Black reality. Black reality. History and Social Studies Teacher
AP photographer about the death of colleagues after Chernobyl and modern life at the nuclear power plant
30 years ago, on April 26, 1986, the largest disaster in the history of the peaceful atom occurred - the explosion at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. The first photographers to go to the scene received radiation sickness for life. Some of them admitted that if they had known about the dire consequences of their business trip, they would never have agreed to it. Photojournalist Efrem Lukatsky, who has been photographing for the Associated Press since the 1990s, recalls what happened three decades ago in Chernobyl and Pripyat, and shows what the destroyed nuclear power plant looks like now.
Aerial view of the consequences of an explosion and fire at a nuclear power plant. Only three were allowed to film: TASS photographers Vladimir Repik, Igor Kostin and Valery Zufarov. Repik and Zufarov died from the effects of radiation. Kostin also suffered from radiation sickness. Died in a car accident in 2015. 
The celebration of May 1st in Kyiv was not cancelled. A few days after the disaster, under clouds of destructive radiation, thousands of people walked through the streets of the city with songs, flowers and portraits of Soviet leaders. 
This photo was taken 10 years after the Chernobyl disaster. Efrem Lukatsky was photographed against the backdrop of the sarcophagus that covered the infamous fourth nuclear reactor. Lukatsky lived less than 100 kilometers from the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, but only learned about the accident the next morning from his neighbor. Few photographers were allowed to photograph the destroyed reactor. Those who succeeded paid with their health, the photographer notes. Lukatsky arrived a few months later and returned there dozens of times. 
November 10, 2000. Control room of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. 
March 23, 2016. A specialist checks radiation levels before leaving the nuclear waste storage facility at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. The half-life of cesium-137, which was released into the atmosphere as a result of the explosion at the station, is 30 years. 
A crucifix and a radiation warning sign at the entrance to Pripyat, a city near the Chernobyl plant. After the disaster, all 47.5 thousand residents of the city were evacuated, and it remains empty to this day. Pripyat is closed, strewn with radioactive dust and will be uninhabitable for a long time.
March 23, 2016. On the left is a ventilation pipe over the destroyed reactor, on the right are giant steel arches erected for a dome that will cover the remains of the exploded reactor. In the foreground are houses abandoned 30 years ago.
March 2016. For 30 years now there has not been a soul in Pripyat. Only curious tourists come to see the ghost town.
December 3, 1999. Ukrainian engineers carry out routine work inside the only operating third reactor. It was closed in 2000.
Five-year-old Alek Zhloba, suffering from leukemia, in the children's ward of the Gomel Regional Hospital in Belarus. There are marks on the boy's head from medical procedures. The Chernobyl station is located 11 kilometers from the border with Belarus, and most of the radioactive fallout fell on this republic.
March 2016. Portraits of Soviet leaders in a local club under a layer of radioactive dust. They were prepared for the May Day demonstration.
November 10, 2000. Radioactive Soviet equipment that participated in the liquidation of the consequences of the disaster. A total of 1,350 helicopters, buses, bulldozers, tankers, transporters, fire trucks and ambulances were involved in the operation.
November 2000. The photo shows what remains of the control system of the fourth reactor.
Part of the collapsed roof of the Chernobyl plant. October 13, 1991.
A plant worker measures radiation levels near the destroyed reactor. The photo was taken by TASS photographer Vladimir Repik, who later suffered from radiation sickness all his life. Subsequently, the photojournalist admitted that he would never have agreed to travel to Chernobyl if he had known how dangerous it was to health.
Public educational institution "Kursk Center for Minors"
Prepared by: teacher Kiryaeva Lyudmila Sergeevna
Chernobyl: black reality... black pain...
Hour of courage.
Life is defenseless
And love is tender.
And mind the Earth
Imposes tribute.
And exact responsibility
Great knowledge.
(Inscription on a nuclear reactor. 1985 M. Dudin)
To the fallen and living participants in the liquidation of the disaster
at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant and other radiation accidents,
widows and mothers, families who have lost their breadwinners,
this project is dedicated to.
Slide 1-3 (Topic, epigraph )
Slide 4.
Presenter 1: On April 26, 2016, humanity celebrated 30 years of Chernobyl! 30 years! Black anniversary of the tragedy. An anniversary that is not celebrated, but which must be remembered. Although those who were directly affected by this will never forget this day.
Everyone needs to remember this date. Perhaps we never fully realizedWhat occurred on April 26, 1986. One of the most common misconceptions is at the Chernobyl nuclear power planthappened accident. A more accurate judgment, but also erroneous: wesurvived nuclear disaster. Until now, the world has not understood that Chernobyl-86 has no past tense. For 30 years now we have been living with him every day and hourly, suffering from the catastrophe, some to a greater extent, some to a lesser extent.
Slide 5.
Presenter 2: Few people in Europe knew about the existence of the city of Pripyat until April 26, 1986. The Chernobyl nuclear power plant is located in the Kyiv region in northern Ukraine, 16 kilometers from the Ukrainian-Belarusian border (110 kilometers from Kyiv, 18 km from the city of Chernobyl and 16 km from the border with Belarus). These places, rich in forests and meadows, are located near the place where the Pripyat River flows into the Dnieper. The station began producing electricity in 1977. The fourth power unit was launched at the end of 1983.
By the beginning of 1988, there were 417 nuclear reactors in the world and 120 were still under construction. The contribution of nuclear power plants to energy production in many countries was and is more than 50%.Nuclear power plants provide the energy people need. Reactors are also installed on icebreakers, satellites, and submarines. Nuclear energy has firmly entered our lives with its pros and cons.
Slide 6.
Presenter 1: The fact that nuclear transformations can become a source of enormous energy became clear to scientists just a few years after the discovery of Antoine Henri Becquerel and Pierre Curie.
Slide 7.
Back in 1922, Academician V.I. Vernadsky warned that the time to master atomic energy was close, and the main question was how humanity would use this colossal source of energy - to increase its well-being or for self-destruction. The subsequent creation of nuclear weapons of mass destruction and accidents at industrial nuclear power plants show the relevance of the scientist’s warning.
Slide 8, 9, 10.
Humanity first saw the atom in action in 1945. When the US dropped bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. A third of the population of these cities died, and radiation caused leukemia in many people. People have died and continue to die to this day.
Slide 11.
A series of nuclear weapons tests by the United States on Bikini Island in 1946-1958. led to the fact that as a result of the explosion, two neighboring islands disappeared from the face of the Earth, and the island itself became uninhabitable.
Slide 12.
Were there any accidents at nuclear power plants in the former USSR? Yes, but none of them were so terrible or had such dire consequences.
For reference:
September 1957 - Accident at a reactor near Chelyabinsk.
May 1966 - A problem in the nuclear reactor in Melekes.
1964-1979 - Repeated disruptions in work at the first unit of the Beloyarsk NPP.
January 1974 - Explosion of radioactive gases at the first unit of the Leningrad Nuclear Power Plant.
October 1975 - Destruction of the core at the first unit of the Leningrad Nuclear Power Plant.
1977 - Meltdown of core fuel assemblies at the Beloyarsk NPP.
December 1978 - The second unit of the Beloyarsk NPP burned down.
September 1982 - Destruction at the first unit of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant.
October 1982 - Generator explosion at the first unit of the Armenian Nuclear Power Plant.
June 1985 - Accident at the first unit of the Balakovo NPP.
Slide 13.
Presenter 2: The largest disaster in terms of its scale and consequences occurred on April 26, 1986 at 1:24 am at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. The total release of radioactive substances was 77 kg (during the bomb explosion in Hiroshima - 740 g).
The Chernobyl bell struck. He was heard by the inhabitants of Ukraine, Belarus, Russia, and people all over the planet.
Slide 14. (clip)
Beautiful city, the shore of Pripyat,
The pine forest rustles slightly,
It's like sticking out your chest,
The baby port welcomes spring.
And there, in the distance, behind the trees,
The nuclear power plant rises like a chimney.
Around the fields, fields with villages,
And the river and the green forest.
The spring day is already ending,
Another April day.
And the night is quietly creeping up,
On the city, lowering the SHADOW. (A. Belkin)
(Read by a trained student)
Before the morning,
The silence is split,
To that ominous explosion.
I ran into myself in the dark.
And, off we go! Destroy everything
Hot porridge.
A great judgment is to be carried out.
Above our carelessness.
Everything flew up:
Floors, blocks.
And the fire danced.
On a destroyed block.
Sirens are already wailing along the roads.
They fly right into their forehead
Invisible x-rays. (A. Belkin)
Slide 15.
Presenter 1: Let's restore the terrible chronology of those events.
Slide 16.
On April 25 at 01:06, the planned shutdown of the reactor began with a gradual decrease in total power. The emergency reactor cooling system was isolated so as not to interfere with the experiment.
On April 26 at 00:05 the power level dropped to 720 MV and continued to decrease. It is now known that the safe level of the reactor was 700 MV.
00:28 Power level is 500 MV. Control is transferred to an automatic regulation system. Then something incomprehensible happened: either the operator forgot to turn on the “Keep the power level at a given level” system, or the system did not give this directive, but the power level dropped sharply to 30 MV. Then the operator tried to correct the situation: raise the power level and solve the cooling problems that arose. The water pressure in the cooling circuits has been increased
01:22:10 Spontaneous generation of steam in the reactor began.
Nothing could stop the process. In twenty seconds the fuel was atomized.
Slide 17-20.
1 hour 23 minutes 40 seconds-187 control and protection system rods entered the core to shut down the reactor. The chain reaction had to be broken. However, after 3 seconds, alarm signals were registered for exceeding the reactor power and increasing pressure. And after another 4 seconds - a dull explosion that shook the entire building. The emergency protection rods stopped before they were even halfway through.
Another powerful explosion shook the power unit building -The top of the reactor was destroyed. Steel cover weighing 2000 tons rocketsoared into the air, exposing the channels where it was containednuclear fuel.
The radiation was justmonstrous, the energy created and shot into the sky a huge fieryball.The graphite caught fire, the reactor became uncontrollable and began to melt. The flame reached a height of 300 meters.
The operators in the building were doomed. Alarms sounded throughout the plant complex, alerting 4,500 workers and engineers in other power units.
It is customary to distinguish three stages of tragedy.
Stage 1 accident – two explosions: after the first – within 1 s, the radioactivity of the reactor increased 100 times; after the second - after 3 s, the radioactivity increased 440 times. The mechanical power of the explosion was such that the upper protective plate of a nuclear reactor weighing 2 thousand tons shattered into pieces, exposing the reactor.
Of the 190 tons of nuclear fuel, 90% (170 tons) entered the earth's atmosphere.
There is no roof, part of the wall is destroyed... The lights went out, the phone went off. Floors are collapsing. The floor is shaking. The premises are filled with either steam, fog, or dust. Short circuit sparks flash. Radiation monitoring devices are off the charts. Hot radioactive water flows everywhere.
Stage 2 (26.04 – 2.05) – combustion of graphite rods due to the release of enormous energy.
Stage 3 (May 2-6) – melting of nuclear fuel.
During the burning of the rods, the temperature inside the reactor did not drop below 1500`C, and after May 2 it began to rise, approaching 3000`C, which caused the melting of the remaining nuclear fuel.
Slide 21-24.
Presenter 2: The firemen of the city of Pripyat took the first, most terrible blow. They extinguished the fire in the area of heaviest radiation - above the reactor.
At 1 hour 30 minutes (that is, 6 minutes after the accident), fire brigade units to protect the nuclear power plant, the station itself, and the city of Pripyat arrived at the scene of the disaster. Firefighters took on the full power of radioactive radiation while extinguishing a fire on the roof of the turbine hall. Later, fire brigades from Chernobyl, Kyiv and other areas arrived.
The fight against the elements took place at an altitude of 27 to 72 meters, and inside the premises of the fourth power unit, the station personnel on duty were engaged in extinguishing. The firefighters did not know that the reactor had been opened.
2 hours 10 minutes - the fire on the roof of the turbine room was knocked down.
2 hours 30 minutes - the fire on the roof of the reactor compartment is extinguished.
4 hours 50 minutes - the fire is mostly localized.
By 6:35 a.m. the fire was extinguished.
Presenter 1: The reactor continued to burn, and at this time ambulance rescue teams urgently took away the irradiated. Attempts by firefighters, whose feet were buried in molten bitumen, to fight the fire were unsuccessfulweak results. And yet they did everything they could. At the cost of my own life.
Presenter 2: The 28 firefighters who responded to the fire that night accomplished a real feat - they averted trouble and saved thousands of lives. Cthe rest of your life.
Slide 25-32.
They were the first.
Hero of the Soviet Union Lieutenant Vladimir Pavlovich Pravik
Hero of the Soviet Union Lieutenant Viktor Nikolaevich Kibenok
Sergeant Nikolai Vasilievich Vashchuk
Senior Sergeant Vasily Ivanovich Ignatenko
Senior Sergeant Nikolai Ivanovich Titenok
Sergeant Vladimir Ivanovich Tishura
(Read by a trained student)
How amazing is the male character,
When he reaches the height
When the nuclear reactor exploded
And you must cope with misfortune.
But there was another reactor not far away -
They just really needed it
Don't let the fire pass the to the next block!
Fire and darkness are an invisible enemy.
One step to death - then immortality.
No shootings, no attacks.
But to live only this way is at the cost of death.
Slide 33.
Presenter 1: The burning of the reactor, although with less intensity, continued until May 10. From the burning reactor, as if from the crater of a volcano, burning particles of the destroyed reactor and radionuclides with radioactivity amounting to millions of curies were thrown out.On the territory of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, people stepped over the wreckage; later, due to the high level of radiation, radio-controlled robots could not pass there: “they went crazy.”
Those who reached the maximum permissible dose of radiation left, and others came to take their place. It was necessary, first of all, to put out the fire so that the fire did not spread to other power units. If this happened, the catastrophe would become planetary.
Presenter 2: S. Tokarev, one of the participants in those events, recalls: (“Smena”, 1986, No. 17) “...They climbed headlong...they took with their mittens and threw off the pieces of graphite remaining from the explosion from the roof, trampled the fires. Immersing my feet in molten bitumen, and then the skin came off with my boots...”
Slide 34-38.
(Read by a trained student)
Fire and radiation were fierce.
Graphite and resin were boiling,
Not sinners - nice guys were burning...
And there was a zone of silence...
The countdown began on an unknown era
A struggle for life and death.
And it pounded in my heart and beat against the door,
Not allowing the soul to grieve.
And the instrument needles jumped in Sweden,
Europe was in alarm.
And the terrible grief was unimaginable.
And the zone of silence called...
Slide 39-46.
Presenter 1: Thousands of people from all over the former USSR were called up and sent to eliminate the consequences of the disaster. Work to eliminate the accident was carried out mainly manually. Only volunteers were called up. Only the best were selected from them, people who were physically healthy and already had children. Thousands of military personnel, firefighters, rescuers, builders, doctors, and nuclear scientists responded to the call of the Motherland. Did these people know what they were getting into? YES! They went into battle, there were no shots or shell explosions. The enemy was invisible! But he was everywhere! Not to let the terrible atomic shadow obscure the sun, to save the WHOLE world - that was the task that faced these ordinary people!
The bulk of the work was completed in 1986-1987.
(Read by a trained student)
And when
Chernobyl fireman
radiation,
eaten into the bones,
staggered -
not the authorities
and his conscience kept him in the main direction - inside the fire.
There is a damned law of throwing in fires,
And the Chernobyl suicide bomber
Covered all of Ukraine With her feather grass,
brooms,
and no one knows
how many countries did he cover,
how many roofs -
maybe my sons too,
and you, Scandinavian baby,
and now she only whispers about him
in that buried atomic pit
ashes along with charred nightingales...
(Evtushenko E. “Inside the Fire”)
Slide 47-49.
Presenter 1: The government, after listening to the advice of experts, decided to close it and fill the crater with heat-absorbing materials capable of filtering fire and ash.In the torch above the reactor at an altitude of 140-180 meters there were about 200 roentgens per hour.
In order to reduce the radioactive release above the core, it was necessary to create protection.Therefore, from April 27 to May 10, pilots of the USSR Air Force, risking their flesh and lives, made hundreds of flights over the active zone.By May 6, helicopter pilots dropped more than 5,000 tons of protective materials (lead, boron carbide, dolomite, sand and clay) into the emergency reactor.
In the first days of operational flights, helicopters hovered over the reactor, and on-board technicians, tied with a safety belt, looked down into the radioactive smoke through an open side door and threw a bag of mixture. Only then were the bottoms of the helicopters lined with lead gaskets, and the process of dumping the mixture into the mouth of the reactor was mechanized. 20-30 helicopters took off every day, each making 20 passes. Fuzzy operation, a hitch in the air above the reactor meant an additional dose of radiation, and an inaccurate drop would have caused new, catastrophically dangerous damage to the nuclear power plant.
Slide 50-52.
Presenter 2: On May 9, grandiose work began in Chernobyl to enclose all the smoking remains of the reactor in a concrete “sarcophagus.” The reactor, the mouth of which was filled with tons of protective materials, began to be gradually filled with concrete.
The height of the “sarcophagus” was 61 meters, the greatest thickness of the walls was 18 meters. It has an exhaust ventilation system with air purification, a forced cooling system, and to prevent an increase in neutron activity, tanks with boron solution are installed on the roof.
All this time, work was going on at the nuclear power plant to shut down three operational reactors.TOOn May 5, the Soviet government announced that along the coastConstruction of powerful dams has begun in Pripyat. This was supposed to protect the water fromradioactive contamination.
Slide 53. ( video clip )
(Read by a trained student)
Near Pripyat there stands a dead tree - a cross,
Next to the mass grave and the exploding Chernobyl nuclear power plant
The red forest was buried from dawn to dusk,
Only the “cross” was preserved for the descendants of the earth.
From the eye sockets of dead windows the city looks at us,
Distant Hiroshima, a sea of crying eyes.
How many thousands - I don’t know - left their homes,
Life without a childhood homeland is agony without words.
Next to the mass grave and the exploding Chernobyl nuclear power plant.
Near Pripyat there is a dead tree - a cross.
Bow down to those who died and disappeared,
He asks for a tree - a memory, he asks for a tree - a cross. (S. Zhigulskikh.)
Slide 54.
Presenter 1: Let us honor with a minute of silence the memory of those heroes: firefighters, doctors, rescuers, builders, scientists, drivers, all those who, at the cost of their lives, protected the world from the impending threat.
Minute of silence (under the bell alarm)
Slide 55-58.
Presenter 2: Regarding evacuationpopulation, then, as during othersimilar incidents around the world, it was not rushed while scientists debated the seriousness of the situation. And only at 13:50, April 27 (after 36 hoursafter the disaster), the local radio network announced the start of immediate evacuation to the population of Pripyat. It was necessary to remove 40 thousand people, and for11,000 buses were used to accomplish this task. In 2 hours 20minutes the city was completely deserted. Then residents of villages and hamlets within the 30-kilometer zone were evacuated.
In mid-May, the Ukrainian authorities finally tried to somehow protect citizens from the effects of radiation. On May 15, early holidays were announced for 25 thousand primary school students. Kindergartens were also closed. Residents of Kyiv were warned to keep windows closed, wash floors more often, and thoroughly wash their hands and hair - thereby reducing the risk of radioactive contamination.
But the Belarusian authorities did not even do this. Evacuation from areas later called the complete exclusion zone in Belarus began only on May 3: the government of the republic did not want to spoil the holiday. In June, the second stage of evacuation took place, as a result of which 50 thousand people in Ukraine and 25 thousand in Belarus were taken to safe areas.
Slide 59. ( video clip )
(Read by a trained student)
The city became dead, the shore of Pripyat,
And the pine forest does not rustle,
Covered to the top with sand,
Now the poor port stands.
Only in some places the trees are bare,
Empty huts in villages.
And only triangular signs.
There are stands along the roads everywhere.
What have you done, reality?
Overgrown with black reality.
(A. Belkin)
Slide 60-62.
Presenter 1: However, Pripyat was not completely empty. The work of utilities and other services remained in the city, which, after a detailed radiation survey of the territory, carried out its cleaning.
Slide 63.
Presenter 2: The total area of zones with the maximum level of contamination (Cs137 15 curies/km2 and more) is more than 10 thousand sq. km (about 6400 sq. km in Belarus; 2400 in Russia; 1500 in Ukraine). In total, there are about 640 settlements (116 thousand people) located in this zone.
As more accurate information arrived from the USSR, many experts in the West realized the scale of the disaster, which, without exaggeration, shocked the whole world.
Slide 64.
The wind carried the radiation far from Chernobyl. According to observational data, on April 29, 1986, high background radiation was recorded in Poland, Germany, Austria, Romania, on April 30 - in Switzerland and Northern Italy, on May 1-2 - in France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Great Britain, Northern Greece, on May 3 - in Israel, Kuwait, Turkey...
Gaseous and volatile substances thrown at high altitudes spread globally: on May 2 they were registered in Japan, on May 4 in China, on May 5 in India, on May 5 and 6 in the USA and Canada.
Slide 65.
Presenter 1: The accident affected 3.2 million people. 30% of the released cesium occurred on the territory of Russia, 23% - Belarus, 18% - Ukraine, 4.8% - Finland, 4.6% - Sweden, 3% - Norway, 2.4% - Austria, 1.8% - Germany.
About 600 thousand people took part in eliminating the consequences of the accident.
Leading 2: Howat any nuclear accident, atThere is no Chernobyl yetcompletion, and it’s too early to draw the line. Until now, Pripyat remains a city -a ghost whose inhabitants have left forever.
Slide 66.
Sarcophagus covering 171 a ton of condensed and solidified nuclear fuel, gradually deteriorating. Built in a feverish rush to curb radiation, it would last only 30 years, and its contents would remain radioactive and therefore dangerous for many years to come.for 150 years.
A reactor walled up with concrete, “awakening”, can give a second release of radioactive substances if appropriate radical measures are not taken.
Slide 67-71.
In addition to the task of constructing a new giant sarcophagus,Scientists, engineers and workers are faced with the problem of more than 800 burialsother highly radioactive materials. Including houses, trees and toplayer of soil.
Many years after the Chernobyl accident, cars and helicopters that worked to eliminate its consequences are rusting in open-air burial grounds located in a 30-kilometer zone. The largest such cemetery is located in the village of Rassokha, 25 kilometers southwest of the nuclear power plant.
Slide 72.
The most radioactive equipment is located in the village of Burakivka. She was buried in earthen trenches, such as this one, at number 5. Of the 30 burial grounds, only three remained empty.
Slide 73.
Presenter 1: Chernobyl exclusion zone today.
Slide 74, 75-video.
Today, about 6,000 people work here, who came here from all over Ukraine. They work in shifts - 15 days in the zone, 15 days outside it. They are brought to the zone from a special train. In 1991, a fire broke out at the 2nd power unit, and in the same year the reactor was completely decommissioned. On December 15, 2000, the reactor of the 3rd power unit was permanently shut down.
Officially, living in the zone is prohibited, although a year after the accident, 1,000 people returned to their former homes, which is why they were called self-settlers. Some of them even live in villages alone. In total, today there are about 300 self-settlers left - the average age is 60 and above, a postman visits them, a doctor examines them once a month, the zone administration pays a pension. There are also 130 organizations operating on the territory of the ChEZ, 30 of them are large - these are the Chernobyl nuclear power plant itself, Chernobyl Forest (manages all plantings), Chernobylservice (public services), Chernobylmetal (decontamination and recycling of metal) and others. There are several main objects - this is the Chernobyl nuclear power plant itself, the spent nuclear fuel storage facility (SNF), and the “Vector” burial site under construction for nuclear waste from all over Ukraine.
Presenter 2: In the time since the Chernobyl disaster, the situation with the safety of nuclear facilities, especially nuclear power plants and especially in our country, has not improved much. In the “roaring nineties”, emergency situations at NPPs became almost the norm of their work. In 1999, at the Kola Nuclear Power Plant, one of the power units was shut down due to the fact that someone freely penetrated the station’s control unit and tore out electronic boards containing precious metals from the cells, as a result of which the oil pressure sensors in the turbine unit of the power plant were “cut out.” , which could have led to a serious disaster if the alarms had not worked.
The most terrible diseases of liquidators of the consequences of a nuclear power plant accident are thyroid tumors, leukemia, and mental disorders. The mortality rate among liquidators is one and a half times higher than among ordinary residents of this zone. In addition, now almost every fifth liquidator of this tragedy has already left our world due to incurable diseases.
Presenter 1: The scary thing is that the people of the earth, and especially children, are still suffering from the consequences of the disaster. Thus, approximately half of the children born many years after the man-made tragedy in Chernobyl were born with Down syndrome, many of them develop various diseases of the thyroid gland (disease of this gland officially appears in every thousand resident of these areas). In the first ten years after this accident, about 300,000 people in Ukraine alone died from radiation sickness. Subsequent generations are doomed to cancer.The data from regular medical examinations is simply frightening. Total morbidity rate of the population in the affected area since 1988increased by more than 45%.
Slide 76.
Presenter 2: Our fellow countrymen also took part in the liquidation of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. (Introduction of guests)
Guest performance.
Summarizing.
Slide 77-82.
Presenter 1: May our lives never again be trampled by a new disaster and a new Chernobyl. It depends on you and me. From our responsibility, from our desire to always and in everything remain Human.
Twenty years will pass, thirty years will pass,
Time is moving forward faster and faster.
Hearing how sad the earth is,
How the earth gives warmth,
A new man will walk across the earth.
30 years have passed since the terrible tragedy of the 20th century - Chernobyl. But it feels like it happened just recently. Let us adults not forget those terrible days. And how good it is that our children did not experience those horrors. Only, so that all this does not happen again, it is necessary to convey to them that pain, that horror and that hopelessness that was in the eyes of the people and children of Chernobyl.
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Prepared by the teacher of MBOU "General Educational School No. 14" of the city of Troitsk, Chelyabinsk Region, Loskut Olga Aleksandrovna Chernobyl - one word is enough (black reality)
Preview:
Class hour dedicated to the 30th anniversary of the disaster at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant
“Chernobyl... one word is enough”
Form: story, conversation.
Goals:
- Tell students about the Chernobyl tragedy; contribute to the formation of environmental knowledge and its use in educational and practical activities.
- Development of creative thinking, as well as the formation of civic responsibility and patriotic education of students.
3. Fostering tolerance, spiritual and moral feelings: feelings of compassion, caring attitude towards the environment, love for nature.
Equipment: computer, multimedia projector.
Progress of the event
Chernobyl... One word is enough -
And my heart is like a painful lump,
It will shrink, waiting for new news,
And the breeze smells of bitter dust.
And pain did not fall from the stars of heaven,
And not on the firmament of senseless knees -
And it penetrated into the chest of the earth with an evil fuse
And treacherously settled in it.
Today we will devote our class hour to one of the worst man-made disasters of the 20th century - the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant.
Today, thirty years later, what do we know about the Chernobyl tragedy?
Student answers...
In the mid-50s, a new branch of the national economy appeared in the Soviet Union - nuclear energy. One of the nuclear power plants was built 160 km from Kyiv on the banks of the Pripyat River near the small town of Chernobyl. A modern city was built nearby for the station workers, which, like the river, was named Pripyat. By the beginning of 1984, the construction of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant was completed and the last, 4th, power unit was put into operation. And just two and a half years later, it was on this block that the largest accident occurred.
Then on a clear spring day
There was no sign of grief
The sun was shining and all around -
Everything is dressed in fresh greenery.
But there was something in that spring
In her too clear gaze
And in that transparency of the skies,
And in that unprecedented pressure.
On the night of April 25-26, 1986, as a result of a nuclear reactor explosion, some of the station's structures collapsed and a strong fire started.. As a result, many families suffered and lost loved ones. Already an hour after the explosion, the radiation situation in Pripyat was obvious. No measures were taken due to the emergency: people had no idea what to do. According to instructions and orders that have existed for 30 years, the decision to evacuate the population from the affected area was required to be made by local authorities. By the time the Government Commission arrived, it was already possible to evacuate all residents of Pripyat, even on foot. But no one dared to take on such responsibility. Since the morning of April 26, all the roads of Chernobyl were flooded with water and an incomprehensible white solution, everything was white, all the roadsides. Many policemen were brought into the city. But they didn’t do anything - they just settled down near the objects: the post office, the palace of culture. People were walking everywhere, small children, it was very hot, people were going to the beach, to their dachas, fishing, relaxing on the river near the cooling pond - an artificial reservoir near the nuclear power plant.
And today, thirty years later, what do we know about the tragedy in Chernobyl? Lots of different things. We know that the explosion at the fourth power unit of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant occurred at 01 hours 23 minutes 48 seconds. What a line, designated by the scary word “zone”, 135 thousand people were evicted. About the fact that children left multimillion-dollar Kyiv in the spring. About account number 904, opened in a savings bank, where money was received for Chernobyl victims. The fact that no one spared money, all the inhabitants of the country gave it as much as they could. And these rubles amounted to many hundreds of millions - we also know about this. It is also known that eliminating the consequences of the enormous disaster cost the state billions. The unparalleled courage of the first hours of the terrible April night, when people, not sparing themselves, walked into the fire and were thoroughly pierced with deadly radiation, was reported in detail...
Only thanks to the patriotism and dedication of the participants in the liquidation of the consequences of the Chernobyl accident, the source of radiation contamination was isolated at the cost of their own lives and health.
Simple good guys
There are thousands of them and they can’t be counted.
They are here because they have to!
Chernobyl is their conscience and honor!
They say that we have no people capable of heroic deeds, but it turns out that they live next to us and misfortune calls their names...
There were 28 Chernobyl firefighters who took on the first, most severe blow at the 4th block of the nuclear power plant on the night of April 25-26, 1986. Today we call them “rank number 1”. None of this line retreated in the face of danger. And everyone deserves to have a book written about them.
These are Vladimir Pravik, Victor Kibenok, Leonid Telyatnikov, Nikolay Vashchuk, Vasily Ignatenko, Vladimir Tishura, Nikolay Titenok, Boris Alishaev, Ivan Butrimenko, Mikhail Golovnenko, Anatoly Khakharov, Stepan Komar, Andrey Korol, Mikhail Krysko, Victor Legun, Sergey Legun, Anatoly Naydyuk, Nikolay Nechiporenko, Vladimir Palachega, Alexander Petrovsky, Pyotr Pivovarov, Andrey Polovinkin, Vladimir Aleksandrovich Prishchepa, Vladimir Ivanovich Prishchepa, Nikolay Rudenyuk, Grigory Khmel, Ivan Shavrey, Leonid Shavrey. Six of them died from acute radiation sickness. At the cost of their lives, the heroes averted disaster and saved thousands of human lives.
In total, 69 fire department personnel and 19 pieces of equipment took part in extinguishing the fire at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant.
The first of the first in the path of the atomic fire that burst from the damaged fourth block of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant were the fire guard led by Lieutenant Vladimir Pravik.
A few minutes later, a guard under the command of Lieutenant Viktor Kibenok fought alongside his comrades. A few minutes later, the head of HPV-2 for the protection of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, Major Leonid Telyatnikov, was already leading and personally participating in extinguishing the fire.
I want to tell you a small incident that happened to Lieutenant Pravik that day. Despite the usual rhythm of duty, some kind of premonition tormented Pravik. The fact is that this anxiety entered his soul. For the second time in his life he went “AWOL”, albeit for a few minutes. “I’ll take the sin on my soul and see my daughter.”
What's happened? - Nadya scaredly rushed to meet him.
I only have half a minute. How is Natasha?
Pravik quickly approached his daughter’s crib.
No, everything is fine, I already bathed her and fed her. What's wrong with you, Pravik?
I love you very much, do you hear!
Volodya looked at her carefully, hugged her and quickly left, but suddenly returned and asked:
Where is our tape recorder? I'll write something down for the holiday. And at the same time - your voice.
Don't burn, Pravik...
I won't.
The fast ride took only a few minutes. Let's forgive him for them. Who knows, maybe she gave him a grain of the courage with which he would go on the attack in a few hours. The tape recorder got lost in the chaos of the accident! Who knows, maybe somewhere there is still a tape with his voice?
The worst thing is that this tragedy is not over yet, and children are suffering from it. They know that they can die at any moment, they know the cause of their illness. Here's what they say:
From children's memories
1st student. Mom came. Yesterday she hung an icon in her room. Something is whispering there in the corner. They are all silent: the professor, the doctors, the nurses. They think that I don’t suspect... I don’t realize that I’m going to die soon. I had a friend. His name was Andrey. He underwent two operations and was sent home. The third operation was awaiting... He hanged himself with his belt... in an empty classroom, when everyone was rushing to physical education class. Doctors forbade him to run and jump. Julia, Katya, Vadim, Oksana, Oleg, and now Andrey... “We will die and become science,” Katya thought so. “We will die, we will be forgotten,” Andrei thought. “We are going to die...” Julia cried. For me now the sky is alive when I look at it... They are there...
3rd student. Soldiers came for us in cars. I thought that a war had started. I remember how a soldier was chasing a cat... On the cat, the dosimeter worked like an automatic machine: click, click... Behind her were a boy and a girl. This is their cat. The boy was okay, but the girl screamed: “I won’t give it up!”.. she ran and shouted: “Darling, run away!” And a soldier with a large plastic bag.
According to the Chernobyl Union of Russia, of the citizens who took part in the liquidation of the consequences of the disaster at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, almost 90 thousand people became disabled (57 thousand disabled people related to the Chernobyl nuclear power plant), about 30 thousand liquidators passed away and only 6 thousand died associated with radiation exposure, in addition, more than 1.5 million people live in areas contaminated with radionuclides, one in four of them is a child.
Despite the long period after the Chernobyl disaster, its negative consequences are still felt today.
Chernobyl exclusion zone today.
Today, about 6,000 people work here, who came here from all over Ukraine. They work in shifts - 15 days in the zone, 15 days outside it. They are brought to the zone from Slavutich by a special train. In Chernobyl itself there are only workers' dormitories. Officially, living in the zone is prohibited, although a year after the accident, 1,000 people returned to their former homes, which is why they were called self-settlers. Some of them even live in villages alone. In total, today there are about 300 self-settlers left - the average age is 60 and above, a postman visits them, a doctor examines them once a month, the zone administration pays a pension. There are also 130 organizations operating on the territory of the ChEZ, 30 of them are large - these are the Chernobyl nuclear power plant itself, Chernobyl Forest (manages all plantings), Chernobylservice (public services), Chernobylmetal (decontamination and recycling of metal) and others. There are several main objects - the Chernobyl nuclear power plant itself, a spent nuclear fuel storage facility (SNF), and a burial site under construction for nuclear waste from all over Ukraine.
On April 26, we mourn the dead and sympathize with everyone who had to endure this tragedy. We thank the participants in the liquidation of the consequences of the Chernobyl accident. They showed courage and heroism and prevented the further spread of radiation.
Chernobyl will forever remain a symbol of great human grief.
“The consequences of the Chernobyl radiation disaster have not yet been completely overcome..
Let's summarize.
Answer the questions.
- What fact about the Chernobyl tragedy made the greatest impression on you?
- Why is it important to know about the Chernobyl tragedy?
- Are nuclear power plants necessary? Is it possible to do without them?
- Why can the Earth be called a “fragile” planet?
- Do you think knowledge alone is enough for the safe operation of a nuclear power plant?
- List the qualities that a person who “tames” nuclear energy must have.
A world full of tears, a world created by fire,
On a beautiful night. Became fatal.
Now both at night and during the day,
He is deprived of life, by an evil fate.
There is only dark silence all around,
There is no one to say “Hello” to each other!
But all you hear is despair, Geiger
grumbling
Chernobyl holds its promise very tightly.
Vow of silence, what was and what will be,
That time won't heal these wounds.
About the fact that God judges in his own way,
Once I decided so. What did the evil storm create?
That in that ill-fated year of that storm
scary,
When the reactor is created in good.
At the moment it unfolded, in a beautiful flash,
He has turned into a big evil forever.
April 25, 1986 will forever remain in human hearts as a day of remembrance for those killed in radiation accidents and disasters, as a day of gratitude to people who selflessly stood up for protection from nuclear danger, as a reminder of humanity’s responsibility for the fate of the planet.
Branch of MBOU Secondary School with in-depth study
individual items p. Terbuny in the village. Uritskoe
A lesson in courage
“Chernobyl is a black reality, the black pain of our history”
History and Social Studies Teacher
Kalmykova Tatyana Alekseevna
2016
Goals: find out the causes and consequences of the Chernobyl accident; the formation of civic responsibility and patriotic education of students using the example of the heroism of firefighters and other liquidators of the Chernobyl accident; develop a positive active life position; cultivate a sense of compassion; show the danger of explosions at nuclear power plants for all humanity.
Form of delivery: lesson of Courage
“Not a single event since the Second World War touched so many people in Europe as the explosion of the 4th reactor of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant.”
The Times, April 1987
Teacher's opening remarks: April 26, 2013 - on the Day of Remembrance for Victims of Radiation Accidents and Disasters, the whole world remembers the worst man-made disaster in the history of mankind - the explosion at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant. And 27 years later, this day makes us think about the possible consequences of human activity, about our unpayable debt to those who, risking their own lives, saved the world from a radioactive disaster. Today we dedicate our event to the memory of the liquidators of the Chernobyl accident, who saved humanity from death at the cost of their own lives.
“The time is not far off when a person will get his hands on atomic energy..., a source of power that will give him the opportunity to build his life as he wants... Will a person be able to use this power, direct it to good, and not to self-destruction?”
IN AND. Vernadsky
By the beginning of the 90s, there were 417 nuclear reactors in the world and 120 were still under construction. Nuclear power plants provide the energy people need. The reactors are installed on icebreakers, satellites, and submarines. Nuclear energy is firmly integrated into our lives with its pros and cons.
For the first time, humanity saw the atom in action on August 6 and 9, 1945. The United States dropped hydrogen bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. A third of the population of these cities died, and radiation caused leukemia in many people. People have died and continue to die to this day.
A series of US nuclear weapons tests on Bikini Island in 1946-1958. led to the fact that as a result of the explosion, two neighboring islands disappeared from the face of the Earth, and the island itself became uninhabitable.
In 1966, two American military aircraft with missiles on board collided in Spain. One had to drop four atomic bombs. Fortunately, there was no explosion, but as a result of the emissions, 1.5 thousand tons of soil had to be removed for disposal.
What is Chernobyl?
CHERNOBYL - this is the name of a small regional center, which is located 130 km from Kyiv. A small, cute, provincial Ukrainian place, surrounded by greenery, all covered with cherries and apples... In the summer, many residents of other cities of the former Soviet Union liked to relax here. They picked mushrooms, which were found in abundance in the local forests, sunbathed on the delightfully clean shores of the Kyiv Sea, and fished.
Founded during the times of Kievan Rus, ancient Chernobyl gave its bitter name to a powerful nuclear power plant, the construction of which began in 1971 on the banks of the Pripyat River, which flows into the Dnieper.
In 1983, 4 of the planned six power units of this station were already operating. But Chernobyl will go down in history forever as the city that gave its name to one of the largest man-made disasters in human history. Chernobyl translated from Ukrainian means “black wormwood”. The Bible says that “bitter times will come on Earth when a star named Wormwood falls on it.”
1st reader:
That year the trees turned black,
And the forest was not covered with leaves.
Empty houses and villages frightened with their silence
And only the Chernobyl wind
Like a kite circling the earth,
Throwing destructive ashes,
To a meadow not covered with grass...
The city of Pripyat slept, Ukraine slept, the whole country slept, not yet knowing about the enormous misfortune that had come to our Earth. On the eve of the accident, about 110 thousand people lived in the 30-kilometer zone around the nuclear power plant... Who would have thought the day before the disaster that nuclear death was looming over the flourishing land?
On April 26, 1986, at 1:03 a.m., an experiment began at the fourth block of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. The experimental design was poorly thought out. That night, the reactor was tested for safety.
A dispute broke out between operators about the power at which it is safe to conduct the test.
The experiment was supposed to be carried out at a power of 700-1000 MW, but by order of Anatoly Dyatlov, a power of 200 MW was chosen.
An erroneous decision led to the melting of the containment shell and the explosion of the reactor.
Nuclear power plant operators shut down the reactor too quickly, without having time to check whether there was enough energy or not. Then they decided to start the reactor again. It was their mistake. The reactor cannot be restarted immediately after shutdown. Therefore, their attempt did not yield results; the reactor did not start.
The rate of nuclear reactions is regulated by introducing special rods into the reactor - neutron absorbers. The operators decided to speed up the reaction by pulling out several rods that slow down the neutrons. The reactor still didn't work. Then they turned off the security system...
Chernobyl nuclear power plant. 1 hour 23 minutes 40 seconds. 187 control and protection rods entered the core to shut down the reactor. The chain reaction had to be broken. However, after 3 seconds, alarms appeared for exceeding the reactor power and increasing pressure.
And after another 4 seconds - dull explosion …
2nd reader:
Sudden explosion of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant!
The reactor, and behind it - the power unit -
Destroyed! Powerful blast to the skies!
From the vent - radiation flow
It rose hundreds of meters into the air!
The graphite burned and the resin melted...
A simple human life
It absorbed the atomic haze.
There is a halo of light above the station.
The soot, steam and smoke were driving me crazy!
The exploded reactor produced
It's a real hell in the machine room!
The explosion of the fourth power unit caused the mechanical destruction of many fuel cassettes - nuclear fuel - and the release of more than 100 different nuclides. From the reactor, as if from the crater of a volcano, a column of fire, 12 to 72 meters high, rose up, a powerful stream of gaseous radioactivity. Of the 190 tons of nuclear fuel, 90% entered the Earth's atmosphere. The reactor released 50 tons of radiating fuel (10 Hiroshima bombs) and 700 tons of radioactive graphite into the atmosphere.
Chernobyl 600 times superior Hiroshima according to the degree of environmental pollution cesium-137 – the longest-lived radioactive element. The total release of radioactive substances amounted to 77 kg(during the bomb explosion in Hiroshima - 740 g). The black fireball soared to a height of almost two kilometers, forming a cloud that stretched horizontally into a black cloud and went to the side, spreading death, disease and misfortune in the form of small, small drops.
Stage 1 accident - two explosions: after the first - within 1 s, the radioactivity of the reactor increased 100 times; after the second - after 3 s, the radioactivity increased 440 times. The mechanical power of the explosion was such that the upper protective plate of a nuclear reactor weighing 2 thousand tons shattered into pieces, exposing the reactor. Immediately after the explosion, the reactor emitted from 3000 to 30,000 roentgens per hour (and the lethal dose is 500 roentgens per hour).
Stage 2 (26.04 - 2.05) - burning of graphite rods due to the release of enormous energy.
During the period of burning of the rods, the temperature inside the reactor did not drop below 1500 C o, and after May 2 it began to rise, approaching 3000 C o, which caused the melting of the remaining nuclear fuel. The burning of the reactor, although with less intensity, continued until May 10.
3rd reader:
A pillar of fire shot up into the sky,
And the explosion scattered the block block.
The Earth froze in horror,
Raised on the rack by misfortune.
Fire and darkness are an invisible enemy,
One step to death - then immortality!
No shootings, no attacks,
But to live only this way is at the cost of death.
Holy army of firefighters!
My cohort of comrades!
You knew: you have to die,
And they became extra-grade steel.
Our souls were emasculated by the explosion
The harsh Pripyat bridgehead -
There is a break in the line of fate,
But you didn’t die in vain!
The Chernobyl bell struck. He was heard by the inhabitants of Ukraine, Belarus, Russia, and people all over the planet. The first victims of the accident at the nuclear power plant were the operators of the reactor workshop. Valery Khodemchuk was not found after the accident and remained forever in the fourth power unit. Vladimir Shashenok died from burns and spinal fractures a few hours later...
Accident liquidators
Portraits in mourning frames... Six beautiful young guys look at us It seems that their gaze is mournful, that bitterness, reproach, and a silent question are frozen in them: how could this happen? But it already seems... And on that April night, in the chaos and anxiety of the fire, there was neither sorrow nor reproach in their views. There was no time. They worked... They saved the nuclear power plant, saved Pripyat, Chernobyl, Kyiv, all of us... The firefighters accomplished a real feat - they averted trouble, saved thousands of human lives . C the rest of your life.
Who are they, these guys who went into immortality, gave us life, appealing to our prudence? These guys entered into a brutal and deadly duel with the raging atomic elements. They faced an enemy worse than plague, flood and earthquake. This enemy is invisible, but very cruel and deadly. The guys were suffocating from acrid smoke and did not have any protective clothing. They poured water into the fried belly of the atomic monster. The water disintegrated into oxygen and hydrogen, which carried even more radiation out. There were no instruments to measure radiation.
Without special clothing, sacrificing himself.
Throwing myself into the crazy heat.
Not a word to them - that the challenge is not easy,
They were called to a regular fire!
The first message about the accident at the fourth unit of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant was received at the fire alarm receiving point. On alarm, the guard of Lieutenant Vladimir Pravik went to the block...
4th reader
Where everything is on fire, there are no rules.
On the roof, in the bitumen, there are two pairs of legs.
You are dashing guys - Vladimir Pravik,
And your friend Vitka is Victor Kibenok.
You are the first fire crews.
They rushed to the cars that night.
They didn't give you time to make calculations,
You knew you had to help the station.
The fire on the block was raging, like a beast,
The reactor kept spitting out graphite,
And you extinguished it, sparing no effort.
Without thinking about your own life.
And only by morning you overcame the fire,
The X-ray rain mowed down people all night.
Everything went dark before your eyes - you sat down,
I didn't have the strength to get down from the roof.
Fire watch commanders 23-year-old internal service lieutenants Viktor Nikolaevich Kibenok and Vladimir Pavlovich Pravik, were the first to fight the atomic elements, taking on the heat of the flames and the deadly breath of the reactor.
The guard of Vladimir Pravik arrived at the scene of the disaster first, so they were sent to extinguish the roof of the turbine room. The reactor was already destroyed, and rubble formed around the building. The main danger after the explosion of the fourth block was fire. Pieces of radioactive graphite were scattered on the roof; radioactive and toxic substances were also contained in the combustion products. In such difficult conditions, at night, with the danger of collapse at any moment of the structures on which the roof was supported, fire brigades extinguished the reactor.
Viktor Kibenok was sent on guard to the reactor compartment. There the flames raged at different levels. There were fires in five places in the central hall. Kibenok, Vashchuk, Ignatenko, Titenok and Tishchura rushed to fight this fire. It was a fight with fire in a nuclear hell. But water is powerless against nuclear disaster... The fight against the elements took place at an altitude of 27 to 72 meters, and inside the premises of the fourth power unit the station personnel on duty were engaged in extinguishing.
Six minutes later, firefighters arrived at the station: 21 people led by Major Leonid Petrovich Telyatnikov... Seeing the fire, Telyatnikov immediately realized that there were few people and it was necessary to ask for help from everywhere. Ordered Lieutenant Pravik to transmit the alarm to the area. Pravik radioed call No. 3, according to which all fire trucks in the Kyiv region were to proceed to the nuclear power plant, wherever they were. After an hour of working in conditions of monstrous radiation, Telyatnikov and his subordinates were taken to the hospital in an unconscious state, and in the evening they were sent by plane to Moscow. Their work was continued by other teams. Those who reached the maximum permissible dose of radiation left, and others came to take their place. It was necessary, first of all, to put out the fire so that the fire did not spread to other power units. If this happened, the catastrophe would become planetary. On the territory of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, people stepped over the debris; later, due to the high level of radiation, robots could not pass there: they “went crazy.” And people worked.
In total, fifty fire engines arrived from Chernobyl and other areas of the Kyiv region to help the accident site. The fire was localized by 5 a.m., and by 6:40 a.m. it was extinguished.
And in the Moscow radiological hospital from acute radiation sickness, on Victory Day, the first Chernobyl firefighters were already dying: Vladimir Tishchura, Vladimir Pravik, Nikolai Titenok, Nikolai Vashchuk, Vasily Ignatenko, Viktor Kibenok... They felt death, calmly, without tears, said goodbye to each other and died quietly...
Lieutenants Viktor Kibenko and Vladimir Pravik awarded posthumously title of Hero of the Soviet Union.
For heroic feats, personal courage and self-sacrifice during the liquidation of the Chernobyl accident, the title of Hero of Ukraine and the Order of the Golden Star posthumously assigned to five liquidators: the commander of the 6th separate militarized fire department in Pripyat Nikolay Vashchuk and Vasily Ignatenko , firemen Nikolay Titenko and Vladimir Tishura , Deputy Head of the Chernobyl NPP Electrical Shop Alexandru Lelechenko .
All of them are buried in Moscow at the Mitinskoye cemetery.Leonid Petrovich Telyatnikov was also awarded the Gold Star of the Hero . After treatment, he continued his service and became a general. But the disease did not subside. The hero passed away in 2004.
The resulting fire continued for 10 days . A large volume of radioactive substances was released into the environment. High radiation and temperature did not allow the fourth power unit to be shut down from the ground. All hope lay in the helicopter pilots. To stop the release, the accident site was bombarded with bags of protective mixture using military helicopters. 20-30 helicopters took off every day, each making 20 passes. As a result, the reactor shaft was covered with a loose mass (boron-containing substances, lead and dolomite), and the release of hazardous substances stopped. After each flight, the pilots felt sick and vomited, but they loaded up again, flew, dropped... The first 27 crews and the leaders who helped them would soon receive a lethal dose of radiation and die from radiation sickness...
For work in the area of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, armored vehicles with increased protection from radiation were used, but this practically did not help. After a week of use, they had to be buried in burial grounds, since the metal began to literally “glow” from radiation.
The largest such cemetery is located in the village of Rassokha – 25 km from the nuclear power plant.
But the fire was only part of the disaster, which continued to develop according to its logic. At the moment of the explosion, the reactor ceased to exist as a controlled system, but continued to work, heating up to 2000 degrees and emitting radioactivity. It was not entirely clear how and what could be done to stop the uncontrollable chain reaction and whether it could be done at all...
But that was only the beginning of the Chernobyl epic . The accident caused large-scale radioactive contamination of the area not only in Ukraine, but also far beyond its borders. Radioactive contamination detected in more than 30 countries around the world.
Evacuation of the population in Pripyat
“I just returned from Chernobyl... It made such an impression on me that it’s difficult for me to speak. I saw a whole city - fifty thousand people - and not a single person... Everything was empty. I wish everyone could come here to see what I saw. Then no one would talk about nuclear weapons. Then everyone would know that this is the suicide of the whole world, and everyone would understand that we must destroy nuclear weapons." (Armand Hammer)
Pripyat – city of station builders. The name of the city of Pripyat, as you know, comes from the name of the river, on the banks of which the first nuclear city in Ukraine was built. Former city . People came here in 1970 and left in 1986. All 50 thousand. In a few hours. After his sudden death, Pripyat was fenced off with barbed wire and given the epithet “ghost town.”
The houses here are almost intact, you can find children's toys in the grass and some furniture in the wide open apartments. You can't just find people here.
There would have been fewer victims of the Chernobyl tragedy if people in those days had been told the bitter but truth. The USSR government hid information about the accident for a long time. It was impossible to be in the contaminated area, in the open air, much less sunbathe, swim, or fish. People didn't know this. Those responsible for the tragedy tried to hide its truly monstrous scale. And only 36 hours later the residents began to be evacuated. Cities and villages remained empty. On the first day after the accident, life in Pripyat, a city built for nuclear workers and their families two kilometers from the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, continued as if nothing had happened. Most people spent Saturday outdoors - it was the first warm and sunny day of the cold spring. 16 weddings were celebrated in the city.
The first message about the Chernobyl accident appeared in the Soviet media on April 27, 36 hours after the explosion at the fourth reactor. The announcer of the Pripyat radio station announced the gathering and temporary evacuation of city residents. On April 28, 1986 at 21.00 TASS broadcasts a brief information message: “An accident occurred at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. One of the reactors was damaged. Measures are being taken to eliminate the consequences of the incident. The victims were provided with the necessary assistance. A government commission has been created to investigate what happened.”
The evacuation of Pripyat was carried out on April 27 - in 3 hours the entire population of Pripyat was evacuated - 47 thousand people. It was forbidden to take things with you; many were evacuated in home clothes. To avoid fanning panic, it was reported that the evacuees would return home in 3 days. Pets were not allowed. And in the first days of May, all the people living in a 30 km zone around the station were evacuated - 116 thousand people, dozens of settlements.
5th reader:
Nobody lives in this city anymore.
There are no birds or animals in this city.
Only the wind sings through the broken windows
Under the creaking and knocking of slightly open doors.
He is abandoned by the residents to certain death.
But he won’t understand why he was punished.
He managed to survive in the smoke and fires.
But why? Nobody lives in it anyway.
The rain swings on broken swings,
And the skeleton of the Wheel soared over the park.
The “Marked” leader paid for the mistakes.
Well, the city dreams of children's voices...
Construction of the sarcophagus
Specialists sent to carry out work in and around the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, as well as military units, both regular and made up of urgently called up reservists, began to arrive in the thirty-kilometer zone around the Chernobyl nuclear power plant:
You silently put on your overcoat,
and forgetting about fear
They put it on the black reactor
Concrete and steel sarcophagus
One of the most important tasks in eliminating the consequences of the accident was isolating the destroyed reactor and preventing the release of radioactive substances into the environment. The first stage of her solution was the construction of a shelter, which was called sarcophagus.
Turning away from the red forest,
Radiating anxiety and fear,
In the center of the zone above the Chernobyl nuclear power plant wound
Frozen gray like an elephant sarcophagus.
The height of the “sarcophagus” was 61 meters, the greatest thickness of the walls was 18 meters, and the weight was 147 tons. For the construction of the “Shelter” sarcophagus, cranes with a maximum lifting capacity of 600 tons were used at that time. According to the safety characteristics of the sarcophagus designed to last only 20-30 years and gradually deteriorates. Upon completion of the construction of the Shelter facility, the release of radionuclides into the environment decreased significantly. The creation of a containment shell ensured the protection of the territories that border the Chernobyl nuclear power plant from the entry of radioactive substances from the destroyed reactor.
Work is currently underway to build a new shelter over the facility. "Arch" . It is designed for 100 years of safe operation. Its construction is planned to begin this year.
6th reader:
Less than six months have passed -
They closed it with a sarcophagus,
That fourth reactor
At the damn nuclear power plant.
But during these six months.
How many lives have been lost?
And fields and lakes,
And the river and the forest.
The area has become scorched
Everything around is empty
Only the black one rises
Steel sarcophagus,
The "red" forest is buried,
Only the pine tree survived
And it stands as an obelisk.
After these attacks.
On the night of May 22-23, 1986, a strong fire broke out again at the 4th power unit of the nuclear power plant. Its consequences could be horrifyingly dire. The radiation was 250 roentgens per hour. The crew members, under the leadership of Lieutenant Colonel of the Internal Service Vladimir Maksimchuk, worked in the fireplace for only a few minutes, replacing each other. But Vladimir Maksimchuk went into the heat with each group, personally controlling the situation. He received a high dose of radiation and was hospitalized. On May 22, 1994, Vladimir Mikhailovich passed away.
For courage and heroism, Vladimir Mikhailovich Maksimchuk was posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the Russian Federation, and the “Golden Star” was awarded to the hero’s widow. General Maksimchuk is the only Hero of Russia among firefighters awarded this award in peacetime.
What are the consequences of the accident?
As a result of the accident, about 5 million hectares of land were taken out of agricultural use, a 30-kilometer exclusion zone was created around the nuclear power plant, hundreds of small settlements were destroyed and buried (buried with heavy equipment). The following were released into the environment: radioactive iodine-131, cesium-137, strontium-90, plutonium isotopes; More than 200 thousand km² were polluted, approximately 70% in the territory of Belarus, Russia and Ukraine. Radioactive substances spread in the form of aerosols, which gradually settled on the surface of the earth. The noble gases dissipated in the atmosphere and did not contribute to the pollution of the regions adjacent to the station. Pollution was very uneven and depended on wind direction in the first days after the accident. Areas that received rain at the time were hit the hardest. Most of the strontium and plutonium fell within 100 km of the plant, as they were contained mainly in larger particles. Iodine and cesium spread over a wider area.
From the point of view of the impact on the population in the first weeks after the accident, the greatest danger was posed by radioactive iodine, which has a relatively short half-life (8 days) and tellurium. Currently (and in the coming decades), the greatest danger is posed by isotopes of strontium and cesium with a half-life of about 30 years. The highest concentrations of cesium-137 are found in the surface layer of soil, from where it enters plants and fungi. Insects and the animals that feed on them are also exposed to pollution. Radioactive isotopes of plutonium and americium will persist in the soil for hundreds, and possibly thousands of years.
Forests have been significantly polluted. Because cesium is constantly recycled into the forest ecosystem rather than removed from it, contamination levels in forest products such as mushrooms, berries and game remain hazardous. Pollution levels in rivers and most lakes are currently low. However, in some “closed” lakes, from which there is no drainage, the concentration of cesium in water and fish may pose a danger for decades to come.
Pollution was not limited to the 30-kilometer zone. Increased levels of cesium-137 were noted in lichen and deer meat in the Arctic regions of Russia, Norway, Finland and Sweden.
On July 18, 1988, a radiation-ecological reserve was created on the territory of Belarus, which was subject to contamination. Observations have shown that the number of mutations in plants and animals, although it has increased, is insignificant, and nature is successfully coping with their consequences. New “Chernobyl” plants appeared here, populations of extinct animals were revived - bears and lynxes were added to wolves, deer, beavers and Przewalski’s horses. Without the presence of people, the Chernobyl zone has become almost a natural reserve!
A person does not feel radiation. In an infected area, your mouth gets dry, your throat gets sore, your tongue becomes stiff, your teeth become foreign, and radiation affects all your insides. Entire families are dying, and there is nowhere to escape this grief!
Greenpeace and the international organization Doctors Against Nuclear War claim that as a result of the accident, tens of thousands of people died among the liquidators alone; 10 thousand cases of deformities in newborns, 10 thousand cases of thyroid cancer were recorded in Europe, and another 50 thousand are expected.
The Chernobyl zone is characterized by such a concept as looting.
The perimeter of the zone is 377 kilometers (73 in Ukraine, 204 in Belarus), the main roads are blocked by checkpoints, the zone itself is patrolled by five companies of police officers, all precautions are not able to stop the looters who intend to steal something from abandoned apartments in Pripyat or radioactive septic tanks technology, so that Chernobyl itself is little by little spreading around the world - if not in the form of radioactive particles flying in the wind, then at least in the form of contaminated metal removed from the zone, Christmas trees, and fish caught in Pripyat.
“Metal thieves” who crashed in other areas of Ukraine while trying to cut wires from electrical poles have reached Chernobyl.
Even from one of the helicopters from which firefighters extinguished the burning reactor in the first days, and which no one in their right mind would approach, someone managed to cut off the blades. A complete evacuation of residents was carried out from a zone with a radius of 30 km from the exploded reactor. But people still live there - self-settlers. The future of self-settlers is quite short - no more than 10-15 years - due to the age of its members. Now there are a third of their original number in the zone. The settlements where they live are conventionally divided into three categories:
“Periphery” - 8 villages with a population of up to 10 people each.
“Golden Triangle” - 3 villages with a population of about 40 people each.
The city of Chernobyl - population 100 people.
Probably, the periphery will be empty at the beginning, and the golden triangle and Chernobyl will last longer.
7th reader:
The doom bell rings over the world,
Disturbing the memory, remembering the grief,
The face of the gray war is cruel and terrible,
Like a raging sea in a storm.
Japan has been mourning for many years now
Known to people are Hiroshima, Nagasaki,
But there is no ban on tragedy,
There are nuclear chopping blocks everywhere.
Humanity doesn't want to understand
That life is the most sacred thing in the world,
It can be cut off instantly
In the crucible of an explosion or in the thick of battle.
We cannot count all the sacrifices and trials,
But the arsenals and training grounds are intact,
Chernobyl devastating news
A warning to new generations.
The millennium has begun to count down,
The twenty-first century walks across the earth,
May his children have better luck.
And a ray of sun greets them every day.
During the disaster, 31 people died, and 600,000 non-professional responders who took part in firefighting and cleanup received high doses of radiation. All work was carried out manually. Liquidators in gas masks and lead suits shoveled and picked out pieces of radioactive material with their hands, dumping them into the burnt reactor.
Many long-lived radioactive elements released from an exploded reactor 25 years ago are still in the environment, carried by air and water currents and pose a health hazard to the inhabitants of the Earth. Therefore, people must remember Chernobyl for the sake of the future, be aware of the dangers of radiation and do everything to ensure that such disasters never happen again. This must not be forgotten!
At that terrible time, in the Chernobyl hell,
Life brings us back - it hurts a hundred times!
I implore people: we must not forget!
Don’t you dare repeat such mistakes!
