Education and enlightenment under Peter 1 presentation. Presentation on the topic Peter I. Fragments from the presentation

“The Story of Peter 1” - How the Tsar traveled through time. In Preobrazhenskoe, a restless boy started military games with his peers. On December 19, 1699, Peter ordered the chronology to be changed. Target. The life of remarkable people Peter I (History in pictures). From defeats to victories. Peter's birthday. Peter was only glad to be away from the gloomy Kremlin mansions.

“The Age of Peter the Great” - Peter’s era. Remember the main reforms of Peter the Great. What are the main associates of Peter? Testing. Table 1 FOREIGN POLICY OF PETER I. Purpose of the lesson. What was Peter the Great's upbringing like? The meaning of Peter's transformations. Basic concepts. FORMATION OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE. Table 2 SOCIAL STRUCTURE UNDER PETER I.

“The Age of Peter 1” - Senate. Etiquette. Transfer of the estate to only one heir. Prut campaign of 1711 “Assemblies”. 2. What is the meaning of the “Table of Ranks”? 2. What do you know about state structure countries during the years of Peter's reforms? Industry. Baltic 1710 Foreign policy Peter I: Team No. 1. Painting I. Nikitin A. Matveev.

“Foreign Policy of Peter 1” - May 16, 1703 - the beginning of the construction of the Peter and Paul Fortress. Board of Fedor Alekseevich. - 1704 – Russians captured Narva. Peter continued the foreign policy course of Sophia and V. Golitsyn. - Russia paid Sweden 2 million efimki. 1700 – conclusion of the Peace of Constantinople with Turkey: Azov was retained by Russia.

“Culture and life of Peter 1” - Peter in 1700. ordered to consider the beginning of the year not September 1, but January 1. The main goal of education reform is the training of specialists. Manuals on grammar, mathematics, physics, dictionaries (“lexicons”). Is there a difference between church and civil script? Construction of St. Petersburg. Portrait of G.I. Golovkin.

“Reforms of Peter the Great” - New authorities - executive, financial, judicial and control - were also created locally. Klyuchevsky V. Russian history. The beginning of independent rule. In 1699, a calendar reform was also carried out. Peter I. The interior decoration of houses, lifestyle, food composition, etc. changed. Transformations in the economy.

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Completed by: Liuan Ruslanovich Mairov, teacher of history and social studies, GBOU secondary school No. 684 “Bereginya” Development of science and education in Russia in the first quarter of the 18th century

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Topic study plan: 1. State of education 2. Kunstkamera 3. Development of science Consolidation of new material

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1. State of education In the first quarter of the 18th century, under Peter I, the formation of public policy in the field of education. The king understood that a school based only on church knowledge could not give good results. A system of vocational education began to take shape in the country.

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Education under Peter the Great At first, children from different segments of the population could study in schools. However, soon educational establishments They began to accept only the children of nobles. Children of serfs could not attend public schools. Peter forbade priests to give permission to marry nobles who did not have a certificate of education. Great importance to increase the level of literacy of the population was the introduction of the civil alphabet in 1710.

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Typography The creation of an education system required the publication of many books - textbooks, reference books, visual aids. Only in the first quarter of the 18th century was it published in Russia more books than in the entire 150 years that have passed since the beginning of Russian book printing.

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2. Kunstkamera The Kunstkamera, founded by Peter in St. Petersburg in 1714, became a major scientific institution. It contained collections of minerals, medicines, ancient coins, a zoological cabinet, an ethnographic collection, and several terrestrial and celestial globes. This was the first Russian museum.

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Albert Seb During his second visit to Holland in 1716-1717, Peter visited the Albert Seb Museum. By this time, Seb had the idea of ​​selling his collection to the Russian Tsar, about which he had already corresponded with him. A personal inspection of Seb's office by Peter I apparently finally decided the matter, and the entire collection was purchased for 15,000 Dutch guilders and transported to St. Petersburg for the Kunstkamera.

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Kunstkamera today Today the Kunstkamera is one of the most famous museums in the country, as well as the most important landmark of St. Petersburg.

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3. Development of science Under Peter, the foundations for development were formed Russian science. Necessity scientific knowledge explained by the practical needs of the state. In 1706, an apothecary garden was founded in Moscow, which became the basis of the future botanical garden. In 1707, the first hospital in Russia was opened and a medical school was attached to it. Since 1718, the first domestic surgical instruments began to be manufactured in St. Petersburg.

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Academy of Sciences The crowning achievement of Peter's reforms in the field of science and education was the decree of 1724 on the establishment of the Academy of Sciences and Arts.

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Prepare your own reports on the topics: “Ore explorer” Grigory Kapustin; “Hammer Master” Ryabov; "Arithmetic" L.F. Magnitsky. Sources and literature: Danilov A.A., Kosulina L.G. Russian history. Textbook for 7th grade. M., 2002. Kunstkamera // http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences // http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki Image of the building of the Academy of Sciences: http://yourcity.spb.ru/ datas/users/1-znb_15_1.jpg Portrait of Peter the Great: http://spb-familia.ru/wp-content/gallery/portretyi/petr1.jpg Image of the civil alphabet: http://portal.lgo.ru/tz/ img/shnizer27-big.jpg Image of book printing: http://www.migdal.ru/images/migdal-24242-23679.jpg Image of the Kunstkamera drawing: http://places.arch-grafika.ru/HOT_PEPPER/Kunstkamera/002 .JPG Portrait of Albert Seba: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Albertus_Seba_Portrait_farbig.jpg?uselang=ru Image of the Kunstkamera: http://img-2.photosight.ru/de4/3210715_large. jpg COLLECTION OF SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS OF PETER I: http://www.nedug.ru/common/data/pub/images/articles/76721/normal.jpg Image of the Academy of Sciences (11th slide): http://bench.nsu. ru/?db=vp_art_history&el=4875&mmedia=CONTENT

Science and technology in the era of Peter I Completed by: Ageev A. Gazenkamf S. Solomatov D.

Under Peter I, the prerequisites for the formation and development of Russian science were created for the first time. The need for scientific knowledge was explained by the practical needs of the state. Scientific and technical knowledge was used in the construction of canals, dams, shipyards and mechanisms in factories.

Apothecary garden In 1706, by decree of Peter the Great, on the then northern outskirts of Moscow, behind the Sukharev Tower, an Apothecary garden was founded for growing medicinal plants. The plants grown here were used not only for preparing medicines, but also for teaching botany to medical students, future Russian doctors.

Kunstkamera The Kunstkamera, created in 1714, became the first Russian museum. The museum's collections were constantly in need of replenishment. The decree of February 13, 1719 actually developed a plan for collecting exhibits. In addition to monsters, bones of unusual birds or fish, the decree ordered the collection of monuments of material culture, including archaeological material.

Search for mineral resources In 1700, by decree of Peter, a state mining and exploration service was organized. 1703 - discovery of a copper ore deposit in the Urals (Shilov). 1714 - discovery of mineral medicinal waters in the Petrozavodsk region (Ryabov). 1721 - discovery of the deposit coal in southern Russia (Kapustin)

Kapustin Grigory Grigorievich At the end of 1721 he opened on the river. Kundryachye coal deposit. With the discovery of coal deposits by G. Kapustin, the history of the Donbass coal industry begins. Russian ore explorer

Bruce Yakov Vilimovich In 1702, on his instructions, the first observatory in Russia was created. He has collected a library of more than 1.5 thousand volumes on mathematics, physics, chemistry, astronomy, military affairs, architecture, medicine, history, theology, fiction and art. statesman, scientist

Magnitsky Leonty Filippovich Russian mathematician, teacher In 1703 compiled the first in Russia educational encyclopedia in mathematics under the title “Arithmetic”, circulation 2400 copies. In the textbook the author first used the terms “multiplier”, “divisor”, “product”, “root extraction”, and outdated words“darkness”, “legion” was replaced by the concepts “million”, “billion”, “trillion”, “quadrillion”.

Efim Nikonov Built a “ship model” and a “hidden fiery vessel of a large hull.” The armament of this first Russian submarine consisted of "fire pipes" - flamethrowers and tools for the diver to make holes in the hulls of enemy ships. Nikonov invented a diving suit for the diver. Common to all projects was the use of muscle power to move underwater.

NARTOV Andrey Konstantinovich mechanic, inventor Participated in the construction of the main canal and docks in Kronstadt, was involved in the mechanization of coin production, and the design of artillery pieces. He designed and built a number of mechanized machines, including a turning-copying machine and a screw-cutting machine with a mechanized support and a set of replaceable gears.

Introduction……………………………………2

Schools…………………………………….2-4

Books……………………………………………………4-5

Assemblies…………………………………..5-6

“An honest mirror of youth.”……………..6-7

Grand Embassy…………………........7-11

Academy of Sciences……………………………...12

Kunstkamera………………………………...13

Geography…………………………………...14

Conclusion…………………………………15

References………………………..16

Introduction.

Russian culture of the first quarter of the 18th century developed under the influence of three interrelated processes, the origins of which appeared in the previous century: further secularization of culture took place, the personal principle developed, and finally, its national isolation was overcome. But, noting the continuity of the culture of Peter the Great’s time with the culture of the 17th century, it should be emphasized that this was a smooth development, devoid of qualitative shifts, but a leap accompanied by the emergence of numerous innovations. Under Peter, for the first time, a printed newspaper, a museum, a regular city, special educational institutions, assemblies, domestic portrait artists, etc. arose. at the same time, much of what in the 17th century was only making its way and manifested itself as a development trend, during the years of transformation acquired such rapid growth and scale that it created the impression of a lack of continuity with the previous time. Such are civil architecture, translated literature and the printing of books of secular content, the secularization of temple architecture, and the establishment of cultural ties with other peoples.

Schools.

Peter is the founder of secular education in Russia. He strove with all his might not only to introduce European morals in Russian society, but also to raise Russian technology and education to the European level.

The secularization of the school and the predominance of the exact sciences among the disciplines taught is a characteristic feature of the organization of education. Along with the educational institutions opened in the first period of transformation (Navigation, Artillery schools - in 1701, Engineering - 1712, Medical School - 1707), the network of schools was subsequently replenished with digital schools opened in 1714 in the provinces. Children studied arithmetic and the beginnings of geometry in these schools, and graduates of the Navigation School acted as teachers. By the end of the first quarter of the 18th century, 42 digital schools with 2000 students were opened throughout the provinces. The children of the clergy were trained in 46 diocesan schools, and the children of soldiers in garrison schools. At metallurgical plants in the Urals and in the Olonets region, the government organized the first mining schools in Russia that trained mining specialists.

To maintain commanding heights in the state, the nobility had to acquire knowledge. Therefore, teaching noble children became a duty for them. Along with training in Russian schools, young nobles were sent abroad to master navigation. Upon arrival in St. Petersburg, the navigators took exams, often in the presence of the Tsar. Most of the noble minors, especially from aristocratic families, sought to evade education, so in 1714 a decree was issued that threatened the minors with a ban on marrying. On the other hand, in the hope of winning the tsar’s trust, middle-aged nobles went abroad to learn navigation. Thus, the famous diplomat P. A. Tolstoy went to Venice, already having grandchildren.

A special group of educational institutions consisted of schools that trained highly educated clergy personnel. First of all, this is the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy in Moscow, founded back in the 17th century. Transferred to the Synod in 1727, it is now more often called “schools,” the first of which is Slavic-Latin. In 1727 there were 357 students. The second is Slavic-Russian (143 students), and the third is Elino-Greek (41 students). The last school under Stefan Yavorsky was infringed and barely survived. Another major center of spiritual education was Kyiv, where the Kiev-Mohyla Academy operated in Podol, in the Bratsky Monastery. In 1727, more than 500 people studied there (Little Russians, Great Russians and “from Poland”).

Finally, the most important in the system of Peter’s education were technical specialized educational institutions. The most famous of them is the Navigation School in Moscow. It accepted children from 12 to 17, and later up to 20 years old. The students learned Russian literacy and arithmetic in two classes. Then - geometry, trigonometry with applications in geodesy, astronomy, navigation and navigation. Subjects included painting and “rapier crafting.” Hundreds of engineers, sailors, hydrographers, topographers, bombardiers, etc. came out of the Navigation School. Soon similar schools were opened in Revel, Narva and Novgorod.

In 1715, by decree of the Tsar, the Maritime Academy was founded in St. Petersburg. Its staff (305 students) was made up of students from the Navigation School, as well as from the Novgorod and Narva Navigation Schools. Mostly children from noble families from 10 to 18 years old studied there. Among the special subjects were navigation, fortification, artillery, musketry, etc. The main thing is that they taught shipbuilding here. As in the Navigation School, at the Maritime Academy at first the main teachers were foreign professors. Magnitsky, the author of the famous textbook “Arithmetic,” worked for a long time at the Navigation School. The authors of a number of textbooks were also V. Kupriyanov (“New Method of Arithmetic”), G. Skornyakov - Pisarev (“Static Science or Mechanics”). But, of course, the bulk of textbooks were either translations or the results of the work of foreign teachers.

Books.

The expansion of the school network is associated with the emergence of a variety of educational literature. In 1701, the teacher of the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy Fyodor Polikarpov published “A primer for those who want to learn Slovenian, Greek, and Roman writing.” In 1703, the famous “Arithmetic, that is, the science of numbers” by Leonty Magnitsky was published, which served as the main textbook in mathematics for half a century. Magnitsky's textbook gave practical advice, for example, how to determine the depth of a well, the height of the walls, etc.

In the first quarter of the 18th century, several new printing houses were opened: in 1705, the townsman Vasily Kipriyanov opened the first private printing house; in 1711, a printing house began operating in St. Petersburg, printing materials of official content: decrees, manifestos, reports. Small printing houses existed under the Senate, the Alexander Nevsky Lavra and the maritime academy founded in 1715.

In addition to textbooks, books on natural science and technology began to be published. These are works on astronomy, hydraulic engineering, medicine, fortification, artillery, navigation, shipbuilding, and architecture. Books on the humanities also appeared. Printing houses also printed calendars, which were in great demand among readers. They provided information about the time of sunrise and sunset, about expected eclipses, and about the weather.

The reform of the civil font was of great importance in the cause of education. Slovolitet Mikhail Efremov created the first examples of civil font letters. Their final choice (as well as Arabic numerals) was made in 1710 by Peter himself. Such a radical reform contributed to more widespread consumption of printed books. Books on history (“Synopsis” by I. Gisel, “Introduction to European History” by S. Puffendorf, “Pheatron” by Stratemil, etc.), translations of ancient authors (Josephus, Julius Caesar, Aesop, Ovid, etc.) were printed in limited editions 200-500 copies, and many times more. The publication of the printed newspaper Vedomosti was of great importance, the circulation of which in the first years ranged from 100 to 2,500 copies.

Assembly.

At the end of 1718, the population of the capital was notified of the introduction of assemblies. Peter himself drew up the rules for organizing assemblies and the rules of conduct for guests at them, and established the order of their convening.

Assembly, the king explained in the decree, is a French word; it means a certain number of people gathered together either for their own amusement, or for reasoning and friendly conversations. A select society was invited to the assemblies; high-ranking officers, nobles, officials, shipwrights, rich merchants and scientists were supposed to appear there along with their wives. They began at four or five o'clock in the afternoon and lasted until ten in the evening. The hosts, who received guests for the assemblies, had to provide them with premises, as well as light refreshments: sweets, tobacco and pipes, drinks to quench their thirst. Special tables were set up for playing checkers and chess.

The Assembly is a place of relaxed meetings, where the elite of society underwent a school of secular education. Everyone could spend their time in such a way as to have fun: some were interested in dancing and twirled in pairs, others had a lively conversation, shared news, and still others were thinking intensely at the chess or checkers table over the next move. Still others assigned themselves the role of spectators or listeners. This is how the assembly seemed to the king, this is how he wanted to see it. But ease, genuine fun, the ability to conduct small talk or insert an appropriate remark, and, finally, dance were not achieved immediately. At the first balls of Peter the Great's time, depressing boredom reigned; the threat of irritating the Tsar by any action hung over the guests. They danced as if they were serving a most unpleasant duty. Conversations didn’t work either - instead there were monosyllabic answers to simple questions and painfully long pauses. A contemporary copied the following assembly from life: “The ladies always sit separately from the men, so not only is it impossible to talk to them, but you can hardly say a word; when they’re not dancing, everyone sits like dumb people and just looks at each other.”

Most often, assemblies were held in the winter months, less often in the summer. There was no periodicity. In 1719, for example, the first assembly was held by General Weide on January 18, the next one on Thursday, January 22 by Prince Dmitry Mikhailovich Golitsyn, then on Sunday, January 25 by Prince Dolgoruky. Sometimes the owner of the assembly was the king himself.

The assemblies opened up a new form of communication between people. Their main significance was that they put an end to the reclusive life of women in the capital.

“An honest mirror of youth”

The ability to lavish smiles and be helpful was learned by the offspring of nobles, high officials and officers not only in assemblies and educational institutions, where students mastered fencing, dancing, and eloquence, but also by studying special instructions. One of them, under the obscure title “An Honest Mirror of Youth, or Indications for Everyday Conduct,” enjoyed particularly wide popularity among the capital’s population. Under Peter it was printed three times, which indicates a huge demand for it. The unknown compiler of this work used several foreign works, from which he translated those parts that he considered useful to the Russian reader.

“An Honest Mirror of Youth” set out the rules of behavior for young people in the family, at a party, in public places and at work. It instilled in young men modesty, hard work, obedience, courtesy and prudence.

In the family it was necessary to “maintain the father and mother in great honor.” The children were instilled with the idea that orders around the house could only come from their parents: “Do not command anything in the house in your own name, but in the name of your father or mother.”

“The Honest Mirror of Youth” did not leave young men without instructions even when they found themselves outside the family. They had to show consideration to elders, respectfully, without interrupting, listen to their speech, and not be intrusive.

Interesting recommendations on how to behave in public places and at the table. Everything is covered here, from the gait and posture of a young man to the ability to eat: “No one has to walk down the street with his head hanging and his eyes downcast, or look askance at people, but walk straight and without bending over.”

The last pages of “The Youth of the Honest Mirror” are dedicated to girls. If a young man was supposed to have three virtues - “humble, friendly and courteous”, then the girl had to have much more of them: humility, hard work, mercy, modesty, frugality, fidelity, cleanliness, etc.

Grand Embassy.

The “Great Embassy” was a very significant event in the history of diplomacy. The unusualness of this event was, first of all, that for the first time the Russian Tsar himself went to Europe.

The official part consisted of “confirming friendship and love for the common deeds of all Christianity, to weaken the enemies of the Lord, Saltan of Turkey, Khan of the Crimea and other Busurman hordes.”

But this was only the official appointment of the “great embassy”.

Peter himself pointed to three goals:

1) see political life in Europe.

2) Find allies.

3) Study maritime affairs.

The third occupied Peter especially strongly. Peter set the task

study shipbuilding and navigation in England and Holland.

The embassy included 35 volunteers, among them the Tsar under the name of Peter Mikhailov. Many members of the embassy had servants. The staff includes numerous service personnel - from priests, doctors and translators to cooks, bakers and even four carols. Together with the guard soldiers, the number of the embassy exceeded 250 people. His motorcade consisted of 1000 sleighs.

Peter occupied a dual position at the embassy: officially he was listed as one of the foremen of the volunteer detachment. At the same time, he was the de facto head of the embassy, ​​in which Lefort, as the right-wing ambassador, was assigned a ceremonial role.

At the beginning of April, the embassy arrived in Riga, where it was given a ceremonial welcome. Peter, who crossed the Russian border for the first time, eagerly observed his surroundings. He outlined his impressions in a letter: “Here we lived in a slavish custom and were fed only by sight...”.

Peter was unable to completely hide his presence as part of the embassy. Already in Riga they guessed about this, although they did not have exact data on this matter. The king left inhospitable Riga, remaining incognito. He did not reveal his name in the Duchy of Courland, although, according to a contemporary, the embassy in Mitau was received with all possible courtesy and splendor.

But in Konigsberg, where Peter arrived by ship, he had a secret meeting with the Elector of Brandenburg, Frederick III, who was looking for rapprochement with Russia.

Among the ceremonial receptions, feasts and amusements, the embassy, ​​with the active participation of Peter, negotiated with the Elector of Brandenburg regarding the anti-Turkish coalition. They ended with the conclusion of an oral agreement on an alliance, not against Turkey, but against Sweden. This was the first step towards changing Russia's foreign policy orientation.

From the time of Peter's move from the Brandenburg Electorate to Holland, only a few of his letters have survived. In particular, letters to Vinius. The subject of their correspondence was concern about hiring craftsmen for metallurgical plants. Even before Peter left abroad, iron ore of excellent quality was found in the Urals. Vinius, who ruled Siberia, pestered the king with requests to hire specialists who could build blast furnaces, cast cannons, and smelt ore. Peter promised upon his arrival in Holland “about the masters of the elder.”

Peter crossed the border of Holland, the richest country in Europe, famous for its developed industry and trade, in early August and immediately headed to the shipbuilding center - the city of Sardam. As was his habit of traveling quickly, Peter was ahead of the embassy and before the latter arrived in Amsterdam, he had a week of time to dress up in the dress that the Saardamites wore, get acquainted with the shipyards, inspect the sawmills and paper mills, and even work with an axe. He bought carpenter's tools from a widow.

On August 16, 1697, the ceremonial entry of the embassy into Amsterdam took place. In the embassy's retinue, in a secondary role, dressed in a caftan, a red shirt and a felt hat, was Peter, who arrived from Saardam for this occasion. The everyday life of the embassy began, work to achieve the goals for which the tsar, his diplomats and volunteers made such a long journey. The embassy was not equally successful everywhere. The most successful thing happened with the training of volunteers in shipbuilding. Peter widely used the mediation of Nikolai Vidzen, who had been to Russia and knew the Russian language. Widzen, along with the post of Amsterdam burgomaster, served as one of the directors of the Post India Company. This made it possible to enroll Peter and volunteers at the shipyard of this company. The directors of the company ordered the laying of a special ship so that “a noble person staying here incognito” would have the opportunity to familiarize herself with all stages of its construction and equipment.

Ten more volunteers studied shipcraft together with the tsar, among them two people would later become famous as Peter’s closest associates: Menshikov and Golovkin.

The end of August and the beginning of September were spent mastering the wisdom of shipbuilding, and on September 9, the frigate was laid down, entirely built by volunteers under the leadership of the Dutch master Paul. Not all volunteers liked the hard work, the need to follow the example of the king, who was very unpretentious in clothing, food, and comfort. A group of Russian young people, who arrived in Holland somewhat earlier than Peter, tried to return to their homeland, having only learned how to use a compass, without ever having been at sea. This attempt was immediately stopped by Peter. There were conversations among some volunteers condemning the Tsar’s participation in the construction of the ship. Peter, whose will no one dared to contradict in Russia, ordered the critics to be shackled in chains and then to cut off their heads. Only the protest of the burgomasters, who reminded the tsar that in Holland it was impossible to execute a person without a trial, forced him to change his decision and, instead of executing them, exile them to distant colonies.

In mid-November, the frigate "Peter and Pavel", on the construction of which volunteers worked, was released. The students received a certificate of mastery of the skill. The certificate issued to the Tsar from his naval teacher Paul stated that Pyotr Mikhailov “was a diligent and intelligent carpenter”, learned to perform various shipbuilder operations, and also studied “ship architecture and drawing plans” as thoroughly “as we ourselves understand.”

Less successfully, the great embassy coped with other tasks for which it arrived in Holland - hiring foreign specialists and obtaining assistance for the war with Turkey. Vinius, preoccupied with the construction of Ural factories, persistently reminded Peter about hiring “iron masters,” and the Tsar, who did not let this request out of his sight, could not fulfill it. Attracting specialists to Russian service was complicated by their lack of knowledge of the Russian language.

The idea that Russia, waging a war with Turkey, is defending the interests of all Christian states against the “busurman” and that “such a war, anyone can understand, cannot be without great millions and a large army” did not meet with understanding in Holland. Four times the ambassadors met with representatives of the Dutch government and each time received a polite but firm refusal to help, motivated by the fact that Holland had just finished a grueling war with France and had neither money nor extra weapons.

From Holland, Peter, accompanied by 16 volunteers, went to England. There he wanted to become a shipbuilder-engineer, to learn the secrets of theory. Many years later, in the preface he himself wrote to the Maritime Regulations, Peter explained in detail the purpose of his trip to England.

Under the guidance of Master Paul, he learned everything “that a good carpenter should know.” Paul was an excellent practical master, but neither he nor the other Dutch shipbuilders knew the theory, and Peter “was extremely disgusted that he had taken such a long path for this, but did not reach the desired end.”

On January 11, 1698, the yacht carrying the king and his companions dropped anchor near London.

Peter devoted most of his four-month stay in England to studying shipbuilding. In addition to the shipyards, the tsar inspected London enterprises, visited the Royal Society of England, which was the center of scientific thought, got acquainted with the University of Oxford, and made several trips to the Greenwich Astronomical Observatory and the Mint. The king was not content with explanations. While in the workshop of the famous watchmaker Carte, he became so fascinated by the technique of making watches that he himself mastered their assembly and disassembly to perfection. It was unlikely that simple curiosity overcame Peter when he frequented the Greenwich Observatory and the Mint. Interest in astronomy was associated with navigation, and interest in coinage was fueled by the possibility of using in Russia a machine for minting coins, recently invented in England. Getting acquainted with the technique of minting coins, Peter hoped to use the invention of the British at home.

In England, as in Holland, Peter remained incognito. This, however, did not prevent him from significantly expanding his circle of acquaintances. Acquaintances also began with representatives of the church world. Having discovered a thorough knowledge of the Holy Scriptures, Peter, however, during conversations with representatives of the clergy was interested not so much in questions of theology as in clarifying the relationship between church and secular authorities in England. Apparently, plans for church reform in Russia were ripening in the tsar’s head, the implementation of which he began shortly after returning from his trip abroad.

Peter established connections with people belonging to an environment well known to him from the German Settlement in Moscow. These were merchants. He negotiated with them about granting the right to a monopoly trade in tobacco.

After this, Peter also visited Holland, Leipzig, Prague, Dresden (here Peter studied the royal cabinet of curiosities) and Vienna, from where on July 19, 1698 he went to Russia.

Academy of Sciences.

To develop and disseminate scientific knowledge, the Academy of Sciences was established in St. Petersburg. It was supposed to serve as a center for research work and train young scientists.

Peter had been nurturing thoughts about its organization for a long time, but he took the first steps towards its organization in June 1718. His resolution in one of the reports read: “To create an academy. And now find some of the Russians who are learned and have an inclination towards it. Also start translating books: jurisprudence and so on. I started doing this this year.” However, neither in 1718 nor in the coming years did Peter succeed in fulfilling this intention. The creation of the Academy was delayed partly due to the fact that Peter was busy with more urgent matters, partly due to the difficulties of attracting foreign scientists to work in it. The Tsar insisted that not scientists in general, but the largest scientists in Europe be invited to the St. Petersburg Academy, and they did not dare to go to the distant northern country.

On January 22, 1724, a meeting of the Senate was held, at which the tsar was present. On it, after his condemnation, Peter approved the draft charter of the Academy. The draft said: “It is impossible here to follow the accepted image in other states.” Thus, a negative attitude was expressed towards the organization of similar institutions in Western European countries. The originality of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences was that it was intended to unite three institutions that operated in Western European states independently and independently of each other, namely, the university, which meant “a meeting of learned people” obliged to teach young men medicine, philosophy and law; a gymnasium that prepared students to take a course at the university; the Academy itself, i.e. “a meeting of learned and skilled people.”

The opening of the Academy of Sciences occurred after the death of Peter - in 1725, when the first conference of academicians took place. Among the academicians invited to the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences are the largest scientists in Europe: physiologist and mathematician D. Bernoulli, astronomer and geographer Delisle, etc.

Kunstkamera.

The promotion of scientific knowledge was also carried out by the Kunstkamera, the first natural history museum in Russia, which was opened for public viewing in 1719. Peter acquired the first exhibits for the museum during his trip abroad in 1697-1698. then he met two naturalists: the anatomist Frederick Ruysch, famous for his ability to skillfully embalm corpses, and the zoologist Leeuwenhoek, who, using the microscope he invented, discovered the transition of blood from arteries to veins. Ruysch's anatomical collection, which he collected over half a century, formed the basis of the Kunstkamera.

The collection of rarities within the country was also associated with Peter’s initiative. He issued several decrees calling on the population to bring everything that was “very old and unusual”: bones of extinct animals and birds, antiquities, ancient letters, handwritten and printed books, as well as freaks.

The influx of exhibits - monsters (monsters) and rarities (rarities) - increased every year: a sheep was sent from Vyborg, which instead of two had four eyes and two tongues; Several lambs were received from Tobolsk: one of them has eight legs, the other has three eyes, two bodies and six legs. A baby was born in Nizhny Novgorod with three legs, and in Ufa - with two heads. They also turned out to be exhibits of the Kunstkamera.

The Kunstkamera also housed antique cast cannons, stuffed birds and animals, preparations on human anatomy, etc.

Initially, the Kunstkamera was located in the “Kikin Chambers” - the house of the executed Kikin, who was involved in the case of Tsarevich Alexei. The museum itself, the Kunstkamera, was located on the first floor, and the library was located on the second floor. By the time of Peter's death, it consisted of about 11 thousand volumes and was one of the richest in Europe.

The Kunstkamera and the library were opened for free viewing and use in 1719. From the very beginning, the tsar gave both institutions an educational character. “I want,” he reasoned, for people to watch and learn.”

Geography.

Geographers made a major contribution to the development of Russian science. Brave Russian explorers, often poorly educated, but observant and with a sharp mind, described Siberia and the discovered “new lands”. Among them is the Ustyug peasant Vladimir Atlasov, who was appointed clerk in the Anadyr prison. Atlasov used his own modest funds in 1697 - 1699. compiled the first ethnographic and geographical description of Kamchatka. In 1713 – 1714 Russian explorers visited the Kuril Islands.

However, Russian geography has achieved its main successes in surveying already known territories and mapping them. Russian cartographers F. Soimonov and K. Verdun mapped the Caspian Sea and described it. In 1720, the map was published in Russia, donated by Peter I to the Paris Academy, which elected him as a member. Cartographers of Peter the Great’s time “discovered” the Aral Sea, about which Western European scientists did not have reliable information. Through the works of Vasily Kipriyanov, Alexey Zubov and Yakov Bruce, the Baltic and Azov seas and the Don basin were mapped.

In Peter's time, the study of the country's productive forces began. In 1720, the government organized the first expedition in Russia to study Siberia, which had exclusively scientific goals. The expedition, led by Daniil Messerschmidt, collected a large number of natural-historical and ethnographic collections characterizing the life and religion of the Siberian tribes and the nature of Siberia.

The search for minerals culminated in the discovery of coal deposits in the Moscow region, Don and Kuznetsk and oil in the Volga region. At that time, they did not yet know how to use “earth” coal for practical purposes; only the first experiments were carried out using it as fuel for boiling down salt, and oil was used only in medicine. The study of the mining resources of the Urals and Siberia was especially successful.

Conclusion.

New phenomena, once they have arisen, tend to develop irresistibly, make their way and ultimately become decisive. Of course, Russia, deprived of access to the sea, would eventually acquire it. It would have a regular army, a navy, an Academy of Sciences, a manufacturing industry, and vocational educational institutions; people would begin to shave their beards and wear European clothes. The whole question is when all this would appear.

In the history presentation on the topic “Peter 1” you will find information about important stages of life Russian Emperor, his role in reforming the state.
The beginning of the reign of Peter the Great dates back to the late 17th and early 18th centuries, a period when serfdom dominated in Russia and industry lagged behind Western countries in development. The state was economically weak and militarily vulnerable. There was a growing need for urgent socio-economic and political changes. In order to overcome the backwardness of the country, Peter the Great began to resolve the problems that had accumulated in the state.

The era of Peter the Great is associated with the transformation of Russia into an empire and its transformation into a powerful military state. The 18th century became a century of modernization in almost all spheres of public life. Changes affected the economy, politics, culture, and education. Peter also carried out radical reforms in the military and social spheres, in the system of government of the country. The state began to actively intervene in the economy. Peter the Great, of course, played a very important role in the history of Russia.

This presentation will be useful for a history lesson for elementary and high school students.

You can view the slides on the website or download the presentation “Peter 1” in PowerPoint format from the link below.

Presentation Peter 1
Childhood
Family
Education

Hobbies
Beginning of Peter's reign
Reign
Reforms of Peter 1

Emperor's title
Heirs of Peter 1
Death and legacy