As a comparative part of speech. Definition of the term "comparative turnover". What is comparative turnover

Sophisticated or colorful, expressive and interesting. One of them is comparative turnover. These are techniques that are quite easy to use, but require adherence to certain rules. Correct application will ensure expressiveness of both written and oral speech.

Definition

A comparative phrase is a special technique that expresses comparison and at the same time is part of a simple sentence (does not contain a statement). There are several educational options. Turnover may consist of:

1) A noun in the nominative case and explanatory words (or without them). Example: “She screamed like a shot bird” (option of an agreed definition for the main word of the comparative phrase).

2) The noun is not in the nominative case, but in the indirect case or be a word of another part of speech and act as an adverbial circumstance. Example: “The weather was as beautiful as in a fairy tale.”

3) A comparative clause can be incomplete, without a predicate, or only with a predicate that has dependent words. Example: “We began to communicate easily, as if we had been together for a whole century.”

Conjunctions used

This part of the sentence may begin with comparative conjunctions as if, as if, exactly, as, what, as if, rather than, than, as a rule and is separated or highlighted by commas. Examples: “Poplar fluff, like sea foam, enveloped the city.” "The sky is as clear as a picture." “And suddenly an unknown force, gentler than a spring breeze, lifts her into the air” (Pushkin A.). “The days of the week, like fast birds, fly by.”

Important points

A comparative phrase with the conjunction “how” is always highlighted in cases where:

1) The sentence (in its main part) contains the words “such, so.” Example: “She always avoids meetings like our get-togethers.”

2) The turnover is introduced using the conjunctions “as and”. Example: “For her, as well as for her entire group, I have an indescribable hatred.”

3) If the phrase with the conjunction “how” has a causal meaning. Example: “Since he was a kind and honest person, he simply could not deceive anyone.”

4) If comparative turnover is expressed using combinations as an exception, as a rule, as usual, as before, as always, as now, as on purpose, as now. Example: “Well, what is it! As if on purpose, not a single soul in the entire area!”

5) If the expression contains phrases nothing else (other) than; none other than. Example: “The guy was none other than my old friend from the neighboring yard.”

Comment

In addition, a phrase can be in the middle of a sentence, but separated by just one comma. This happens when you need to express which member of the sentence it refers to. Example: “That same summer, when Masha, amorous like an ardent schoolgirl, cast fiery glances at Oleg, I was talking with Olga.”

When a phrase is not marked with punctuation marks

This happens if:

1) The revolution is part of the predicate. Example: “Her face was terribly white, her eyes seemed like glass.”

2) The meaning of the phrase is connected with the same predicate or is a stable expression (like the apple of an eye, like a peeling one). Example: “And I always feel this confusion as happiness” (Paustovsky K.).

3) If the conjunction “how” is preceded by: absolutely, almost, exactly, simply, exactly. Example: “She doesn’t do everything like normal people.”

What to pay attention to

Punctuation marks are not used to mark sentences in which the conjunction “how” is used to mean “in a role, in quality, in a function.” Example: “Venice entered the world history of painting as the place of life and work of many famous artists.” This expression is not a comparative phrase.

It does not form a predicative unit, since it does not contain a statement, which is due to the nature of its composition. Comparative turnover usually includes:

a) a noun in the nominative case, without explanatory words or with explanatory words - an agreed or inconsistent definition, potentially acting as a dominant compound if the comparative phrase is expanded into a two-part sentence. He could discover feelings, and not bristle like an animal(Pushkin). The officer gasped and, curled up, sat down on the ground, like a shot bird in flight.(L. Tolstoy) (agreed definition to the reference word of the comparative phrase). And the clouds and smokes were already mixed, like privates of the same regiment(Mayakovsky) (inconsistent definition for the reference word);

b) a noun in the form of the indirect case or a word of another part of speech, acting as a secondary member of the sentence (most often adverbs). Her gait was as casual as in Stalheim.(Fedin). And sleep and sweet peace, as before, visited my cramped and simple corner again.(Pushkin).

An intermediate position between subordinate comparative and comparative clauses is occupied by an incomplete comparative clause, in which the composition of the subject and the composition of the predicate are presented without the predicate itself, restored from the main part of the sentence, or only the predicate with dependent words. His existence is enclosed in this tight program, like an egg in a shell.(Chekhov) (the prepositional-nominal combination e shell does not define the word egg and represents the second composition). The three of us started talking as if we had known each other for centuries(Pushkin).

Thus, according to the degree of completeness of the composition and the associated design features, they are arranged in descending order:

1) comparative clause (represented by two compounds). Serve me as you served him(Pushkin). The whole room suddenly went dark, as if the curtains had been drawn.(Kuprin). There was a white veil ahead, as if the river had overflowed its banks.(A. N. Tolstoy);

2) incomplete comparative clause. The coachman was as amazed at his generosity as the Frenchman himself at Dubrovsky’s offer.(Pushkin). Litvinov was very dissatisfied, as if he had lost at roulette or had not kept his word(Turgenev);

3) comparative turnover. The air is clean and fresh, like a child's kiss(Lermontov). She looked at him as at an icon, with fear and repentance (Chekhov). Like a bride, we love our Motherland,” we take care of it like a tender mother (Lebedev-K umach).

Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. - M.: Enlightenment. Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A.. 1976 .

See what a “comparative phrase” is in other dictionaries:

comparative turnover- A specific type of isolated structures, manifesting itself both in meaning and in design. According to P.A. Lecantu, a comparative phrase is a special syntactic phenomenon - a phrase with the meaning of a sign of an object, a sign of an action, etc.: Black, ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

Union. 1. comparative. Introduces a comparative phrase into a simple sentence, explaining which l. a member of this sentence, expressed by the form of the comparative degree of an adjective or adverb, as well as by the words: “other”, “different”, “otherwise”, etc... Small academic dictionary

1) Same as subordinate clause. 2) Words and phrases introduced into a sentence with the help of subordinating conjunctions and similar in the function they perform to a subordinate clause, but do not form a predicative unit in the composition... ...

A sentence consisting of two or several parts, similar in form to simple sentences, but forming a single semantic, constructive and intonational whole. The unity and integrity of a complex sentence are created for its individual types... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms

What- conjunction, member of a sentence, particle 1. Conjunction. Attaches a subordinate clause to a complex sentence. Punctuation marks are placed in accordance with the rules for forming complex sentences. It is known that Elephants are a curiosity among us. I. Krylov, Elephant and... ...

The union will compare. book Introduces a comparative phrase into a simple sentence, explaining which l. a member of this sentence, expressed by the form of the comparative degree of an adjective or adverb, as well as by the words: “other”, “different”, “otherwise”, etc.;... ... Small academic dictionary

Not- particle The use of the particle “not” in writing is associated with the following punctuation difficulties. If the particle “not” stands before the predicate, an expressed noun in the nominative case, then a dash is not placed between the subject and the predicate. So... ... Dictionary-reference book on punctuation

I. union. (in comparative phrases and comparative clauses). Like, exactly, as if. Sneaks, p. cat. Rushing, s. crazy. Looks, p. owl. // Usage to express a conditionally presumptive comparison in the meaning: as if, as if. The motor is purring... encyclopedic Dictionary

as if as- see as if; in sign. union.; decomposition Attaches a comparative phrase or comparative clause to a sentence; exactly as if. The sound is high, as if someone is singing... Dictionary of many expressions

Books

Comparative index of plots. East Slavic fairy tale. The index reflects the plot composition of Eastern Slavic tales published in the 18th-20th centuries, and is built according to the Aarne-Thompson system. The compilers aim to facilitate the researcher’s work on...
Punctuation in tasks and answers. Complex sentence. Comparative turnover. Introductory and plug-in sentences, Mikhailova Svetlana Yuryevna, Mikhailova Natalya Evgenievna. The series of 7 steps to the top five includes thematic manuals on spelling and punctuation throughout the entire school curriculum. Each topic has enough tasks (20-40): from simple to the most complex.…

As part of sentences (simple and complex), there are phrases that are not subordinate clauses, but sometimes externally resemble them, which creates difficulties in punctuation. Such constructions include comparative phrases, various phraseological combinations, etc.

1. Comparative turnover with the union How are separated by commas if they, denoting similarity, do not contain any other shades of meaning (How has the meaning “like”), for example: He looked around in all directions, like an animal caught by children(Pushkin); The air is clean and fresh, like a child's kiss...(Lermontov); And he saw himself rich, as in a dream(Krylov); Below him, like an ocean, the steppe all around turns blue(Krylov); Below, like a steel mirror, the lakes of streams turn blue...(Tyutchev); The stars will look from the sky, and the Milky Way will light up like a river(Fet); He behaves surprisingly well, as careful as a cat(Turgenev); She, like a bee, knew which place was more painful to sting him(L. Tolstoy); Both of you are the most beautiful, smartest people, but you look at each other like wolves(Chekhov); I'll be honest with you like a mother(Chekhov); Children are born weak, die like flies in the fall(Bitter); Every day it goes out like a candle(Paustovsky); ...He went to work as if it were a holiday(Panova); ...The head is shorn, like a boy's...(Panova); Like a bride, we love our homeland, we take care of it, like an affectionate mother.(Lebedev-Kumach); And they hugged like brothers, father and boy-son(Tvardovsky).

The revolutions starting with like, as well as revolutions from How, if they are preceded by words so, so etc., for example: Children, like adults, love movies." This writer's new book is as interesting as all the others.

A comma is placed before How in revolutions none other than And nothing more than, For example: For a moment it even seemed to him that it was none other than Valko who could have given Volodya Osmukhin such a task(Fadeev).

2. Commas mark comparative phrases beginning with conjunctions as if, as if, as if, exactly, than, rather than, what etc., for example: Lies like a dead body...(Nekrasov); The moon rose very purple and gloomy, as if sick...(Chekhov); It's better to break up before you regret it later(Turgenev).
3. Revolutions with commas are not separated How in the following cases:
- a) if the meaning of the circumstance (most often the course of action that answers the question) comes to the fore in circulation How?) usually revs from How in these cases, you can replace the instrumental case of a noun or an adverb, for example: Stones fell like hail(er. rained down with hail)", How children are naive(er. childishly naive)",
- b) if the phrase forms the nominal part of a compound predicate (see § 79, item 1, note, item 2) or is closely related in meaning to the predicate, for example: Just like crazy(L. Tolstoy); Her father and mother are like strangers to her(Dobrolyubov); I looked fascinated(Arsenyev); This book is intended as a story for youth." His silence was

interpreted as a refusal; The courses initially existed as an adult school; Wed Also: raised like a mama's boy, greeted as a friend, greeted as a brother, perceived as praise, looked at as a child, taken for granted, recognized as inevitable, viewed as an exception, classified as a crime, assessed as a great success, presented as a fact, celebrated as an achievement , sound like a call, draw up as a document, put forward as a project, express as an assumption, justify as a theory, define as an important factor, comprehend as a new phenomenon, regard as an unfounded claim, come as a representative of the organization, looks like self-promotion, develops as a progressive phenomenon, developed as a tradition, is emerging as a new style and so on.; usually in these cases the predicate does not express a complete meaning without a comparative phrase;

c) if the turnover has the character of a stable expression; The most common of these expressions are: white as a sheet (like snow), fight like a fish on ice, pale as death, shines like a mirror, fear like fire, rushed like a madman, ran in like a madman, can be seen as if during the day, everything goes like clockwork, everything is as if it were selected, hungry like a wolf, as far as the sky from the earth, wait like a holiday, live like a cat and a dog, fell asleep like the dead, froze like a statue, sounds like music, healthy as a bull, know like the back of your hand, how to sink into water, roll like cheese in oil, beautiful as a god, red as a lobster, strong as an oak, light as a feather, flies like an arrow, pours like a bucket, waves his arms like a mill, wet like a mouse, gloomy like a cloud, dying like flies, hoping like a stone wall, the people are like herrings in a barrel, you can’t see their ears, they’re as silent as the grave (like a fish), they rush around like a chicken and an egg, they need them like air, they need them like last year’s snow (like a dog’s fifth leg), sharp as a razor, they look like two peas in a pod , sank like a stone, betrayed like a dog, fall through the ground, just like a knife to the heart, works like an ox, understands oranges like a pig, dissipates like smoke, plays like clockwork, grows like mushrooms after rain, falls like snow on his head, sitting on pins and needles, slept like the dead, rush like a fire, slender like a cedar of Lebanon, melts like a candle, hard like a stone, dark like night, precise as a clock, cowardly like a hare, died like a hero, tired like a dog, cunning like a fox, walked like a daze, walked like a birthday boy, cold as ice, feel at home (like behind a stone wall, like a fish in water), clear as two and two are four (like day) and so on.;
d) if How has the meaning "as" or if the application is with the conjunction How characterizes an object from one side (see § 93, i. 5), for example: I speak like a writer(Bitter); The reading public has managed to get used to Chekhov as a humorist(Fedin); We know India as a country of ancient culture. The significance of Herzen as a remarkable writer and thinker has been fully revealed.

A comparative phrase is a part of a sentence consisting of a word form of a noun, adjective or adverb - single or with dependent words, which is introduced by comparative conjunctions like, that (obsolete), than, rather than, as and or conjunctions that give the comparison a modal coloring - as if, exactly, as if, as if (would), as if: “Life, like a shot bird, wants to rise and cannot” (Tyutchev); “Aren’t you, Rus', like a brisk, unstoppable troika, rushing along?” (Gogol); “It was much harder to sleep in summer than in winter” (Dostoevsky); “Grandfather threw money at them like they were dogs” (M. Gorky); “You are grieving under the window of your little room as if you were on a clock” (Pushkin); “The road, frozen by night, hummed like cast iron under the cart” (Maltsev).
The word form that forms the basis of Co. is related to other words in the sentence in various ways. The meaning of comparison is most fully expressed by a construction consisting of three members naming the objects of comparison and the basis of comparison: “As a woman, you loved your homeland” (Nekrasov); homeland as a woman - a connection of parallel (similar in function) members; loved like a woman - connection with a common member. Wed. also: “Her lips, like a rose, blush” (Pushkin); “It was brighter here than in the field” (Chekhov). Them. p. with a conjunction has a subjective meaning (cries like a child - a child cries; cold as ice - cold ice) and is preserved in any case of the word form that names the object being compared: dewdrops burn like diamonds - dewdrops burning like diamonds; cold as ice hand - cold as ice hand, etc. Another method of communication - without parallelism of word forms - presents the comparison as if undeveloped: “Water runs as if from a tub” (Krylov); “The whole sky has become clouded, as if in a black row” (Gogol). In this case, the word form that makes up the phrase depends on one of the words of the sentence (cf.: running out of the tub, clouded in a row), and the conjunction introducing the dependent word form semantically motivates its connection with the sentence.
Due to the bidirectional semantic relationship - to the basis of comparison and to the object of comparison - S. o. performs different functions in a sentence: it sometimes acts as a circumstance, characterizing an action or a qualitative sign, for example. cries like a child; sparkling like a diamond; light as a cloud: stuffy, like before a thunderstorm, then like a definition or predicate, characterizing an object: with hands like a rake, “... with cheeks like a frog’s” (Kataev); Our yard is like a garden; She looked like an old lady. A bidirectional relationship is often present simultaneously, so that a typical S. o. combines functions and circumstances, and definitions: “The moon, like a pale new spot, turned yellow through the dark clouds” (Pushkin).
S. o. usually adds additional meaning to the sentence, so it is usually isolated (see Separate turnover). Separated S. o. occupies a relatively independent and free position in the sentence: being at the beginning, end or middle of the sentence, it correlates with its entire predicative part and is similar in function to the subordinate clause: “Like a storm, death carries away the groom” (Pushkin); “My heart sank painfully, as after the first parting” (Lermontov); “A hurricane rushed through the darkness, and its furious roar, like a death knell, sounded sadly over the lonely yurt” (Serafimovich). So. intonationally does not stand out (is not isolated) if it is the rhe-my (see Actual division of a sentence) of a statement or is closely related to one of the words, being its obligatory distributor: for example, part of the predicate (The road became like a skating rink), an obligatory definition ( There are letters as an alarm signal), an obligatory circumstance (“The Serbs fought like lions,” Kataev; She was dressed like a doll), part of a phraseological turn of phrase (sleeping like a dead man, red as a lobster, etc.). Punctuation for So. not ordered: according to written tradition, S. o. often highlighted with commas even when it is not syntactically isolated, for example: “She turned to me, pale as marble” (Lermontov); “He began to eat, but not sitting down, but standing right next to the cauldron and looking into it as if into a pit” (Chekhov); “The door swung open, trembling as if from a chill” (Antonov).
S. o. can be introduced into a sentence using demonstrative words like so, such, for example. “I finally got used to her as if I were a daughter” (Lermontov), although for modern times. Such use is uncharacteristic of speech.
Revolutions with conjunctions differ in their semantic and syntactic features in what (than) and how. They do not have a purely comparative meaning, which is why they do not have a determinative-adverbial function. The conjunction than (than) expresses a graded comparison (comparison by change, increase or decrease of a characteristic) and therefore is combined with forms of comparative degree or with the pronouns other, other, etc.: “Now the voice was further than last time” (M. Gorky ); “Aspen goes better with the northern grayish sky than with the flaming azure of the skies” (Soloukhin). The union as and (as well as; just as and) in meaning represents a contamination (see) comparison and connection, it expresses the relation of equating: “In war, trees, like people, each have their own destiny” (Sholokhov); “Egorushka, like everyone else, was overcome by boredom” (Chekhov).
A phrase formed with the help of a combination such (aya, oh, ee) as or such (aya, oh, ee) ..as does not express comparison: “For people like you, there are no horses” (Mikhalkov); “The sowing of such an important crop as soybean has been completed” (gas). In syntactic theory, the question of the type of sentences with S. o. is controversial, since S. o. shows contradictory features from the formal-grammatical and semantic side. S. o. does not contain a grammatical predicate, but one can see hidden predication in it: semantically it corresponds to the whole situation. This property allows it to be interpreted in two ways: either as a subordinate clause of a special structure, or as a member of a simple sentence, complicating it semantically and syntactically. “Russian Grammar” (1980) describes S. o. twice - both in the system of simple and in the system of complex sentences. In S. o. the semantics of the predicate is reflected, to which it is assigned: the meaning of the phrase is realized only against its background: cf.: ... like a child (crying?/ frolicking?/ naive! etc.). S. o. has a wide predicative meaning, not limited by the modal-temporal plan, therefore adequate replacement with a subordinate clause is practically impossible (cf.: They had fun like children = They had fun, like children have fun / They had fun and thus were like children). On the other hand, designs with S. o. They also reveal certain properties that bring them closer to coordinating constructions. Like composed ones, compared members are characterized by functional proximity. It has been suggested that the concept of “homogeneous members” can be extended to them (V. Z. Sannikov). Particularly close to coordinating constructions are those with the meaning of graded comparison (conjunction than) and with the meaning of equating (conjunction as and).
S. o. with its own comparative meaning, it has a pronounced stylistic function: along with metaphor, it is one of the figurative means of language and is used primarily. in artistic speech, especially in poetry. S. o. with other meanings they have no stylistic restrictions.

Comparison- one of the most expressive artistic linguistic means, which consists in a figurative comparison of two objects that have common characteristics.

In the Russian language there are various constructions that help express the meaning of comparison.

Let's list the main ones.

1. The combination of a verb (or noun) with a noun in the instrumental case a (this construction is sometimes called instrumental comparison).

For example: Joy crawls like a snail(= crawls like a snail); Grief has a mad run.(V. Mayakovsky); takes a pancake(= like a pancake).

2. A combination of the comparative form of an adjective and a noun.

For example: Below him is a stream of lighter azure.(M. Lermontov)

3. Combinations of words like look like...(looks like a child) similar... (like an ancient icon), Seems... (seems like a gem), reminds... (reminiscent of a spring day), like... (hat like a bell), like... (bow like a butterfly), etc.

4. Comparative phrase consisting of a word or phrase with comparative conjunctions as, exactly, as if, as if, as if, what.

For example: Our river, like something out of a fairy tale, was paved with frost overnight.(S. Marshak)

5. A complex sentence with a comparative clause, which is joined by comparative conjunctions as, exactly, as if, as if, as if, as if.

For example: I suddenly felt good in my soul, it's like my childhood has returned. (M. Gorky)

Less commonly, the meaning of comparison can be conveyed using an adverb of manner (bare your teeth like a wolf), genitive noun (The bell of the moon rolled lower. S. Yesenin), distributed or undistributed application (My dear hands - a pair of swans - dive into the gold of my hair. S. Yesenin), nominal part of a compound nominal predicate (The big lake is like a dish. B. Pasternak. And the sky is like turquoise. D. Merezhkovsky).

Comparative turnover- a phrase expressing comparison and representing part of a simple sentence.

Unlike a comparative clause, a comparative clause does not form a predicative unit, since it does not contain a statement, which is due to the nature of its composition.

Comparative turnover usually includes:

a) noun in the nominative case , without explanatory words or with explanatory words - an agreed or inconsistent definition, potentially acting as a dominant composition if the comparative phrase is expanded into a two-part sentence.

For example: He could discover feelings, and not bristle like an animal(Pushkin). The officer gasped and, curled up, sat down on the ground, like a shot bird in flight (L. Tolstoy) (agreed definition to the reference word of the comparative phrase). And the clouds and smokes were already mixed, like privates of the same regiment (Mayakovsky) (inconsistent definition for the reference word);

b) a noun in the form of indirect case or a word of another part of speech , acting as a secondary member of the sentence (most often circumstances).

For example: Just as casual like in Stalheim, was her walk(Fedin). And sleep and sweet peace, as before, visited my cramped and simple corner again.(Pushkin).

For example: His existence is enclosed in this tight program, like an egg in a shell (Chekhov) (the prepositional-nominal combination in the shell does not define the word egg and represents the second composition). The three of us started talking, as if we've known each other forever (Pushkin).

Thus, according to the degree of completeness of the composition and the associated design features, they are arranged in descending order:

1) comparative clause (represented by two compositions).

For example: Serve me how did you serve him (Pushkin). The whole room suddenly went dark, as if the curtains were drawn in it (Kuprin). There was a white veil ahead, as if the river had overflowed its banks (A. N. Tolstoy);

2) incomplete comparative clause.

For example: The coachman was equally amazed at his generosity, like the Frenchman himself from Dubrovsky’s proposal (Pushkin). Litvinov was very dissatisfied, as if I lost at roulette or didn’t keep my word (Turgenev);

3) comparative turnover.

For example: The air is clean and fresh, like a child's kiss (Lermontov). She looked at him like an icon, with fear and remorse.(Chekhov). Like a bride, we love our Motherland.”, we take care of it, like a tender mother (Lebedev-Kumach).

A comparative phrase is most often an adverbial clause in a sentence, but it can also be a modifier or a predicate.

For example: You drink my soul like a straw(Akhmatova); The frozen road hummed like cast iron under the cart.(Paustovsky); Eyes, like two little slits, always gave his face a satisfied expression; Our yard is like a garden.

In some cases, a comparative phrase combines the functions of a definition and a predicate, a definition and a circumstance.

For example: Moon, like a pale spot, through the gloomy clouds turned yellow(Pushkin); The moon rose crimson and gloomy, as if sick(Chekhov).

Comparative phrases are intoned in speech, but in writing they are separated - separated by commas.

1. Comparative phrases beginning with comparative conjunctions (as if, as if, exactly, than, rather than, as if etc.), are highlighted (or separated) by commas.

For example: Again the darkness rose and spread over the Kulikovo field and, like a harsh cloud, the coming day is clouded(Bl.); The sun burned his hands and knees, the earth breathed hotly, it was even visible that above it, like over a brazier, the air is shaking(Boon.); I suffered for dear, kind Ivan Andreich, as for my son.(Ch.); I remember the war more for work than for studying.(Chiv.); I crawl like an animal and only hear how painful and loud my heart is beating(Priv.); To the right and left of the main canal, like twigs and branches from a mighty oak trunk, smaller channels have grown, densely entangling the entire field(Mus.); It's interesting that she[pearl] someday a pearl fisher will find: tenacious, like a vine, a Ceylonese or a son of foreign latitudes, powerful, like the tail of Leviathan (Matt.).

2. Comparative phrases beginning with a conjunction How, stand out:

1) if they denote likeness.

For example: At the bottom, like a steel mirror, lake streams turn blue(Tyutch.); But there is a woman's hand that is especially sweet when it touches a tormented forehead, like eternity and fate (Euth.);

2) if there are demonstrative words in the main part of the sentence so, so, that, so,on which the logical emphasis falls.

For example: Nowhere else at a mutual meeting do they bow so nobly and naturally, like on Nevsky Prospekt. (N. Gogol) And on the other side of the gate stood a barn, exactly the same in facade as the house(M.G.); Just as casual like in Stockholm, was her walk(Fed.).

3) if union Howand index word Sowith a particle samefind themselves nearby ,then they can merge into a single union combination.

For example: He, just like Ilyushin, studied at the Air Force Academy, both of them tinkered with me a lot during the construction of the glider(A. Yakovlev).

3. Revolutions that begin with combinations are always highlighted How And , as a rule, as an exception, as always, as now, as on purpose, as now and etc., except those that are included in the predicate.

For example: Like now, I remember a quiet July day(Fad.); As a rule, there is heavy rain in these places(compare: In these places it usually rains heavily).

4. If phrases with a comparative degree of adverbs and a conjunction than: (not) more than; (not less than; (no sooner than; (not later than contain a comparison of objects or phenomena, then a comma is placed before the comparative conjunction.

For example: This parcel weighs no more than the previous one. - There is a comparison between this premise and the previous premise.

5. In revolutions none other than And nothing more than a comma is added.

For example: This task could have been carried out by none other than him; In the distance nothing more than a small tower could be seen.

Turnovers with comparative words as, as if, as if, as if are not separated by commas in the following cases:

1) if they have the meaning of a course of action (such phrases are replaced by the instrumental case of a noun or an adverb).

For example: We were advancing. The Serbs fought like lions(Cat.); (compare: lion-like); The path twisted like a snake(compare: snake);

2) when denoting identity or equation.

For example: That's why she was looking at the ground like a vale of sorrow (N.-Pr.); She perceived her mother like an older sister;

3) if union How equal in meaning to the word "as" or word form with Howis an application that characterizes an object from any one aspect and has no causal meaning.

For example: Sergei Lazo was sent by the committee as commander in chief (Fad.); He[Gaidar] went through life like an amazing storyteller, which touched children's hearts to tears, and at the same time as an insightful and stern comrade and educator (Paust.); I don't like myself as a writer(Ch.);

4) if the phrase is a predicate or is closely adjacent to the predicate (such a predicate without a revolution loses its meaning).

For example: She herself walked like wild(Gonch.); The splashes and waves were just like in life(Fed.); Summer heat acts like a furnace on the bay(Paust.); Life as a Legend; The dust was like gunpowder(Paust.);

5) if the comparative phrase is preceded by a negation Notor words completely, completely, almost, like, exactly, exactly, simply and etc.

For example: Yes, he doesn’t do everything like people(M.G.); It became as light as day; He looked absolutely (quite) like a child ;

6) if there is no comparison of objects or phenomena in the sentence, a comma before the conjunction hownot installed.

For example: The parcel weighs no more than five kilograms. - In terms of meaning, it is impossible to compare a parcel and kilograms. The turnover can be replaced by a synonymous combination of the comparative degree of an adverb with a numeral and a noun: weighs no more than five kilograms.

7) if the turnover is a stable combination, often repeated: pale as death, shine like a mirror, white as a harrier, spin like a squirrel in a wheel, roll like cheese in butter, hungry like a wolf (like a dog), walk like an execution, fly like an arrow, red like a lobster, naked like a falcon, feel make yourself at home, stick to your throat like a knife, stop in your tracks and etc.

For example: On a frosty night, shyly, sneaking like a thief, you take away the Christmas tree(Matt.).

8) if the phrase serves as a definition for words that are informatively insufficient for the given context.

For example: His wife - Mashenka - a cheerful talker, with eyes like cherries, was dressed brightly(M.G.); He was clumsy, short, with hands like a rake(magazine).

Punctuation in comparisons of stable type may vary: for example, with various deviations in the use of stable phrases (word order, substitution of words in phrases, etc.), selection is possible.

For example: And on the bridge, like hell, a black cloak fluttered(Color); compare: black as hell; Wood threads melt like smoke(Matt.); compare: disappeared like smoke; Who is it that walks boldly, like a hero, in the pre-dawn darkness of winter?(Vl. Fedorov); compare: fought like a hero; ...The huge, homeless Earth, stoned like a dog, runs, heaving with the light of the Zodiac(Kiers.); compare: he wandered off like a beaten dog; He stood stretched out like an arrow, holding his hands at his sides(Eb.); compare: flew like an arrow.

The phrases with inconsistent definitions with the preposition are close to comparison like and circumstances starting with the words nothing less than. Such structures are also not isolated , For example:

1) There were sounds like thunder overhead.

2) I think of my neighbor as nothing less than a wonderful person.