Alternation of vowels O-A in the root of the word. Presentation on the Russian language for the lesson "degrees of comparison of adverbs" Gor gar is written

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Roots -gor--gar-, -zar-zor.

Working with signal cards Exposition, adjective, lay out flowers, appendix to the magazine, assumption, adjective, addition, position, exposition, lower...live, assume , exc…live. -What does the spelling o-a in the roots lag-lozh, kas-kos depend on? O a O O O a O O a O a O

Find and write words with alternating roots. Sandwich. An eccentric mathematician lived in Germany. He accidentally folded the bread and sausage. Then I put the result in my mouth. That's how Man Invented the Sandwich. Folded, put

The letters O-A in the roots gar-gor, zar-zor. Meaning of words: Burn - Burn out - Ember - succumb to the action of fire, be destroyed by fire, be poisoned by fumes

Spelling Korengrad

Before you are the words: Mountain, burn, mountainous, tan, carbon monoxide, mountainous. -Distribute these words into their family nests. The meaning of one is “to rise”, the other is “to glow”.

Let's check! Rise Blaze Mountain burn Mountainous tan Mountain carbon monoxide

Let's think about when we write A, when O? Tan Soot Soot Burnt Cigarette Burnt Burnt Zag. warm up...warm up...warm up...warm up Warm...combustion...O O O O O O

Spelling Korengrad

According to the rule, where the accent commands, the root zar - zor, clan - clone also lives.

Tanned, inclination - Dissolution, insight - What to write with stress, What to write without stress? We write under stress, Without a doubt, what we hear. If the sound is without stress, it raises doubts.

We will reason like this: 1. I determine in what position the vowel Sound Strong (under stress) Weak (without stress) Conclusion: I write, As I hear Conclusion: I write: - GOR-, but -ZAR-

GOR - - GAR - : Fill out the table using the following combinations: Heated pie, heated path, heat from a candle, hot tea, smoldering sunset, carbon monoxide, fireproof cupboard, fire .mature young man, a blazing fire, a tank with fuel, a burning tank, a strong coal

Let's check! -burnt- - gar- Burnt pie Burnt path Hot tea Soot from a candle Burning sunset Carbon monoxide Fireproof cupboard Heavy carbon monoxide Tanned young man Flaming fire Fire tank flammable Burning tank Cinder track is a track for sports running with a special cinder coating. Cinder is small, loose residue from the combustion of coal.

Working with a punched card. 1. Gr…grown, ed…sli, charged…sli 2. Hall…live, urgent…things, close…hands 3. K.…to touch, touch…dreaming, inaccessible…basic supply 4.R…vegetable oil, touch the iron, r...drain 5. K...stuck with a finger, careless touch...d...resects 6. Z...rka, z...gar, hot...pie 7. Z...rnitsa, carbon monoxide, heat ...roaring porridge

Homework. Write a story about what new things you learned in class. (Don’t memorize a paragraph or a rule, but in your own way, as you understand, tell it and give examples). Those who find it difficult to complete the first task can talk about a new topic using the textbook. (Paragraph 51) For those who love creativity, the task is different - come up with a fairy tale about gor-gar.

On the topic: methodological developments, presentations and notes

“Removing the multiplier from under the root sign. Entering a multiplier under the sign of the root", 1 lesson

a lesson on introducing new material for 8th grade students using electronic resources of the FCOR. This is the first lesson on the topic. The following tasks are solved during the lesson: ensuring the mastery of skills during the lesson...

Lesson: The root is a plant organ. Types of roots and types of root systems. The meaning and variety of roots.

Purpose of the lesson: to form the concept of the root as a vegetative organ. Educational objectives: To create conditions for acquiring knowledge about the Types of roots - to be able to recognize the main, subordinate...

At the tanned chef Proshka

The potatoes got burnt today

Because fumes were oozing from the stove

And they removed the carbon from the candle at the wrong time.

There is a hidden meaning in this seemingly stupid poem that has to do with the spelling of vowels in alternating roots. The poem contains words with the roots -gor- and -gar-. What is the rule for writing this root?

Root -gor-/-gar-. Spelling rule

If we take words with this root from a comic rhyme, we can divide them into two groups:

• with the letter "o": tanned, burnt;
• with the letter "a": waste, soot.

Now it remains to compare the words from the two groups; when comparing, the following pattern can be revealed: “o” is in the unaccented position, the letter “a” is under stress. Hence the rule is formulated:

• Vowels in the root with alternating -gar-/-gor- depend on stress: the stressed vowel is the letter “a”, the unstressed vowel is the letter “o”.

Words with the root -gor-/-gar-. Examples illustrating the rule

Based on the rule formulated in the previous chapter, you can create a table and fill it with examples.

Not so simple

It would seem that everything is very simple, but it is not so. Words with the root -gor- can put you in a difficult position. This is exactly what is said in the tale of two brothers.

There lived two twin brothers in the country of Linguinia. In everything they were the same: both in meaning and in pronunciation. Their names differed only by one letter: one brother’s name was Horus, and the other’s name was Gar.

The brothers were very friendly with each other. They never quarreled and did their difficult work honestly. And they served as roots in words. The brothers divided their responsibilities among themselves fairly. Horus became an unstressed root in words; his service was not so difficult, but there was a lot to do. Gar went to work under stress. It was a difficult task, but it was not necessary to go to work very often. Each of the brothers was satisfied with their work, and they lived well and amicably.

But then one day Horus met another root, very similar to himself. It was an amazing resemblance. And soon the two Mountains were inseparable. They could be found in sentences containing words with the root -gor-:

The house burned down - the family is grieving.

The pancakes are burnt - that's the wife's grief.

Bitter for Egor - the supports burned out.

Only from this proximity of the two Mountains did the relationship between the brothers begin to deteriorate. The friend kept whispering in Gore’s ear: “Your brother is a slacker. You and I work hard, and he comes running from time to time. Just think, under stress, it’s not so difficult, I can handle it alone. Let’s kick him out and be brothers.”

Horus was completely exhausted from such speeches: he liked his new friend, because he was so similar to himself, you couldn’t tell him apart, and he didn’t want to get rid of his brother. How can poor Horus figure it all out?

Let us hasten to the aid of Horus and help him understand: can the root -hor- in the words “grieves”, “grief”, “bitter” replace his brother?

Can the words “grief” and “burn” be relatives?

What is the root of the word “grief”, for example? Let's turn to Ozhegov's explanatory dictionary.

And we learn that synonyms for the word “grief” are the words “trouble”, “misfortune”, “longing”, “sadness”, “sorrow”. That is, the meaning of this word relates to a person’s internal experience of negative emotions. The words “grieve” and “bitter” have the same meaning.

To grieve is to suffer, to experience sadness, grief.

Bitter - unpleasant, sad, painful.

Words with the root -gor-/- gar- have a completely different lexical meaning, examples of which are: “burnt”, “burnt”. In Dahl's dictionary they are interpreted as follows:

Burn - to be engulfed in fire, exposed to flame or high temperature.

There are also figurative meanings:

• shine (snowflakes burn in the sun);
• desire strongly (burned with a thirst for change);
• work quickly and quickly (everything burns in his hands).

So, it turns out that such strikingly similar roots -gor- (grief) and -gor- (burn) actually have nothing in common in the most important thing - in their lexical meaning. This means that they cannot be related in any way.

But the root -gar- will always be an integral part of the root -gor-, since it also means “to be exposed to high temperature effects”:

• tan - dark skin color from prolonged exposure to sunlight;
• soot - a build-up from combustion;
• fumes - gas remaining after combustion;
• cinder - a place where something burned.

Words with the root -gor-, examples of which were the objects of study, can serve as an illustration of the linguistic phenomenon - homonymy, which is characterized by the fact that identically expressed units of language differ in their semantics. In addition to the morpheme -gor-, we can give an example of the root -kos-; its homonym is the root with the alternation -kas-/-kos: mow - touch.

Spelling of roots -gor- and -gor-/-gar-

Being homonyms, the roots -gor- and -gor-/-gar- are subject to different spelling rules. If the spelling of the root -gar-/-gor- depends on the stress, then in the root -gor- the spelling is “Unstressed checked vowel at the root of the word.” The rule for this spelling is formulated as follows. In order to avoid mistakes when choosing an unstressed vowel, you need to choose a test word in which this vowel in the same morpheme would become stressed.

In accordance with this rule, words with the root -gor-: “g...roar”, “g...grunt”, crouched...we check with the words “grief”, “sorrowful”, “bitterly”.

In addition to the root meaning “sadness”, “misfortune”, there is another homonym -mountain-, it means “high ground”. For example, in the words “mountain”, “mountainous”, “mountainous”, “highlander”, “mountainous”, “hillock”, “hillock”, this is exactly the semantics.

These words with the root -gor- are also checked by stress. This means that “mountain”, “mountainous” should be verified with the words “mountains”, “mountainous”.

Root with alternating -zor-/zar-

There is another root in the Russian language with alternation, the spelling of which depends on the stress. This is the root -zor-/-zar-. It has the lexical meaning of “lighting the horizon scarlet when the sun rises or sets.”

In it, unlike the root -gor-/gar-, the letter “o” should be written under the accent, and “a” without the accent. We use a table to clearly illustrate this rule.

Thus, it is necessary to remember that words with the root -gor-/-gar-, -zor-/-zar- have similarities, determined by the dependence of spelling on stress.

Exception words

There are exceptions to every rule. They are also present in spellings associated with the roots -zor-/-zar-, -gor-/-gar-.

Gor-/-gar-	Zor-/-zar-
soot, scorch, fumes	dawn, dawn

All exceptions apply to the spelling "Unverifiable vowels and consonants." The rule for writing such words is as follows: the spelling of untestable words should be remembered.

Alternation depending on the letters in the suffix or root

Rule I. Roots with alternating I//E

If the root is followed by a suffix A, then at the root we write the letter AND, but if the suffix A E.

• -bir-a // -ber- (with bir at - for bEr eat)
• -pir-a // -per- (for feast aet - under per yes)
• -dir-a //-der- (with dir at - der yeah)
• -tir-a // -ter- (with shooting gallery at - you ter yes)
• -zhig-a //-zhech- (with JIG at - with zhEch b)
• -blist-a // -brilliant- ( blist at - shines yes)
• -stil-a // -steel- (re STYLE at - for STEL eat)
• -cheat //-honest- (by cheat at - by hrs you)
• -world-a //-mer- (for world al - for MEASURE yes)

Rule II. Roots with alternating A//O

If the root is followed by a suffix A, then at the root we write the letter A, but if the suffix A no, then the letter is written at the root ABOUT.

• -kas-a //-kos- (kAc get away - KOS nostalgia)
• -lag-a // -false- (by lAg at - by lie it)

Rule III. Roots with alternating A//O

If the root has letters T or SCH, then we write the letter A, but if these letters are not present, then the letter is written in the root ABOUT.

• -rast-//-rasch- // -rOs- (you grows and you rasch married - you pOs Lee).

Exceptions: height ok, from races l, Height islav , height sheepman, Height ov.

Rule IV. Roots with alternating A//O

If the root ends in TO, then we write the letter A, but if the root ends in H, then the root letter is written ABOUT.

• -skak // -skoch- (sk Akat – Sun Clear ).

Stress-dependent alternation

Rule V. Roots with alternating A//O

If on the roots - gAr - And – clan - the emphasis falls, then we write the letter in them A, but if these roots are unstressed, then we write in them ABOUT.

• -gAr -//- hor- (for gAr - behind mountains at)
• -clan-//-clone- ( clan to be - by clone happen)

Rule VI. Roots with alternating A//O

If to the root - zar - If the accent does NOT fall, then we write the letter in it A, but if this root is stressed, then we write in it ABOUT.

Exceptions: star Yankee, star eat.

• -zOR-//-zar- ( zar I - dawn ka)

Alternation depending on the meaning (meaning) of the word

Rule VII. Roots with alternating A//O

If the meaning of the word "immerse in liquid" then we write A, but if the word means "to pass liquid" then we write ABOUT.

• -mac -//- mok- ( m ak melt bread into honey – about mOK in the rain)

Rule VIII. Roots with alternating A//O

If the meaning of the word "identical, similar" then we write A, but if the word means "flat, smooth, straight" then we write ABOUT.

• -equal -//- equal- ( With equals itcharacters – under exactly make a garden bed).

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Roots with alternating o - a

Roots with unchecked vowels

The spelling of vowels in many words cannot be checked by stress: With O tank, in O ldyr, in A trash and etc.; You should look up such words in a dictionary and remember their spelling.

braid - cas, lodge - lag

In the roots kos- - kas-, lie- - lag- letter is written A, if the root is followed by a suffix -A-, For example: To A s-a-tsya (but to O s-noose), to A s-a-telny (but O s-new); izl A g-a-t (but izl O f-it), sl A g-a-t (but sl O live).

clone - clan, tvor - creature, gor - gar

In the roots clone- - clan-, creation- - creature-, gor- - gar- no accent letter is written O, For example: on cl O n yat, with cl O n meaning, according to cl O n to be; TV O R yeah, TV O R meaning, connection TV O R to go; behind G O R ely, for G O R ah, G O R there is, G O R eing.

Fundamentally zar- - zar- (h A R I - h O R And - h O R yka) no accent is written A, For example: h A R I, h A R Nitsa, h A R hey, oh h A R yeah, oh h A R eing.

pilaf - pilaf

Root swim- - swim- spelled with a letter O only in a nutshell: pl O V ec, pl O V sneeze, in other cases is written A: With pl A V lie, pl A V nickname, by pl A V OK, pl A V ounce(bug) , pl A V teaching(Remember the word pl s wun- layers of subsoil saturated with water.)

Fundamentally grow- - grew- (R A st And - R O With lo) no accent before st And sch is written A (You R A st it, car R A st, on R A st education, growing up A puppy, wed A whelping);
before With without follow-up T is written O (You R O With, You R O With shy, water R O With eh, not enough R O With l).

equal - equal

Root equal- mainly written in words that are related in meaning to “ equals th» ( "same" ): R A vn dimensional, R A vn significant, with R A vn that's it, that's it R A vn O, and also in the words: R A opinion, p A pay attention, r A listening, now A got the hang of it, p A vnina;
root exactly mainly written in words related in meaning to “ exactly th» (« smooth», « straight "), For example: R O vn yat(tracks), under R O vn yat(flower beds), etc., ur O ven, r O yay.

poppy - mok - moch

Root poppy- written in words meaning "to lower or lower something into liquid in order to nourish this liquid": m A To at(bread into milk) about m A To no(pen into inkwell);
root mok- written in words meaning “to let liquid through, to become wet”: boots about m O To yut, You m O To no(in the rain), paper about m O To yes, about m O To studio paper, about m O To Ashka.

Before h (urine-) - the letter is always written O, For example: m O h it, on m O h and about m O h oh, you m O h new(cf. under emphasis: m O h it, with m O h new; about verbs in -ivat type With m A h come on, you m A h to live see Roots with verified vowels).

skak - skoch

Fundamentally jump- - jump- no accent before h usually written O, before To- letter A, For example: V sk O h go (but sk A To at), on sk O h go (but on sk A To y), for sk O h yeah, you sk O h ka.

Roots with alternation clone clan rule

§ 35. There are roots in which the writing of letters in place of unstressed vowels does not correspond to the general rule, but is subject to tradition. These include the following roots with alternating vowels.

1. Roots with letters a and o.

gar - mountains In place of the unstressed vowel, the letter o is written, although under the stress - a, for example: burn, scorch, burn out, burn out, tanned, burnt out, combustible; but: soot, tan, soot, fumes. Exceptions (gar without emphasis): residues, izgar, burnt, cinder (along with the cinder variant).

zar - zar. In place of the unstressed vowel, a is written: dawn, lightning, glow, illuminate, illuminate, illumination, robin (bird), lightning; under stress - a and o, cf.: glow, radiant, radiant and zori (plural of the word dawn), zorka, zorenka, zoryushka, zorya (military signal, usually in the expression to beat or play zorya).

cas - braid This root is written a if the root is followed by a; in other cases it is written about: Wed. touch, touch, touch, tangent, touching, but touch, touch, contact, inviolable (the vowel of the root does not occur under stress).

clan - clone. In place of an unstressed vowel it is written about, for example: bow, bow, bow, bow, deviate, bow, bow, bow; under stress - o and a: cf. bow, bow, bend, inclined, inflexible and bow, bow, bow.

speck - crop. The letter o is written without emphasis in words with the meaning ‘to cover with drops, splashes’: sprinkle, sprinkling (from sprinkle), sprinkling, sprinkled, sprinkling; the letter a - in words with the meaning ‘to cover with small specks, dots’: speckled, speckled (from krápat meaning ‘to cover with speckles, apply speckles’), interspersed. Under stress - only a: speck, speck, speck, intersperse, interspersed, speck.

lag - log - lie. In place of the unstressed vowel before g it is written a, before z - o, for example: to set out, impose, assume, attach, decompose, urgent, delay, vagina, adjective, term, versifier, but: lay down, lay out, put aside, put, sentence come to life , attach, presentation, position, sentence, versification, cover, side. The emphasis is always about: tax, pledge, forgery, forged, put, put. In the word polog, where the root -log- is no longer distinguished in modern language, o is written without stress before g.

poppy - mok - moch. In place of the unstressed vowel, the letter a is written before k in words meaning ‘dip, immerse in liquid’: dunk, dunk, dip; the letter o - in words with the meaning 'to become wet': to get wet, to get wet, to get wet, to get wet (in the rain), in words derived from wet (for example, wet, sputum, sputum, wood lice) (under the stress - in the words wet, get wet, get wet, get wet, etc.), and in words with the meaning 'to dry with something. absorbing moisture’: get wet, get wet, blotter, blotter. Before h there is always the letter o, for example: wet, wet, wet, soaked (cf. under stress: wet, soaked; for verbs in -ivat like wet, soak, see § 34, note 2).

pay - sing (in the verb pay and words with the same root). Without stress it is written a: solder, solder, solder, soldering iron, etc. Under stress - a and o: cf. sealed, sealed, soldered, soldered and soldered, soldered.

swim - swim. Without stress it is written a: floating, fin, float, float (grass; beetle; water possum), float (beetle), float (bird), float, float, afloat, float; but: swimmer and swimmer with the letter o. Under stress - only a: swim, timber rafting.

Note. In the word quicksand (soil) the letter s is written, as in other words derived from the verb swim - swim: float, swim up, blur, etc.

equal - equal The letter a is written in words related in meaning to the adjective equal 'same', for example: equate (someone with someone), equal (something or with someone. ), equalize, equalize, compare (s), comparison, equalize (in something), equalize (count), equalize, level (for example, lines - 'make equal in length'), equalize, equalize, equalize, equal, equivalent, equal, balance, equinox, equal, equal.

The letter o is written in words related in meaning to the adjective smooth ‘smooth, straight, without unevenness’, for example: level (bed, road surface), level, level, level, level (make even, smooth, straight).

However, in words equal, coeval, related in meaning to equal, the letter o is written; in the word plain, related in meaning to equal, there is the letter a. In words with an unclear relationship, the following are written: the letter a - in the verb equate (in a line, during formation) and the words derived from it equal, equate, level (in line); the letter o - in combination the hour is not equal, in the word level.

different - different In numerous complex words with the first part, heterogeneous (various, multilateral, disparate, etc.) the letter a is written without stress, in the word separately - the letter o. Under stress - a (different, difference, differ) and o (discord, disparate , scattered).

ros(t) - ras(t) - rasch. In place of an unstressed vowel it is written: a) before s (without a subsequent t) - the letter o: grew, grew, grew, grown, thicket, shoot, algae, undergrowth; exception - industry and its derivatives (industry, inter-industry, diversified); b) before st - the letter a, for example: grow, grow, grow, grow, grow, grow, grow, grow, germinate, grow, grow, increase, increase, age, plant, vegetation, wild; exceptions: sprout, growth, usurer, outgrowth, outgrowth, outgrowth, outgrowth, outgrowth, teenage (along with the variant teenage); c) before u always a, for example: grow, grow, grown, increase, build-up, fusion.

Under the stress before s (followed by t and without it) - only o, for example: growth, growth, outgrowth, teenager, overgrowth; grew, overgrown, grown up, tall, wild plants.

jump - jump - jump - jump. If the root ends in k, then in place of the unstressed vowel the letter a is written, for example: gallop, gallop, gallop, gallop, jump rope, gallop, on a gallop, gallop, although under the stress - o, for example: gallop, gallop, rebound, jump, jump (about -ivat verbs like jump, see § 34, note 2).

If the root ends in h, then the letter a is written in the forms of the verb skakat and verbs derived from it (for example: I jump, jump, jump, jump, jump, jump, jump), as well as in the elephant jump (the forms of the same verbs are used to check - e.g., jump, jump, and derivatives of jump, gallop); letter o - in prefixed verbs ending in -skochit (for example: jump up, jump up, jump up, jump out, jump out, jump out, jump off, jump up) and in the word upstart (check - with forms of the same verbs, except jump out: jump up, jump off, etc.) P.).

Wed: I'll skip (a hundred miles), proskachi (forms of the verb to skip, will skip) and proskoch', skip (forms of the verb to skip, will slip); I’ll jump up, jump up (forms of the verb podskakat, podskakʹet approach jumping’) and jump up, jump up (forms of the verb jump up, jump up ‘with a quick movement to approach someone or rise sharply’).

creation - creature. In the words create, creation, creator, created, get up, etc., the letter o is written without emphasis; under the emphasis - not only about (creative, creativity), but also a (creature, created). In the word utensil, where the root -tvar- is no longer distinguished in modern language, a is written without emphasis.

2. Roots with letters i and e.

shine (k, t) - shine - shine. In place of the unstressed vowel, the letters i and e are written: i - before st with the subsequent stressed a, for example: shine, shine, shine, shine, brilliant, shine; e - in other cases, for example: sparkle, sparkles, shiny, sparkling, sparkle, sparkle, sparkle, sparkle, reflection, sparkle, sparkle, sparkle, sparkle. Under stress - e and e: shine, shine, shining; sparkle, sparkle, sparkle, glitter.

vis - weight. In place of the unstressed vowel, a letter is written in the verb hang (hang, hang) and its derivatives (hang, hang, etc.), as well as in prefixed verbs with the common part -hang: hang, hang, hang, etc. (cf. under stress: hang, hang, hang); letter e - in the words hang out, signboard, suspended, suspended, in weight (cf. under stress: hang, hang, hang).

lip - lep. In the words stick, stick, etc., the letter i is written in an unstressed position (cf. under the stress: sticky, stick), and in the words sculpt, stick, stick, etc. - the letter e (cf. under the stress: sculpts , stick, modeling).

sid - se(d). In place of an unstressed vowel, the following are written: the letter i - before the soft consonant d - in the verb sit (sit, sat) and its derivatives (sit, sit, sit, sit, sit, etc.); the letter e - before the hard d: saddle, saddle (in the latter in the plural - e: saddles), saddle, seat, sedal, sit, sit, press, squat, assessor, chairman, and also - before the soft d - in derivatives from the word saddle (saddle, sedelnik, cheresedelnik, sedeltse). Under the stress - and and e, for example: sitting, imprisonment, assiduous; sit down, sit down, village, homebody, fidget, hen, squat; in the forms of the verb sit down and prefixes - also a (in the letter I): sit down, sit down, sit down.

Note 1. For the writing of vowel letters i and e in verbal roots with a fluent vowel, see § 36.

Note 2. In verbs with a common part - take (e.g., occupy, pester, embrace, take away, lift, remove, understand, appease), which correspond to the perfect verbs of - take (occupy, accept, raise, understand, appease and etc.), written after n in place of an unstressed vowel, the letter i; the same in the verb to take out (cf. sov. view take out). In some verbs of this group, the unstressed vowel of the root can be checked by stress and in forms such as take away, lift, remove (these are forms of verbs in -nyat), rarely - in derivative words: snapshot, in an embrace.

Note 3. The letter and in place of an unstressed vowel is also written in the root of the verbs to conjure and curse. In the corresponding verbs of the perfect form and other words with the same root, the letter l is written (both in an unstressed position and under stress): curse, curse, curse, curse, curse, curse, etc.

11. The letters o and a in the roots -kos- / -kas-; -gor- / - gar-; -clan- / -clone-; -zar- / -zor-. Rules

There are roots in which writing letters in place of unstressed vowels does not correspond to the general rule, but is subject to tradition. These include roots with alternating vowels.

In the root -kos- / -kas- the letter a is written in an unstressed position,
if after the root there is a suffix -a-; if there is no suffix -a-,
then the letter o is written:

In the root -gor- / -gar-, the letter o is written in an unstressed position,
under the accent a:

In the root -clan- / -clone- the letter o is written in an unstressed position,

bow, bow down; bow - bow.

In the root -zar- / -zor- the letter a is written in an unstressed position,
under stress is the vowel that is heard - o or a:

dawn; dawn - dawn.

WITHOUT STRESS: -gor-, -clone-, -zar-.

Problems on the topic “The letters o and a in the roots -kos- / -kas-; -gor- / - gar-; -clan- / -clone-; -zar- / -zor- «

Insert the missing letters.

Accidentally to dream, to a satant to a circle, to touch along the way, to touch a secret, an untold reserve, a light touch, to touch lightly, not to touch the wall.

Insert the missing letters.

Warming, bowing, beholding, getting very hot, getting warm from the sun, candle end, smells of burning, gas heater, heated milk, dawn is burning out, morning dawn, bowing to friends, bowing your head .

Insert the missing letters.

Without ceasing to bow, bow over a book, bow before talent, avoid answering, on the slope of a mountain, low bows, bend a branch, bowed by the wind, bow when meeting.

Insert the missing letters.

1. Draw a satel line to the circle. 2. He had the lucky talent to sleep lightly on everything without being forced in conversation. 3. In his life he had to come into contact with various people. 4. Coming into contact with exposed electrical wiring is life-threatening. 5. The branches of the willow bent over the river and almost touched the water.

Spelling of alternating vowels O and A in the roots -GOR- / -GAR-

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In this lesson we will remember the roots of words in which the choice of vowels ABOUT And A depends on the final consonant of the root. We will also get acquainted with the roots in which the choice of vowels ABOUT And A depends on the stress, and we will learn the rules for alternating these vowels.

Repetition. Roots in which the choice of vowels depends on the final consonant

We already know that in the Russian language there are roots in which vowels ABOUT And A may alternate. For example:

1) at the root -RAST- / -RASH- / -ROS- is written A before combination ST And SCH, in other cases it is written ABOUT(Fig. 1).

2) at the root -LAG- / -LOZH- before G is written A, before AND is written ABOUT(Fig. 2).

That is, the choice of vowels in these roots depends on the final consonant of the root.

Vowel alternation ABOUT And A in the roots –GOR- / -GAR-

In the root -GOR- / -GAR- choice of vowels ABOUT or A depends on the stress.

Under the stress in the root -GOR- / -GAR- we write A (tan, fumes, soot), without accent we write O (burnt, burnt, tanned) (Fig. 3) .

Exceptions to the rule : fumes, dross, scorch.

Algorithm of actions for determining the vowel in the root -GOR- / -GAR-:

1) select the root;

3) if the stress falls on the root, we write A;

4) if the stress does not fall on the root, we write ABOUT.

It should be distinguished from the root with alternating -GOR- / -GAR- homonymous roots, such as: mountains in a word mountain

To do this, you need to remember the lexical meaning of the root. Roots with alternating O and A -GOR- / -GAR- have a meaning associated with fire , for example: burn, sunbathe, tan. In a word mountain the root means “elevation”, and in the word grief the root means "misfortune".

Other roots in which vowel choice ABOUT or A depends on stress

1) Roots -ZAR- / -ZOR-.

At the root -ZAR- / -ZOR- without emphasis we always write A ( dawn, lightning, illuminate ). Exception: dawn .

Algorithm of actions for determining the vowel in the root –ZAR- / -ZOR-:

1) select the root;

2) determine where the stress falls;

3) under stress we write what we hear;

4) we write without accent A.

2) Roots -CLAN- / -CLONE- and -TVAR- / -TVOR-.

At the root -CLAN- / -CLONE- and at the root -TVAR- / -TVOR- under the accent we write the letter that we hear (bow, bow, creativity), without accent we write O (bow, bow down, stoop, create, bring to life).

Exception: utensil.

3) Roots -PLAV- / -PLOV-.

In the root -PLAV- / -PLOV- the vowels O and A can also alternate with the vowel Y. In an unstressed position, the vowel O is written only in words swimmer and female swimmer, in other cases, A is written in the unstressed position (fin, float, floating). The vowel ы is written only in the word quicksand.

Homework

1. Insert the missing letters: iz_gat, ul_zhitsya, supposition, pol_g, posi_gat, rast_zhit, pol_gat'sya, posi_zhenie.
2. Insert the missing letters: r_stit, nas_shcheniye, grown_shy, grow_stit, por_sl, r_stock.
3. Insert the missing letters: g_renie, kl_nitsya, oz_rit, strongly sunbathe, burn_out from the sun, gas_heater, bow_head, sp_vun, bring_to_life.

1. Russian language. 6th grade: Baranov M.T. and others. M.: Education, 2008.
2. Russian language. Theory. 5–9 grades: V.V. Babaytseva, L.D. Chesnokova. M.: Bustard, 2008.
3. Russian language. 6th grade: ed. MM. Razumovskaya, P.A. Lekanta. M.: Bustard, 2010.

PART II.
(Materials for repeating spelling)

Alternating vowels in word roots

In accordance with the traditional classification of spellings, in this section we will consider the spelling of the following roots:

There are roots in the Russian language in which the spelling of a vowel cannot be checked by stress position. This is due to various reasons. Let's name some of them.

Let's try to determine which vowel phoneme is at the root of the word dawn. Let's choose a test word: someone will name dawn, and someone will remember zareve. The stress in words with the same root is that O, That A. Therefore, it is impossible to check the vowel in this root. We observe the same phenomenon in the roots -clone-//-clan- (bow, bow) -creation-//-creature- (creature , creation), -jump-//-jump- //-jump- //-jump- (jump, jump, jump).

In a number of roots, the spelling of the vowel depends on the suffix -A-. This is connected with tradition, with the history of the language. Take a closer look at this series of words: collect - collect, wipe - wipe, die - die, touch - touch, arrange - arrange. It is impossible not to notice that in modern Russian the suffix -A- is an indicator of the imperfect form of the verb, and alternation accompanies the transition of the verb to another form. By the way, you can recall other similar alternations, which were already mentioned in the previous section: be late - be late, flutter - flutter. Linguists have found that in the Old Russian language it was alternation that was fundamentally an indicator of verbal aspect. But the verbal system has undergone serious changes, and, in particular, alternations of the vowel in the root of verbs have lost their formative function. In modern Russian, these alternations are historical.

Fundamentally -gor-//-gar- under stress is only A, and the unstressed sound is indicated by the letter O. Why? As etymological dictionaries report, in the Old Russian and Old Church Slavonic languages, before the fall of the reduced ones, it was pronounced g[o]rght, But g[a]r. Since in that era vowels in an unstressed position were not reduced, there were no problems with the spelling of vowels. And, although in modern Russian the spelling O turns out to be fundamentally unmotivated, according to tradition we continue to write it.

Task 9. Think about whether roots in words can I'll collect, lock up, burn out and similar ones are written according to the phonemic principle.

Roots with alternating vowels can be divided into four groups depending on the conditions for choosing the vowel letter. All of them are reflected in the table.

The spelling of the vowel depends on
final consonants of the root	suffix -A-	accents		semantics (values) of the root
-grow-//-grow- // -grown- -jump- // -jump- ! If the infinitive of the verb is a root -with how-, That in the form of 1 l. units hours present and bud. vr. and in pov. incl. is written A: jump - jump, jump	-ber-//-bir-a- -per-//-pir/a- -der-//-dir/a- -ter-//-tir/a- -mer-//-peace/a- -zheg-//-zhig/a- -chet-//-cheat/a- -steel-//-steel/a- -brilliant-//-brilliant/a- -kos-//-kas/a-	Without accent it is written: -mountain- -creation- -clone- -float- -zar-		-mok-//-mac- Mok- – ‘to become saturated with moisture’ -poppy-– ‘dip into liquid’ -exactly- – ‘even, straight, smooth’ -equals- – ‘equal, identical’
-lozh-//-lag/a-
Exceptions
Rostov Rostislav sprout moneylender teenage (Variable placement of stress. Test word - teenager) industry And also all the same root words: branch, sprout, growth, outgrowth, outgrowth, etc. leap spasmodic canopy	couple combine And also all cognate words : combination compatibility associative combine		dross burnt slag (These words are derived from the word burning) utensil swimmer(s) swimmer(s)		peer equally level plain

Task 10. Word couple is included in the exceptions in many reference books and spelling textbooks, although this is incorrect. Think about why.

Task 11. Using linguistic dictionaries, explain the meaning of exception words soot, scorch, fumes and characterize them in terms of their scope of use.

Task 12. Read a fragment of the poem by M.Yu. Lermontov “Borodin’s Field”:

The drums struck the dawn,
The foggy East has turned white,
And an unexpected blow from enemies
It landed on the battery.

Use linguistic dictionaries to determine whether the first line contains a spelling and rhythmic error. (See N.A. Eskova’s dictionary Brief Dictionary of Difficulties of the Russian Language: Grammatical forms; Stress; About 12 thousand words of the modern Russian language. 6th edition, revised M.: Astrel, Asg, 2008)

Task 14. -lag-//-lozh-, -rast-//-rasch-//-grew-, -skak-//-skoch-, as well as exception words. Rewrite the phrases by inserting the missing letters. Mark the roots with alternating patterns. Explain the spelling of the highlighted letters.

1. Ra With have free time, adjective, theory e tic_positions, have hopes, offer tea, parse the sentence, lit. e ratio pr And lie, terms of success, lie G cue half_g.

2. P O useful plants, rich vegetation, tree grown, grown in a greenhouse, grow in captivity, slow nn oh connection, up to the peephole in the door, right And planted to a tree, grows in the middle zone, in the city of R_stov e, adolescence, young age, green growth, important sector, retailer, overgrown with grass, sector on the left Ouch Research Institute

3. Ride a horse, jump out from around a corner, a decisive jump, jump up from a place, an arrogant upstart, jump out of surprise nn awn, Donskoy horse, racehorse, deftly dismount from the saddle, slip past unnoticed nn y, skip_all, galloping flight, gallop, speed_skate, jump out of A rut, I'll come instantly, ck_read g A with a lop, skip on one leg along the path, don’t miss the turn, I’ll run up to you in the evening, bounce up even higher, just like that, bounce on a chair, bounce along the river bank, stop the horse at a gallop.

Task 15. Learn the rule for writing roots -mountains-//-gar-, -tvor-//-tvar, -clone-//-clan-, -zor-//-zar-, -pilaf-//-swim-, as well as exception words.

1. Ш O sunbathed, sunbathed, tanned young man, sunbathed h data, reached to O ster, pr And g_r, g_rhvostka, g_rel, vomits of my passions, hot sleep chk and, locomotive bastard.

2. Evening in vain, gazing at the rays of the sun, bright spectacles, blazing in the forest, gazing at the rays And villization, insight of a lonely mind, playing for nothing.

3. Bent down to the ground, bow to hertz O gyne, bow_to the elder, bow_adj A travellers, etc. e swear to g e roism, etc. And put_head;

4. Great TV _ thinking, performing miracles, etc. e bring life to life, open the gate, good luck With tv_ritel, different tv_r;

5. Experienced swimmer, swim island, swim to the middle of the river, easy swim, zag O mature swimmers, swimmer beetle, swimmer, swimmer, excellent swimmer;

6. Insoluble compounds And hesitation, evasion of obligation nn osty, kuho nn This creature, internal combustion engine, lit up with a smile, the smell of waste, bowed over the river, ra With act in the fog, stay afloat, rage while sunbathing by the river, deviate from the course, overwhelmed with happiness, etc. And tv_rit to A litka, uv And give pl_vtsov.

Task 16. Learn 10 roots, the spelling of which depends on the suffix -A- according to the model -ber-//-bir/a-, and exception words. Rewrite the phrases by inserting the missing letters. Select the roots in an alternating manner. Explain the spelling of the highlighted letters.

Get ready for the exam, shine in the sun, freeze with surprise, freeze with delight, ra ss smoldering around, erasing what is written, inflaming passions, being rubbed with a towel, locking up a heart, burning out a drawing, an incendiary projectile, a brilliant journalist, shining in the world, locking a barn, laying out a tablecloth, a rare occurrence, running away without looking back, deducting from a salary, tax deduction, tidying up a room , unlock the lock, collect ur O Please, choose a dissertation topic, selective Komi ss Iya, sleep with my mind, my choice.

Task 17. Remember the meaning of the roots -poppy- And -mock-. Rewrite the phrases by inserting the missing letters. Select the roots in an alternating manner. Explain the spelling of the highlighted letters.

Washed from head to toe, dip the feather in the ink b, ruined my reputation And yu, toss hair, prom_porridge, s A footwear is wet, waterproof A lol, softened by tears, but kk wet_it thoroughly, blotting paper, dipped the brush in water, washed it to the skin, soaked it in a hot bath, wet_it and with ъ ate, rinse with a napkin.

Task 18. Using a word-formation dictionary, determine which word motivates the word prom_porridge, what is its word-formation meaning?

In a number of words with roots -exactly- And -equals- the meaning of the root is quite easy to establish, and writing such words does not cause much difficulty. For example: equalize in weight, equalize, equalize rights, level the asphalt, level the sand. A spelling problem arises where the meanings of words cannot be reduced to semes (elements of meaning) ‘even’ or ‘equal’ or where spellings that contradict the rule have been fixed. At school, words such as: plain, level, equally. How to explain the spelling of a vowel in the command “ Be equal!” or in a phrase align with the forest? After all, a native Russian speaker will most likely explain the meaning of these words through the semes ‘stand up straight’, ‘along a straight line’.

Orthographic difficulty in choosing roots -exactly- And -equals- explained by the facts of the history of the Russian language. These roots are related: they have a common “ancestor” - a Slavic root, from which words with -exactly-, and in the Old Church Slavonic language - words with the root -equals-. Initially, both of these roots had one meaning, which combined the meanings ‘equal, identical’ and ‘even, straight’. In the textbook A.I. Kaydalova and I.K. Kalinina “Modern Russian Orthography”, the authors note that back in the 19th century. word smooth could be used in both meanings, and the following examples are given:

She lived at the expense of Marfa Timofeevna, but on an equal footing with her.(I. Turgenev “The Noble Nest”)

The estate was divided into three even parts.(A. Herzen)

During the development of language, semantic differentiation occurs: one meaning is assigned to each of the roots. However, some words have traditional spellings despite changes in semantics, and some words have developed new meanings.

The situation is also complicated by the already familiar alternation o//a in verb roots. For example, imperfect forms of verbs level And level spelling and phonetically coincide in form compare.

Task 19. Read excerpts from the IAS. Write down the meanings of words with roots in your notebook -exactly And -equal-, which, in your opinion, cannot be reduced to the semes ‘even’ or ‘equal’.

EQUAL, -I"yu, -I"eat; nesov., pereh.

1. (owl. compare). To make equal, identical in some way. attitude; equalize Not touched by anything, not embarrassed, humble or murmuring by her brothers - She equalizes everyone with her scythe [death]. (Tyutchev). There are two forces - two fatal forces. Climate equals everyone. So all Vietnamese, one might say, dress the same: pants made of plain fabric and a white light shirt. (Soloukhin. Postcards from Vietnam).

2. with someone or something. Consider equal, equate to someone or something. [Donna Anna:] I don't want to justify João; He was criminal, but he was not vicious. His deeds cannot be compared with others, and they cannot be measured by a common measure. (A. Tolstoy, Don Juan). Innovation, when we think about Pushkin’s emancipation of poetic speech, cannot be compared with “technological” experiments in the laboratory of poetry. (Reshetov. In his sublunary world).

EQUAL, -I'm, -I'm; unsatisfied.

To be equal, the same in some way. respect. Cedar rose higher than deciduous trees, and only poplar could still equal it.(Emelyanova. In the Ussuri taiga) We have seven classes, and the last one<…>equal to the seventh grade of a gymnasium. (Kaverin. In front of the mirror) || with whom.

– Our young lady is so white, such a dandy! How can I compare with her! (Pushkin. Peasant young lady) [Larisa:] Who do you look up to! Is such blindness possible! Sergey Sergeich... this is the ideal man. (A. Ostrovsky. Dowryless) || what. To be equivalent, equivalent to something. The daughters had long ago sent Arina Vasilyevna, but she did not dare to come, because Stepan Mikhailych’s words “not to wake anyone up” amounted to a ban on coming. (S. Aksakov. Family chronicle) [Paratov:] Your request for me is equal to an order. (A. Ostrovsky. Dowryless)

2. (owl. catch up). When approaching, to be on an equal footing, next to someone. – Who are they shooting at? Who's shooting? - Rostov asked, matching the Russian and Austrian soldiers running in mixed crowds across his road.(L. Tolstoy. War and Peace) [Samghin] walked quickly <…> . - Who are you running from? – Dronov asked, leveling up with him. (M. Gorky. Life of Klim Samgin)

3. Become (in formation) on the same line with the flanker. The orchestra began to play, and from the courtyard, through the wide-open gates, people began to move in rows.<…>They walked one after another, trying to match the flank as they went. (Bakhmetyev. Martin's crime) || led be equal! (be equal!). Used as military, sports, etc. command – align row(s). – Be equal! - Plum commanded. (Kuprin Duel)

4. trans.; by whom and to whom. Follow someone example. – You are a social worker, you are strength. You must set an example of strength: after all, everyone looks up to you.(Gladkov. Masha from Zapolya). The front troops were widely recruited by young people who had not yet participated in the war. These youth looked up to their older comrades. (Bragin. Vatutin)

5. what. To be equal to smb. size, represent some kind of size. Two times two equals four. The length of the island is 900 versts; its greatest width is 125, and its smallest 25 versts. (Chekhov. Sakhalin island). The power of its [ship's] mechanisms was equal to the power of a large power plant. (V. Kozhevnikov. Last flight)

6. Strad. to equal.

EQUAL" "YOU, -I"yu, -I"eat; nesov., pereh. (nesov. align).

1. (nons. also level). Make it even and smooth. Workers in aprons on the scaffolding laid bricks, poured masonry from the gangs and leveled them with lami. (L. Tolstoy. Anna Karenina). In the distance<…>Silin's and Remnev's tractors were constantly chattering; They were using rollers to level a large, two-kilometer-long area where they were supposed to weld pipes. (Azhaev. Far from Moscow).

2. Place in row(s) in a straight line. Even out the line.

6. Rules of Russian spelling and punctuation. Complete academic reference book / Under. ed. V.V. Lopatina. M., 2006.

7. Rosenthal D.E. Handbook of spelling and literary editing. M., 1999.

8. Dictionary of the Russian language: in 4 volumes. M., 1981–1984. (IAC)

9. Dictionary of the Russian language: in 4 volumes. M.: Russk. language; Polygraph resources, 1999. [Electronic resource] – Access mode: http://feb-web.ru/feb/mas/mas-abc/default.asp

10. Tikhonov A.N. Morphemic-spelling dictionary. M., 2002.

11. Tikhonov A.N. Word-formation dictionary of the Russian language: in 2 volumes. M., 1985.

12. Uspensky B.A. History of the Russian literary language (XI–XVII centuries). M., 2002.

13. Vasmer M. Etymological dictionary of the Russian language: in 4 volumes. St. Petersburg, 1996.

14. Chernykh P.Ya. Historical and etymological dictionary of the modern Russian language: in 2 volumes. M., 2006.

15. Shansky N.M., Bobrova T.A. School etymological dictionary of the Russian language: the origin of words. M., 2001.

E.V. ARUTYUNOVA,
Moscow

Language is formed over hundreds of years, undergoing changes. The root carries the main lexical meaning through the centuries, but the form of the main part of the word changes. This explains the difficulty of correctly choosing vowels in the roots of words in a modern language.

Verifiable

Traditional Russian roots, forming whole nests of related words, are united by a common meaning and the same spelling. In Russian, the stress is not fixed on a specific syllable - a vowel in the same root falls either in a strong position or in a weak one.

Words of the same root with a root vowel under stress serve as tests for those words in which the stress is shifted to other morphemes or vowels of the root. Sometimes to check it is enough to change the form of the word.

When choosing a word to check, it is important not to leave the semantic nest, i.e. not to lose the meaning contained in the root of all related words. This happens if you choose words with a consonant homonymous morpheme:

Wireless...bottom– the vowel is missing from the root, requires checking with stress. There are two nests of cognate words with this root:

• water it, about water it, about inOd yat;
• water ah, for water b, inOd ny.

In terms of meaning, the first chain matches the word being parsed, so the test word is passed. In this example, the word “watery,” which is not a cognate of the adjective “wireless,” will not cause an error. But this is not an indicator. Only the correct checking algorithm will eliminate spelling errors, because consonant roots can be alternating, which cannot be checked by stress:

braid collapsed/ braid o (meaning crooked) / braid it (grass) – in words the roots are homonyms; they are perceived equally by ear, but have different meanings.

But the main thing is that the first of these words cannot be checked by stress: the root is written with both O and A, and this depends on the suffix.

Alternating

In such roots, the choice of letters depends on different criteria, so morphemes are grouped according to the criterion that determines spelling.

We look at the suffix

Suffix A determines which vowel to write in the following roots:

The same suffix affects the alternation O//A in the group of roots:

• -kos -kas-: To O dream - cas A tion
• -a(i) -in-: podn I th - raise
• -a(i) -im-

This also includes lodges//lag(s): add//addend.

Looking for emphasis

The spelling of such alternating roots depends on the stress:

The difference in the meaning of related words is not immediately apparent You mock no And about poppy no- in both words we are talking about the fact that the dry has become wet. But the roots are written differently. The fact is that such roots are distinguished by meaning: it is not enough to see that the words mean that what is dry has become wet. What's more important is how it happened:

1. Get wet - soak in moisture.
2. Dip (pancake in oil) - lower into liquid.

Analyzing consonants at the root

A group of roots where the choice of vowel depends on the consonants:

Please note that the first pair - lag//lozh - has already been encountered in the section where the suffix affects the spelling of the root. This pair of roots is checked both by the suffix and by the consonants in the root - whichever is more convenient for you, there will be no mistakes. The only thing is that those who use the second method need to remember the exception - canopy.

In every group of roots there are exceptions. These words are remembered because they do not follow the rules of alternating roots.

ROOTS WITH ALTERNATING VOWELS LIST OF EXCLUSIONS
cheat - cheat	couple, combine, combination
gar - mountains	cinder, scorch, dross, scorch
zar - zar	to rage, to disgrace
pilaf - pilaf	swimmer, swimmer, quicksand + (prefix) swim
creature - creation	utensil
lag - lie	canopy
grow / grow - grew	moneylender, Rostok, industry, Rostislav, Rostov, Rostov-on-Don
skak - skoch	Download! jump, jump, spasmodic
poppy - mok	Get wet written blotter, blotter a piece of paper
equal - equal	plain

Unverifiable

The group of unverifiable words includes Russian words that have been torn away from their etymological source, their structure has changed, and the connection with related words has been lost. Borrowed words are not checked either, since their spelling does not follow the rules of the Russian language. The spelling is memorized or checked in dictionaries.

• Ant A gonism, ap A rteid, A br A To A dabra, b A dminton, br A vada, in A lidol, in A trushka, age A reap, di A P A zones, to A Morka, to A R A Katitsa, k A T A enemas, to A T A stanza, to A T A Vasiya, k A b A la, l A mpas, m A d A floors, m A kaka, m A cool A tour, m A stodont, nav A waiting, n A ft A lin, p A negirik, p A gardener, p A liter, n A norama, p A nteon, p A R A pet, p A Title, pl A stilin, tr A f A ret, phil A TVist, est A kada, esque A lation;
• ab O rdazh, ab O Rigen, af O rhism, b O rdur, in O yazh, d O sk O nalally, to O borax, to O gorta, to O libri, to O mp O new, to O ngl O Merat, k O rdebalet, k O Riphean, k O cabbage soup, n O V O Cain, n O tation, about A yaniye, O b O babysitting, n O tone;
• V e ntilation, in e stibule, d e likates, d e G e nerat, int e ligent, cl e ptoman, cr e tin, m e ningitis, m e hera, m e ts e nat, p e lycan, p e rifferia, p e scare, pr e zidium, r e zyume, sn e weights, sn e current, tr e pang, uv e turquoise, fuse e lie down, enz e falit, exp e riment, esp e ranto;
• b And fsteak, br And Olin, in And unheated, in And mercury, d And abeth, d And f And ramb, d And range, d And zenteria, d And V And dan, d And vert And sment, d And orama, izd And Venition, In And ts And ativa, cr And m And nology, cont. And ngent, cor And fairy, man And population, m And l And Tarist, n And G And lism, n And velate, priv And legia, ut And l And tare, f And l And faceted, ek SP e-mail And Xir.

Note:

1. The spellings are outdated tunnel, operation, number. Should write tunnel, operation, number; words number, numbering, numbering, numberer written only through at.
2. The words are adequate in meaning zero and zero, but their spelling depends on the form of the word: in the nominative and accusative cases, spellings with O And at, in other cases- writing only at: be equal to zero, reduce to zero, stay at zero. Derived words are formed from the stem zero"-: zero temperature, zero cycle, nullify, nullification. Only with o: zero zero(at five o'clock) zero attention, zero point(although the word zero here in the nominative case).

Unified State Examination practice in the Russian language: