Landscape architecture and design. Groves, bosquets, labyrinths - tree and shrub landscapes. Versailles. Bosquets in the gardens of Versailles Share with friends on social networks
Bosquet (French bosquet, from Italian boschetto - woods, grove) - an element of landscape design, a section of a regular park or a dense group of trees or bushes planted for decorative purposes, which, thanks to decorative pruning, form solid green walls in the form of smooth walls (trellises), geometric volumes, sometimes imitating architecture with arches and turrets, etc. (definition from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia).
Bosquet (French bosquet, from Italian boschetto - forest, grove) is an invention of French landscape designers. Therefore, most often this design element is used in gardens laid out according to a regular type. A group of trees or shrubs trimmed so that their crowns form walls is a bosquet. With the help of decorative pruning, these plantings successfully imitate gazebos, arches and other structures.
Bosquet made of bushy trees was the main motif in the composition of regular parks in the 16th–18th centuries. Landscape architects of that period understood the park as a complexly organized space like a city - with its own avenues, streets, squares and fountains. And bosquets played a leading role in it. They were called “green offices” or “green halls”. The bosquet device, along with the topiary haircut, reached the heights of real art and was valued at its weight in gold by wealthy nobles of Italy, France and England.
As a rule, there are two types of bosquets: “grove” - trees (birch, linden, hornbeam) are located on a flat lawn, and “cabinet” - trees or shrubs are densely planted around the perimeter of a small area. Thus, a green wall is obtained, and the area inside the planting is a “green office.”
Bosquet – “grove”
The bosquet “grove” is best arranged on flat areas, well lit by the sun. This condition must be observed not only because of aesthetics, it is also functional. After all, the main condition when selecting plants for a bosquet is their ability to be easily trimmed. The “classic” trees for a “geometric” grove are considered to be linden, hornbeam, hazel, and birch.
Seedlings of the selected species are planted in even rows to form a geometrically correct volume, usually in the shape of a square or rectangle. Trees in a bosquet can also be planted in one, two or more rows to frame a garden, parterre, alley and other elements of a garden landscape.
Each tree in the artificial grove is given a geometrically correct crown shape. Typically, the crown of trees in a bosquet is shaped like a cube. They begin to be formed by shortening the central shoot and long branches of the crown, and then regularly pruning until a cube shape is obtained. When the “grove” grows and the tree crowns close together, the individual green cubes in the row will merge into a monolithic rectangular parallelepiped.
The bare lower parts of tree trunks are often whitewashed to the same height. Whitewashing will not only emphasize the geometric outlines of the “grove,” but will also protect the trees from sunburn in the spring.
The soil under the trees was traditionally covered with gravel. You can also use a lawn, but the problem with it is that maintaining its decorative appearance under the shade of trees is not so easy. In addition, with intensive use of the bosquet, the grass will be trampled down.
In this linden tree, the central shoot and lower branches are shortened by regular pruning until the crown takes the shape of a cube (drawing: Helmut Flubacher).
Bosquet-"grove" on the plan (from here http://ksist.ru/index.php?newsid=119).
Bosquet – “office”
For those who dream of creating a corner in their garden where they can truly escape from everyday worries and enjoy peace, a “green office” will help make their dream a reality. Evenly trimmed “green walls” that protect from noise and indiscreet glances, a soft carpet of lawn underfoot, a small flower garden or a geometric pond - even a small area turns into a wonderful place of relaxation, which is especially necessary for a resident of a modern metropolis.
The very definition of “green office” presupposes the installation of a bosquet in a regular type garden, and its functional purpose determines the choice of location: whether it will be located in the front part of the site and used for receiving guests or in a secluded place, where, on the contrary, it will be possible to take a break from everyone .
The walls of a bosquet-“office” are usually a trimmed hedge 1.5-2.0 m high. It may have exits in one or more directions, which can be beautifully decorated in the form of arches. The thickness of the trimmed wall depends on the type of plant chosen and can reach 0.6 m.
Both trimmed hedges and hedges made of vines can be used as the “walls” of a bosquet. Any plants adapted to your climate that tolerate pruning well are suitable for hedges:
Coniferous plants: western thuja, rock juniper, medium yew, common spruce;
Deciduous plants: hornbeam, forest beech, field maple, small-leaved linden, yellow acacia, hawthorn, privet, common barberry, brilliant cotoneaster, golden currant, forsythia, Tatarian honeysuckle (the fastest to create a dense living wall);
Lianas: virgin grapes, clematis.
After the plants have been selected and planted, all that remains is to wait for them to grow and carefully care for them. In most cases, it will take 3 to 5 years before we can start shaping the bosquet.
Bosquet office plan (from here http://ksist.ru/index.php?newsid=119).
The interior space of the bosquets can be filled with a lawn, exquisite arabesques, neatly trimmed plants in the shape of geometric shapes, or a carpet of densely planted annuals. A small fountain in the center will create the atmosphere of parks in Italy or France. Instead of a fountain, a sculpture, a beautiful birdbath, a stylized sundial, a globe made of forged metal, etc. can be chosen as a central viewing point. It all depends on your taste and financial capabilities. Of course, you can limit yourself to a fairly simple parterre without a complex pattern, consisting, for example, of a lawn and a single-color flower border; this will greatly facilitate care and will not require large expenses.(From here http://www.tsvetnik.info/besedkagreen/18.htm)
How to create a bosquet.
From here
Arranging the bosquet will take several years, because the plants must grow and form a solid wall.
To work you will need:
One- and two-year-old seedlings
Sand
Geotextiles
Decorative material for sprinkling interior space and paths (fine gravel, crushed shell rock, brick)
Work order
You need to mark the future square and dig a shallow trench 40 cm wide around the perimeter. Then you should plant the bushes. The distance between seedlings should be minimal - 25-30 cm for low-growing crops, 30-40 for tall crops.
A path must be provided. If there is no flower bed or decorative elements inside, then the space must be compacted, covered with geotextiles or covered with sand.
Sprinkle a 5 cm layer of decorative material on top of this covering. If a flower garden or recreation area is planned in the middle of the bosquet, you need to adhere to the specified geometric style. This means that it is better to create a classic flowerbed. A rustic style or plantings without clear boundaries will clearly be out of place here.
When planting a bosquet, the plants can be lightly trimmed immediately. The main work on the formation of green walls begins after 1-2 years of planting.
Bosquet care
Basic care consists of cutting and periodically watering the plantings.
For cutting, you will need pegs (a little longer than the bushes) and a rope. Pegs are stuck in the outer and inner corners of the square. The rope is pulled between the pegs along the upper and lower borders of the future living wall. If the square is large, the rope may sag. In this case, additional pegs are installed.
It is not difficult to carry out a haircut: use pruning shears to cut off everything that protrudes beyond the marking line. Particular attention should be paid to cutting the upper horizontal surface. If there are branches sticking out here, the bosquet will immediately take on an unkempt appearance. It is not recommended to remove more than 1/3 of the plant volume at a time.
Bosquets on a summer cottage they give it nobility. An article about what bosquets are and their role in the decoration of a garden plot.
"Country Hobbies"
bosquets
How to create bosquets in the design of a summer cottage
City residents who have a suburban plot have an excellent opportunity to develop the hidden abilities of a gardener, gardener and
You can experiment as you like and, as a result, ensure that the area around the house becomes a real miracle of design art.
The possibilities are practically unlimited. Gazebos with tent coverings, pergolas, artificial ponds, flower beds and terraces - all this is well known to connoisseurs of beauty and order in their possessions.
The only novelty is bosquets, the fashion for which came to us from France, where this type of garden decor has been used for a long time and has not lost its popularity.
The classic form of a bosquet is a clear square with ornamental shrubs or low trees with a compact crown.
The geometric regularity of the bosquet can be emphasized by a sculpture or mini-fountain placed in the center of the square. A mandatory element is benches located at the same distance from each other and organically combined in shape with the green frame of the bosquet. Plants are trimmed to achieve laconic and expressive lines.
The basis for creating a bosquet can be any square-shaped platform. Young plants are planted along its edges, most often brilliant cotoneaster or Boumalda spirea.
Bosquets require well-drained soil and regular watering, which has a positive effect on their appearance. The corners are decorated with roses, and the center is covered with sea pebbles, small shells or crushed bricks.
Bosquets are better suited for large areas where the decorative properties of the planted plants are fully demonstrated. In this case, the area can be of considerable size, and its center can be decorated with an interesting sculptural composition or a flowerpot made of valuable stones: marble or malachite.
The soil is covered with a mixture of coarse sand and marble chips: it looks unusual and very beautiful. Such a “green cabinet” is an excellent place to relax in the summer heat and a source of pride for the owners, whose efforts in their suburban area make the bosquet look no worse than in France.
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I invite you to the group on Subscribe.ru for summer residents and gardeners: “Country hobbies” Everything about country life: dacha, garden, vegetable garden, flowers, relaxation, fishing, hunting, tourism, natureOn a hot summer day, when the room is stuffy and uncomfortable, you want to enjoy the coolness of the fresh air. Of course, you can use the shade of the spreading crown of a tree in the garden for this. Or you can relax in the bosquet or the so-called “green room”.
Bosquets began their existence in French parks in the 16th century. In the open air, closely planted trees and bushes formed halls, offices and labyrinths.
The significant difference between a bosquet and a hedge is that the plants that form the bosquet are trimmed, giving them a variety of shapes. Today, bosquets are popular among gardeners not only because of their luxurious appearance, but also because of their versatility.
A “green room” on a personal plot protects from heat, wind, dust and prying eyes. Inside it, depending on its size, you can organize a children's playground, a place for receiving guests, or a work office. In this case, the bosquet can be from 50 cm to 3 m in height.
The main rules for constructing a bosquet
When forming a bosquet, it is important to adhere to the basic rules:
- We plan the correct geometric shape.
- We only use plants that can be cut.
- Bosquet care is carried out in the “Cut, cut, cut” mode.
First of all, you need to choose a location for the “green room”. Since the main components of a bosquet are plants, you need to choose a sunny place. The area must be level. Then we draw up a plan and mark the boundaries of future plantings.
It is necessary to pay attention to the fact that paths and a platform must be built before planting plants, so that later excavation work does not disturb the root system. It’s best to give the finished floor the opportunity to “settle” over the course of a year and show its flaws. For paving areas and paths, granite, basalt, marble, gravel, and pebbles are used. The main thing is that this work is done thoroughly.
Now - the choice of plants. Here everything depends on the height of the walls of the “green room”. Plants reaching a height of no more than 1 m are suitable for decorating a children's playground. And for an office, naturally, tall species are needed. Let us consider in detail the characteristics of plants suitable for central Russia.
Plant selection: low-growing (up to 1 m)
Birch leaf spirea (Spiraea betulifolia) is a slow-growing plant that blooms in June with white flowers collected in inflorescences. Grows on any soil, shade-tolerant. The leaves are green, orange and red in autumn.
Spiraea bumalda "Anthony Waterer" (Spiraea bumalda "Anthony Waterer") - has a dome-shaped crown, blooms from early July to early October, the leaves are reddish when blooming, then green, and orange in the fall. Shade-tolerant, undemanding to soil and moisture. Flowering is stimulated by early cutting.
Barberry - its disadvantage is that it is prickly, but this is more than compensated for by its beauty. Such varieties as “Berberis thunbergii “Pink Queen”, “Berberis thunbergii “Rose Glow”, “Berberis thunbergii “Red Pillar”, “Berberis thunbergii “Darts Red Ladi” differ from other varieties of barberry in the rich red color of their foliage from spring to autumn. It blooms in May, grows quickly, is shade-tolerant, and is not demanding on soil and moisture.
Mock orange (Philadelphus) or garden jasmine will make the bosquet not only beautiful, but also fragrant from May to June. The bush blooms so profusely that the leaves are not visible, and the scent of strawberries is all around. For the low walls of the bosquet, the varieties “Avalanche” and “Pompon” are suitable. This plant is capricious, loves fertile, well-drained soils, does not tolerate shade, and is moisture-loving.
The horizontal cotoneaster (Cotoneaster horisontalis) has a very beautiful structure, the branches lie on top of each other like a layer cake. It blooms in May-June with small, scentless, white-pink flowers. The fruits ripen by September and decorate the bush with bloody drops all winter. The plant grows on fertile soils, does not require moisture, and is shade-tolerant.
White snowberry (Simphoricarpos albus) got its name for the decorative white pearl berries that remain on the bush throughout the winter. The shrub is unpretentious, grows very quickly, and loves heavy pruning.
Shrub caragana (Caragana fletux) is an unpretentious plant, blooms in May with bright yellow flowers, shade-tolerant, drought-resistant. Since it belongs to the legume family, it is capable of enriching the soil with nitrogen.
Cossack juniper "Variegata" (Juniperus Sabina "Variegata") is very beautiful. The needles at the base of the branches are green, and towards the end they are creamy white. The plant does not tolerate shade and stagnant water. Low-growing varieties also include: “Juniperus communis “Gold Cone” - has a narrow-conical crown shape that does not require cutting, “Juniperus media “Gold Coast” - grows very slowly, “Juniperus squamata “Blue Carpet” - a very fast-growing shrub that reaches a width of 2.5 m. Attention! The shoots of this plant are poisonous.
Canadian spruce (Picea glauca "Conica") is a low-growing variety of spruce and, without pruning, forms a low wall. Prefers sunny places, but in spring it needs to be protected from the bright first sun. Does not tolerate drought, grows well in fertile soil.
Selection of plants: tall (over 2 m)
European larch (Larix deciduas) is a large tree up to 30 m in height and is easy to trim. The needles bloom in April, emitting a pleasant aroma, and fall off in the fall. The only thing that decorates larch all year round are brown cones. The plant develops well in illuminated, non-flooded areas. “Larix kaempferi” is also suitable for bosquet.
Juniper - tall varieties: Juniperus virginiana "Glauca", Juniperus squamata "Meyeri", Juniperus chinensis "Blue Alps". In characteristics they are no different from their shorter counterparts.
Thuja is an evergreen plant that easily tolerates spring replanting, lends itself to any pruning, and after it keeps its true shape for a long time. Does not tolerate drought or shade, prefers fertile soils. In central Russia, only one species takes root - the western thuja “Thuja occidentalis”. The most common varieties of western thuja: “Brabant”, “Columna”, “Smaragd”, “Holmstrup”, “Danica”.
After the plants have been selected and planted, all that remains is to wait for them to grow and carefully care for them. It will take 3 to 5 years before we can begin to form a bosquet. Each plant requires an individual approach to watering, fertilizing and pruning. You need to be very careful about feeding, since cropped plants, along with the lost mass of foliage, also lose a lot of nutrients.
Specifics of the North-West region
The plants listed above will grow well in warm regions of the country with mild winters. Creating “green rooms” from these plants in more northern latitudes inevitably imposes a number of restrictions. Most of these plants can be grown in a warm, sunny place, sheltered from the winds. The exception would be the thuja, since it needs partial shade in the afternoon, otherwise its branches will burn out.
So, a slightly modified list of plant species suitable for creating bosquets, for example, in the Leningrad region:
1. Bush linden - suitable for rooms with high walls;
2. Compestry maple - looks luxurious, suitable for tall hedges, trims well, has a compact crown, but is expensive and is usually planted individually (so-called solitary plantings);
3. Hawthorn - generally suitable, but suffers from powdery mildew, and in hedges, as well as in the walls of green rooms, this scourge is quite difficult to get rid of;
4. Cotoneaster - plant only in the sun and in a windless place;
5. As for barberries, use only Thunberg barberry;
6. Spirea cinerea "Grefsheim") - considered one of the best flowering shrubs. The flowers of this spirea are formed on the shoots of the second year of life, so if you want to get abundant flowering, do not cut the bush. If a decision is made to form bosquets from this spirea, you should forget about flowers. Spiraea grefsheim is compact and has a beautiful leaf;
7. Lemoine mock orange (Philadelphus lemoinei) - denser than the common mock orange, but still: the wall of a green room formed from it will be quite loose, and you will have to forget about flowering, just as in the case of spirea;
8. Plum leaf hawthorn (Crataegus prunifolia) - winters great and looks great in hedges, but has a rather high price;
9. Hungarian lilac - grow under conditions of fantastically well prepared soil for planting and a warm microclimate.
Good luck in choosing plants for your “green room”!
78. Arrays and bosquets. Types. Definition. Examples. Dimensions.
In regular parks, closed spaces are represented by bosquets, and in landscape parks - by massifs and groves.
Array of plantings – the largest structural unit of a plant group used in landscape gardening. The massif is formed by a biologically stable community of trees, shrubs and herbaceous plants. On an area of up to 10 hectares and the ratio of the smaller size in plan to the height of the trees is 4:1. Its optimal width, providing protection from noise, dust and visual isolation, is 100-150 m. The size of the array depends on the territory of the park and occupies 1-5 to tens of hectares. (For a city park of 1-4 hectares) They are characterized by canopy density from 1 to 0.6. Depending on the length of the crowns of the upper tier and the density of plantings in the lower tiers, they are divided closed spaces of horizontal density (single-tier) and vertical (multi-tier). Depending on the species composition: temno- and light-coniferous, broad- and small-leaved. Dense tree stand makes it difficult and limits visibility inside the massif, making it difficult to pass. The array has a homogeneous and closed character. The merging of the crowns of closely standing trees loses the separateness of the forms of individual trees. The decorative effect is created by the structure of the trunk, branching structure, texture and color. The edge of the array allows you to create a background, framing groups and individual trees.
Grove – an area of uniform woody species.
Bosquet – large, geometric in layout and volume form of plantings.
Bosquets called hedges or trellis decorative plantings, closed in the form of a square, circle or other regular shape and limiting rest areas. They are created from plants of the same species (linden, Norway maple, hawthorn, thuja..), which lend themselves well to cutting and shaping.
Role: protective (from wind, noise and dust), sanitary, aesthetic, utilitarian (orchards), a pause in the perception of the surrounding landscape, provides a background for park paintings.
Bosquet typegrove - forested area. B osket type"cabinet" - plantings are located around the perimeter and are represented by trellises. (Places of secluded recreation, green theaters, dance halls, plots of garden crops.)
79. Gardens and parks of the left bank in St. Petersburg. Transfer.
Summergarden. Summer residence of Peter I, area 11.2 hectares. Borders: r. Neva (north), r. Moika (south), Lebyazhya Kanavka (west), river. Fontanka (east). In the first quarter of the 18th century. there were four Summer Gardens - the first and second within the boundaries of the currently existing garden (11.2 hectares), the third - now the Mikhailovsky Garden (10 hectares) and the Big Meadow (Field of Mars, 9 hectares), the fourth - the Italian Garden (11 hectares) The garden was laid out according to the drawings of Peter I. Stages:I (1704-1711) -laying out a garden on the banks of the Neva, installing sculptures, installing fountains; 1710 - foundation stone of the palace. II (1711 -1716) -construction of the palace is being completed (architect D. Trezzini); A harbor is being built near the palace, and 3 galleries are being built on the banks of the Neva. In the center of the garden there are 4 large squares with lacy flower beds and gazebos, surrounded by trimmed hedges (garden master Jan Rosen); fountains, gazebos, the Carpiev Pond, and the Swan Canal are being created. III (1716-1725) - the second Summer Palace and grotto are being built (architects A. Schlüter and G. Mattarnovi), the harbor is faced with granite, according to the design of A. Zemtsov, a labyrinth with fountains is being built by garden master K. Schroeder. In the squares, in place of flower beds, bosquets with fountains are created, poultry house and pond. The garden is decorated with sculptures, the Lithuanian Canal is built and 3 water towers are built to supply water to the Fontanka, which feeds the fountain system. IV (1732-1826) - the wooden palace of Anna Ioannovna is being erected. The palace of Elizabeth Petrovna and its garden (the third Summer Garden), an amphitheater (architect V. Rastrelli) are being built; sculptures are being installed, the Nevsky embankments are being lined with granite, and a fence is being built (architect Yu. Felten). After the flood in 1777, the failed fountains in the Third Summer Garden were not restored. A palace is being built for Paul I (Mikhailovsky Castle, architect V. Bazhenov and V. Brenna). After the flood of 1824 and the completion of the construction of the Mikhailovsky Castle, the adjacent section of the 3rd Summer Garden was transformed into a landscape park - the Mikhailovsky Garden (architects K. Rossi and A. Menelas), where on the banks of the river. The Rossi Pavilion was built in Moika (1825). The former Tsaritsyn meadow was named the Field of Mars. After 1824 The royal residence became a public city park. Despite all the changes made in the Summer Garden over more than a century, the original plan grid has been preserved. Longitudinal roads led from the galleries that punctuated the entrances from the banks of the Neva. They intersected transversely, forming square bosquets framed by trellises. Plantings of the same species in bosquets were called groves - linden, oak, spruce. The roads were lined with linden trees and ended with gazebos, and the central alley and road intersections were decorated with fountains. By the end of the 18th century. there were about 50 fountains in the garden. The four central bosquets, richly decorated with fountains and sculptures, had various devices - aviaries for birds and animals, a pond with an island and a gazebo. At the r. Fontanka there was a grotto - a mandatory accessory of regular gardens of the 18th century. One of the main decorations of the garden were the works of famous Venetian sculptors - P. Baratta, D. Bonazza, A. Taglia-Petra. These were collections of portraits and thematic series on allegorical and mythological themes. In 1736, there were about 200 sculptures in the garden. Both local and imported plants were used: lindens from Novgorod, Kiev and Holland, chestnuts from Hamburg, cedars and firs from Solikamsk, tulips from Holland, etc. The summer garden is transitional in the further development of Russian regular gardens. Its main axis is not yet connected with the palace, but is closed by a gallery - a purely garden building. At the same time, in the structure of the Summer Garden, in comparison with its predecessors Golovinsky and Lefortovo in Moscow, new features can be traced - the desire for a holistic solution of the territory, planning and large-scale unity of parts. The layout of the territory is already quite European in nature. Champ de Mars(10.9 hectares) - a monument to the revolutionary uprisings of workers, soldiers and residents of Petrograd in 1917, as well as; the first All-Russian communist subbotnik. On the territory there is a memorial burial place for the fighters of the revolution. The project of the garden around the monument was developed by architect. I. Fomin. The layout of roads and places for planting trees and shrubs was carried out by horticultural scientist R. Katzer. This is a parterre garden. The compositional center is the monument to the Fighters of the Revolution (architect L. Rudnev). It is designed in the form of ledge-shaped walls 2.2 m high, made of granite blocks, delimiting a square space. The walls in the center are separated by passages 10 m wide, and there are memorial inscriptions at the ends of the walls. In the center of the square the Eternal Flame burns. The garden has a regular layout with a clear network of straight roads oriented towards the monument or converging on 4 round platforms. At the intersections of the roads, shrubs are planted (lilac, mock orange, barberry, brilliant cotoneaster, viburnum, etc.)
Peterhof consists of the lower (50 hectares) and upper (15 hectares), united by a single palace. History of creation 1) 1714-1725 (architects Braunstein, Leblon, Michetti) - builds. Palace, pavilions, water system; 2) 1747-1754 (architect: Rastrelli) - reconstruction of the palace, filling of the bypass canal. The upper garden has a three-part division, the front ground leading to the palace is framed by bosquets. The lower garden stretches along the shore of the Gulf of Finland. The palace is located on the border of the upper route, below there is a large cascade, 3 rays stretch from it: the central canal connecting Samson's bucket with the sea, the western one is connected to the Hermitage, the eastern one is connected to Monplaisir. At the western end of the garden there is the Marly ensemble with a small palace and a rectangular pond, from which 3 alleys diverge along the lower route: Malibanskaya (Marly-Monplaisir), Marlinskaya (Marly-Alexandria), Berezovaya (M. - Chess Mountain area). The Adam and Eve fountains are located on Marlinskaya Alley.
Strelna. Area 140 hectares (regular garden 40 hectares) architect. Leblond, Michetti. A system of canals and a water parterre at the foot of a large stone palace. The palace occupies the edge of a hill and is adjacent to the porter with a long arch, along the top of which there is a wide path overlooking the Lower Park. Main composition. the axis passes through the center of the palace and provides a connection between its southern and northern parts. The lower park covers the territory from the palace to the seashore and has the shape of a rectangle, dissected by longitudinal and transverse canals. The widest canal along the axis of the ensemble from the palace leads to the round Petrovsky Island. The western and eastern canals are connected to the sea. To the south of the palace is a geometric pond. The park's water supply comes from the Strelna River, on which a cascade of large and small ponds (American, Karpiev, Foreliev) was created, connected to the canals of the Lower Park. Alleys, bosquets and berso, trellises made of maple and linden were planted. A feeling of clear order and relationship between architecture and the surrounding space is created. The palace and park ensemble of Strelni is considered the only “water garden”.
Tsarskoye Selo - summer residence of the emperor. Catherine I B 1718-172 architect. Braunstein and Foerster erected stone chambers; 1716-1726 the garden was laid out according to the design of Jan Rosen. A system of flat terraces, on the 1st there are flower beds surrounded by trellises and bosquets, on the 2nd - roundabout roads with trellis pavilions, on the 3rd - two identical rectangular ponds. The Lower Garden has a radial layout of 3 alleys connected by an arc road. The bosquets are planted with fruit trees and berry bushes, this part is called. Old garden. The garden, surrounded by green walls, went down to the Fishing Canal, behind which there is a “Wild Grove” of birch. To the south of the palace there is an artificial reservoir, to the west there is a hunting park with radial clearings. Stage 2 of development - reconstruction of the palace, its reconstruction was completed by Rastrelli. Lush colorful ensemble in the Baroque style. Development of a park to the west of the palace. In front of the palace there are service buildings in a semicircle, forming the ceremonial ensemble of the Courtyard Square. Behind it is a New Garden of 4 bosquets, surrounded by a cross canal: bosquet Gribok; Bosquet Theatre, Bosquet Mount Parnassus; Bosquet Carousel with ponds. The main axis runs from the palace from northwest to southeast, which is secured by compositional units: the Mont Bijou pavilions and the Hermitage in the Baroque style. On the sides of the main axis there are side alleys, a three-beam formation is formed. The large pond takes on a regular shape, and a grotto in the Baroque style is erected on its shore. The territory of the Menagerie, designed by Rastrelli, was surrounded by a square-shaped fence in the center of which was the Mont Bijou pavilion. The dominance of the main building and the subordination of planning elements creates the unity of the ensemble. Landscape part park: the romantic park was created in the 1760-1770s (Rinaldi, Neelov, Felmen), 1780-1790 (Cameron, Kvaringi), 1810-1820 (Ruska, Stvsov). In the mid-19th century. According to Vidov's project, his own garden was created. The park is conventionally divided into 5 areas: a regular garden, a large pond area, a Rose Field, and a private garden. A park with a complex system of ponds and channels, mounds and lawns. Abundance of architecture. buildings built in various styles: Chinese (Big and Small whims, Chinese gazebo, Chinese village, theater), Egyptian (pyramid), classical. A heroic note is added by buildings glorifying the victory of Russian troops in the war with Turkey (Kahul Obelisk, Chesme Column, Morean Column, Ruin Tower.) The central place in the composition of the park is occupied by the area of the Big Pond. The pond was reconstructed in the 70s, the banks acquired free contours. There are 4 islands on the Big Pond. Viewpoints are located along a circular route, where the most important structures are: the Grotto, Palladian Bridge, Chesme Column, Admiralty and Turkish Bath.
Pavlovsky Park Located 27 km. South of Leningrad, occupies an area of 506 hectares. Architectural construction began in 1779 and continued for 50 years. The composition of the park is united by 7 landscape areas: Big Star, Slavyanka River Valley, Old Sylvia, New Sylvia, central area, Parade Field, White Birch. 1. “Big Star” designed by Cameron, plantings are mainly coniferous, 12-ray alleys emerge from a round platform, resembles a natural forest, there are numerous artificial lakes. 2. “Valley of the Slavyanka River” runs through the entire park, including both banks of the river. Along the banks there are pavilions and artistic buildings. structures. Palace on the river bank Slavic women are the main architect. dominant of the park. Structures: Bridge of Centaurs, Pavilion “Cold Bath”, “Temple of Friendship” - in the center of the peninsula, “Green Theater”. 3. “Old Sylvia” has a central platform with a figure of Apollo Belvedere and 12 bronze statues along the periphery, in the same area there is the “Scream” house, “Parents’ Pavilion”. 4. “New Sylvia” is separated from the old one by a cascade-ruin and the “Pink Pavilion” on the high bank of the river. 5. central area: triple linden alley palace, “Aviary” pavilion, “big circles” parterre. Near the western facade there is a royal corner of the garden with a regular layout, flower beds, sculptures... The main alley leads to the pavilion of the Three Graces. 6. The “Paradnoe Pole” area is landscaped and located at the end of a triple linden alley. Serves as a link between the 5th and 7th districts. 7. The White Birch area is the largest, has a rich alley system and many landscape tree groups.
Oranienbaum on the high shore of the Gulf of Finland. Initially, this was the residence of Governor Menshikov. In 1762-1774 designed Catherine's own dacha II . The park combines regular and landscape techniques. It is a complex of architectural structures, including the ensembles of the Rolling Hill, the Chinese Palace, and the ensemble of the Stone Hall. The “Stone Hall” palace is located on the edge of the sea terrace (architect: Rastrelli and Zemtsov) with a parterre and a U-shaped canal. The widest alley in the park is a triple linden tree, it is directed south along the axis of the Stone Hall and ends with the ensemble of the Chinese Palace, a long alley of more than 500 m. The central place in the space of the park is occupied by the Roller Coaster building. The artistic appearance of the Own Dacha reflected the transitional period in Russian architecture, when, replacing the powerful decorative and festive style of Baroque and sophisticated Rococo, the style of classicism was established, and the structure of regular gardens gave way to romantic landscape parks. The regular parts of the park merged with the landscape ones and formed a single whole. A new landscape area was created between Peterstadt and the Own Dacha in the first half of the 19th century.
Francois Flameng (French, 1856-1923) Moliere Demanding an Audience with-King Louis XIV at Versailles
In addition to the main alleys in the Versailles park, there are secluded groves or bosquets, which served as the site of magnificent festivities held in the palace.
Ricois François Edme. Vue du Chateau de Versailles
In the era of Louis XIV, the Versailles park included 15 bosquets, uniquely decorated and separated by bars. Most bosquets were designed by Le Nôtre. After the death of the outstanding master, Mansart slightly modified the decor of some bosquets.
Lami Eugene. Escalier du parc de Versailles
Bosquet built in 1681-1683 "Rocaille" called under Louis XIV "ballroom", since in the center of it there was a marble dance floor. On festive evenings, guests sat on the steps of the green amphitheater, and the musicians were located above the cascade.
Vue de Salle de Bal ou Bosquet des Rocailles dans les jardins de Versailles de Cotelle Jean, le Jeune
This corner in its modern form was created by the artist Robert in 1774-1775, when the trees in the Versailles gardens were replanted. Thus, it does not correspond to the “French” type of park created by Le Nôtre, but rather gravitates towards “English” type parks, common at the end of the 18th century.
Bosquet of the Queen created in its modern form in 1775-1776 as a result of the replanting of the park, carried out by order of Louis XVI. Its layout is made in accordance with the principles of “English” type parks on the site of the famous Versailles garden labyrinth that was previously located here; this labyrinth, consisting of numerous narrow alleys hiding 39 fountains, was laid out in 1666 according to the design of Le Nôtre. But, unfortunately, this corner, praised in all guidebooks of the 17th century, gradually fell into disrepair and was destroyed in 1774.
Entrance to the Labyrinth of Versailles and statues of Aesop and Cupid; from the publication “The Labyrinth of Versailles” by Jacques Bailey.
Labyrinth of Versailles- a former labyrinth in the Park of Versailles, decorated with groups of fountains and sculptures depicting scenes from Aesop's fables. At first, in 1665, the park's architect André Le Nôtre designed the Labyrinth of simple alleys, but in 1669 Charles Perrault advised King Louis XIV to add thirty-nine fountains, each representing one of Aesop's fables. Work on the creation of the Labyrinth continued from 1672 to 1677. The streams of water rushing from the mouths of the animal characters seemed to depict a conversation between these creatures. Signs with signatures and verses of the poet Isaac Benserad were placed next to the fountains. Detailed descriptions of the Labyrinth, its fables and sculptures are presented in the publication “The Labyrinth of Versailles” by Charles Perrault, illustrated with engravings by Sebastien Leclerc.
"Entrance to the Labyrinth"; by Jean Cotelle, circa 1693
In 1665, André Le Nôtre laid out a hedge labyrinth on the site south of Latona's Fonatana near the Orangerie. In 1668, Jean de La Fontaine published his first collection of fables, dedicated to the Grand Dauphin Louis, the six-year-old son of Louis XIV. Although La Fontaine displeased the king, his poems may have inspired Charles Perrault, the author of Mother Goose's Tales, who the previous year had become chief official of the Surintendent of Royal Households, to advise Louis XIV in 1669 to rebuild the Labyrinth so that it would aid the Dauphin's training. From 1672 to 1677, Le Nôtre redesigned the Labyrinth, adding 39 fountains that depicted scenes from Aesop's fables. The sculptors Jean-Baptiste Tubi, Etienne le Hongre, Pierre le Gros, as well as the brothers Gaspard and Balthazar Marsay worked on the creation of hydraulic sculptures.
“Internal space of the Bosquet Labyrinth”; by Jean Cotelle, circa 1693
Each fountain was accompanied by a plaque with Aesop's fable in the form of a quatrain written by Isaac de Benserade. The son of Louis XIV learned to read from these tablets. Benserad, who also selected the fables for the Labyrinth, noted that his poems described the corresponding fables precisely at the request of the King.
Jean Cotell
When the Labyrinth was completed in 1677, it contained 39 fountains with 333 painted metal sculptures of animals. The water for the fountains was supplied from the Seine using the Marly Machine. It used 14 water-lifting wheels that drove 253 pumps, some of which operated over distances of three-quarters of a mile.
Jean Cotell
In 1778, by order of Louis XVI, an arboretum with exotic trees in the style of an English park was built on the site of the Labyrinth.
Through the curtain of foliage one can see forest plantings, implemented in a checkerboard pattern, which were planted here on the site of two cut down bosquets: Northern bosquet "Dolphin" and South - "Girandole". The southern and symmetrical northern platforms “in a checkerboard pattern” are decorated with marble baths, made in Rome by students of the French Academy based on Poussin’s models for Superintendent Fouquet; were subsequently bought by Louis XIV.
Fountain of the bosquet "Girandole". Along the edges of the small pool there are “thickets” of reeds, from which inclined jets fly. They fall onto a small island, in the middle of which there is a column of water.
Bosquet "Girandole"
Dug in 1672 Mirror pool belonged to an ensemble called Royal Island. When in the 19th century, Louis XVIII ordered the architect Dufour to restore Versailles, the Royal Island, which by that time had turned into a swamp, was replaced with lawns and flower beds, and was called the King's Garden.
Bosquet Isle of the King and Pool of Reflections by Etienne Allegrin, circa 1693
This garden, surrounded by hedges, was planned in the English style, and was planted with exotic trees and rare plants. The reflecting pool (or "Lawn"), separated from the island by a road, is the only surviving detail of the original 17th-century ensemble.
Bosquet Chestnut Grove, having an oblong shape, was once called the ancient or Water gallery; it was planted in 1680-1683; a central alley, planted with orange trees and yews, crossed it, and numerous fountains flowed everywhere.
Antique gallery by Jean Joubert, circa 1693
24 antique statues framed this alley. In 1704, the bosquet underwent significant transformations and soon turned into the Chestnut Grove - a “hall” decorated with antique marble busts and two statues.
Jean-Baptiste Martin - Antique Gallery at Versailles
From the original project, only the contours and two round fountains, located on both sides of the bosquet, have been preserved.
Pavilion "Colonnade", created by the architect Hardouin-Mansart, began construction in 1685 and served as a concert hall for a long time.
Colonnade by Jean Cotell, circa 1693
Until 1684, here on the site of the colonnade there was a Spring Grove created by Le Nôtre with winding paths that crossed numerous streams.
On June 19, 1684, the Marquis de Dangeau wrote in his journal: “The king ordered the construction of a marble colonnade with large fountains on the site of the springs.”
In the center of the pavilion is the sculptural group “Pluto Abducting Proserpina,” a copy of Girardon’s original.
Vue du Bosquet de la Colonnade dans les jardins de Versailles de Cotelle Jean, le Jeune
Giovanni Boldini. Kolonnade
Francois Flameng (1856-1923). Bathing of the court ladies of the 18th century.
Fountains made according to Lebrun's sketches "Autumn" And "Winter" are dedicated to Bacchus and Saturn, and the fountains "Spring" And "Summer"- flora and Ceres. In 1668, in honor of the “Great Royal Divertissement,” temporary theaters were installed on the site of the “Autumn,” “Winter,” and “Summer” fountains. The most magnificent of them was the theater built by Carlo Vigarini, in which Moliere and Lully’s play “The Celebrations of Love and Bacchus” were performed. The hall was designed for 1200 seats, the 12-meter wide stage was illuminated by crystal chandeliers with three hundred candles.
Fountain "Autumn"
Fountain "Winter"
Fountain "Winter"
Fountain "Spring"
Fountain "Spring"
Fountain "Summer"
Fountain "Summer"
Bosquet of "Dome Pavilions" At first it was called the bosquet of Glory after the statue installed in the center of the octagonal fountain.
In 1677-1678, Mansart placed two pavilions under domes opposite each other here; This is where the current name of this bosquet comes from.
Bosquet of domed pavilions, by Jean Cotell, circa 1693
In 1684, the Statue of Glory was moved to another part of the park, and two years later new sculptures from the Grotto of Thetis, demolished during the construction of the Northern Wing of the palace, were installed here.
Giovanni Boldini. Scene Galante (wahrscheinlich Bosquet des Dômes)
Giovanni Boldini. Les Dômes (Versalles)
In 1671, Le Nôtre created a bosquet called "Council Hall or Ballroom". But in 1704-1705 Mansart rebuilt it, calling it a bosquet Obelisk.
Ballroom or Council Hall by Etienne Allegrin, circa 1688
Martin Pierre Denis. Vue du bosquet de la Fontaine de l"Obélisque dans les jardins de Versailles en 1713 (au deuxième plan Louis XIV à la promenade)
Fountain "Obelisk" surrounded by a border of reeds, from which 230 fountain jets flow, connecting into a water pyramid, the height of which reaches 25 meters.
Fountain "Enceladus" was realized by Gaspard Marcy in 1675 -1677 from lead, originally covered with gilding. The plot was based on the legend about the burial of the Titans under the stone blocks of Olympus, which they, despite the prohibition of Jupiter, were going to climb.
Bosquet Enquelad by Jean Cotelle, circa 1693
Vue du Bosquet de l "Encelade dans les jardins de Versailles de Cotelle Jean, le Jeune
The sculptor depicted a giant half buried under mountain debris, but desperately struggling with death.
Bosquet of the Water Theater - Bosquet of the Green Circle. The centerpiece of this bosquet, built by André Le Nôtre between 1671 and 1674, was the theater, along the edge of which were three rows of lawns for seating. In front of them was a stage decorated with four fountains alternating with three radial water cascades. Between 1680 and the death of Louis XIV in 1715, there was an almost constant rearrangement of the statues that decorated the bosquet.
Bosquet of the Aquatic Theater - view of the stage, by Jean Cotelle, circa 1693.
Vue de la partie supérieure du bosquet du théâtre d'eau dans les jardins de Versailles de Cotelle Jean, le Jeune
In 1709, the bosquet was rebuilt, adding the Children's Island Fountain. As part of the replanting of the gardens, begun by Louis XVI in the winter of 1774-1775, the Bosquet of the Aquatic Theater was destroyed and in its place the nondescript Bosquet of the Green Circle was created.
Water Theater - View of the Amphitheater, by Jean Cotelle, circa 1693
Vue de l"entrée du bosquet du Théâtre d"Eau dans les jardins de Versailles de Cotelle Jean, le Jeune
Bosquet Water Mountain - Bosquet Stars. Originally planned by André Le Nôtre in 1661 as a green room, this bosquet included a path encircling a central pentagonal area. In 1671, the bosquet was expanded, adding a more elaborate system of paths that enhanced the new central water feature - a fountain resembling a mountain - hence the bosquet's new name: Bosquet Water Mountain. The bosquet was completely rebuilt in 1704 and given the new name Bosquet of the Stars.
Bosquet of the Stars or Water Mountain, by Jean Cotelle, circa 1693
Vue du bosquet de l"étoile ou montagne dans les jardins de Versailles de Cotelle Jean, le Jeune
In the northern part of the park, between the “Green Circle” and “Star”, at some distance from the beaten alleys, a round fountain is secludedly located, in the middle of which a stone shallow rises. This - "Children's Island", a masterpiece of freshness, the appearance of which we owe to the sculptor Ardi. Six naked children are playing with flowers on the stones; at a distance, two others are playing in the water of a fountain. The expressions of bodies and faces, imbued with gentle joy, amaze visitors who accidentally stumble upon this bosquet lost in the greenery of the park.
Fountain Children's Island. A.N. Benois (1870-1960) Walk of the King. 1906
Fountain Children's Island.Versailles. Bosquet de Enfants dorés (c.1912)
Bosquet of Three Fountains (Water Cradle). Located west of the Alley of Funny Boys and replacing the short-lived Water Cradle (a narrow elongated bosquet created in 1671, which contained a water gazebo formed by many jets of water), the enlarged bosquet was reconstructed by André Le Nôtre in 1677 into a series of three connected terraces. Each terrace contained several fountains with special effects and a swimming pool.
Bosquet of the Three Fountains, by Jean Cotell, circa 1693
Vue du Bosquet des Trois fontaines dans les jardins de Versailles de Cotelle Jean, le Jeune
In the lower pool, jets of water form lily flowers, in the center, vertical jets and a water arch shoot up, and, finally, at the top, a water column formed from 140 jets soars; Moreover, this impressive column supplies the lower pools with water. The fountains survived the reconstruction undertaken by Louis XIV for other fountains in the park at the beginning of the 18th century. Well hidden behind bars, this bosquet was landscaped so that the aging king could come here in a wheelchair and move along the sloping paths of the lawn. The fountains were also regretted later, during the complete replanting of the gardens in 1774-1775.
In 1830, plants were replanted in the bosquet, and from that time on the fountains fell silent. The park suffered significant damage during the hurricanes of 1990 and 1999. The Bosquet of the Three Fountains officially opened after restoration on June 12, 2004.
Bosquet "Arc de Triomphe". This bosquet was originally created in 1672 as a simple water pavilion - an open space in the form of a circle with a square fountain in its center.
Vue du Bosquet de l "Arc de Triomphe prize du côté du Bassin du Dragon, avec Venus accueillant Mars de Cotelle Jean, le Jeune
Vue du Bosquet de l "Arc de Triomphe dans les jardins de Versailles de Cotelle Jean, le Jeune
In 1676, this bosquet, located east of the Alley of Funny Boys and symmetrical to the Bosquet of the Three Fountains, was expanded and decorated in honor of the political line, hinting that it led to the military victories of France over Spain and Austria, by installing the Arc de Triomphe - hence the name of the bosquet.
Vue du Bosquet de l "Arc de Triomphe avec le groupe de la France triomphante dans les jardins de Versailles de Cotelle Jean, le Jeune
Vue du Bosquet de l "Arc de Triomphe prize du côté du Parterre du Nord dans les jardins de Versailles de Cotelle Jean, le Jeune
Like the Bosquet of Three Fountains, this bosquet survived 18th-century renovations but was replanted in 1830 and the fountains were closed that year.
Bosquet "Backwater" - Bosquet of Stone Oak - Bosquet of Apollo - Grotto of Apollo Created in 1670, this bosquet originally had a rectangular pool in the center, limited by the edge of the lawn along its perimeter. Along the edge of the pool there were metal arrow-shaped tongues, in which many tubes were hidden, spraying water; in every corner of the creek there was a swan, from whose beak a stream of water was gushing. In the center of the reservoir there was an iron tree with painted tin leaves from the branches of which streams of water were beating. Because of this tree, the bosquet was also called Stonewood Bosquet. The bosquet was created at the prompting of Madame de Montespan under Louis XIV.
Bosquet "The Backwater", by Jean Cotelle, circa 1693
In 1704, Mansart reconsidered the decor, which from now on harmoniously combines with the sculptural composition “Sun Horses”, which was transferred here from the bosquet of the Dome Pavilions (after the destruction of the Grotto of Thetis). This ensemble, created in 1664-1672, included three groups: “Nymphs serving Apollo” consisted of four main statues by Girardon, three smaller figures created by Renaudin, as well as two equestrian groups by Guerin and the Marcy brothers. In the center of the pool, a lead and gilded cornice resting on a plinth somewhat hid all these works.
Bosquet "Bath of Apollo", by Pierre-Denis Martin (Martin the Younger), circa 1713
The bosquet existed in this form until 1776. Then Louis XVI ordered the park to be replanted, and the artist Robber ordered a new design for the composition of the Apollo grotto. In 1778, a new layout was implemented in the fashionable English-Chinese style. Since then, a huge stone grotto with high columns, representing the palace of Thetis, surrounds three famous sculptural groups on three sides. The new bosquet received a new name - the Grotto of Apollo. This is exactly how we see bosquet these days.
