Genetic relationship of inorganic substances. Genetic relationship between classes of inorganic compounds Genetic series how to solve

A genetic connection between substances is a connection that is based on their mutual transformations; it reflects the unity of origin of substances, in other words, genesis.

Having knowledge about the classes of simple substances, we can distinguish two genetic series:

1) Genetic series of metals

2) Genetic series of non-metals.

The genetic series of metals reveals the interconnectedness of substances of different classes, which are based on the same metal.

The genetic series of metals comes in two types.

1. Genetic series of metals to which alkali corresponds as a hydroxide. Such a series can be represented by a similar chain of transformations:

metal → basic oxide → base (alkali) → salt

Take for example the genetic series of calcium:

Ca → CaO → Ca(OH) 2 → Ca 3 (PO 4) 2.

2. Genetic series of metals that correspond to insoluble bases. There are more genetic connections in this series, because it more fully reflects the idea of ​​direct and reverse transformations (mutual). Such a series can be represented by another chain of transformations:

metal → basic oxide → salt → base → basic oxide → metal.

Let's take for example the genetic series of copper:

Cu → CuO → CuCl 2 → Cu (OH) 2 → CuO → Cu.

The genetic series of nonmetals reveals the relationship between substances of different classes, which are based on the same nonmetal.

Let's highlight two more varieties.

1. The genetic series of nonmetals, to which a soluble acid corresponds as a hydroxide, can be depicted in the form of the following line of transformations:

non-metal → acidic oxide → acid → salt.

Take for example the genetic series of phosphorus:

P → P 2 O 5 → H 3 PO 4 → Ca 3 (PO 4) 2.

2. The genetic series of nonmetals, which correspond to an insoluble acid, can be represented by the next chain of transformations:

non-metal → acid oxide → salt → acid → acid oxide → non-metal.

Since of the acids we have considered, only silicic acid is insoluble, let’s look at the genetic series of silicon as an example:

Si → SiO 2 → Na 2 SiO 3 → H 2 SiO 3 → H 2 SiO 3 → SiO 2 → Si.

So, let's summarize and highlight the most basic information.

The integrity and diversity of chemical substances is most clearly depicted in the genetic connection of substances, which is revealed in genetic series. Let's look at the most important features of genetic series:

Genetic series are a group of organic compounds that have an equal number of carbon atoms in the molecule, differing in functional groups.

A genetic connection is a more general concept, in contrast to a genetic series, which, although quite striking, is at the same time a particular manifestation of this connection, which can occur during any two-way transformations of substances.

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Genetic connection is a connection between substances that belong to different classes.

The main features of genetic series:

1. All substances of the same series must be formed by one chemical element.

2. Substances formed by the same element must belong to different classes of chemical substances.

3. The substances that form the genetic series of an element must be interconnected by mutual transformations.

Thus, genetic name a number of substances that represent different classes of inorganic compounds, are compounds of the same chemical element, are related by mutual transformations and reflect the common origin of these substances.

For metals, three rows of genetically related substances are distinguished, for non-metals - one row.


1. Genetic series of metals whose hydroxides are bases (alkalies):

metal→basic oxide→base (lye)→salt.

For example, the genetic series of calcium:

Ca → CaO → Ca(OH) 2 → CaCl 2

2. Genetic series of metals that form amphoteric hydroxides:

salt

metal→amphoteric oxide→(salt)→amphoteric hydroxide

For example: ZnCl 2

Zn → ZnO → ZnSO 4 → Zn(OH) 2
(H2ZnO2) ↓
Na 2 ZnO 2

Zinc oxide does not react with water, so salt is first obtained from it, and then zinc hydroxide. The same is done if the metal corresponds to an insoluble base.

3. Genetic series of non-metals (non-metals form only acid oxides):

non-metal→acid oxide→acid→salt

For example, the genetic series of phosphorus:

P → P 2 O 5 → H 3 PO 4 → K 3 PO 4

The transition from one substance to another is carried out using chemical reactions.

The relationship and interrelation of chemical transformations is confirmed by the genetic connection between classes of inorganic substances. One simple substance, depending on its class and chemical properties, forms a chain of transformations of complex substances - a genetic series.

Inorganic substances

Compounds that do not have a carbon skeleton characteristic of organic substances are called inorganic or mineral substances. All mineral compounds are classified into two broad groups:

  • simple, consisting of atoms of one element;
  • complex, including atoms of two or more elements.

Rice. 1. General classification of substances.

Simple connections include:

  • metals (K, Mg, Ca);
  • non-metals (O 2 , S, P);
  • inert gases (Kr, Xe, Rn).

Complex substances have a more extensive classification, shown in the table.

Rice. 2. Classification of complex substances.

Amphoteric metals form the corresponding oxides and hydroxides. Amphoteric compounds exhibit the properties of acids and bases.

Genetic series

Simple substances - metals and non-metals - form chains of transformations that reflect the genetic connection of inorganic substances. Through chemical reactions of addition, substitution and decomposition, new simpler or more complex compounds are formed.

Each link in the chain is connected to the previous presence of a simple substance. The difference between the two types of genetic series lies in the reaction with water: metals form soluble and insoluble bases, non-metals form acids.

The main chains of transformations are described in the table.

Substance

Genetic series

Examples

Active metal → basic oxide → alkali → salt

2Ca + O 2 → 2CaO;

CaO + H 2 O → Ca(OH) 2;

Ca(OH) 2 + 2HCl → CaCl 2 + 2H 2 O

Low reactive metal → basic oxide → salt → insoluble base → basic oxide → metal

2Cu + O 2 → 2CuO;

CuO + 2HCl → CuCl 2 + H 2 O;

CuCl 2 + 2KOH → Cu(OH) 2 + 2KCl;

Cu(OH) 2 → CuO + H 2 O;

CuO + H 2 → Cu + H 2 O

Non-metal

→ acidic oxide → soluble (strong) acid → salt

4P + 5O 2 → 2P 2 O 5 ;

P 2 O 5 + 3H 2 O → 2H 3 PO 4 ;

H 3 PO 4 + 3NaOH → Na 3 PO 4 + 3H 2 O

→ acidic oxide → salt → insoluble (weak) acid → acidic oxide → nonmetal

Si + O 2 → SiO 2 ;

SiO 2 + 2NaOH → Na 2 SiO 3 + H 2 O;

Na 2 SiO 3 + 2HCl → H 2 SiO 3 + 2NaCl;

H 2 SiO 3 → SiO 2 + H 2 O;

SiO 2 + 2Zn → 2ZnO + Si

Rice. 3. Scheme of genetic connections between classes.

Using a transformation chain, you can obtain medium (normal) or acid salts. Complex salts can contain several metal and non-metal atoms.

What have we learned?

Genetic linkage shows the relationship between classes of inorganic substances. It is characterized by a genetic series - a series of transformations of simple substances. Simple substances include metals and non-metals. Metals form soluble and insoluble bases depending on their activity. Nonmetals are converted into strong or weak acids. New complex substances of a series are formed by addition, substitution and decomposition reactions.

Test on the topic

Evaluation of the report

Average rating: 4.7. Total ratings received: 64.

Target: consider the genetic relationship between the classes of inorganic and organic

substances, give the concept of the “genetic series of substances” and “genetic connections”,

consolidate skills in writing equations of chemical reactions.

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Lesson No.___

Subject:

Target: consider the genetic relationship between the classes of inorganic and organic

Substances, give the concept of the “genetic series of substances” and “genetic connections”,

Strengthen skills in writing equations of chemical reactions.

Tasks: 1 . Educational:improve skills in conducting laboratory tests

Experiments, recording equations of chemical reactions.

2. Developmental: consolidate and develop knowledge about the properties of inorganic and

Organic substances, develop skills in working in groups and individually.

3. Educational: to develop an interest in the scientific worldview,

The desire to achieve academic success.

Equipment: multimedia projector

Reagents: alcohol lamp, matches, test tube holder, rack with test tubes, CuSO 4 NaOH

During the classes.

I. Organizational moment.

II. Explanation of new material.

You and I live in a world where thousands of reactions occur in every cell of a living organism, in the soil, air, and water.

Teacher : Guys, what do you think of the unity and diversity of the chemical substances involved in the transformation process? What is the connection between substances called? Let's remember with you who is the keeper of hereditary information in biology?

Study: Gen.

Teacher: What is a genetic link?

Study: related.

Let's formulate the topic of our lesson. (Write the topic of the lesson on the board and notebook).

And now you and I will work according to the plan that is on every desk:

  1. Genetic series of metal.
  2. Genetic series of a nonmetal.
  3. Consolidation of knowledge(testing in the form of the Unified State Exam)

Let's move on to point 1 of the plan.

Genetic connection - is called the connection between substances of different classes,

based on their mutual transformations and reflecting their unity

Origin, that is, the genesis of substances.

What does the concept mean?"genetic link"

  1. The transformation of substances of one class of compounds into substances of other classes.
  2. Chemical properties of substances
  3. The ability to obtain complex substances from simple ones.
  4. The relationship between simple and complex substances of all classes of substances.

Now let’s move on to consider the concept of a genetic series of substances, which is a particular manifestation of a genetic connection.

A number of substances are called genetic - representatives of different classes of substances

Being compounds of one chemical element, related

Mutual transformations and reflecting the common origin of these

Substance

Let's consider the signs of a genetic series of substances:

  1. All substances of the genetic series must be formed by one chemical element.
  2. Substances formed by the same chemical element must belong to different classes (i.e., reflect different forms of existence of the chemical element)
  3. Substances that form the genetic series of one chemical element must be connected by mutual transformations.

Based on this feature, it is possible to distinguish between complete and incomplete genetic series. Let us first consider the genetic relationship of inorganic substances and divide them into

2 types of genetic series:

A) metal genetic series

b) genetic series of a non-metal.

Let's move on to the second point of our plan.

Genetic series of metal.

a) consider the series of copper:

Cu → CuO → CuSO 4 → Cu(OH) 2 → CuO→ Cu

Copper oxide sulfate hydroxide copper oxide

Copper(II) copper(II) copper(II) copper(II)

Metal base salt base base metal

Oxide oxide

  1. 2Cu + O 2 → 2CuO
  2. CuO + H 2 SO 4 → CuSO 4 + H 2 O
  3. CuSO 4 + 2KOH → Cu(OH) 2 + K 2 SO 4
  4. Cu(OH) 2 → CuO + H 2 O
  5. CuO + C→Cu + CO

Demonstration: partially from the series - equations 3.4. (Interaction of copper sulfate with alkali and subsequent decomposition of copper hydroxide)

b) genetic series of an amphoteric metal using the example of the zinc series.

Zn → ZnO → ZnSO 4 → Zn(OH) 2 Na 2

ZnCl2

  1. 2Zn + O 2 → 2ZnO
  2. ZnO + H 2 SO 4 → ZnSO 4 + H 2 O
  3. ZnSO 4 + 2KOH → Zn(OH) 2 + K 2 SO 4
  4. Zn(OH) 2 +2 NaOH→ Na 2
  5. Zn(OH) 2 + 2HCl → ZnCl 2 + 2H 2 O
  6. ZnO + 2HCl → ZnCl 2 + H 2 O

Demonstration carrying out reactions from the series 3,4,5.

We have discussed point 2 of the plan with you. What does point 3 of the plan say?

Genetic series of a nonmetalLet's look at an examplegenetic series of phosphorus.

P → P 2 O 5 → H 3 PO 4 → Ca 2 (PO 4 ) 2

Phosphorus oxide phosphorus phosphate

Phosphorus (v) calcium acid

Nonmetal acidic acid salt

Oxide

  1. 4P + 5O 2 → 2P 2 O 5
  2. P 2 O 5 + 3H 2 O → 2H 3 PO 4
  3. 2H 3 PO 4 + 3Ca → Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 + 3H 2

So, we have looked at the genetic series of metal and non-metal. Do you think the concept of genetic connection and genetic series is used in organic chemistry? Of course it is used, butThe basis of the genetic series in organic chemistry (chemistry of carbon compounds) is made up of compounds with the same number of carbon atoms in the molecule. For example:

C 2 H 6 → C 2 H 4 → C 2 H 5 OH → CH 3 CHO → CH 3 - COOH → CH 2 Cl - COOH → NH 2 CH 2 COOH

Ethane ethene ethanol ethanal acetic acid chloroethanoic acid aminoethanoic acid

alkane alkene alkanol alkanal carboxylic acid chlorocarboxylic acid amino acid

  1. C 2 H 6 → C 2 H 4 + H 2
  2. C 2 H 4 + H 2 O → C 2 H 5 OH
  3. C 2 H 5 OH + [O] → CH 3 CHO + H 2 O
  4. CH 3 CHO + [O] → CH 3 COOH
  5. CH 3 COOH + Cl 2 → CH 2 Cl - COOH
  6. CH 2 Cl - COOH + NH 3 → NH 2 CH 2 - COOH + HCl

We have looked at the genetic connection and genetic series of substances and now we need to consolidate our knowledge on the 5th point of the plan.

III. Consolidation of knowledge, skills and abilities.

Unified State Exam testing

Option 1.

Part A.

A) CO 2 b) CO c) CaO d) O 2

  1. In the transformation scheme: CuCl 2 2 b)CuSO 4 and Cu(OH) 2

CO 2 → X 1 → X 2 → NaOH

A)N b) Mn c)P d)Cl

Part B.

  1. Fe + Cl 2 A) FeCl 2
  2. Fe + HCl B) FeCl 3
  3. FeO + HCl B) FeCl 2 + H 2
  4. Fe 2 O 3 + HCl D) FeCl 3 + H 2

D) FeCl 2 + H 2 O

E) FeCl 3 + H 2 O

a) potassium hydroxide (solution)

b) iron

c) barium nitrate (solution)

d) aluminum oxide

e) carbon monoxide (II)

e) sodium phosphate (solution)

Part C.

Option 2.

Part A.

a) substances forming a series based on one metal

B) substances forming a series based on one non-metal

B) substances forming a series based on a metal or non-metal

D) substances from different classes of substances related by transformations

  1. 3 (PO 4 ) 2

A) Ca b) CaO c) CO 2 d) H 2 O

  1. In the transformation scheme: MgCl 2 2 b) MgSO 4 and Mg(OH) 2
  1. The final product in the chain of transformations based on carbon compounds:

CO 2 → X 1 → X 2 → NaOH

  1. Element “E” participating in the chain of transformations:

A)N b) S c)P d)Mg

Part B.

  1. Establish a correspondence between the formulas of the starting substances and the reaction products:

Formulas of starting substances Formulas of products

  1. NaOH+ CO 2 A) NaOH + H 2
  2. NaOH +CO 2 B) Na 2 CO 3 + H 2 O
  3. Na + H 2 O B) NaHCO 3
  4. NaOH + HCl D) NaCl + H 2 O

b) oxygen

c) sodium chloride (solution)

d) calcium oxide

e) sulfuric acid

Part C.

  1. Implement the scheme for the transformation of substances:

IV. Summing up the lesson.

D/z: §25, exercise 3, 7*

Testing on the topic"Genetic relationship between classes of inorganic and organic substances"

Option 1.

Part A. (Tasks with one correct answer)

  1. The genetic series of a metal is:

a) substances forming a series based on one metal

B) substances forming a series based on one non-metal

B) substances forming a series based on a metal or non-metal

D) substances from different classes of substances related by transformations

  1. Identify substance “X” from the transformation scheme: C → X → CaCO 3

A) CO 2 b) CO c) CaO d) O 2

  1. Identify substance “Y” from the transformation scheme: Na → Y→NaOH

A) Na 2 O b) Na 2 O 2 c) H 2 O d) Na

  1. In the transformation scheme: CuCl 2 → A → B→ Cu the formulas of intermediate products A and B are: a) CuO and Cu(OH) 2 b) CuSO 4 and Cu(OH) 2

B) CuCO 3 and Cu(OH) 2 g) Cu(OH) 2 and CuO

  1. The final product in the chain of transformations based on carbon compounds:

CO 2 → X 1 → X 2 → NaOH

A) sodium carbonate b) sodium bicarbonate

C) sodium carbide d) sodium acetate

  1. Element “E” participating in the chain of transformations:

E → E 2 O 5 → H 3 EO 4 → Na 3 EO 4

A)N b) Mn c)P d)Cl

Part B. (Tasks with 2 or more correct answer options)

  1. Establish a correspondence between the formulas of the starting substances and the reaction products:

Formulas of starting substances Formulas of products

1)Fe + Cl 2 A) FeCl 2

2)Fe + HCl B) FeCl 3

3)FeO + HCl B) FeCl 2 + H 2

4) Fe 2 O 3 + HCl D) FeCl 3 + H 2

D) FeCl 2 + H 2 O

E) FeCl 3 + H 2 O

  1. A solution of copper (II) sulfate reacts:

a) potassium hydroxide (solution)

b) iron

c) barium nitrate (solution)

d) aluminum oxide

e) carbon monoxide (II)

e) sodium phosphate (solution)

Part C. (With a detailed answer)

  1. Implement the scheme for the transformation of substances:

FeS →SO 2 → SO 3 → H 2 SO 4 → MgSO 4 → BaSO 4

Testing on the topic"Genetic relationship between classes of inorganic and organic substances"

Option 2.

Part A. (Tasks with one correct answer)

  1. The genetic series of a non-metal is:

a) substances forming a series based on one metal

B) substances forming a series based on one non-metal

B) substances forming a series based on a metal or non-metal

D) substances from different classes of substances related by transformations

  1. Identify substance “X” from the transformation diagram: P → X → Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2

A) P 2 O 5 b) P 2 O 3 c) CaO d) O 2

  1. Determine substance “Y” from the transformation scheme: Ca → Y→Ca(OH) 2

A) Ca b) CaO c) CO 2 d) H 2 O

  1. In the transformation scheme: MgCl 2 → A → B→ Mg the formulas of intermediate products A and B are: a) MgO and Mg(OH) 2 b) MgSO 4 and Mg(OH) 2

B) MgCO 3 and Mg(OH) 2 g) Mg(OH) 2 and MgO

  1. The final product in the chain of transformations based on carbon compounds:

CO 2 → X 1 → X 2 → NaOH

A) sodium carbonate b) sodium bicarbonate

C) sodium carbide d) sodium acetate

  1. Element “E” participating in the chain of transformations:

E → EO 2 → EO 3 → N 2 EO 4 → Na 2 EO 4

A)N b) S c)P d)Mg

Part B. (Tasks with 2 or more correct answer options)

  1. Establish a correspondence between the formulas of the starting substances and the reaction products:

Formulas of starting substances Formulas of products

1) NaOH + CO 2 A) NaOH + H 2

2) NaOH + CO 2 B) Na 2 CO 3 + H 2 O

3) Na + H 2 O B) NaHCO 3

4) NaOH + HCl D) NaCl + H 2 O

2. Hydrochloric acid does not react:

a) sodium hydroxide (solution)

b) oxygen

c) sodium chloride (solution)

d) calcium oxide

e) potassium permanganate (crystalline)

e) sulfuric acid

Part C. (With a detailed answer)

  1. Implement the scheme for the transformation of substances:

CuS →SO 2 → SO 3 → H 2 SO 4 → CaSO 4 → BaSO 4

Lesson plan:

  1. Definition of concepts: “genetic connection”, “genetic series of an element”
  2. Genetic series of metal.
  3. Genetic series of a nonmetal.
  4. Genetic relationship of organic substances.
  5. Consolidation of knowledge(testing in the form of the Unified State Exam)

Lesson plan:

  1. Definition of concepts: “genetic connection”, “genetic series of an element”
  2. Genetic series of metal.
  3. Genetic series of a nonmetal.
  4. Genetic relationship of organic substances.
  5. Consolidation of knowledge(testing in the form of the Unified State Exam)

Lesson plan:

  1. Definition of concepts: “genetic connection”, “genetic series of an element”
  2. Genetic series of metal.
  3. Genetic series of a nonmetal.
  4. Genetic relationship of organic substances.
  5. Consolidation of knowledge(testing in the form of the Unified State Exam)

Lesson plan:

  1. Definition of concepts: “genetic connection”, “genetic series of an element”
  2. Genetic series of metal.
  3. Genetic series of a nonmetal.
  4. Genetic relationship of organic substances.
  5. Consolidation of knowledge(testing in the form of the Unified State Exam)

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Lesson topic: “Genetic relationship between classes of inorganic compounds” Municipal educational institution secondary school No. 1 Chemistry teacher: Fadeeva O.S. Grachevka village, Stavropol Territory, 2011.

Lesson topic: “Genetic relationships between classes of inorganic compounds”

Lesson work plan: 1. Definition of the concepts “genetic connection”!, “genetic series of an element” 2. Genetic series of a metal 3. Genetic series of a non-metal 4. Genetic connection of organic substances 5. Consolidation of knowledge (Unified State Exam testing)

Genetic connection is the connection between substances of different classes, based on their mutual transformations and reflecting the unity of their origin.

What does the term “genetic link” mean? 1. Conversion of substances of one class of compound into substances of other classes; 2. Chemical properties of substances; 3. Possibility of obtaining complex substances from simple ones; 4. The relationship between simple and complex substances of all classes of inorganic compounds.

Genetic refers to a number of substances, representatives of different classes of substances, which are compounds of one chemical element, connected by mutual transformations and reflecting the common origin of these substances.

Signs that characterize the genetic series: Substances of different classes; Different substances formed by one chemical element, i.e. represent different forms of existence of one element; Different substances of the same chemical element are related by mutual transformations.

Genetic series of copper

Genetic series of phosphorus

Testing on the topic “Genetic relationship between classes of inorganic and organic substances” Option 1. Part A. (Tasks with one correct answer) 1. The genetic series of a metal is: a) substances forming a series based on one metal b) substances forming series based on one non-metal c) substances forming a series based on a metal or non-metal d) substances from different classes of substances related by transformations 2. Identify substance “X” from the transformation scheme: C → X → CaCO 3 a) CO 2 b) CO c) CaO d) O 2 3. Determine the substance “Y” from the transformation scheme: Na → Y → NaOH a) Na 2 O b) Na 2 O 2 c) H 2 O d) Na 4. In the transformation scheme: CuCl 2 → A → B → Cu the formulas of intermediate products A and B are: a) CuO and Cu (OH) 2 b) CuSO 4 and Cu (OH) 2 c) CuCO 3 and Cu (OH) 2 d) Cu (OH ) 2 and CuO 5. The final product in the chain of transformations based on carbon compounds: CO 2 → X 1 → X 2 → NaOH a) sodium carbonate b) sodium hydrogen carbonate c) sodium carbide d) sodium acetate 6. Element “E” involved in the chain of transformations: E → E 2 O 5 → H 3 EO 4 → Na 3 E O 4 a) N b) Mn c) P d) Cl

Part B. (Tasks with 2 or more correct answer options) Establish a correspondence between the formulas of the starting substances and the reaction products: Formulas of the starting substances Formulas of the products 1) Fe + Cl 2 A) FeCl 2 2) Fe + HCl B) FeCl 3 3) FeO + HCl B) FeCl 2 + H 2 4) Fe 2 O 3 + HCl D) FeCl 3 + H 2 E) FeCl 2 + H 2 O E) FeCl 3 + H 2 O 2. A solution of copper (II) sulfate reacts : a) potassium hydroxide (solution) b) iron c) barium nitrate (solution) d) aluminum oxide e) carbon monoxide (II) f) sodium phosphate (solution) Part C. (With a detailed answer) Carry out the scheme for the transformation of substances: Fe S →SO 2 → SO 3 → H 2 SO 4 → MgSO 4 → BaSO 4

Testing on the topic “Genetic relationship between classes of inorganic and organic substances” Option 2. Part A. (Tasks with one correct answer) 1. The genetic series of a non-metal is: a) substances forming a series based on one metal b) substances forming series based on one non-metal c) substances forming a series based on a metal or non-metal d) substances from different classes of substances related by transformations 2. Identify substance “X” from the transformation scheme: P → X → Ca 3(PO 4)2 a) P 2 O 5 b) P 2 O 3 c) CaO d) O 2 3. Determine the substance “Y” from the transformation scheme: Ca → Y → Ca (OH) 2 a) Ca b) CaO c) CO 2 d) H 2 O 4. In the transformation scheme: MgCl 2 → A → B → Mg, the formulas of intermediate products A and B are: a) MgO and Mg (OH) 2 b) MgSO 4 and Mg (OH) 2 c) MgCO 3 and Mg ( OH) 2 d) Mg (OH) 2 and MgO 5. The final product in the chain of transformations based on carbon compounds: CO 2 → X 1 → X 2 → NaOH a) sodium carbonate b) sodium hydrogen carbonate c) sodium carbide d) sodium acetate 6. Element “E” participating in the chain of transformations: E → EO 2 → EO 3 → H 2 EO 4 → Na 2 EO 4 a) N b) S c) P d) Mg

Part B. (Tasks with 2 or more correct answer options) 1. Establish a correspondence between the formulas of the starting substances and the reaction products: Formulas of the starting substances Formulas of the products 1) NaOH + CO 2 A) NaOH + H 2 2) NaOH + CO 2 B ) Na 2 CO 2 + H 2 O 3) Na + H 2 O B) NaHCO 3 4) NaOH + HCl D) NaCl + H 2 O 2. Hydrochloric acid does not interact with: a) sodium hydroxide (solution) b) oxygen c ) sodium chloride (solution) d) calcium oxide e) potassium permanganate (crystalline) f) sulfuric acid Part C. (With a detailed answer) 1. Implement the transformation scheme of substances: CuS →SO 2 → SO 3 → H 2 SO 4 → CaSO 4 → BaSO 4

Homework textbook § 25, exercises 3,7


The material world in which we live and of which we are a tiny part is one and at the same time infinitely diverse. The unity and diversity of the chemical substances of this world is most clearly manifested in the genetic connection of substances, which is reflected in the so-called genetic series. Let us highlight the most characteristic features of such series.

1. All substances in this series must be formed by one chemical element. For example, a series written using the following formulas:

2. Substances formed by the same element must belong to different classes, i.e., reflect different forms of its existence.

3. Substances that form the genetic series of one element must be connected by mutual transformations. Based on this feature, it is possible to distinguish between complete and incomplete genetic series.

For example, the above genetic series of bromine will be incomplete, incomplete. Here's the next row:

can already be considered complete: it began with the simple substance bromine and ended with it.

Summarizing the above, we can give the following definition of the genetic series.

Genetic series- this is a series of substances - representatives of different classes, which are compounds of one chemical element, connected by mutual transformations and reflecting the common origin of these substances or their genesis.

Genetic connection- a more general concept than the genetic series, which is, albeit a vivid, but particular manifestation of this connection, which is realized during any mutual transformations of substances. Then, obviously, the first given series of substances also fits this definition.

There are three types of genetic series:

The richest series of metals exhibits different oxidation states. As an example, consider the genetic series of iron with oxidation states +2 and +3:

Let us recall that to oxidize iron into iron (II) chloride, you need to take a weaker oxidizing agent than to obtain iron (III) chloride:

Similar to the metal series, the non-metal series with different oxidation states is richer in bonds, for example, the genetic series of sulfur with oxidation states +4 and +6:

Only the last transition can cause difficulty. Follow the rule: in order to obtain a simple substance from an oxidized compound of an element, you need to take for this purpose its most reduced compound, for example, a volatile hydrogen compound of a non-metal. In our case:

This reaction in nature produces sulfur from volcanic gases.

Likewise for chlorine:

3. The genetic series of the metal, which corresponds to amphoteric oxide and hydroxide,very rich in bonds, because depending on the conditions they exhibit either acidic or basic properties.

For example, consider the genetic series of zinc:

Genetic relationship between classes of inorganic substances

Characteristic are reactions between representatives of different genetic series. Substances from the same genetic series, as a rule, do not interact.

For example:
1. metal + non-metal = salt

Hg + S = HgS

2Al + 3I 2 = 2AlI 3

2. basic oxide + acidic oxide = salt

Li 2 O + CO 2 = Li 2 CO 3

CaO + SiO 2 = CaSiO 3

3. base + acid = salt

Cu(OH) 2 + 2HCl = CuCl 2 + 2H 2 O

FeCl 3 + 3HNO 3 = Fe(NO 3) 3 + 3HCl

salt acid salt acid

4. metal - main oxide

2Ca + O2 = 2CaO

4Li + O 2 =2Li 2 O

5. non-metal - acid oxide

S + O 2 = SO 2

4As + 5O 2 = 2As 2 O 5

6. basic oxide - base

BaO + H 2 O = Ba(OH) 2

Li 2 O + H 2 O = 2LiOH

7. acid oxide - acid

P 2 O 5 + 3H 2 O = 2H 3 PO 4

SO 3 + H 2 O =H 2 SO 4

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