “minor members” without specifying the syntactic essence.
All of the above has convincingly shown that it is not possible to resolve the issue of the role of infinitive constructions in a sentence using the methods existing in linguistic science. In our opinion, it is precisely the appeal to the function performed by the infinitive in a statement that will allow us to free ourselves from both the structural and semantic approaches to the delimitation of elements of the verb group.
A.I. Smirnitsky believes that “the function of the infinitive in a sentence... is the further disclosure of the word to which the infinitive refers, that is, the function of explanation, while the specific relationship between the infinitive and the words combined with it are determined by the semantics of these words.” It is on the meaning of the components of infinitive constructions that it depends whether the impersonal form of the verb approaches an object or adverbial. In other words, an explanation (extension) acts as a special member of a sentence that develops the content of the word preceding it. The syntactic connection of the explanation with the control word is characterized by sufficient mobility, approaching in its expression an attributive or completive connection.
The thesis that turning to spoken speech will make it possible to find objective criteria for determining the syntactic role of infinitive constructions was voiced in the doctoral dissertation of A.N. Morozova “Dialectical unity of linear and supralinear series in the dynamics of utterances”. Within the framework of this article, the task is to describe the syntactic functions of infinitive constructions in the light of the interaction of their linear organization (morphosyntactic and lexical-phraseological features) and the supralinear series of utterances (prosodic organization of speech segments).
The material for the experimental phonetic research was audio recordings of works of English fiction of the second half of the twentieth century (J. Fowles “The French Lieutenant’s Woman”, J. Harris “Chocolate”, S. Townsend “Adrian Mole and Weapons of Mass Destruction”), read by professional actors . The total sample size is about 530 speech units, characterized by significant diversity both in morphosyntactic and lexical-phraseological terms.
The structural analysis of the material showed that both the verb in the finite form and the infinitive can have dependent components, the latter being words, phrases and predicative units:
1. personal verb + infinitive + (dependent component):
When I got home to Ashby de la Zouch my parents informed me that they had decided to sell up (ST, p. 27).
I meant to do what was best (FLW, p. 428).
2. verb in personal form + dependent component + infinitive + (dependent component):
She warned me to take care (ST. P. 74).
- "I"ll tell Anouk to remind you," I told them (Choc. P. 37).
As the analysis showed, the most typical construction is “verb in the personal form + infinitive + (dependent component)” (74.5%), while the construction “verb in the personal form + dependent component + infinitive + (dependent component)” is less typical common (25.5%).
It is known that the speech stream is divided into syntagms using prosodic means. The phrasing of a particular speech work depends on its content, as well as the intention of the author, that is, it is determined by the need to convey the meaning of the statement to the listener. First of all, the phrasing of the text is influenced by the syntactic construction of the syntagma. As observations of speech material have shown, the supralinear organization of an utterance can be influenced by the factor of contact or distant location of the infinitive in relation to the verb in the personal form. And although it is impossible to talk about an unambiguous correspondence between the prosodic design of the syntagm and its structural features, it is still possible to identify some patterns:
(1) He Iknew at \once Z where he , wished to ...go|| (FLW. P. 117)
(2) She llooked to .see his reaction|| (FLW. P. 141)
(3) So I preltended to -search the \racks|| (ST. p. 14)
(4) There were \months| \years left in her| and she "wanted to -see A\merica| iNew \York + the iFlorida ...Everglades|| (Choc. P. 45)
(5) My \mother f had in\vited them| to lhave a -cup of \tea|| (ST. P. 72)
(6)And ,then| she turned \fully| to .look at Charles|| (FLW. P. 170)
(7) I sit on the /balcony| to icool Mown|| (ST. P. 150).
(8) It "took longer than -I had "hoped| to ,get to ,Deepcut „ Barracks| due to the imany ciga\rette stops| delmanded by my ..passengers|| (ST.P.50)
In examples (1), (2) (3) and (4), infinitive constructions have a close syntactic connection, as they are characterized by global prosodic expression, as evidenced by the absence of a pause between the verb in the personal form and the infinitive, as well as the prominence of both in the speech stream through even and uneven tones. In examples (5), (6), (7) and (8), the verb in the personal form and the infinitive are in a distant position, and not only the control verb, but also the infinitive have dependent components. This factor affects the phrasing of the speech flow: syntactic connections are weakened, as evidenced by the implementation of pauses. The prosodic monolithic nature of the infinitive construction is destroyed, the syntactic connection between its components weakens, resulting in an infinitive with dependent components.
nentami gains greater independence by functioning as an independent member of the sentence.
In addition to morphosyntactic factors, the prosodic implementation of verbal infinitive constructions is influenced by lexical and phraseological features, that is, the semantics of the verb in its personal form. The literature on this issue contains information about the lexical characteristics of verbs in the personal form that attach an infinitive. Most control verbs have one of the following meanings: the meaning of the modal characteristic of the connection between actions and the subject (can/could, may/might, must, shall, should, to be, to have, ought, dare, need); specific characteristics of the action (to begin, to come, to continue, to get, to go, to leave, to move, to return, to run, to set out, to start, to stay, to stop, to turn); appearance of action (to appear, to seem, to take); expected action (to happen, to prove, to think, to turn out); the subject’s relationship to the action (to bear, to bother, to care, to dread, to hope, to intend, to like, to long, to want, to wish); reality of action (to arrange, to decide, to manage, to pretend, to refuse); feasibility of the action (to attempt, to deign, to try); processes of mental activity (to be expected, to be meant, to be supposed); communication processes (to be asked, to be said); provocativeness (to be allowed, to be called, to be empowered, to be forbidden, to be instructed, to be persuaded).
The prosodic globality of the infinitive construction can be destroyed if the verb in the personal form is so semantically rich that it realizes the predicative function in isolation from the infinitive. In such cases, the infinitive only complements the meaning of the verb in the personal form, which is reflected at the supralinear level through the implementation of a pause between the components of the infinitive construction and the use of uneven tones, and the presence or absence of dependent components both in the verb in the personal form and in the infinitive does not matter. Most often, verbs denoting the reality of performing an action (1), as well as the type characteristics of the action (2):
(1) I decided| to \talk to her to , day|| (Choc, p. 134)
II pre „tended| Inot to \notice| until the "ladies f had left the \shop with their ..parcels|| (Choc, p. 31)
(2) iShe just -went up\stairs| to Ilie ...down|| (Choc, p. 104)
He I smiled -grimly at \Charles| then \stopped| to Itop lup their ...glasses|| (FLW, p. 152)
In our opinion, the results of experimental prosodic research suggest that collegial and collocational features of infinitive constructions have a significant impact on their functioning in a sentence. An infinitive as part of a construction can act either as part of a predicate or as an independent member of a sentence, receiving a certain prosodic design. Syntactic
The connection between the components of the structure is characterized by sufficient mobility, approaching in its expression in different cases an attributive or comprehensive connection.
Bibliography
1. Dolgova (Alexandrova), O.V. Syntax as a science of speech construction / O.V. Dolgova. - M., 19S0.
2. Akhmanova, O.S. Dictionary of linguistic terms / O.S. Akhmanova. - 2nd ed., stereotypical. - M., 19b9.
3. Morozova, A.N. Dialectical unity of linear and supralinear series in the dynamics of utterance: dis. ... Dr. Philol. Sciences / A.N. Morozova. - M., 199b.
4. Suchkova, S.A. A substantive phrase with the preposition “of” in the dynamics of the utterance. abstract dis. ...cand. Philol. Sciences / S.A. Suchkova. - Samara, 199S.
5. Hornby, A. S. Constructions and turns of the English language / trans. from English A.S. Ignatieva / A.S. Hornby. - M., 1992.
6. Vovshin, YAM. Transformational syntax of verb constructions of modern English / YaM. Vovshin. - M^ot, 19S3.
7. Barkhudarov, L.S. Structure of a simple sentence in modern English / L.S. Barkhudarov. - M., 19bb.
S. Yagodnikova, O.G. English verb grammar in tables. Non-finite forms of the verb / O.G. Yagodnikova, L.P. Driga, L.A. Shamray, etc. - Kyiv, 19S9.
9. Ivanova, I.P. Theoretical grammar of modern English: textbook / I.P. Ivanova, V.V. Burlakova, G.G. Pocheptsov. - M., 19S1.
10. Barkhudarov, L.S. English Grammar / L.S. Barkhudarov, D. A. Stehling. - 4th ed., rev. - M., 1973.
11. Pocheptsov, G.G. Constructive analysis of sentence structure / G.G. Pochep-tsov. - Kyiv, 1971.
12. Burlakova, V.V. Fundamentals of the structure of phrases in modern English / V.V. Burlakova. - L., 1975.
13. Ilyish, B.A. The structure of the modern English language / B. A. Ilyish. - L., 1971.
14. Smirnitsky, A.I. Syntax of the English language / A.I. Smirnitsky. - M., 1957.
List of sources of factual material and abbreviations accepted for them
1. Fowles, J. The French Lieutenant's Woman / J. Fowles. - Vintage, 199b. (FLW)
2. Harris, J. Chocolat / J. Harris. - Black Swan, 2000. (Choc)
3. Townsend, S. Adrian Mole and the Weapons of Mass Destruction / S. Townsend. -Penguin Books, 2005. (ST)
154 BecmHUK Ccrnry. 2006. No. 10/2 (50)
SYNTACTICAL FUNCTIONS OF THE INFINITIVE AS PART OF VERBAL INFINITIVE CONSTRUCTIONS
The paper deals with the syntactical functions of the infinitive as part of verbal infinitive constructions in speech, their morphosyntactical and lexico-phraseological peculiarities and prosodic realization.
Syntactic role of the infinitive
Among the verb forms infinitive occupies a special place because can act as any member of the sentence.
Main target This article is a generalization of information about the syntactic function of the infinitive.
Infinitive as the main members of a sentence
Acting as subject, the infinitive names the action or state as the subject of the statement.
Options: 1. Both main members are verbs in the indefinite form: Repeat and teach - sharpen the mind. 2. One is a noun in the nominative case, the other is an infinitive: Learning is our task. Playing chess is his main activity in life.
What may arise difficulties when parsing a sentence?
It is not always obvious which part of the sentence the verb in the indefinite form is . Independent infinitive, coming first in a sentence, intonationally separated from the predicate and naming an independent action, the characteristics of which are contained in the predicate, is subject: Convincing him of anything was not an easy task. Living on earth is a glorious occupation. Loving you is a great challenge.
But the infinitive subject can also stand after the predicate, if it has an evaluative value: The worst thing in our work is to stop growing. His job was to look after the younger ones and take care of the older ones. It is wasted labor to fish without a hook and study without a book.
If one of the main terms has bunch THIS, then it is clear that we have the predicate, and the infinitive is the subject: It is against our law to remember the old. What a blessing it is to respect your parents.
The subject infinitive, like the predicate infinitive, can include words dependent on it if one verb does not convey the meaning of the statement. This is often found in proverbs and aphorisms: To steal from a thief is only to waste time. To teach a fool how to treat the dead. Playing a song is not a field to shout. Doing nothing is hard work. Leading a house is not about shaking your beard. Drinking tea is not cutting wood. Talking about what has been decided only confuses.
Combination of an infinitive with words starting with –O:
If the infinitive comes first in a sentence, and then a word starting with –O follows, we have a two-part sentence with the subject being an infinitive: Running in the morning is good. Joking with the enemy is dangerous.
Rearranging the infinitive into second place after the word ending with –O, which is a state category, turns the sentence into an impersonal one: It is useless to argue with him. It was not easy to get to work that day because of the snowstorm.
The presence of the categories of state in the infinitive of words: it is necessary, it is necessary, it is necessary, it is impossible, it is possible, etc. indicates that this is the predicate of impersonal sentences, regardless of the word order: You can get lost here. It was impossible to ask about this.
Independent infinitive can act as a predicate in one-part infinitive sentences (in school textbooks they are considered as a type of impersonal construction): Get out of line! Who would you argue with?
Use of the infinitive in a compound verb predicate. It has two parts: auxiliary and main. The first conveys the grammatical meaning of mood, tense, person, number or gender, the second (infinitive) conveys the main lexical meaning: The athletes began to compete. We want to meet again.
Attention! If there are two verbs (conjugated and infinitive), both are part of the verbal predicate if actions relate to one person– to the subject of the action: Ranks are given by people, but people can be deceived. (Griboyedov) If actions are performed by different persons, then the infinitive is not part of the compound verbal predicate, but acts as a secondary member: I would strictly forbid these gentlemen to approach the capitals for a shot. (Griboyedov)
Infinitives as secondary members of a sentence
Inconsistent definition.
The infinitive explains nouns with the modal meaning of possibility, necessity, desirability, expression of will, etc.: There is an urgent need to talk. Suddenly the opportunity arose to leave this city as quickly as possible.
Sometimes the infinitive defines abstract nouns with a different meaning: Your way of constantly arguing irritates me. The travelers were haunted by the idea of returning to the island.
Addition.
If the conjugated verb has a full lexical meaning, and the actions of the verbs refer to different persons: As a child, my father taught me to fish. I advise you to read this book.
Circumstance of the goal.
If the infinitive refers to verbs of motion: Chichikov went into the room to get dressed and wash. In the evening we went to the embankment to look at the ships.
Slotina Nadezhda Stanislavovna, teacher of Russian language and literature KOGOAU KFML
The infinitive in a sentence can be dependent and independent.
Dependent The infinitive adjoins another word; it can be in a sentence:
1) simple verbal predicate: Moska is on him rush up;
2) the main part of a compound verbal predicate in a two-part sentence: You've already become a little to fade;
3) the main member of an impersonal sentence and depend on the words of the state category: Sad sit at home in winter. Need to go to work.
4) definition: Nastenka took from him O promising come behind her;
5) addition: He ordered the coachman pawn droshky(objective infinitive) ;
6) circumstance: I went in the morning breakfast to the nearest cafe. The infinitive as a goal adverbial adjoins verbs with the meaning of movement, as well as verbs of biological meaning: live, be born etc.: went for a walk, went to study, went for a swim(subjective infinitive).
The infinitive may be subjective And object. Subjective the infinitive denotes the action of the same person as the auxiliary verb ( You've already become a little fade ). Object the infinitive denotes the action of another person ( He ordered the coachman pawn droshky).
Independent the infinitive is possible in two cases:
1) when it performs the function of the subject: Wanders Walking through the forests is the best vacation.
2) when it is the main member of an infinitive sentence: To you not in sight such battles!
Infinitive as subject:
1. The infinitive in the subject position does not receive an objective meaning, it does not
substantivized;
2. With an infinitive subject there cannot be a verbal predicate,
only various forms of the nominal predicate are used;
3. The infinitive as a subject takes preposition relative to the predicate:
Scheme:
– infinitive – infinitive: Play playing cards means robbing your comrades.
– infinitive – noun: Carry forest and poles were not considered a sin.
– infinitive – adjective: Stay in Bogucharovo it was becoming dangerous.
– infinitive – phrase: Issue it would be unworthy of him.
The difference between a compound verbal predicate and verbal combinations with an objective and subjective infinitive:
It is necessary to distinguish combinations from a compound verbal predicate that include an infinitive, which in a sentence plays the role of a complement, a definition and a circumstance of the goal.
The infinitive, which acts as a complement, is called “objective”, since it denotes the action of another person (not the “subject” of the conjugated verb form): advised to search, asked to take care, ordered to send etc. For example: He[Stendhal] taught me to understand war(L. Tolstoy); Antonenko ordered people to leave the barge(Konetsky).
The infinitive, which plays the role of a goal adverbial, is easily differentiated using questions why, for what purpose, for what purpose?: Ran(for what purpose?) to the river to swim. Let's compare:
1. I will not let it(what?) bad in your presence respond (additional) about the life for which friends died(Lukonin).
2. And for some time now I've been afraid stay one(composed of verb. tale.) (Dostoevsky).
The infinitive is a complex, multifaceted phenomenon, which, apparently, is one of the reasons for the inaccuracies in the analysis of the syntactic role of the infinitive.
The infinitive - the initial form of the verb - is very flexible in syntactic terms: it is capable of occupying the syntactic positions of both main and secondary members in a sentence; those. in speech, the infinitive exhibits various functional and semantic properties. Depending on this, a subjective infinitive, a predicate infinitive, an objective infinitive, an adverbial (target) infinitive, and an attributive infinitive are distinguished.
The most common among them is the predicate infinitive.
The traditional idea of the independent infinitive and the dependent infinitive (here we highlight the subjective one), apparently, turns out to be insufficiently adequate and correct. A future language arts teacher needs to navigate the functional-semantic properties of the infinitive and its syntactic role in a sentence. Knowing this makes it easier to understand the multifaceted communicative essence of the infinitive.
Subjective infinitive
The subject infinitive denotes the grammatical subject, i.e. the subject of thought (statement) is the subject of a two-part sentence, because its actual feature is expressed by the second main member of the sentence - the predicate. The infinitive subject usually comes before the predicate and does not grammatically depend on any member of the sentence, i.e. does not agree with any word, is not controlled by any member and is not adjacent to any member of the sentence, reveals syntactic synonymy with a verbal noun in the form of the nominative case, the position of which it occupies.
For example:
Smoking is harmful to health. (Proverb); ...chasing after lost happiness is useless and reckless. (M. Lermontov); Hunting on skis is very tiring... (S. Aksakov); It was becoming dangerous to stay in Bogucharovo. (L. Tolstoy); To invent means to dream. (Kozhevnikov); Eating is prohibited here. (Announcement).
Wed: Smoking is harmful to health; The pursuit of lost happiness is useless and reckless. Hunting on skis is tiring. Etc.
In the examples given, the infinitive acts as the subject, although unmorphologized and atypical. A.M. Peshkovsky wrote: “The infinitive here is not a real subject, i.e. a designation of an “object” to which the attribute expressed in the predicate is attributed.” Such an infinitive subject is a “substitute” for the subject, “substitution is a grammatical fact...”, the form of the infinitive itself is not indifferent for such a substitution, because Of all verbal forms, the infinitive is the only one, by its very nature, capable of some (minimal) approximation to a noun."
The subjective infinitive takes the same position with a finite verb, forming with it a compound verbal predicate, but only if this finite verb is an auxiliary (phasic, modal or emotional), as in the sentences: ... In the end, I completely stopped thinking about the purpose of my trip. (Yu. Nagibin); ... All people want to cry sometimes... (E. Yevtushenko); She was afraid to speak loudly. Compound predicates here - stopped thinking, wanted to cry, was afraid to speak. Another condition for the participation of the infinitive in the formation of the predicate is its dependence on the predicate and predicative adverb, for example: But by the way, you cannot put on shoes without expense. - You can stand and sit in them. In any weather. (N. Matveeva). The infinitive put on depends on the predicate impossible and forms a predicate with it; The infinitives stand and sit form predicates with the predicate possible. In the sentence I am ashamed to shake hands with flatterers, liars, thieves and scoundrels... (A. Tarkovsky) the infinitive to shake depends on the predicative adverb shame and forms a predicate with it.
The subjective infinitive is associated with a personal verb that is not classified as an auxiliary, therefore, it cannot be in the position of the predicate, but occupies other positions, which are also determined by substituting a question. Let's consider the proposals. Small children! Don't go to Africa for anything in the world, to go for a walk in Africa! (K. Chukovsky). In combination, don’t go for a walk, the personal verb, having the meaning of movement, is not included in the category of auxiliary, therefore it is a simple verbal predicate, and the infinitive is a circumstance of the purpose: do not go (for what purpose?) for a walk. We... will forever forget to walk around Africa! (K. Chukovsky) - let’s forget (about what?) for a walk.
Thus, the function of the subject, i.e. the subjective infinitive in speech seems to be insufficiently clear. Nevertheless, the prepositive position of the infinitive when followed by a predicate and the possibility of its syntactic synonymy with the nominative case of the noun confirm the subject function of the subjective infinitive.
Predicate infinitive
The predicate infinitive is the most important semantic center of a two-part sentence, a component of a simple analytical predicate, in which the grammatical meanings of the future tense and indicative mood are expressed by the conjugated form of the verb to be; for example: We asked in surprise: will Silvio really not fight? (A. Pushkin); ...during a thunderstorm, the clouds will descend to my roof. (M. Lermontov); Some month would pass, and it seemed to him that Anna Sergeevna would be covered in a fog in his memory and only occasionally would he be dreamed of with a touching smile, as others had dreamed of. (A. Chekhov); We’ll play a wedding, I’ll crawl on my knees... (K. Serafimov). I will talk to the whole world. (K. Paustovsky); I still don’t know what I will write. (K. Paustovsky).
The predicate infinitive is an indispensable component of the widely used compound verbal predicate, in which it depends on the conjugated form of the copular auxiliary verb of semi-abstract, modal and phase infinitives such as become, can, continue, stop, etc.; For example: Everyone began to secretly interpret, joke, judge, not without sin, predict a groom for Tatyana. (A. Pushkin); ... I couldn’t look around for a long time. (M. Lermontov); The girl stopped crying... (N. Korolenko); He did not answer and continued to look at Claudin. (Panova); Let him just try to come over! (K. Paustovsky).
The predicate infinitive is an essential component of a complex predicate. The last infinitive expresses the lexical meaning of the predicate, and the preceding infinitive such as decide, wait, endure, begin, dare, etc., a short predicative adjective such as ready, much, must, obliged, capable, etc. as a semantic complicator together with the connective An auxiliary verb (materially expressed or “zero”) forms a connective part. For example: I was ready to love the whole world... (M. Lermontov); Princess Marya... could not decide to leave him alone and for the first time in her life she allowed herself to disobey him. (L. Tolstoy); But still, he could wait a moment to boast about the order in his boys' school. (Prilezhaeva); I shouldn't dare tell you about this. (I. Turgenev); In the middle of the road, he once again forced himself to stop thinking about the impossible. (K. Simonov).
Let us also note that when analyzing a complex predicate, it is sometimes difficult to determine its syntactic connection with the infinitive subject. Wed:
To teach is to sharpen the mind. (Proverb);
Teaching is like sharpening the mind;
To teach means to sharpen the mind.
These varieties, perhaps, limit the connection of the predicate with the infinitive subject. It cannot be called grammatical agreement, since the infinitive subject is devoid of inflectional formants (affixes), and therefore the predicate cannot have adequate ones. Here, apparently, coordination manifests itself, i.e. logical coordination.
Object infinitive
The objective infinitive performs the function of a grammatical object in a sentence, i.e. additions. It refers to a verbal predicate with a lexical intellectual-imperative meaning (ordered, demanded, asked, forced, offered, advised, helped, forced, persuaded, etc.), and is connected with this predicate by the method of adjacency.
The object infinitive denotes an action (state) as an object of activity of someone or something that is not the subject. The objective infinitive never occupies the same position with the finite verb, i.e. cannot be predicated. To determine its syntactic function, we use the usual technique - we substitute the question: And I ask you not to pester me - the infinitive takes the position of complement. Similarly: We invited readers to work as private detectives... (from the newspaper), the infinitive to work is an addition. He answers questions of addition (semantic questions, homonymous to questions of indirect cases).
An objective infinitive can enter into syntactic synonymous relations with an objective noun (prepositional-substantive combination) as a complement. The infinitive complement is a type of atypical, i.e. unmorphologized addition. For example: Circumstances at home forced me to settle in a poor village in district N. (A. Pushkin). The drizzling rain forced me to return to the tent. (Arsenyev); ...grandfather forbade me to walk around the yard and in the garden for some offense. (M. Gorky); She seemed to ask her not to call her and not to shame her, because she herself was not feeling well in her soul... (K. Paustovsky). This belief in the imaginary is the force that makes a person look for the imaginary in life, fight for its embodiment, follow the call of the imagination, as old Hidalgo did, and finally create the imaginary in reality. (K. Paustovsky). Wed: Circumstances at home forced me to settle in a poor village... Wed. also: He will teach you to save words, conciseness, accuracy. (M. Gorky); He'll bring you food and vodka. (M. Gorky).
Here, in the same context, infinitive and ordinary (substantive) additions are used in parallel.
In rare cases, it is possible to use an infinitive complement dependent on a complex predicate, for example: No one dared to suggest that Sobol correct his [story]. (K. Paustovsky).
The objective infinitive can take the position of a goal adverbial: He willingly gave them (the books) to read. Wed. also a replacement: gave for reading.
Infinitive adverbial
It performs in the sentence the syntactic role (function) of a secondary member - the circumstances of the goal. It extends the predicate - a verbal word form with the lexical meaning of movement (go, come, sit down, put down, arrive, sit down, gather, etc.), depends on this predicate, connects with it by the method of adjacency, answers the questions why? for what purpose? However, we must remember the polysemy of words. So, for example, the verb go is polysemantic: along with the direct meaning of “move”, it can realize a figurative one - “to start doing something, to begin to implement”, in the latter case it acts as an auxiliary and, together with the infinitive, forms a compound verbal predicate, cf.: And they went to laugh - Limpopo. (K. Chukovsky). Let's go laugh means start laughing, this is a compound verbal predicate with a phase auxiliary verb denoting the beginning of the action.
The adverbial infinitive easily enters into a relationship of syntactic synonymy with the infinitive phrase, which has a pronounced target meaning and is attached to the explained part by a subordinating conjunction so that. For example: It became stuffy in the hut, and I went out to freshen up. After the rally, Cherepanov invited Frolov to have dinner with him.
Attributive infinitive
It is a minor member in a sentence - an inconsistent definition. Such an infinitive depends on the noun and is associated with it by the method of adjacency. The attributive infinitive answers the questions which? which? which? what?, coming from the defined noun. Along with the main, defining meaning, a substantive phrase with a dependent infinitive can express additional shades (objective, causal, etc.). The syncretic attributive infinitive reveals synonymy with a prepositional-nominal combination corresponding in meaning. For example: Zurin received orders to cross the Volga. (Pushkin); I have an innate passion for contradiction. (Lermontov); [Wed: order to cross...; innate passion for contradiction...].
Finally, the infinitive is often used as the main member of a one-part sentence.
The main member of a one-part sentence, expressed by an infinitive, is the predicative center of the statement. There are such varieties with the main member - the infinitive.
1. The infinitive is the main member of a one-part personal sentence. This is the main member in predicate form.
I like to sleep long, but I’m ashamed to get up late.
2. The infinitive is the main member of a one-part impersonal sentence. Here the infinitive is an integral component of the analytical construction.
They don’t give away the good ones, but you don’t want to take the bad ones.
3. The infinitive is the main member of the infinitive sentence. In this use, it is absolutely grammatically independent, expressing a potential procedural meaning, which usually correlates with the dative case of the subject.
Russian infinitive Dagestan school
You won't be able to catch up with the crazy three.
The dative subject may be absent. Wed:
It is a good thing to speak the truth boldly.
During linguistic analysis, particular difficulties arise when several infinitives are used in one sentence (especially those with different functions). These are examples of the type: The habit of wandering through maps and seeing different places in your imagination helps you correctly see them in reality.
Possessing a small number of morphological properties, the infinitive has developed a complex system of syntactic properties that are found in phrases, sentences, and text. Thus, the indefinite form can be used independently, combined with several parts of speech, defined by semantics and form. Let's name, first of all, combinations with personal forms of verbs - wants to find out, decided to go, wants to leave, went to ask, invited to talk; combinations with participles - trying to find out, deciding to go, wanting to leave; combinations with gerunds - trying to find out, deciding to go, inviting to talk; combinations with abstract nouns - the desire to leave, the decision to go, the desire to leave; with full and short adjectives - ready to help, inclined to exaggerate, intends to leave; with the words of the state category - you can’t be late, you can study, you must announce. Of all the mentioned combinations, the most frequent and productive are combinations with personal verbs and words of the state category.
Infinitive sentences
Infinitive sentences are one-part sentences with a main predicate member, an expressed infinitive, denoting a possible (impossible), necessary or inevitable action. For example:
Don't turn a stone out of your way with your thoughts. (M. Gorky);
Be a great storm! (A. Pushkin);
Clouds cannot hide the sun, war cannot defeat the world. (Proverb).
Infinitive sentences differ from impersonal sentences in the composition of the predicative basis. In impersonal sentences with an infinitive, the predicate must include a verb or a word of the state category, to which the infinitive is attached: Yes, you can drink in the heat, in a thunderstorm, in the cold, yes, you can go hungry and cold, go to death, but these three birches with life cannot be given to anyone. (Simonov). In infinitive sentences, the infinitive does not depend on any word, but, on the contrary, all words are subject to it in semantic and grammatical terms: You can’t catch up with the crazy three! (N. Nekrasov). Wed. also: You shouldn’t (shouldn’t, shouldn’t, can’t) rush to answer! - Don't rush to answer!
Infinitive sentences differ from impersonal sentences in general meaning. If the main (typical) mass of impersonal sentences denotes an action that arises and proceeds independently of the actor, then in infinitive sentences the actor is encouraged to take active action, the desirability and necessity of active action are noted. The character of the actor (definite, indefinite or generalized person) in infinitive sentences has a semantic-stylistic meaning, and in impersonal sentences the uncertainty of the producer of the action has a structural-syntactic meaning.
Infinitive sentences are one of the syntactic means of expressing modal meanings. In infinitive sentences, modality is expressed “by the very form of the infinitive and intonation, and is intensified and differentiated by particles.”
Infinitive sentences without a particle would express the modal meanings of obligation, necessity, impossibility, inevitability, etc.: Who are you talking to? Be silent! (A. Chekhov); Always shine, shine everywhere, until the last days, shine - and no nails! This is my slogan - and the sun! (V. Mayakovsky); Don't let the grass grow after autumn. (A. Koltsov).
Infinitive sentences without indicating the person-doer are often used in the titles of articles that have the nature of an appeal, in slogans, etc.: Grow a high harvest! Harvest without loss! Create an abundance of food for the population and raw materials for industry! Wed. See also: Don't be late for class! Do not talk during class! No smoking at the institute!
Often, infinitive sentences of this structure have the meaning of rhetorical questions: Well, how can you not please your loved one! (Griboyedov).
Infinitive sentences with a particle would express the desirability of an action, fear about its implementation or warning, an unfulfilled action, etc.: I would mow, plow, sow, ride horses... (A. Chekhov). I should pick a big, big bouquet here and quietly bring it to the bedside. (A. Surkov); Oh, if the rain were to fall on my life, I would not consider my life lived aimlessly! (V. Soloukhin); Don't miss the train! (E. Serebrovskaya); At least see one lousy partridge. (V. Sanin).
Infinitive sentences as part of a complex syntactic whole are often “fitted” into the semantics of a sentence with a subject pronoun: Wait? This was not in his rules (V. Kataev); Wandering through the mountains with a hammer and a bag on your back, riding a horse, living in a tent, seeing peaks blazing under the sun... Will this really happen? (L. Volynsky). In their semantic-functional role, such sentences are close to the so-called “nominative representations”, the structural core of which is formed by nouns.
The specificity of infinitive sentences is created by the infinitive, which combines the properties of the verb and the noun. Bringing one side closer to impersonal sentences and the other to nominative sentences, infinitive sentences form a special type of one-part sentence.
Determining the place of infinitive sentences in the system of simple sentence types and in modern linguistics is debatable. Some scientists distinguish them into a special type of one-part sentences, others include them in impersonal sentences. In the school textbook, infinitive sentences are considered as part of impersonal sentences.
Infinitive sentences thus express a variety of modal and expressive meanings:
1) inevitability: There will be trouble;
2) desirability: I wish I could sleep for at least an hour;
3) obligation: You should walk;
4) opportunity: Now just live;
5) impossibility: You can’t get through here;
7) rhetorical question: Do you know him? - How not to know!;
8) other emotionally expressive meanings: Refuse surgery! How could such a thing come into your head!; Retreat? Give up? Never!
The infinitive is widely used in interrogative sentences (How to get to the library?), as well as in complex sentences to express various modal meanings - in the subordinate clause: I came to talk; in the subordinate clause: If you talked to him, I’m sure he would change dramatically; in subordinate tense: Before taking the exam, you need to prepare.
Infinitive sentences usually have a paradigm consisting of one form, but sentences with the meaning of impossibility have four forms: There is no way to pass here; It was impossible to drive through here (and today they laid planks); It will be impossible to pass here; It would have been impossible to pass here (if boards had not been laid).
Thus, in this paragraph we have shown that the infinitive is very actively used in speech and that the most striking feature of this form of the verb is that the infinitive can be any member of the sentence, both main and secondary.
As for infinitive sentences, we can once again note the following: they express different modal meanings; they must be distinguished from impersonal sentences. Infinitive sentences, according to some scientists, form a special type of one-part sentence. Other scientists include them among the impersonal ones. In the school textbook they are considered as part of impersonal ones.
