The pantheon of the gods on Poklonnaya Hill destroyed by Napoleon. Napoleon on Poklonnaya Hill. Where was the "real" Poklonnaya Hill
NAPOLEON ON POKLONNOY HILL September 14 (September 2), 1812
Napoleon waited in vain
Intoxicated with last happiness,
Moscow kneeling
With the keys of the old Kremlin….
A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin")
Poklonnaya Gora is a gentle hill to the west of the center of Moscow. Once upon a time, Poklonnaya Hill was located far outside of Moscow, and from its top a panorama of the city and its environs opened up. It has long been believed that Poklonnaya Gora in Moscow got its name because everyone who arrived in the city or left it had to bow to the city at this place, bow to it, and also because important people who arrived here were met with a bow. to Moscow. Historian Ivan Zabelin called Poklonnaya Gora "the most memorable place in our history and remarkable in its topography," from the height of which "the Russian people have long been accustomed to bow to Mother Moscow."
The hill was torn down in 1987, the hill remaining from the hill is located in the eastern part of Victory Park - memorial complex in honor of the victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945.
On September 14 (September 2, old style), 1812, Napoleon with his troops was approaching Moscow. He had to go through the last hill adjacent to Moscow and dominating it, it was Poklonnaya Hill.
The French emperor was in no hurry to enter Moscow, he stopped at Poklonnaya Hill and, armed with a telescope, examined the Mother See. The abundance of golden domes of the city made a strong impression on the French. Not a single conquered capital struck them with its beauty like Moscow!
From the memoirs of Sergeant Adrien Jean Baptiste Francois Bourgogne: “It was a beautiful summer day: the sun played on domes, bell towers, gilded palaces. Many of the capitals I have seen - Paris, Berlin, Warsaw, Vienna and Madrid - have made an ordinary impression on me; here it is another matter: for me, as for all others, there was something magical in this spectacle.
Standing on Poklonnaya Hill, Napoleon was waiting for the keys to Moscow, as well as "bread and salt", according to Russian custom. However, time passed, but there were no keys. The officers sent by him to Moscow returned with nothing: "The city is completely empty, your imperial majesty!"
Napoleon's realization of the fact that he was left without keys, that Moscow did not surrender to him the way he would like and as it was in Vienna and Berlin, when the authorities of European capitals presented him with the keys on a "silver platter", brought Bonaparte out of himself .
The French emperor lost more than two hours on Poklonnaya Hill, never understanding why the Russians had not brought him the keys to their city?
Napoleon descended from Poklonnaya Hill and approached the Moscow River at the Dorogomilovskaya Zastava. He stopped, waiting at the entrance, but in vain.
An empty Moscow awaited the French.
“Houses, although mostly wooden, amaze us with their size and extraordinary splendor. But all the doors and windows are closed, the streets are empty, there is silence everywhere - silence, catching fear. Silently, in order, we pass along the long, deserted streets, the drumbeat echoes hollowly from the walls of empty houses. We try in vain to appear calm, but our hearts are restless: it seems to us that something extraordinary is about to happen.
Moscow appears to us as a huge corpse; this is the kingdom of silence: a fabulous city, where all the buildings, houses are erected, as it were, by the spell of us alone! I think of the impression the ruins of Pompeii and Herculaneum make on the thoughtful traveller; but here the impression is even more deathly,” wrote officer Caesar de Laugier.
Russian Literature Lesson
7th grade
Subject: L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace" (fragments). "Council in Fili", "Napoleon on Poklonnaya Hill". Images of Napoleon and Kutuzov.
Goals:
To acquaint with the personality of Leo Tolstoy and the history of the creation of the novel "War and Peace", show the role of historical figures Napoleon and Kutuzov in the events of the Patriotic War of 1812; test knowledge of literary theory (portrait, artistic detail);
promote the development of monologue speech, mental and creative activity;
develop an interest in history and literature.
Expected results:
Knowledge of the biography of Kutuzov and Napoleon;
Knowledge of information about the war of 1812;
Knowledge of the biography of Leo Tolstoy and the history of the creation of the novel "War and Peace";
Ability to select the necessary information and graphically depict it;
The ability to formulate questions of the "High" order and the ability to express one's thoughts;
Ability to work in a group;
Ability to draw conclusions;
Knowledge of fragments of the novel "War and Peace".
During the classes
Organizing time
Update
Dividing the class into groups
Creation of a collaborative environment (viewing the video "Good mood"
1 group. Life and work of Leo Tolstoy
2 group. Brief review of the novel "War and Peace"
3rd group. War of 1812
4 group. Kutuzov
5 group. Napoleon
Groups form clusters.
Band performance
others make notes in the form of a thesis plan and prepare for one issue
"high" order, using questions on Bloom's taxonomy for analysis, synthesis or evaluation.
Band performance
F opdeveloping new concepts and modes of action
Work on the fragment “Council in Fili” (all groups participate)
What issue was discussed at the council in Fili?
Write out the portrait of Kutuzov from the text.
Emphasize the details of the portrait of Kutuzov, expressing the psychological state of the commander and draw a conclusion about how Leo Tolstoy draws a portrait of Kutuzov.
Carefully read the description of the generals who came to the council. What details of their portraits does the author indicate? Fill the table.
General's name
Portrait Description Details
1. Barclay de Tolly
________________________________________________________________
2. Dokhturov
3. Osterman-Tolstoy
He sat leaning on his broad hand, with bold features and sparkling eyes, head ..., seemed immersed in his thoughts.
4. Raevsky
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________
A firm, handsome and kind face ... shone with a gentle, sly smile.
Underline in the table the details of the statistical portrait with one line, and the dynamic portrait with two lines.
Analyze the behavior on the advice of Kutuzov and Benigsen.
How does the girl Malasha see Kutuzov and Benigsen?
Why, in your opinion, L.N. Tolstoy shows Kutuzov and Bennigsen through the eyes of a six-year-old girl?
What drives Kutuzov and Benigsen? Fill in the table with quotes that indicate the motives for their behavior.
Kutuzov
Bennigsen
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
What is the name of artistic technique used by the author when comparing Kutuzov and Benigsen?
Is it possible to use the terms "protagonist" and "antagonist" in relation to Kutuzov and Benigsen? Why?
Application. Formation of skills and abilities
Ngapoleon on Poklonnaya Hill
1) Mark in the text the artistic details that show Moscow in 1812.
2) Write out from the text the elements of the portrait of Napoleon and the lines that express the acting and posturing of the French emperor.
3) Analyze the collected material and determine the relationship
Homework information stage
Summing up the lesson
Reflection stage
Additional material
Patriotic War of 1812
At the beginning of the Patriotic War of 1812, General Kutuzov was elected in July the head of the St. Petersburg, and then the Moscow militia. At the initial stage of the Patriotic War, the 1st and 2nd Western Russian armies rolled back under the onslaught of Napoleon's superior forces. The unsuccessful course of the war prompted the nobility to demand the appointment of a commander who would enjoy the confidence of Russian society. Even before the Russian troops left Smolensk, Alexander 1 was forced to appoint General-of-Infantry Kutuzov as commander-in-chief of all Russian armies and militias. For 10 days before the appointment, the tsar granted Kutuzov the title of His Grace Prince (bypassing the princely title). The appointment of Kutuzov caused a patriotic upsurge in the army and the people. Kutuzov himself, as in 1805, was not in the mood for a decisive battle against Napoleon. According to one of the testimonies, he put it this way about the methods by which he would act against the French: “We will not defeat Napoleon. We will deceive him."
The great superiority of the enemy in forces and the lack of reserves forced Kutuzov to retreat inland, following the strategy of his predecessor Barclay de Tolly. A further withdrawal meant the surrender of Moscow without a fight, which was unacceptable both from a political and moral point of view. Having received insignificant reinforcements, Kutuzov decided to give Napoleon a pitched battle, the first and only one in the Patriotic War of 1812. battle of Borodino, one of the largest battles of the era of the Napoleonic Wars, took place on August 26 (September 7). During the day of the battle, the Russian army inflicted heavy losses on the French troops, but according to preliminary estimates, by the night of the same day, it had lost almost half of the personnel of the regular troops. The balance of power obviously did not shift in favor of Kutuzov. Kutuzov decided to withdraw from the Borodino position, and then, after a meeting in Fili (now a Moscow region), he left Moscow. Nevertheless, the Russian army proved to be worthy at Borodino, for which Kutuzov was promoted to field marshal on August 30.
Having failed in his attempts to make peace with Russia, on October 7 (19) Napoleon began to withdraw from Moscow. He tried to lead the army to Smolensk by the southern route through Kaluga, where there were food and fodder supplies, but on October 12 (24) in the battle for Maloyaroslavets he was abandoned by Kutuzov and retreated along the devastated Smolensk road. The Russian troops launched a counteroffensive, which Kutuzov organized so that Napoleon's army was under flank attacks by regular and partisan detachments, and Kutuzov avoided a frontal battle with large masses of troops.
Thanks to Kutuzov's strategy, the huge Napoleonic army was almost completely destroyed. It should be especially noted that the victory was achieved at the cost of moderate losses of the Russian army.
Napoleon often spoke contemptuously about the generals opposing him, while not embarrassed in expressions. Characteristically, he avoided public assessments of Kutuzov's command in the Patriotic War, preferring to blame the "harsh Russian winter" for the complete destruction of his army. Napoleon's attitude towards Kutuzov can be seen in a personal letter written by Napoleon from Moscow on October 3, 1812 with the aim of starting peace negotiations:
“I am sending one of my adjutant generals to you to negotiate on many important matters. I want Your Lordship to believe what he tells you, especially when he expresses to you the feelings of respect and special attention that I have long had for you. I have nothing else to say with this letter, I pray the Almighty to keep you, Prince Kutuzov, under his sacred and good cover.
In January 1813, Russian troops crossed the border and reached the Oder by the end of February. By April 1813, the troops reached the Elbe. On April 5, the commander-in-chief caught a cold and fell ill in the small town of Bunzlau (Prussia, now the territory of Poland). Alexander 1 arrived to say goodbye to a very weakened field marshal. Behind the screens, near the bed on which Kutuzov lay, was the official Krupennikov, who was with him. The last dialogue of Kutuzov, overheard by Kruppenikov and betrayed by chamberlain Tolstoy: “Forgive me, Mikhail Illarionovich!” - "I forgive you, sir, but Russia will not forgive you."
- Museums
- Memorable places
- Locations of works
- Tolstoy societies
Poklonnaya Gora
Address: Russia, Moscow
GPS coordinates: 55.731673,37.506851
Moscow addresses of the heroes of the novel "War and Peace"
“On the night of September 1, Kutuzov ordered the retreat of Russian troops through Moscow to the Ryazan road. The first troops moved into the night.
By ten o'clock in the morning on September 2, in the Dorogomilovsky suburb, only rearguard troops remained in the open. The army was already on the other side of Moscow and beyond Moscow.
At the same time, at ten o'clock in the morning on September 2, Napoleon stood between his troops on Poklonnaya Hill and looked at the spectacle that opened before him.
September 2nd at ten o'clock ... The sparkle of the morning was magical. Moscow from Poklonnaya Gora spread out spaciously with its river, its gardens and churches, and it seemed to live its own life, quivering like stars, its domes in the rays of the sun.
At the sight of a strange city with unprecedented forms of unusual architecture, Napoleon experienced that somewhat envious and restless curiosity that people experience at the sight of an alien life that does not know about them ... Napoleon from Poklonnaya Gora saw the flutter of life in the city and felt, as it were, the breath of this large and beautiful body . Moscow! Holy Moscow! Here it is, finally, this famous city! It was strange to him that, at last, his long-standing, which seemed to him impossible, wish had come true. In the clear morning light, he looked first at the city, then at the plan, checking the details of this city, and the certainty of possession thrilled and terrified him.
Two hours have passed. Napoleon had breakfast and again stood in the same place on Poklonnaya Hill, waiting for the deputation. His speech to the boyars was already clearly formed in his imagination. This speech was full of dignity and that grandeur that Napoleon understood. Meanwhile, the emperor, tired of vain waiting and feeling with his acting instinct that the majestic minute, lasting too long, was beginning to lose its majesty, gave a sign with his hand. A single shot of a signal cannon rang out, and the troops, which surrounded Moscow from different sides, moved to Moscow, to the Tver, Kaluga, and Dorogomilovskaya outposts ”(vol. 3, part 3, ch. 19).
I NAPOLEON ON POKLONNAYA MOUNTAIN
On September 1, at night, Kutuzov ordered the retreat of Russian troops through Moscow to the Ryazan road.
A. Kivshenko - Military Council in Fili
The first troops moved into the night. The troops marching at night were in no hurry and moved slowly and sedately; but at dawn, the advancing troops, approaching the Dorogomilovsky bridge, saw in front of them, on the other side, crowding, hurrying along the bridge and on the other side rising and flooding the streets and alleys, and behind them pushing, endless masses of troops. And causeless haste and anxiety seized the troops. Everything rushed forward to the bridge, onto the bridge, into the fords and into the boats. Kutuzov ordered that he be taken around the back streets to the other side of Moscow.
By 10 o'clock in the morning on September 2, only the rearguard troops remained in the Dorogomilovsky suburb. The army was already on the other side of Moscow and beyond Moscow.
A. Semenov, A. Sokolov - The Russian army and residents leave Moscow in 1812
At the same time, at 10 am on September 2, Napoleon stood between his troops on Poklonnaya Hill and looked at the spectacle that opened before him.
1812. Napoleon near Moscow
From August 26 to September 2, from the battle of Borodino to the entry of the enemy into Moscow,
A. Shepelyuk - Kutuzov at the command post V. Vereshchagin - Napoleon at the Borodino Heights
on the day of the Battle of Borodino
all the days of this anxious, this memorable week, there was that extraordinary, always surprising people, autumn weather, when the low sun warms hotter than in spring, when everything glitters in the rare, clean air, so that it hurts the eyes; when the chest grows stronger and fresher, inhaling the odorous autumn air; when the nights are even warm, and when in these dark, warm nights golden stars are constantly falling from the sky, frightening and delighting.
On the 2nd of September at 10 o'clock in the morning the weather was like this. The sparkle of the morning was magical. Moscow from Poklonnaya Gora spread out spaciously with its river, its gardens and churches, and it seemed to live its own life, quivering like stars with its domes in the rays of the sun.
View of Moscow from Poklonnaya Hill
At the sight of a strange city with unprecedented forms of extraordinary architecture, Napoleon experienced that somewhat envious and restless curiosity that people experience when they see the forms of an alien life that does not know about them. Obviously, this city lived with all the forces of its life. By those indefinable signs by which a living body is unmistakably recognizable from a dead one at a long distance, Napoleon from Poklonnaya Gora saw the trembling of life in the city and felt, as it were, the breath of a large and beautiful body.
Every Russian person, looking at Moscow, feels that she is a mother; every foreigner, looking at her and not knowing her maternal meaning, should feel the feminine character of this city; and Napoleon felt it.
Cette ville asiatique aux innombrables eglises, Moscou la sainte. La voilà donc enfin, cette fameuse ville! Il était temps a - said Napoleon and, dismounting from his horse, ordered the plan of this Moscou to be laid out in front of him and called the interpreter Lelorme d'Ideville. "Une ville occyrée par l'ennemi ressemble à une fille qui a perdu son honneur," he thought.
Here it is, finally, this famous Asian city with its countless churches, sacred Moscow! It is high time! - said Napoleon and, dismounting from his horse, ordered the plan of this Moscou to be laid out in front of him and called the interpreter Lelorme d'Ideville. "A city occupied by the enemy is like a girl who has lost her virginity," he thought.
French map of 1812
And from this point of view, he looked at the oriental beauty lying in front of him, unknown to him yet. It was strange to him that, at last, his long-standing, which seemed to him impossible, wish had come true. In the clear morning light, he looked first at the city, then at the plan, checking the details of the city, and the certainty of possession thrilled and terrified him.
V.Vereshchagin - Napoleon near Moscow. Waiting for the deputation of the boyars
“But how could it be otherwise?” he thought. “Here it is - this capital - at my feet, oh idyaya fate. Where nowAlexander, what does he think?
Strange, beautiful, majestic city! And strange and majestic this minute! In what light do I present myself to them?” he thought of his troops. “Here it is - a reward - for all these unbelievers (he thought, looking around at those close to him and at the troops approaching and lining up). One word of mine, one movement of my hand, and that ancient capital of des Czars perished. Mais ma clemence est toujours prompte a descendre sur les vaincus (But my mercy is always ready to descend on the vanquished). I must be generous and truly great ... But no, it's true that I'm in Moscow (it suddenly occurred to him). However, here she lies at my feet, playing and trembling with golden domes and crosses in the rays of the sun. But I will spare her. On the ancient monuments of barbarism and despotism, I will write great words of justice and mercy ... Alexander will understand this most painfully, I know him. (It seemed to Napoleon that the main significance of what was happening lay in his personal struggle with Alexander).
F.Ya. Alekseev - View of the Moscow Kremlin from the Stone Bridge
From the heights of the Kremlin - yes, this is the Kremlin, yes! - I will give them the laws of justice, I will show them the meaning of true civilization, I will make generations of boyars remember the name of their conqueror with love. I will tell the deputation that I do not want war; that I only made war on the false politics of their Court; that I love and respect Alexander, and that I will accept conditions of peace in Moscow worthy of me and my peoples. I do not want to take advantage of the happiness of war to humiliate the respected sovereign. “Boyars!” I will tell them, “I do not want war, but I want peace and prosperity for all my subjects.” However, I know that their presence will inspire me, and I will tell them, as I always say: clear, solemn and great. But is it really true that I'm in Moscow? Yes, here she is!“
Qu'on m'amene les boyards ( Let the boyars bring me), he turned to the retinue.
The general with a brilliant retinue immediately galloped after the boyars.
L. Gardet - Lunch on the hike
Two hours have passed. Napoleon had breakfast and again stood in the same place on Poklonnaya Hill, waiting for the deputation. His speech to the boyars was already clearly formed in his imagination. This speech was full of dignity and that grandeur that Napoleon understood. The tone of generosity in which Napoleon intended to act in Moscow captivated him. In his imagination he appointed the days of reunion dans le palais des Czars ( days of meetings in the court of the kings), where Russian nobles were supposed to converge with the nobles of the French emperor, one who would be able to attract the population. Having learned that there were many charitable institutions in Moscow, he decided in his imagination that all these institutions would be showered with his favors. He thought that just as in Africa one had to sit in a burnous in a mosque, so in Moscow one had to be merciful, like tsars. And in order to finally touch the hearts of Russians, he, like every Frenchman, who cannot imagine anything sensitive without mentioning ma chère, ma tender, ma pauvre mère (my dear, tender, poor mother), he decided that at all in these establishments, he orders to write in capital letters: "Etablissemen dédié à ma chère Mère." No, just "Maison de ma Mère" ( "Institution dedicated to my mother." No, just "My Mother's House"), he decided to himself. “But am I really in Moscow? Yes, here she is in front of me; but why is the deputation of the city so long?' he thought.
A.P. Apsit - Napoleon on Poklonnaya Gora awaits the deputation of the boyars
Meanwhile, in the back of the emperor's retinue, an excited conference was taking place in a whisper between his generals and marshals. Those sent for the deputation returned with the news that Moscow was empty, that everyone had left and left it. The faces of those conferring were pale and agitated. Not that Moscow was abandoned by the inhabitants (no matter how important this event seemed) frightened them, but they were frightened by how to announce to the emperor, how, without his majesty flocking to that terrible, called the French ridicule (ridiculous), the position to announce to him that he waited in vain for the boyars for so long that there are crowds of drunks, but no one else. Some said that it was necessary at all costs to collect at least some kind of deputation; others disputed this opinion and argued that it was necessary to carefully and cleverly prepare the emperor and tell him the truth.
Il faudra le lui dire tout de meme ( Still, you have to tell him.) ... - said the gentlemen of the retinue. Mais, messieurs...
A. Nikolaev - Napoleon on Poklonnaya Hill
The situation was all the more difficult because the emperor, pondering his plans of generosity, patiently paced back and forth in front of the plan, looking from time to time from under his hand on the way to Moscow and smiling cheerfully and proudly.
Mais c'est impossible ( But this is impossible) ... - shrugging their shoulders, the gentlemen of the retinue said, not daring to pronounce the implied terrible word: le ridicule ...
Meanwhile, the emperor, tired of vain waiting and feeling with his acting instinct that the majestic minute, lasting too long, was beginning to lose its majesty, gave a sign with his hand. A lone shot of a signal gun rang out, and the troops, which surrounded Moscow from different sides, moved to Moscow - to the Tver, Kaluga and Dorogomilovskaya outposts. Faster and faster, overtaking one another, at a quick step and at a trot, the troops moved, hiding in the clouds of dust they raised and filling the air with merging rumbles of screams.
The entry of the French into Moscow (Modern engraving)French entry into Moscow
(German bast picture)
Fascinated by the movement of troops, Napoleon rode with his troops to the Dorogomilovskaya outpost, but there he again stopped and, dismounting from his horse, walked for a long time at the Kamer-Kalezhsky shaft, waiting for the deputation.
Moscow meanwhile was empty. There were still people in it, a fiftieth of all the former inhabitants remained in it, but it was empty. It was empty, as a dying beehive is empty.
In different corners of Moscow, people were still moving around senselessly, observing their old habits and not understanding what they were doing.
When it was announced to Napoleon with due caution that Moscow was empty, he looked angrily at the one who informed about this and, turning away, continued to walk in silence.
Bring the carriage, - he said.
He got into the carriage next to the adjutant on duty and drove to the suburbs. Moscow desert! Quel evenement invraisemblable" ( Moscow is empty! What an incredible event."), he said to himself.
He did not go to the city, but stopped at an inn in the Dorogomilovsky suburb.
Le coup de theater avait rate ( Failed denouement of theatrical performance).
At noon we learn about the last moments of Count Rostopchin in Moscow.
