The official language of Pakistan has 4 letters. Official languages ​​of Pakistan. Other meanings of this word

A word of 4 letters, the first letter is “U”, the second letter is “R”, the third letter is “D”, the fourth letter is “U”, a word starting with the letter “U”, the last one is “U”. If you don’t know a word from a crossword or scanword, then our site will help you find the most difficult and unfamiliar words.

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Jail. There is a bypass river around the prison. 3 prisoners plan their escape at different times, without knowing about each other. The first convict escapes from prison, swims across the river, and is suddenly eaten by a shark. The 1st prisoner died. The 2nd escapes, swims across the river, suddenly the prison guards noticed him, quickly swam up on boats, stunned him, pulled him out by the hair and shot him while trying to escape. The 2nd prisoner also died. The 3rd prisoner escapes. Swims across the river, nothing stopped him, ran on and disappeared. The 3rd prisoner escaped. Question: where did I deceive you in three places? If you guess all three deceptions, I'll treat you to beer. Show answer>>

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Arnold Schwatzneger's is long; Michael Fox's is short; Madonna doesn't have it, and the Pope doesn't use it. Show answer>>

Other meanings of this word:

  • An Indo-European language related to Hindi, which emerged in the 13th century. Urdu is one of the two official languages ​​in Pakistan, despite the fact that only 7% of the population considers it their mother tongue
  • What eastern language emerged from a mixture of Indian and Arabic?
  • The official language of Pakistan (along with English), one of the literary languages ​​of India. Uses Arabic script

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Pakistan is a multinational state. In addition, the peoples living here strive for religious, tribal and territorial isolation, which gives rise to a huge number of dialects, many of which can be considered independent languages. And yet, seven main ones can be identified when answering the question of what is the main language in Pakistan.

Urdu

Urdu is not the mother tongue of most people in Pakistan. No more than 8% of the population considers him this way. However, it is official in Pakistan and serves. It is taught in schools throughout the country, and national media are required to broadcast in this language. Therefore, all Pakistanis at least understand it. Sometimes this situation becomes funny and sad. For example, it is not uncommon for a Pashtun to be able to write Urdu, but is illiterate in his native language environment.

Urdu is the "twin" of official Hindi. Moreover, many linguists consider Urdu and Hindi to be the same language. It’s just that the “language of the High City” (that’s how the name “Urdu” is translated; the High City is, by the way, Delhi) was once divided along religious lines. Native Muslim speakers began to use the Arabic alphabet, while Hindus remained in Devanagari Sanskrit (image below).

The division of the British colonies in this region along religious lines led to the fact that Urdu and Hindi became even more isolated, becoming the official languages ​​of the conflicting states. More Persian and Arabic words appeared in Urdu, but in Hindi, on the contrary, they decreased. Although speakers of these two languages ​​understand each other without problems.

Urdu is very famous for its Nastaq graphics. This Persian-influenced calligraphic style transformed Arabic characters into shorter ones and the word was no longer a purely vertical line. The letters in the nastalka seem to penetrate each other, together forming an outwardly beautiful graphic combination: the word looks like some kind of symbol.

Because of this, for a long time books in Pakistan were partly handwritten. Typographic typing of such words was impossible. The book was written by hand, and then lithographs from handwritten sheets were sent to the printing press. Only the introduction of computer typing eliminated this problem. However, it is not relevant. In official printed publications, standard Arabic naskh is used, and nastalk has acquired a more decorative character. The Pakistani public is concerned about the replacement with Latin ones. The younger generation is especially guilty of this. The main reasons: computers and mobile devices are not very suitable for Arabic graphics.

In linguistic terms, Urdu is a typical Indo-Iranian language. And yet, let’s name its features: a “reverent” attitude towards pronouns - here they manage to be divided into nouns, adjectives and numerals, and directly saying “This is not me” in language is “forbidden”. You have to say something like "Someone." Urdu uses postpositions that are not very popular throughout the linguistic world. These are the same prepositions, but after the word.

English

We won't talk much about him. It is not native to any of the peoples of Pakistan. However, during the era of English rule it spread, serving as a language of international communication. It retains this function even now, being the second official language of Pakistan, although it is noticeably inferior in popularity. Therefore, it is quite possible that the country will abandon it completely.

Punjabi (Punjabi)

The most widely spoken language of Pakistan. In the eastern part of the country, eight out of ten Pakistanis speak it (that's somewhere around 76 million people). In percentage terms, this is 44 percent of all languages ​​spoken in Pakistan. It is very similar to Urdu because it is related to it.

Pashto

A significant portion of Pakistan's population is Pashtun, making their language the second most spoken language (15%). The trouble with Pashto is that each tribe strives to speak in a special way, emphasizing its “self.” The huge number of dialects even makes linguists doubt the existence of a single Pashto language, which, despite being related to Urdu, acquired its own special letters in the alphabet. Even in writing, the Pashtuns tried to stand out: they invented the Tahriri calligraphic style. Simplified, but unique.

Sindhi

The language of the Indian Sindhi people. There are quite a few of them living in Pakistan, which gives the language 14% in terms of prevalence. Sindhi, like Urdu, was divided along religious lines between India and Pakistan with the same consequences. True, so far it is called both there and there the same way. Among the “eccentricities” of Sindhi, we note the absence of neuter gender and direct third-person pronouns. However, Sindhis, like all peoples of the country, are at least bilingual. They also speak English.

Shiraiki

The language of the Siraiki people living in northeastern Pakistan. There are also a lot of Siraiks (or southern Punjabis, that is, Muslim Punjabis) - almost 11% of the linguistic share of languages. The language is also divided between India and Pakistan. The Siraikis write in Arabic, and the northern Punjabis in Indian Punjab use the Hindu Gurmukhi alphabet.

Balochi

The last among the popular (4%) languages ​​of Pakistan is the language of the Iranian Baloch people. Distributed in the southwest of the country, naturally, in the province of Balochistan. This language is Iranian and therefore stands apart from other languages ​​of Pakistan. For other peoples, there are no special problems in interethnic communication due to linguistic relatedness. After all, there is also Urdu and English.

Punjabi. Pashto. Urdu The name "Urdu" is related to the word "horde" and means "army" or "army". Its roots are in the Hindustani dialect, which since the time of the Great Mughals has absorbed Persian, Arabic, Turkic vocabulary and even Sanskrit. Urdu is identical to Hindi and legal differences arose only in 1881, when the delimitation was influenced by religious aspects. Adherents of Hinduism began to speak Hindi, and Muslims began to speak Urdu. The former preferred to use the Devanagari alphabet for writing, while the latter preferred to use the Arabic alphabet. By the way, the second state language of Pakistan significantly influenced modern Urdu and many borrowings from English appeared in it. About 60 million people in the world speak Urdu or consider it their native language, the majority of whom live in India. In Pakistan, this language is a compulsory school subject and is used by official bodies and administrative institutions. The global importance of Urdu, as the language of a large part of the Islamic population, is very high. This is confirmed by the duplication in the official language of Pakistan of most of the signs in Mecca and Medina - sacred places of pilgrimage for Muslims around the world. Source: https://www.votpusk.ru/story/article.asp?ID=15905#ixzz4Oa6OlKbs

Pakistan is a federal state (Article 1) which consists of the provinces of Budejistan, Punjab, Sindh and the North West Frontier Province and the Central Tribal Areas (UTSTP) and the capital (federal district) Islamabad. Under Pakistani control, the so-called Northern Territories and the Republic of Azad Kashmir (Free Kashmir)

The system of government in the provinces of Pakistan is largely copied from the federal system.

The head of the executive branch of the province is the governor, appointed by the president. The Governor is the governing body of the province (Article 101). The Governor convenes a session of the Provincial Legislative Assembly; appoints members of the government; has the right to suspend the veto in relation to all legislative acts, except financial ones; during the period between meetings of the Assembly, issue decrees with legal force; has the right to dissolve the legislator and form a provisional government.

Legislature - A provincial legislature elected for a five-year term, the provincial population at the polls usually coincides with the time of parliamentary elections.

Members are formed by the government; He is collectively responsible to the Legislative Assembly. The Governor appoints a deputy to the position of Chief Minister, who he deems in charge of the majority of the members of the Provincial Assembly. When the chief minister loses this confidence, the governor sends him into retirement. The members of the Cabinet are appointed by the Governor on the recommendation of the Chief Minister.

There is a division of responsibilities between the center and the provinces.

Responsibilities of the central government: defence, armed forces, intelligence, foreign policy, strategic industrial projects, citizenship, financial sector, energy (including nuclear), fisheries and other matters (Schedule 4 of the Constitution).

Common center of competence and provinces: criminal law, civil litigation, property matters (except for certain types of land), social security, environmental issues, trade unions and labor disputes, inland waterway navigation, electricity generation and others.

The regions' competencies include issues such as water, local roads, local infrastructure, basic education, etc.

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Geology of the field
Reproduced in the original spelling of the 1932 edition...

Islamabad

Islamabad

PAKISTAN Islamic Republic of Pakistan Area: 803.9 thousand km2. Population: 137 million people (1997). Official language: Urdu. Capital: Islamabad (201 thousand inhabitants, 1997). Public holiday: Independence Day (August 14, since 1947). Currency: Pakistani rupee. Member of the UN since 1948, OIC, etc. Pakistan (“Land of the Pure”) appeared on the world map in 1947.

After the partition of colonial India. Located in South Asia. It borders on Iran in the west, Afghanistan in the northwest, China in the north, and India in the east and northeast. In the south it is washed by the waters of the Arabian Sea. The population of Pakistan consists of Punjabis, Sindhis, Pashtuns and Balochis, as well as refugees from India, called Muhajirs in Pakistan.

Each of these national communities is in turn divided into smaller national communities. A significant part of the wealthy elite of the main nationalities actually formed a single all-Pakistan elite. In addition to those already mentioned, the country is also home to Zwans, Gujaratis, Dravidians, Kashmiris, Kohistanis, Persians, Sikhs, as well as Pashtun tribes, which consider belonging to a tribe to be primary compared to belonging to a nationality.

No matter how great was the power of Muslims over the local population, mainly Hindus, in terms of their numbers, Hindus always remained the overwhelming majority. When the British ruled India, Hindus and Muslims were on equal footing as subjects of the British crown. However, when the question arose about the departure of the British and granting India independence, the problem of the compatibility of two religious communities and their cohabitation in one state suddenly became extremely acute.

Both the British and the Indians supported the idea of ​​preserving the unity of India for various reasons. M. A. Jinnah, who led the Muslim party - the Muslim League, developed the so-called “two-nation theory”, according to which Muslims and Hindus are two separate nations with different cultures, traditions and worldviews.

At the session of the Muslim League in Lahore in 1940, a resolution prepared by him was adopted demanding the creation of two independent Muslim states in the northern part of British India: one in the north-west (its borders were to include Punjab, Sindh, North-West Frontier province, Baluchistan and also Kashmir); the other is in the northeast (including Bengal and Assam).

In 1946, at a conference of Muslim parliamentarians, a resolution was adopted on the creation of a single independent state of Muslims in South Asia - Pakistan.

In 1947, two dominions arose on the site of British India - the Indian Union and Pakistan. Until 1971, Pakistan included East Bengal, but after the Indo-Pakistani War, the independent state of Bangladesh was formed on the site of its eastern province. Islamabad is the capital of Pakistan, where state and government institutions are located - parliament, presidential palace, government secretariat, ministries and departments, diplomatic missions. A major center of science and education: a university, institutes of nuclear science and technology, economic development, strategic research, etc. are concentrated here.

The city was built in 1960 - 1970. near the city of Rawalpindi. Nearby is the international airport. Karachi (the capital of Pakistan in 1947 - 1959) is the largest city in the country, the main trade, economic and financial center, the sea gate, and the administrative center of the Sindh province. Originated at the beginning of the 18th century. on the site of a fishing village. Located in the Indus River delta on the coast of the Arabian Sea.

The largest commercial banks, central offices and branches of insurance companies, stock and cotton exchanges are located in Karachi. The international airport serves the world's largest airlines. There is also a naval base, one of the main universities, colleges and research institutions. Approximately 40% of all industrial production is concentrated in the suburbs of Karachi

Pakistan State of South Asia capital Islamabad

Islamabad is the capital of Pakistan. Peshawar is the capital of the northwestern regions of Pakistan bordering Afghanistan.

Islamabad

Islamabad

islambad

story

Geographically, Pakistan and India are close to the Hindustani Peninsula. However, religious differences and territorial disputes make it extremely difficult for countries to transfer their neighborhoods. If in India most people pronounce Hinduism, then in the region of modern Pakistan in VII. Centuries began to spread Islam.

The state of Pakistan was founded in 1947 under a division of British India. The colonial territory, populated mainly by Muslims, was divided into two countries - West and East Pakistan. In 1971, after a short war he won with Indian help, the Bangladesh situation arose in East Pakistan.

When the territories were divided, the official undivided region of Kashmir remained, and the bone still remains between India and Pakistan. However, it is not only external factors that undermine political stability. The country is dominated by competitive family clans; Sometimes an army is captured. The last strike occurred in 1999. General Pervez Musharraf, who took power, resigned on August 18, 2008, when he lost support from military and foreign allies, especially the United States.

He was elected President of Pakistan by Asif Zardari, the man killed on the eve of the resignation of Musharraf, leader of Benazir Bhutto's Pakistan People's Party.

Autonomous country

Those who want to visit Pakistan should prepare for drastic climate change.

The northern tower, covered in snow and ice, has magnificent peaks of 8,000 m, the southern Arabian Sea stretches about 60,000 km2 of marshland, and the Baluchistan Desert is considered the driest place on Earth.

The center of Pakistani life is the Punjab Lagoon, watered by the Indus and its five tributaries. More than half of Pakistan's population lives here in the great fertile valley. It is not only the main granary of the state, but also the main region of industrial production. In the west, on the border with Afghanistan, time seemed frozen. The people here, as they did thousands of years ago, live in communities that emphasize their independence from the central government in Islamabad.

This is especially noticeable in the Swat Valley in the northwest of the country. When the area, which has unique monuments from the pre-Islamic era, which unusually combines Hellenistic and Buddhist traditions, was the main attraction of Pakistan. Today it is completely under the control of Taliban fundamentalists. Show here that there is no danger not only of tourists, but also of government officials and historical and cultural monuments being subjected to barbaric destruction.

In February 2009, Islamic law was introduced in the valley in agreement with the authorities of the northwestern province.

general information

Official name: Islamic Republic of Pakistan.
Administrative divisions: four autonomous provinces (Punjab, Sindh, North Western Province and Balochistan) and the Federal Capital Territory of Islamabad.

Form of government: Federal Republic.

Borders: with Iran, Afghanistan, China and India.
Capital: Islamabad (since 1961, population about 800 thousand inhabitants).

Languages: Urdu (official), Hindi and English.

Currency: Pakistani rupee.

Religions: Islam (97%), Christianity, Hinduism.

The largest cities are Karachi (11 million inhabitants), Lahore (5.5 million inhabitants).

The most important rivers are the Indus and its tributaries.

figures

Area: 803,946 km2.

Population: 172.8 million people.
Population density: 202 people.

Highest point: Mount Chogor (K-2) - 8611 m, this is the second highest mountain on Earth; almost 40 peaks above 7000 m.

economy

Agriculture: Growing rice, corn and cotton.
Animal husbandry.
Minerals: coal, copper.
Pakistan is forced to import its most important raw materials.
Industry: chemical and textile industries, machinery, automobiles.

Attractions

■ Punjab (historical capital of Lahore, with famous gardens and Badshahi Mosque).
■ City of Multan (Palace of Islam).
Deserts in Baluchistan.
■ In the southern province of Sindh, the city of Karachi and the Thar Desert.

Unusual facts

■ Almost half of the Pakistani population is under 15 years of age.
■ All new laws in Pakistan are checked against the Quran.
■ The word “Pakistan” means “land of purity” and consists of individual letters that are present in the names of four provinces.

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Full name Islamic Republic of Pakistan Region Central Asia Form of government Republic Capital Islamabad Area, km 234 in the world 803,940 Population, people 6 in the world 170,532,000 forecast

If the current rate of population growth continues, the population of Pakistan will be:

in 2020 - 199 082 372 people
in 2030 - 232 412 632 people

in 2050 - 316 747 776 people
in 2075 - 466 423 989 people

in 2100 - 686 828 303 people

Population growth, per year74 in the world 1,56% 2,660,299 people Average duration
life, years 63.8 (men 62.7, women 64.8)136 in the world
(131 - men, 140 - women) Population density, people/km 237 in the world 212.12 Official languages ​​Urdu, English Currency Pakistani rupee International dialing code 92 Internet zone.pk Time zone What time is it?

19:54 (04.07) The site does not track daylight saving time, so the data provided may not be accurate

UTC+5International organizations that include PakistanCommonwealth of NationsBorders by land Afghanistan, India, IranAccess to seas and oceansArabian Sea

Pakistan is a state in the center of Asia, washed from the south by the Arabian Sea of ​​the Indian Ocean.

The name "Pakistan" was first coined in the 20th century as an acronym for the names of the provinces: P Punjabi, A fganiya, TO Ashmir, AND wounds, WITH ind, T okharistan, A Afghanistan, Balochista N).

The resulting acronym can also be translated as “the land of the pure (impeccable),” since “pak” means “pure” in Persian.

The Islamic Republic of Pakistan appeared on the world map in 1947 after the partition of British India. A fairly small state in area, more than 200 million people consider it their home, and this is the sixth highest figure among countries in the world. The British colonial past left its mark on the history of the Islamic republic and the official language of Pakistan, in addition to the national Urdu, is English.

Some statistics and facts

  • Despite the state status of Urdu, less than 8% of Pakistanis consider it their native language.
  • Punjabi ranks first among the prevalence of national languages ​​and dialects in the country. Almost 45% of residents speak it regularly. Second place for Pashto – 15.5%.
  • The state language of Pakistan, Urdu, arose in the 13th century and is related to Hindi. It belongs to the Indo-European group. Also widespread in neighboring India, Urdu has the status of one of its 22 official languages. In India, up to 50 million people speak it.

Urdu: history and features

The name "Urdu" is related to the word "horde" and means "army" or "army". Its roots are in the Hindustani dialect, which since the time of the Great Mughals has absorbed Persian, Arabic, Turkic vocabulary and even Sanskrit.
Urdu is identical to Hindi and legal differences arose only in 1881, when the delimitation was influenced by religious aspects. Adherents of Hinduism began to speak Hindi, and Muslims began to speak Urdu. The former preferred to use the Devanagari alphabet for writing, while the latter preferred to use the Arabic alphabet.
By the way, the second state language of Pakistan significantly influenced modern Urdu and many borrowings from English appeared in it.
About 60 million people in the world speak Urdu or consider it their native language, the majority of whom live in India. In Pakistan, this language is a compulsory school subject and is used by official bodies and administrative institutions.
The global importance of Urdu, as the language of a large part of the Islamic population, is very high. This is confirmed by the duplication in the official language of Pakistan of most of the signs in Mecca and Medina - sacred places of pilgrimage for Muslims around the world.

Note to tourists

Thanks to the official status of English, tourists in Pakistan usually do not have communication problems. All maps, restaurant menus, traffic patterns and public transport stops are translated into English. It is owned by taxi drivers, waiters, hotel workers and the vast majority of ordinary residents of the country.

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