A message about suffixes in Russian. Spelling suffixes. Spelling verb suffixes
Suffixes play a very important role in the Russian language. With their help, not only new words are formed, but also grammatical forms, and they also serve to convey the emotional component of speech. That is why it is simply necessary to know what suffixes are and what they are used for.
What is a suffix?
A suffix is a morpheme that comes behind a root. Sometimes there are cases when a suffix follows the ending. In this case it is called "postfix". First of all, this concerns the morpheme -sya-/-s-: wash themselves (ending -yut, postfix -sya-), get ready, show off and others.
The main function of a suffix is the formation of new words, however, there are cases when this morpheme plays a formative role. There are many suffixes in the language that have expressive and emotional connotations.
It is so numerous that it begins to be studied at school in the elementary grades. What are the suffixes in the Russian language? Grade 2 takes place already in the middle of the year.
Using this morpheme it is easy to find out which part of speech is in front of us. So, thanks to the specific -ush/-yusch and -ash-/-yash- we understand that this is a participle, and -v- clearly says that the word in question is a gerund. Let's first consider these morphemes from the point of view of purpose, and then talk about belonging to any part of speech.
A word can exist without a suffix, but it is the suffix that gives the lexeme its special meaning. The opposite cases are also not uncommon, when there are two or even three suffixes. So in the word “teaching” there are two of them: -tel- and -stv-, and in the word “teaching” there are three: the verbal -ova- was added to the previous two.
What are they by function?
Let's look at what suffixes are from the point of view of their functionality.
Shades of values
Also, suffixes can be subdivided depending on what shade of meaning they convey. It is no secret that the root carries the main semantic load. The suffix only clarifies and makes the word more expressive. Let's look at what suffixes are from this point of view and the meanings they convey:
- Diminutive: table-table; ram-lamb; handsome - handsome; child - baby.
- Magnifying: boots, hands, fists, giants.
- Baby animals: duckling, calf, kitten, baby elephant.
- Designation of belonging to any profession: saleswoman, crane operator, barmaid; also localities: Siberian, St. Petersburg, Muscovite, southerner; Nationalities: Ukrainian, Georgian, German, Finnish.
- Subjective attitude towards an object or person: thief, little one, cunning, greedy, laughing.
Noun suffixes
In high school they begin to study morphology in detail, so for each part of speech they determine what suffixes there are in the Russian language (grade 5). Let us analyze this morpheme from this point of view.
We will cite as an example only the most characteristic suffixes, by which one can unambiguously say about their morphological affiliation.
Noun suffixes:
Meaning |
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Oshk-/-ushk-/-yushk-/-yshk- | Diminutives: sparrow, wing, hut, snake. |
Chick-/-schik- | Occupation: loader, parquet floorer, estimator, furniture maker. |
Adjective suffixes
Now let's talk about what adjective suffixes are.
This is perhaps the richest part of speech for these morphemes.
Meaning |
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A quality acquired under the influence of something (time, location, etc.): stale, tired. |
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Indicate the material from which the item is made. They are always written with one “n” (exceptions: glass, tin, wood): clay, sand, leather. It may also indicate the purpose of the item (wardrobe) or the method of operation (wind, peat). |
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Indicates an expressive feature: enlarged body parts (lipped, tailed) or another quality (shaggy, bespectacled) |
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Ev-/-ov-, -in- | With the help of these suffixes grandfathers and fathers are formed. It also indicates what the item is prepared or made from: pear, anise. |
Enn-/-onn- | Property (military, morning, cranberry, slow) |
Iv-/-liv-/-chiv- | Inclination, some quality, possession of something: rainy, lazy, beautiful |
East, -chat- | Similarity: silvery, oily. Tendency, similarity: sweeping, impetuous, turnip-like (turnip-like). |
Performing an action or capable of it, having a connection: observant, surprising, selective. Object of action, its purpose: swimming; desirable. |
Verb suffixes
What are the suffixes for verbs in Russian? Most often they are formative (we wrote about them earlier). However, there are also those that are endowed with certain meanings. So -ova-/-yva- will tell us that the action has not ended, but is in the process (plan, fantasize, care) - these are all imperfective verbs.
The suffixes -sya-/-s-, although they form a reflexive verb, are not inflectional. They are included entirely in the base.
Pronoun suffixes
The last thing left to talk about is what pronoun suffixes are. There are only three of them: -this, -either, -something. They are all written with a hyphen and participate in the formation of anyone, any, something.
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THESE NAUGHTY SUFFIXES: DIFFICULT QUESTIONS OF MORPHEMIC ANALYSIS
Krylova Maria Nikolaevna
Azov-Black Sea State Agroengineering Academy
PhD in Philological Science, Assistant Professor of the Professional Pedagogy and Foreign Languages Department
Abstract
The article is devoted to the review of difficult questions of morphemic analysis associated with the allocation of suffixes in the word. This article discusses ways of allocation a zero suffixes, variants of suffixes, irregular suffixes, status(es) in the infinitive, suffixoides, postfixes and interfixes and processes of simplification and applications associated with the suffixes. The conclusion about the necessity of a creative, research approach to the morphemic analysis.
Morphemic analysis, or analysis of a word by its composition, is difficult for many high school students, philology students, and even teachers. As noted by N.A. Isaeva, “today there are real problems of professional and methodological readiness of bachelor students and teachers in the field of analysis and interpretation of morphemic and word-forming concepts presented in school textbooks, and, accordingly, formalism in teaching schoolchildren these important, system-forming concepts that form the basis for the development of various meta-subject skills."
Issues of morphemic analysis and teaching it were considered by M.T. Baranov, E.A. Zemskoy, N.A. Isaeva, M.R. Lvov, T.G. Ramzaeva, A.V. Tekuchev, N.M. Shansky and other scientists and methodologists, however, there are still problems that are difficult to solve due to the presence of different interpretations of certain language phenomena.
It can be especially difficult to identify the suffix(s) in a word and to distinguish it from other morphemes. This is due, first of all, to the fact that it is possible to identify a suffix only if you have the ability to isolate the ending and the root in a word.
Morpheme – the smallest significant unit of language. According to their role in a word, morphemes are divided into: root, or roots – basic morphemes and affixal , or affixes – additional (from lat.affixus– ‘attached’). Types of affixes: prefix (prefix), suffix, interfix, postfix. In other languages there are also affixes such as confix, infix, transfix, etc.
A suffix is a service morpheme (affix), which is located after the root and serves to form words and their non-syntactic forms.
According to their function, affixes are divided into word-forming ones - they express lexical meaning, form different words and are less regular, less standard, for example, without -house- n-th, and formative - have the highest degree of regularity and standardity, have grammatical meaning, form grammatical forms, for example, on -pee-a- NN-and I . The ending is always a form-building affix; suffixes can be both word- and form-building. Information about formative suffixes comes to students gradually when studying morphology, and high school students should already have a good understanding of formative suffixes and know all the formative suffixes of the Russian language:
1. Suffixes of degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs: -ee, -ey, -e, -she, -eysh-, -aysh-, -eyshe, -ayshe . For example: kind- her(good- to her), thin- she, higher e, kind- eish-y, thin- aish -yy, deep- Aishe, obediently Yeshe .
2. Suffixes of participles and gerunds: -ush-, (-yush-), -ash- (-box-), -vsh- (-sh-), – enn-, -nn-, -t-, om-, -eat-, -im- , -v, -lice, – a, -i . For example: run- ushch-yy, gon- them-th, tired- Vsh-yy, offended- enne-th, insult- V, parsing- I .
3. Past tense suffix - l -, with the help of which the past tense form is formed from the stem of the infinitive: offended- l, carried(null).
4. Imperative suffix - And -, with the help of which the form of the imperative mood is formed from the base of the present (future simple) tense. For example: select And, carried And- come on, give it up And erase(null).
5. Suffixes of nouns, with the help of which are formed:
a) plural forms and oblique cases (syntactic forms): -es-, -er-, -en-, - j - , -yat-, -ov j - . For example: miracle- EU-ah, mat- er-and, breed- en-ah, take it- j -I'm a cat- yat-ah, son- ov j -I;
b) singular form: - in -. For example: citizens in .
6. Suffix of the present (future simple) tense of a verb in the indicative mood: -j -. For example: read- j -y, read-j -eat. The issue of this suffix is controversial; not all scientists distinguish it.
Morphemic analysis is the identification of all morphemes in a word. When producing it, one must remember that “a truly scientific analysis of the structure of a word, and not a mechanical division of a word into morphemes (sometimes non-existent) is possible only when the word is considered, firstly, against the background of related and similar-structured words at the moment , and secondly, in the totality of all its inherent grammatical forms. This is the basic principle of word-formation analysis (as well as morphemic analysis).
It is impossible to describe all the difficult issues of morphemic analysis within the framework of the article. Let us consider the most complex problems of morphemic analysis of the end of a word. We will present the information in a question-and-answer form, which should make it easier to understand.
Are there special ways to highlight a suffix?
Before identifying a suffix or suffixes, you need to do some preparatory work: determine what part of speech the word is, since each part of speech has its own set of suffixes; highlight the root (if possible) and ending (required). And only after this, apply the methods indicated below, and preferably not just one, but all together:
1. Correlating the word with cognate words and grammatical forms of the word. For example, by relating the word fox with words fox And fox- j -Iand remembering the fluent vowels, we can easily identify the suffix in it -th .
2. Comparison of a word with words of the same composition, the same word-formation type. After all, we correlate a word with words of the same root in order to highlight the root, why not correlate it with “single-suffix” words in order to highlight the suffix. For example, glad- awn, sweet- awn, let's go awn and under.
3. The “matryoshka” principle (termN.M. Shansky) necessary when there are several suffixes in a word. They are isolated using form analysis and word-formation analysis, step-by-step “undressing” of the word. For example, derivational suffixes in the word wateriness will become apparent after building a word-formation chain: water → water- yang-oh → water- ist-th → watery- awn . In a word pored over First, after analyzing the grammatical form, we will highlight the formative postfix - Xia , ending - and I - and the formative suffix of the participle - Vsh -, and then highlight the verb suffix - yva -.
In any case, when deciding on the morphemic composition of a word, it is necessary to simultaneously analyze the word form (isolate the ending and formative suffixes) and word-formation analysis. As N.A. writes Isaev, “word-formation analysis should not come after morphemic analysis, but precede it and at certain stages organically “weave” into the fabric of morphemic analysis - this is a simple and understandable law of competent analysis of the structure of a word.”
Otherwise, mistakes are inevitable.
Should formative suffixes be included in the stem?
Difficulties arise when identifying the stem of a word, since formative affixes are not included in the stem, but word-forming affixes are included. We are accustomed to not including the ending in the stem, and we forget to cut off formative suffixes from the stem. It seems that the truth is somewhere in the middle: it is not worth explaining to primary school students that some suffixes may not be included in the basis, and starting from the 5th grade, this new information needs to be gradually introduced, which will help master the morphology of the Russian language, ways of inflection .
Should null suffixes be highlighted?
To solve this question for yourself, you must first discover such a suffix in the word. Everyone knows that endings can be zero (not materially expressed). Examples:house□ , families□ , fox□, entertainment□, stop□. It is mandatory to highlight the zero ending with an empty square; failure to highlight it is a serious mistake. The situation is different with zero suffixes, since many people do not even know about their existence.
Two formative suffixes can be zero: 1) past tense suffix -l- in the masculine gender of some verbs, for example, died- Æ , carriedÆ ; compare: died- l-ah, they carried; 2) imperative suffix -And-, For example, drop- Æ ; compare: carried And . After a zero formative suffix there must be a zero ending.
The zero suffix of the past tense of the verb and the zero ending after it arose as a result of the loss of weak reduced and dropping -l- after consonants at the end of a word (compare Old Russian dried up).
In addition, the zero suffix appears as a result of zero suffixation, in this case it is word-forming, and after it there can be not only a zero, but also a materially expressed ending. For example, transition-Æ ¬ move on, blue-Æ ¬ blue, stutterer-Æ -A-¬ stutter, five-Æ th¬ five, physicistÆ ¬ physics and under. According to T.Yu. Gavrilkin, word-formation types with zero suffixes in modern language have a high derivational potential.
In the practice of teaching the Russian language, it is not customary to highlight zero suffixes; there is no special icon for them. To introduce it or not (one of the options is given above) is a difficult question; most teachers will say that it is not worth it. Nevertheless, the concept of a zero suffix must be introduced by demonstrating its existence by comparing a number of word forms. According to N.A. Isaeva, the concept of a zero suffix must be introduced into the conceptual apparatus of students: “Although it is not mandatory in school teaching, by the nature of its meaning and in relation to other words it fits well into the group of “zeros” studied at school - zero ending and zero connective ".
How to avoid calling variants of a suffix different suffixes?
Morphemes are realized in speech in morphs, or allomorphs. Some suffixes do not have morphs: -tel, -ost, -nicha- . For example: teach- tel, zl- awn, rival nothing-th. There are no difficulties with them.
But most often, depending on the position in the word, the same suffix can have several variants with different sounds and spellings:
-To - And - OK -: memory- To-a – memory- OK ,
-ec - And - ts -: cheese- ec- cheese- ts-A,
-n - And - en - in short form of adjectives: memory- en- memory- n-A,
-ova - And - at j - in verb forms: feast- ova-l, pir- at j -Yu,
- j (a) and - th : jumper- j -I am a jumper- th .
If suffixes change when forming words, then they are variants of the same suffix, and not different suffixes. Their changes are associated with phonetic processes that have occurred in the language, with the many alternations existing in the language. Comparison of word forms and knowledge of possible alternations will help us understand that variants are different forms of the same suffix: love- ec- love- h-hic, son- OK- son- very good-ek, doggy-j -I, dog- th .
The suffix or ending is - t (-you) in the infinitive form of the verb?
Undoubtedly the finale -t (-you) is a formative suffix, since it forms the form of the infinitive: read- t, carried you . The infinitive (the indefinite form of the verb) is an unchangeable form, so it simply cannot have an ending, because the ending is the variable part of the word. Clipping - t (-you ) we get the stem of the infinitive, from which many verb forms are formed: build- t– build- l, build- lice.
In the school textbook, according to tradition - t (-you ) stands out as endings. The new manuals have a two-fold option when - t (-you ) stands out both as an ending and as a suffix. Apparently, the most reasonable solution for the teacher would be to teach how to isolate a given morpheme as recommended in the textbook, while explaining its nature. Students should know that this is a formative suffix.
And here - whose at the end of the infinitive is not a separate morpheme at all, it is included in the root. Compare: pitch -y, oven- eat, bake .
Do I need to highlight suffixes that are not designated by a separate letter?
This issue can be solved in different ways. For example, the word I'm building spelling is divided into two morphemes ( building), and phonetically (that is, in reality) - by three ( construction j -Yu) , - j - is a suffix. Does it need to be highlighted? Undoubtedly, it is necessary, since, firstly, it is in the word, and secondly, in the imperative mood of the verb it will be expressed by the letter th (construction th ), and highlighting it will allow us to correlate with each other forms of the verb formed from one stem - the stem of the present tense; thirdly, it will be completely harmless to repeat the graphics and those positions in which the letter Yu stands for two sounds. Systematic work in this direction will help students easily find the “hidden” suffix in the word. By the way, not only the entire suffix can be hidden, but also part of it, for example, -j - V suffixes -e n And j- -norj- (repetition, desire). In this case, do not notice -j - not so scary, because the morpheme will still be highlighted, albeit in a truncated form, but it’s still better to “notice” the hidden part of the suffix, then it will be easier to explain why in the words desires, efforts, doubts and under. - th – this is not the end.
How to find an irregular suffix in a word?
Regular suffixes are often found in words, for example, -IR-: table- IR, house- IR, pillar- IR etc. The most regular morphemes are endings and formative suffixes: lamp- A, run- ush-y. Irregular (unique, rare) suffixes The words are rarely found in the composition. For example: paste- wow, small- yutk-A. Some suffixes appear in just one word. According to the definition of E.A. Zemskoy, “parts of a word that are similar to suffixes and prefixes in their role in the composition of a word, but are single and not repeated, are called unifixes.” For example: hit- j -I, mail- amt, glass- tier, cartridge- tash, bush- arnica, goats ate, proletarian- th. In the morphemic analysis of such words, it is impossible to correlate the word with other words of the same word-formation type, but it is possible to correlate it with words of the same root and select a suffix based on this comparison, for example: glass – glass- tier .
Should I single out a suffix fused with the root?
Language is constantly evolving, one of the processes of its development is simplification - the loss of a word’s division into morphemes. In particular, a suffix can merge with a previous morpheme, usually a root, for example: ne duh, live know, Yes R, pi R (compare p-t, live, yes-t, p-t). According to E.A. Zemskoy, “most often this is due to a change in the meaning of the word, which usually leads to the oblivion of its composition.”
Since during morphemic analysis we identify in a word those morphemes that exist in it at a given stage of language development, then, of course, there is no need to highlight such “former” suffixes. ON THE. Isaeva writes: “When studying the morphemic composition of a word in school, it is necessary to clearly distinguish between the facts of synchrony and diachrony and to consider the phenomena of the word-formation system only on a synchronous basis.” But we should not forget that there is also an etymological analysis, during which it is necessary to consider suffixes that have merged with the root and ceased to be suffixes.
How to identify suffixoids?
Affixoids are root morphemes that act as affixes. They are divided into prefixoids ( semi-) and suffixoids (- ved, -vod and etc.). Suffixoids have a high degree of standardization, like suffixes, for example: glass- var, linguistic Vedas, color- water, forest- WHO, wine- affairs, earth- cop, television graph, steam image-n- th. While fulfilling the role of suffixes, suffixoids have not ceased to be recognized as root morphemes; they are on the path of transition from roots to suffixes, thereby demonstrating one of the examples of living development and change in language. According to N.M. Shansky, “affixoids, when used as affixes, still continue to remain and are clearly recognized as root morphemes, or stems that retain semantic and genetic connections with the corresponding roots.” Therefore, they need to be singled out, apparently, as the second parts of a complex word, that is, divided into roots, if there are suffixes and endings ( steam image ).
How to highlight suffixes when applying?
Application of a root and a suffix is the superposition of morphemes, combining the end of one and the beginning of another morpheme. For example, in the word lilac root lilov- and the suffix - ovat -, in a word Minsky– root Minsk- and suffix - sk - and under. It seems that overlap is not disappearance, and it is necessary to highlight both morphemes, simultaneously explaining that our language is very beautiful, melodic and thus gets rid of dissonant words like lilac, Minsk.
How to distinguish a suffix from a postfix?
In words that have an ending, the suffix usually comes before the ending. But the suffix can also appear after the ending. It's called postfix.
Postfixes are observed in verbs and in certain categories of pronouns: wash- sya, formed- Xia, eat- ka, to whom- That, some someday, came- after all . They can be written with a word either together (the first two examples) or with a hyphen (the remaining examples).
By origin, all postfixes are independent words.
To distinguish a postfix from a suffix, you just need to remember all the postfixes. There are few of them; in the examples given above, they are all named.
What sign is used to highlight postfixes?
There are several options for highlighting: 1) as a suffix, 2) in no way, 3) as a “prefix on the contrary” (in the other direction).
The most logical, in our opinion, is to highlight the postfix with a suffix sign, since, according to the definition, a postfix is a suffix that comes after the ending. But you need to explain in words that this is a special morpheme and call it correctly.
Are postfixes included in the stem of a word?
The verb has postfixes that are both word- and form-forming, while pronouns have only word-forming postfixes. Form-forming postfixes are not included in the stem of the word, word-forming ones are.
Verb postfix -Xia (-sya) requires special remark. It can be both word- and form-building. It is formative if it forms the form of a pledge: pour- Xia, anger- Xia, throw- Xia . In some cases the affix - Xia takes on the meaning of a word-forming morpheme and is included in the stem, which in this case becomes intermittent (it is interrupted by the ending and/or the formative suffix): bursting into tears, reading, reveling. It is not difficult to distinguish such verbs: they are not used without - Xia .
How to distinguish a suffix from an interfix?
Interfixes are connecting morphemes, insertions between other morphemes. First of all, these are connecting vowels O And e, which stand out between parts of complex words: earth- e-mer, par- O-move. Such interfixes cannot be confused with suffixes; difficulties in identifying them are associated with the presence of similar phenomena ( weather report below) by the absence of a special icon for them.
Difficulties arise when interfixes are insertions between a root and a suffix. Sometimes they are also called gaskets. Let's look at examples: highway → highway- th-ny, there → there- osh-niy, today → today- w-niy, cinema → cinema- w-nick, eagle → eagle- ov-sky, Sochi → soch- in-sky. In these words, interfixes are very similar to suffixes in position in the word, but they do not participate in word formation, do not have any meaning, and are only inserted between morphemes to avoid cacophony (imagine the above words without interfixes).
To distinguish an interfix from a suffix, you need to accurately imagine how the process of word formation took place, to see the word formation model. For example, the formation of possessive adjectives from the name of a city using the suffix - sk -: Rostov → rostov- sk-iy, Tula → tul- sk-th and under. Then the insertion of the interfix will become obvious to us: Sochi → soch- in-sky, and the application phenomenon: Kursk → Kursk.
In addition, the arsenal of interfixes is small, and you just need to remember them.
So, we have examined complex issues of morphemic analysis of words related to the identification of suffixes and morphemes similar to them. I would like to note that the most important thing in the work of both the student and, especially, the teacher should be a creative, research approach to morphemic analysis. In a situation of a formal approach, if the main thing is to memorize postulates and rules, and not research, even if this is only a modest study of the composition of one single word, it is impossible to achieve high results in teaching morphemic analysis and form the basis for the further growth of the student, for the development of his linguistic competence.
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- star) derived from star), the suffix -och- gives a diminutive affectionate meaning. Examination: lamp-glasses, jacket-glasses, ribbon-glasses- suffix -ochk- with a diminutive meaning.
- bun)- related words:bun(s),(no) buns(),bun(s)- here there is an alternation of k/ch in the root and a fluent o, there are no words with the root bul-, therefore we highlight the root bun-, the ending (a), the suffix -k- (-och- - part of the root) remains.
Checking the existence of such a morpheme: words handle-to (a), knife-to (a)- suffix -k- with a diminutive meaning.
Likewise: bench-k(a) (shop(a)), plate-k(a) (plate(a)), t-shirt-k(a) (mike(a)). - hole-och-k(a)- related words:holes(a), holes-to(a),we remember the alternation of k/ch in the root and the fluent o and highlight the suffix -och-, the suffix - k- gives a diminutive meaning, i.e. a hole is a small hole. Likewise:bowl-ech-k(a) (bowl(a)-bowl-k(a)), trub-och-k(a) (pipe(a)-pipe-ka)), tetrad-och-k(a) (notebook()- notebook-to(a)).
- el-och-k(a)- related words spruce, yol-k(a), yol-och-n(y), therefore, we highlight the root el’, the suffixes -och- and -k-;
- swallow(s), shirt(s) - point - part of the root.
In each case, it is necessary to determine the lexical meaning of the word (meaning), part of speech, and find words with the same root.
When identifying suffixes in a word, it is difficult to determine their number and boundaries.
Suffix extraction algorithm
- Using the word as an example diary
- Select root, ending: day- eunik() - from day-day(s)-day(s)(dr- - root).
- Enumerate related words that contain the remaining part of the word - eunik : day- Evn(Ouch). Therefore, we select the suffix -evn- .
- We are looking for related words with the remaining part -ik- in the composition. There is no such word. Therefore, -ik- constitutes one suffix.
- Answer: diary()- suffixes -evn, -ik.
You can check morphemic parsing using Yandex dictionaries for the Russian language - Morphemic-spelling dictionary.
After selecting a suffix (prefix), it is necessary to check the existence of such a morpheme. Here the lists of suffixes on the website will be useful (you need to “know the suffixes and prefixes by sight”) and the selection of words with this morpheme with the same meaning.
Spelling noun suffixes includes a number of rules. We have already examined the spelling of N and NN, so the remaining rules can be divided into two types of rules:
1) Spelling consonants in noun suffixes;
2) Spelling vowels in noun suffixes.
Spelling of consonants in noun suffixes.
1) Suffix -chik written in nouns whose stems end in consonants g, h, s, d, t:
Counter, pilot, scout, storyteller.
Note. Consonants k, h, c, to which the stem of the noun ends, when adding suffix -chik alternate with -t-:
Distribution is a distributor, reconnaissance is a scout.
2) Suffix -schik written in nouns whose stem ends with all other consonants:
Welder, welder, nuclear engineer.
Spelling vowels in noun suffixes.
1) Suffix -chik or suffix -chek?
The suffix -chik is written in cases where the suffix remains unchanged in case declension:
Key - key - key; boy - boy - boy.
If a vowel drops out during case declension, then we write in the nominative case suffix -ek:
Lock - lock - lock.
Attention. There is no suffix -chek in Russian!
2) Suffix -enk- and -onk-.
If the noun stem ends in a soft consonant or consonants f, w, then the suffix is written -enk-:
The soul is a darling, the dawn is a dawn.
If the stem of a noun ends in hard consonants, except f, w, then the suffix is written -onk-:
A lip is a sponge, a fur coat is a fur coat.
Words to remember. Good girl, good girl, little bunny.
3) Suffixes -ich- + -k- get nouns whose stem ends in -its- (at the same time, alternation occurs -ts/-h-):
A bird is a bird, a button is a button.
The remaining nouns receive diminutive suffix -echk-:
Seed, Manechka, little name.
Note. There is no unstressed suffix -yachk- in the Russian language!
4) Suffixes -in- + -k- written in zh.r. nouns whose stem ends in -in- :
pea - pea; machine - machine.
The combination of suffixes -en- + -k- forms the diminutive form of nouns that end in -nya and -na (in which the plural form is gendered. not written soft sign):
Arable land - arable land - arable land; pine - pine - pine.
5) Suffix -ets(o) written in neuter nouns in which the stress falls on the ending:
Letter
If the stress in such nouns falls on one of the syllables of the base, then the suffix is written -its(e):
