Types of human character. How is a personality trait understood in psychology Special traits include

"Strong personality, bright personality, mature personality" or simply - - we are talking about some people, and of course, we want them to say the same about us ... Also, now many are actively trying to engage in “personal growth”. But what is Personality? If we think about it, we will find that our ideas about personality are more than vague. Even those who conduct trainings on personal growth, as a rule, bypass this issue - it is believed that it is already clear. But how can we be or become a person or grow as a person if we don't even know what a person is?

The individual and individuality are not personality

The first question that arises here is whether they are born as a person or become? It is obvious that in the legal sense - as a person who has some rights - we are born as individuals, or become individuals after the registration of documents that "identify". Here nothing is required of us - we are "persons" as citizens of our country, unit or individuals. There is no question of any personal growth in this context.

There is an interpretation of personality, how successful socialized person who shares the norms of society and is in various social relationships. Psychology considers personality as an individuality in the totality of relationships. A social studies textbook teaches:

Humans are born, they become individuals in the process of socialization. Socialization is the process of the influence of society and its structures on them throughout the life of individuals, as a result of which people accumulate social experience of life in a particular society, become individuals ...

Socialization- the process of assimilation by an individual of patterns of behavior, psychological attitudes, social norms and values, knowledge, skills that allow him to successfully function in society.

Everyone goes through socialization in one way or another. But you must admit, it is difficult to call such a successful social unit bright personality or strong personality? She is just the same impersonal, always replaceable - after all, another actor can play a social role “in the model”, whether it be the role of an employee of the company or the role of a spouse. So, as a set of masks, personality was understood in antiquity.

Very often, personality is understood as individuality. Indeed, each person is individual - he has unique features, both externally and internally. If the qualities of character and psychological traits can be somehow typified, then their combination in each person will be individual.

But is individuality personality? Individual traits are quite random in a person: some are innate, others are acquired during upbringing or as a reaction to some circumstances of life ... Often a bouquet of diseases is “individual” - both physical and psychological.

Individuality is almost independent of a person, and it is pointless to worry about the "development" of individuality. Even if some of our reactions will coincide with the reactions of some group, there will still be those that will not. And it is not clear, in fact, how to develop here?

A person defiantly sticking out his “otherness”, trying his best to be “not like everyone else”, looks ridiculous, and he can hardly be called strong personality It is rather a manifestation of infantilism. And speaking in the language of the aforementioned textbook, he has not yet matured to socialization or has undergone desocialization, which is rightly considered degradation.

Personality is inner freedom and originality

Personality is deliverance from the laws of necessity, not subject to the domination of nature, the ability to freely determine oneself. Man in most cases acts on natural impulses; he is conditioned by his temperament, his character, his heredity, his cosmic or sociopsychic environment, even his own "historicity."

But the truth of a person is beyond all conditioning, and his dignity lies in the possibility of freeing himself from his nature: not in order to destroy it or leave it to itself like an ancient or oriental sage, but in order to transform it.

(N.O. Lossky)

This view of the individual and on arose in the 4th century in Christian theology, and in one way or another was present in the minds of the European peoples and among us. He is present even now. Our mentality is irreversibly Christianized, regardless of our attitude towards this religion. Would you agree that our vague ideas about personality correspond to this description?

In Eastern philosophical systems, for example, in India, China, Tibet, Japan, the ideas about a person are completely different. There, “I” is what needs to be got rid of, and the true essence of a person is impersonal and must be dissolved in the Absolute. I was always amazed in Chinese films, for example, how much the value of the individual is absent there, respect for her and her freedom is wild for our eyes ...

Christian and post-Christian humanistic philosophy affirms the god-like personality, the unconditional value of the personality of each person and its uniqueness. The main personality traits are freedom and self-determination, are recognized as an inalienable human need, realized after he breaks out of the shackles of natural and social conventions.

And when we talk about a Personality, we mean a person who has managed to say his word or do a deed that exceeds what is available to everyone in the "natural" order of things. This is not just an individuality, but a realized originality that has revealed its potential and presented the world with something new - an accomplished person. A. Maslow called such people self-actualized personalities.

Basic personality traits

Autonomy and independence

Independence and independence are an indispensable feature of a mature personality in every sense of these words. First of all, psychological independence, secondly, independence of thinking. The views and actions of such a person are determined only by himself, if he follows the accepted norms, then he does it consciously to achieve his goals, and is not a slave to the norms. In other words - personality is internally free. She calmly endures loneliness and even at times strives for it.

Creativity

Creativity is the creation of something fundamentally new. Creativity can be realized in various areas of life - not necessarily in art.

activity, purposefulness

A mature Personality knows exactly what she wants and achieves it. Such a person is the master of his life, possessing a strong character and a developed will. He is not exchanged for meaningless and idle activities.

Appropriateness, sense of humor

A wise attitude to life does not allow a person to indulge in excessive emotions for insignificant reasons and “make an elephant out of a fly”. The personality is not fixated on itself, its attention is directed outside - to business, other people or knowledge. A healthy sense of humor helps to calmly cope with everyday troubles.

Commitment to development

A person always learns, realizing that "there is no limit to perfection." Such a trait as openness to the new is well known to us from children, but, unfortunately, growing up, a person often freezes in the narrow framework of a hastily formed picture of the world. A personality cannot be "frozen" - it is dynamic and never rests on its laurels.

A clear system of values ​​and moral guidelines

A person easily makes choices based on his value system and thanks to this he quickly moves forward. Distinguishing between good and evil, right and wrong, fair and unfair are essential personality traits. Even if she is mistaken in certain moments of this understanding, the main direction of movement will still be positively moral. It is difficult to imagine an "evil" person. Evil comes from inferiority and weakness.

A personal mission that goes beyond selfish interests

Her goals are not limited to personal ones, but include caring for others, fulfilling a certain mission through her talents. You can even say about her love for people and that only a mature person is capable of.

Responsibility for yourself and your life

It is difficult to imagine a person who is looking for the reasons for what is happening to her outside of himself. - that does not cancel a reasonable consideration of the circumstances.

Courage and loyalty

A person can stand up for himself, defend his beliefs and positions, go against individuals and even society, if necessary. Yes, in some cases she can lose, but never give up. This is not blind stubbornness or selfishness, but also what a person considers "right cause"

Dignity and self-respect

Respect for oneself and, as a result, respect for others is an integral quality of a person. A mature person has a dignity that has nothing to do with pride.

I hope I didn’t forget anything in the Personality Characteristics? I was based for the most part on the theory of A. Maslow, but agree that when we talk about Personality, we mean about these features? We mean people who managed to leave their mark - in history or in the souls of other people, those who are remembered, who are cited as an example. Maybe they are criticized - but they do not leave indifferent.

Personality is not just the presence of individuality, but the unique contribution of a person, and the contribution is not only some kind of discovery, work or deed. Not all those who happened to participate in history are remembered personally, remembering their deeds - but the Personality itself is remembered. And it doesn’t matter if it was a great statesman, scientist or artist - or it was the neighbor’s great-grandmother, who had such wisdom that the whole district went to her for advice, and she is remembered even after her death.

Can anyone become a person?

Yes, the scale of personality can be different, but the essence is the same. And to be honest, each of us wants to be a Personality, "so that later it would not be excruciatingly painful for the aimlessly lived years." It is the life of a person that can be called an accomplished life. Yes, everyone wants - but why do only a few become personalities? Why are depersonalizing spiritual practices and philosophy of the East in such fashion now?

The good news is that absolutely anyone can become an individual, potentially we are all individuals. There are no innate or acquired qualities and circumstances that could seriously hinder or help us in the formation of personality. The secret here is only one thing - with our free will. It is in the freedom of self-determination that the secret of personality lies. It is impossible to teach to be a person, to instill or nurture these qualities. They depend only on the choice of the person himself. And his own will also interferes with him, leaning towards the “easy path”.

The second bad news is that it is difficult to become a person. But if we agree that it is difficult to become a good professional in some area and are ready to spend time and effort on this, because this determines our social status and wages, then why not spend them on something that determines our whole life - ourselves as people?

When the choice is made, then first of all, a long work is needed to build a worldview, to become an active position, to destroy those mental and volitional models that pull into oblivion, onto an impersonal easy path. It will take time and work, you can’t wake up as a person one day, or decide - and immediately become one.

Moreover, even after the "maturation" of the personality, the process of its development continues - after all, a person is amazing, there is infinity in him, and this unique infinity can endlessly unfold and be realized in the creativity of life. Agree, the game is worth the candle?

I have an idea for a marathon or a personal development training. Your opinion is very important - do you think it is worth starting this? How many people are willing to leave the safe haven of "existence" and start living, give up the comfort of reactive irresponsibility and choose the path of self-actualization?

A. Maslow believes that the need for self-actualization is inherent in everyone and is the highest human need, and at the same time, only 0.5-1% of people embark on this path, and the rest are enthusiastically engaged in the endless satisfaction of lower needs, remaining at the end of life " with nothing”… For some reason, it seems to me that among my readers there are more than 0.5-1% of such people. I look forward to your comments and suggestions, and see you again!

© Nadezhda Dyachenko

Features of behavior, communication, attitudes towards people, objects, work, things show the character traits that an individual possesses. According to their totality, an opinion about a person is determined. Such clichés as "the soul of the company", "bore", "pessimist", "cynic" are the result of an assessment of a person's character traits. Understanding how character is structured helps in building relationships. And this applies to both their own qualities and others.

Human character traits: classification.

2. Other people

• Closeness-sociability. It shows the openness of a person, his looseness, how easy it is for him to make acquaintances, how he feels in a new company, team.
• truthfulness-falsity. Pathological liars lie even in trifles, hide the truth, easily betray. There are people who embellish reality, most often they do it because reality seems boring or not bright enough to them.
• Independence-conformity. This quality shows how a person. Whether he relies on his experience, knowledge, opinion, or follows someone's lead and it is easy to suppress him.
• Rudeness-politeness. Anger, inner feelings make a person rude. Such people are rude in queues, public transport, disrespectful to subordinates. Politeness, although it refers to positive character traits, can have a selfish background. It can also be an attempt to avoid confrontation.

3 things

• neatness-slovenliness. Creative mess or meticulous cleanliness in the house can show how neat a person is. You can also characterize it by its appearance. Sloppy people often arouse antipathy, and there are not always those who want to see a broad soul behind external absurdity.
• thrift-negligence. You can evaluate a person by his attitude to the accumulated property, borrowed items. Although this trait of a person ended up in the material group, it can also manifest itself in relation to people.
• greed-generosity. To be called generous, it is not necessary to be a philanthropist or give the last. At the same time, excessive generosity is sometimes a sign of irresponsibility or an attempt to "buy" someone else's favor. Greed is expressed not only in relation to other people, but also to oneself, when a person, out of fear of being left without money, saves even on trifles.

4. Self

• exactingness. When this personality trait is clearly expressed, two extremes appear. A person who is demanding of himself is often just as strict with others. He lives by the principle "I could, so others can." He may not be tolerant of other people's weaknesses, not realizing that each is individual. The second extreme is built on uncertainty. A person tortures himself, considering himself insufficiently perfect. A striking example is workaholism.
• Self-criticism. A person who knows how to criticize himself has a healthy. Understanding, accepting and analyzing your achievements and defeats helps in the formation of a strong personality. When the balance is disturbed, either self-blame is observed.
• Modesty. It must be understood that modesty and are different concepts. The first is based on the value system instilled during education. The second is a call to development. In a normal state, modesty is manifested in moderation, calmness, knowledge of the measure in words, expression of emotions, financial spending, etc.
• Egoism and egocentrism. Similar concepts, but the feature here is egoism, but egocentrism is a way of thinking. think only of themselves, but use others for their own purposes. Egocentrics are often misanthropes and do not need others, believing that no one is worthy of them.
• Self-esteem. Shows how a person feels internally. Outwardly, it is expressed in a high assessment of their rights and social value.

Assessment of personality and types of characters.

In addition to the main character traits that are formed in the system of relations, psychologists also distinguish other areas:

• Intellectual. Resourcefulness, curiosity, frivolity, practicality.
• Emotional. Passion, sentimentality, impressionability, irascibility, cheerfulness.
• Strong-willed. Courage, perseverance, determination.
• Moral. Fairness, responsiveness, .

There are motivational traits-goals that drive a personality, determine its guidelines. As well as instrumental traits-methods, they show exactly what methods the desired will be achieved. So, for example, a girl may appear when she persistently and proactively seeks her lover.

Gordon Allport put forward a theory about what character traits are. The psychologist divided them into the following types:

• dominant. They determine the behavior of the individual as a whole, regardless of the sphere, and at the same time influence other qualities or even overlap them. For example, kindness or greed.
• Ordinary. They are also expressed in all . These include, for example, humanity.
• Minor. They do not particularly affect anything, often stemming from other traits. For example, diligence.

There are typical and individual personality traits. Typical ones are easy to group, noticing one of the dominant qualities or a few minor ones, you can “draw” a personal portrait as a whole, determine the type of character. This helps to predict actions, better understand a person. So, for example, if an individual has responsiveness, then most likely he will come to the rescue in a difficult situation, support, listen.

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Positive and negative character traits.

Personality is a balance of positive and negative qualities. In this regard, everything is conditional. For example, it is considered a bad property, but some psychologists argue that it can become an incentive to work on yourself or improve your life. The distortion of positive traits, on the contrary, can lead to their transformation into negative qualities. Persistence develops into obsession, initiative into self-centeredness.

It is necessary to highlight the strengths and weaknesses of character, they often have to be remembered when filling out a resume. They terrify many, because it can be difficult to evaluate oneself. Here's a little cheat sheet:

• Weak. Formality, irritability, shyness, impulsiveness, inability to remain silent or say "no".
• Strong. Perseverance, sociability, patience, punctuality, organization, determination.
• Negative., vindictiveness, cruelty, parasitism.
• Positive. Kindness, sincerity, optimism, openness, peacefulness.

Character traits are formed in childhood, but at the same time they can change, transform depending on life circumstances. It's never too late to change what you don't like about yourself.

In everyday life, we often mention the character of a person: "light", "good" or, conversely, "heavy". What is character and whether it can be changed, we will tell in detail.

What is a person's character

Translated from Greek, character is translated as “seal”, “chasing”, that is, on the one hand, it is a distinctive sign, and on the other, something stable and inherent in a particular subject or object.

In psychology character is a set of persistent individual personality traits that determines the type of behavior and the form of relationships with other people.

Character traits, as personality traits, are as follows:

• its components have a long-term effect, stability, do not change quickly and easily;
• character has an applied value, it determines the actions of a person in all spheres of life.

A person can show heroism, cowardice, be anxious, aggressive or soft, weak-willed. If such manifestations occur frequently and are clearly expressed outside, then they will say about a person: “He has such a character.”

When a kind-hearted and gentle personality flares up under certain conditions, manifests, then others will not call it a character, rather, they will attribute it to specific circumstances.

Knowing the nature of a person allows you to predict his behavior and actions in various situations, as well as correct them if necessary. We always know in advance who we can turn to for help, with whom it is not scary to enter into risky ventures: "He cannot do it differently, such a character."

Character traits: general information

Not every feature of a person can be attributed to his stable permanent trait of character. We have already said that a good-natured person can flare up, and for example, an optimist can fall into melancholy. But we will not describe the first as an aggressor, and the second as a whiner.

In psychology, there are three leading groups of character traits, which together make it up.

1st group of traits - attitude towards oneself

This group includes both positive and negative characteristics that show the attitude of the individual towards himself, her.

Inner dignity, honor, pride, self-criticism, appropriate modesty, adequate.

Lines with a minus sign- vanity, inflated conceit and self-esteem, pride (not to be confused with pride), resentment, shyness (not to be confused with modesty).

Group 2 - attitude towards others

Characteristics that show the basis of the relationship of the individual with other people - in the family, in the team, in the circle of friends.

Character traits with a plus sign- Responsiveness, respect, communicativeness, sensitivity, readiness to help, ability to work in a team, decency.

Lines with a minus sign- callousness, contempt for others, snobbery, rudeness, neglect, isolation, callousness, individualism.

3rd group of traits - attitude to activity

This group combines character traits related to their work, profession, work in general.

Character traits with a plus sign- industriousness, activity, responsibility, inclination to creativity, initiative.

Lines with a minus sign- laziness, procrastination, irresponsible attitude to business, lack of initiative, passivity.

Based on a sample of these characteristics, a portrait of a person can be drawn up.

Features of the formation of a person's character

For a long time, philosophers believed that character is an innate human trait. That is, he is born already with a certain set of qualities that do not change in the process of formation. Today this view is not supported. It has been proven that character is formed throughout life and depends on upbringing, environment, entry into a certain social group, professional activity, etc.

For the first time, the idea of ​​a significant influence on the character of external factors was expressed by the scientist D. Locke, who argued that psychophysical properties and education affect the formation of character equally.

Modern science (last century) supports this hypothesis.

According to researchers, the impact:

• labor education;
• personal example;
• physical education;
• self-development;
• moral and ethical education;
• proper habit formation.

Regardless of age, the process of character formation is exposed to the information field, including the perceived by the person:

cultural values, ideology cultivated in society;

a personal example of respected people for a particular personality;

public opinion and judgments widespread in society;

literature, television, cinema, theater.

A mature, thinking person can also engage in the correction of his character. Thus, the formation of character occurs throughout life.

Three main factors influence its changes.:

• physiological (gender,);
• social (education, culture, family, school, team);
• personal (self-development, self-education).

The first stage of character development is early infancy. At this level, it is very important to give the child love, care, give a lot of attention, because it is here that the emotional component is formed for the rest of his life.

Further development of personality occurs in early preschool age. The child learns and copies the behavior patterns of adults nearby. Direct teaching with appropriate emotional reinforcement (praise) is important. It is at this age that such traits as kindness, responsiveness, diligence are formed.

In primary school age, the main role is played by the assessment of the actions and actions of the baby by adults, the concepts of “good” and “bad” are instilled. There are character traits related to work: responsibility, punctuality.

Adolescents are actively developing moral and ethical standards and a strong-willed sphere. By the end of schooling, the character, as a rule, is already formed, then it is only corrected.

Relationship between temperament and character

Character and temperament are often equated, but they are different concepts.

In psychology, there are different points of view on this issue.:

• both concepts are identical;
• temperament is a part, a core of character;
• the two concepts are antagonists;
• temperament is the natural basis of character.

Temperament is more closely related to the properties of the human nervous system and is directly conditioned by them. The character is greatly influenced by society and upbringing. If the character is subject to correction, then temperament is an innate property that remains with a person for life.

The social environment in which the individual grew up and lives has a strong influence on the character, while the temperament remains unchanged. The content of a person’s actions depends on the character, and only their manner and style depend on the temperament.

Important: temperament cannot be assessed as “good”, “bad”, but the character consists of those traits that can be regarded as positive or negative.

The type of temperament and character are connected and interact with each other in a single image of a person, forming an inseparable alloy - a characteristic of his personality.

What are the types of character

In psychology, there are several classifications of character types. One of the most famous is the typology proposed by the American psychoanalyst Alexander Lowen.

Character type	Its characteristics
Oral	A person has a sharp change, dependence on others is expressed. , a tendency to melancholy and, fear of being rejected, low self-esteem.
Masochistic	A person who loves to suffer has a very high sensitivity. There is intuition. They are not sure of themselves, they are closed.
Hysterical	A high level of ambition, the ability to control behavior and actions. Arrogance, rational thinking. Developed emotions with the ability to contain them.
Schizoid	Very low self-esteem, lack of control over emotions and their inadequacy. affective disorders.
psychopathic	Desire to dominate, increased anxiety. Prevalence of image issues over internal content. Preoccupation with control over circumstances.
Narcissistic	Self-confidence, high ambitions. Aggressiveness, assertiveness, arrogance, perseverance.

Also in psychology, individuals are divided into introverts (closed) and extroverts (sociable).

One more typology of characters can be distinguished.

Character type	Its characteristics
Hyperthymic	The person is very sociable, "talkative", with pronounced facial expressions. Lots of initiative and energy, but easily loses temper.
distymny	Pessimists are introverts. They have a heightened sense of justice, the circle of friends is very limited. Difficult to make decisions, slow.
Excitable	Power-hungry, love conflict situations. Very unpleasant in communication. In a calm state they are attentive and pedantic, in an excited state they are aggressive and irritable.
stuck	An arrogant person, loves to teach others, considers himself smart. Excessive demands on oneself and other people
alarming	The person is extremely insecure, afraid of disputes and conflicts. Looking for support everywhere.
Demonstrative	Protective, adaptable. Schemer. They can cause irritation due to their self-confidence. Born entertainers, boastful, hypocritical.

The psychological character of a person

Character is one of the components of the psychological portrait of a person. But it alone is not enough to form a full-fledged opinion about a person, which is necessary, for example, for hiring for a responsible job or a conscious choice in personal life.

At the same time, you need to determine the temperament of a person.

There are four in total:

• sanguine. A person with a stable nervous system is quite mobile and balanced. The processes of excitation and inhibition of the nervous system quickly appear and also quickly decline. Optimistic, sociable. Of the minuses - capable of irresponsibility and frivolity.
• choleric. Very mobile nervous system. Excited quickly, but cools down slowly. Extremely restless, always have to do something, energetic. Cons - conflict, aggressive, quick-tempered.
• phlegmatic person. The nervous system is very stable and balanced, but not dynamic. Cannot switch from one theme to another, does not work at "high speeds". But the result will be impressive - everything is thought out to the smallest detail. Reliable, responsible. Cons - clumsy, dryish in communication.
• melancholic. The nervous system is very weak, vulnerable, impressionable. Soft, sensitive people. Cons - low efficiency, suspiciousness, isolation.

As the third component within the framework of the psychological portrait, the abilities of the individual are considered.:

• general, formed under the influence of intellect. This is the flexibility of the mind, diligence, the ability to adapt.
• special, appealing to a certain direction: on oneself personally, on communication, on the completion of a task.

To draw up a psychological portrait, the following are also taken into account: intellectuality, emotionality, feelings, communication skills, self-esteem.

The social nature of personality

The concept of social character was introduced into science by E. Fromm.

The social nature of personality is a set of traits that occurs in people who are part of the same social group. Moreover, these special features appeared under the influence of common experiences and an identical lifestyle.

The psychologist has developed two types of social characters: unfruitful and fruitful.

Barren

These types are called unfruitful because they are “takers”, who believe that the good can only be obtained from outside.

fruitful type

This is a kind of humanistic ideal to which one should aspire. It is characterized by: relying on one's own strengths and using them both to receive benefits and to give back to other people. A fruitful social character gives, not receives; it is based on love, the highest degree of which is maternal love, which knows no selfishness.

Hidden and explicit accentuation of the character of the individual

Accentuation refers to the dominant personality traits, that is, some signs are moderately developed in us, while others are excessively developed.

As a result of accentuation (from the word "accent", i.e. strengthening), the personality becomes disharmonious.

Strengthening individual traits:

• determine the vulnerability of a person, are his weak point, "Achilles' heel";
• limits the ability of a person in certain areas of activity.

For example, a personality with an accentuation of weak will can be used by people and is completely unsuitable for working in leadership positions.

Accentuation is not a psychological or mental deviation, but an extreme version of the norm.

There are several reasons for this:

• the dominance of one trait is formed only at certain stages of development, it can be minimized with age;
• accentuation does not always appear, but only under certain circumstances;
• accentuation does not prevent a person from adapting in society, with the exception of a number of restrictions that we mentioned above.

Depending on the dominance of one of the character traits, the following types are distinguished:

Type of accentuation	Characteristic
Demonstrative	The desire to be in the spotlight: "at the wedding of the groom, at the funeral of the dead." Behavior deliberate, boasting.
Pedantic	Caution, fear of change, thoroughness, thoughtfulness.
Excitable	Very impulsive behavior. Lives impulses, instincts, drives.
Hyperthemic	Always cheerful, active, eager for life. Sociable, optimistic, easily overcomes difficulties.
stuck	Long remembers grievances and troubles, vindictive, petty
dysthymic	Pessimist, always sad and gloomy. Concentrated on the dark sides of life.
Cyclothymic	The swings from lust for life to pessimism are frequent and regular.
Exalted	A violent reaction to any event, a state of delight to universal sadness.
emotive	High sensitivity, sincerity, tearfulness.
alarming	Anxiety for any reason and for no reason. Alertness, timidity, uncertainty.

Accentuation is considered explicit in cases where it accompanies a person most of the time, almost always.

If the dominance of any trait appears in stressful or critical situations, then the accentuation is called hidden.

People don't look alike. Everyone has their own model of behavior in society. Someone easily converges with people, finds common themes, has the interlocutor to communicate. Another person looks at others for a long time, carefully selects the object of communication, ponders the course of the conversation, and so on.

Everything depends on the character. Character is the model of human behavior, his reaction to the world, his inner state. Character develops as a result of hereditary qualities and upbringing.

A person lives in a society of people and his attitude towards others plays a significant role. The quality of life of society, its civilization depends on this.

Sociability, kindness, responsiveness. It is difficult and unpleasant to communicate with a rude, indifferent, cynical person.

In order to live, everyone must work, thereby earning a livelihood for himself and his family.

Certain character traits help to succeed in this.

To succeed, you need to have some talents - creative thinking, perseverance, hard work, courage in making decisions. People who are proactive and conscientious are valued. In team work, it is important to trust employees. Performance is a valuable quality.

Character can be changed because it is influenced by the environment of communication.

For example, an optional person who is easy on given promises can turn into a responsible employee if the success of the enterprise and the lives of other people depend on his decisions and actions in the service. This is especially evident in the professions of firefighters, doctors, judges, where the fate and lives of people are decided.

Kretschmer gave the original classification of a person's character according to body type:

Picnics are burly men in a certain stage of obesity. Facial features are disproportionate to parts of the body, small. They are sociable, positive, generous. Negative character traits include a tendency to depression in a difficult life situation.

Asthenics are thin tall individuals with an elongated face. These are closed uncommunicative people. They prefer loneliness, they are often rude, greedy, stubborn. But it is the asthenics who have a developed mind and talent for science.

Athletes are physically developed and attractive, but not emotional people. Among them there are both good and evil.

Negative character traits

There are people who try to make money in dubious ways. At the same time, people who trusted the deceiver suffer from deceit, who are responsible for the result of dishonest behavior.

The successes and failures of a person largely depend on what place in society he assigns to you. If he behaves confidently and calmly, this causes respect and sympathy. A person who adequately responds to constructive criticism behaves with dignity.

A person should cherish and appreciate the good that he has

Modesty, as you know, is also one of the most worthy personality traits.

Mutual assistance is good only if it comes from a pure heart, without the expectation of a reciprocal action. A person should cherish and appreciate the good that he has. You cannot demand and expect incredible luck from life without doing anything to achieve great results. but without stinginess.

The role of education in the formation of character

It plays an important role in shaping a person's character. A child from childhood takes an example from his parents. If they behave incorrectly in relation to relatives, to work, to politics, the child absorbs all this and learns the wrong model of behavior. Over time, this model develops into a character.

Growing up, a person introduces into his behavior the views instilled in him by his father and mother. The child should be brought up in open, simple and logical ideas about life for his understanding. If adults say one thing and do the opposite, the child is lost in concepts and becomes hypocritical. At first, he cannot understand such a situation. But, since adults do not explain to him intelligibly why they are lying, he accepts this model of behavior and also learns to lie.

Temperament and character

These concepts are related, but not identical. Temperament is related to the human psyche. These are his innate characteristics. The variety of personality types forms special personal relationships in society. If the character is formed in the environment of communication, then a person is born with a special temperament. It can be guessed in a person from a very early age by behavior.

There are 4 types of temperaments:

Melancholics are vulnerable nervous people. It is difficult for them to converge with people, they do not like to devote to their problems. They often become depressed, if not helped to cope with this condition, the melancholic can commit suicide. Such people are influenced by the environment. If there are good people around the melancholic, he feels great. This temperament is often possessed by scientists, artists, writers. Such children do not like noisy games.

Cholerics are sociable, mobile, inquisitive. The energy of a child - a choleric must be directed in the right direction. He must attend sports sections, dance clubs. Otherwise, his activity may find a way out in bad rash acts. Cholerics are born leaders, they strive to stand out from the crowd, to lead. They have a certain perseverance, they are greedy, some strive for quick dishonest earnings. Choleric people are prone to reincarnations, among them there are many talented actors. The tendency to pretense is manifested from childhood.

Sanguine people are balanced calm people. You can rely on them - in a difficult situation, they will always find a way out. They are not afraid of difficulties, rarely subject to bad habits. They are guided by common sense in everything. Sanguine people do not like loneliness, they like to communicate with people, they have a good sense of humor. They have almost no negative character traits.

Phlegmatic people are mentally stable. Their strengths are intelligence. Restraint, composure. They do not like sudden changes in life.

There must be a golden mean in character. It should be distinguished in the assessment of a person:

• frugality from greed,
• modesty from isolation,
• restraint from indifference.

Before proceeding with the classification and enumeration of character traits, it is necessary to understand what character is. In Greek, "character" is a difference, a sign, a sign. From the point of view of psychology, character is a certain set of personal properties that determine a person's actions in various situations and form him as an individual.

There is an old saying: "Sow a deed - you reap a habit; sow a habit - you reap a character; sow a character - you reap a destiny." This saying briefly and succinctly reflects the place that character occupies in the life and destiny of a person. Therefore, it is so important to know what character traits people have in order to learn to understand their influence on the resolution of various, and especially conflict, situations.

Classification of character traits

Conventionally, character traits can be divided into three main groups:

• emotional;
• strong-willed;
• intellectual.

According to the direction of impact, the features are also divided into the following subgroups:

• attitude to the outside world - people and society;
• attitude towards oneself personally;
• attitude to activities - training and work.

The most basic character traits, especially those related to the emotional group, are formed in early childhood - at the stage of formation of the child's psyche and depend on many factors. Not the last role is played by the natural predisposition of a person, which is influenced by hereditary characteristics and temperament. But the main influence is the environment.

It is in childhood that positive and negative traits of a person's character are laid in the process of acquiring experience of interaction with the outside world. Then, throughout life, the formation of individual features continues, and new ones may appear. And if at first this process takes place on an unconscious, reflex level, then with the acquisition of awareness, and depending on its level, a person has a choice. When this choice is realized, the opportunity opens up for the transformation of character, which is otherwise called personal growth.

Main character traits

Today, there are several hundred definitions of various character traits. Moreover, they can coexist in one person in a variety of combinations. Depending on the direction of influence, such traits can have both positive and negative consequences of their influence. Therefore, it is very difficult to say with absolute certainty that these are bad character traits, and these are good ones. In most cases, it makes sense to talk about certain sets of properties that in a certain situation can have a great influence on the consequences of solving certain problems, defined as positive or negative, which again will be to a certain extent a subjective opinion.

And yet, let's try to compile a list of the main character traits that are formed in the early stages of development and therefore relate more to the emotional group, conditionally dividing them not into bad and good, but, say, into positive and negative traits of a person's character, as is commonly believed from the public point of view. - a moral point of view.

Negative character traits

Anger. This is an emotional trait that can be expressed in a negative attitude of any direction - to oneself, people, and even to work. If this is not a periodic, but a constant reaction, most likely its roots are in a deep childhood resentment.

Pride. In religion, such a feature is even considered one of the grave sins. Because a person in whom this quality is manifested very strongly loses the ability to adequately assess and make the right decisions. Such a person ends up harming both others and himself.

Selfishness. This is a negative trait that concentrates and generates a whole host of others. In fact, it can become the quintessence of all unseemly character traits, but, as a rule, it has a negative impact in the direction of attitudes towards other people, while in relation to oneself it is subjectively considered positive.

Jealousy. This character trait is associated with selfishness and pride, since it implies a sense of possessiveness and has a devastating effect not only on others, but also on oneself, since jealousy is blind and therefore can push for very bad deeds.

Greed. It can take different forms: greed for fame, money, things, food, pleasure, etc. Pushes a person to unseemly acts and causes rejection of others.

Envy. A person possessed by envy causes harm, first of all to himself. After all, as they say, envy eats from the inside, sharpens like a worm. It can also bring great harm to the object of envy if the owner of such a trait sets out in some way to restore the apparent disequilibrium in his favor.

Cruelty. This trait, in any form, brings only destruction and suffering to those it is directed at. Psychologists believe that it is a manifestation of lack of will. It can be added that often a cruel person is guided by fear and self-doubt.

Positive character traits

It is believed that all character traits have their antipode. Therefore, let's see what are the character traits that are the opposite of those listed above.

Kindness. Unlike an evil person, you want to communicate with a good person. Kindness also implies such traits as selflessness and participation. Is it because good people are so often used for their own purposes by those who are dominated by negative character traits? Think about it.

Humility. Some do not like this quality, because for some reason it is considered slave. In fact, this is a very good trait that can work wonders - for example, stop destructive conflicts, nullify feuds and useless showdown.

Altruism. This is the complete opposite of selfishness. An egoist will never understand an altruist, but an altruist will understand, listen, forgive and even help. An amazing feature that is an endangered species, but in vain.

Confidence. Perhaps it is the most accurate antipode of jealousy, although some argue that its antipode is love. But it is trust, and not gullibility, that is the saving bridge between loving people, which is able to connect them and give true happiness of communication with each other.

Generosity. If it spreads in all directions, it will be a unique personality. This character trait is a blessing for others, and if it is from the bottom of the heart, then for its owner.

Goodwill. Although this trait is associated with kindness, it is more of an outward manifestation than envy, which is always secret. Goodwill blesses and attracts if it is sincere and is a character trait, and not a show.

Mercy. One of the best character traits of a person. We can safely say that this world is based on mercy, as one of the forms of universal love. By developing this trait, a person is enriched spiritually.

Other character traits

There are many other character traits that can be emotional, strong-willed or intellectual. They are developed already in the period of adulthood and are based on life experience. This is how curiosity and thoughtfulness, determination and independence appear. At the same time, character strengths can enhance both positive and negative traits. For example, assertiveness combined with anger can lead to a destructive effect, and combined with kindness can lead to the salvation of another person. It is not in vain that they say that there are as many characters as there are people, and in fact, even knowing many of the character traits of a particular person, it is impossible to predict one hundred percent his behavior in a particular situation.

Is it possible to change your character traits

Changing your traits only makes sense in a positive direction. After all, in the end, all positive traits lead to creation and improvement, and negative traits to destruction and annihilation. But for this it is necessary first to come to the realization that negative traits do exist, and thereby complicate the life of the individual. And very few succeed.

Before you begin to make a judgment about the character traits of a particular person, you need to have a clear idea of ​​\u200b\u200bwhat the properties of human nature are in general. Let's start to act according to the list of human character traits and according to a clear gradation, dividing the character according to the principle of black and white, that is, into its positive and negative features.

Negative properties of human nature

Adventurism is often called a negative quality of human nature. Indeed, excessive enthusiasm for various adventures does not lead to anything good - at best, a person sprays his life into chasing unrealizable dreams and implementing chaotic projects.

However, healthy adventurism is necessarily inherent in a successful businessman - without it, innovation in entrepreneurial activity and corresponding commercial success are impossible. If you follow this path, then you can highlight other, in principle, negative character traits that a successful person definitely needs.

Here they are: authoritarianism (the leader’s decision should not be challenged), gambling (the desire to earn money in unusual ways, the ability to take risks), as well as greed (again, the desire to gain financial success) and some kind of unscrupulousness, which is indispensable in big business. However, a certain balance will be important here, which will not allow a successful business person to turn into a complete villain.

However, let's leave business aside and move on to the character traits of ordinary people.

What are the negative traits of a person's character?

• Let's start with pride, which in many religious movements is generally regarded as a mortal sin. A man possessed by pride thinks that the world exists only for his sake and that everything is done according to his whims and for his pleasure. Such a proud person is able to cause a lot of pain to his loved ones and never find his place in life;
• It is impossible to call a positive quality of human disposition and excessive lust for power. The desire to tell others what to do and how to do it does not cause sympathy;
• Selfishness and vanity are also negative traits - concentration on one's needs and excessive boasting of one's often dubious achievements irritates and makes communication with a person of such a warehouse extremely difficult;
• A jealous person is able to poison the life of a loved one, turn a cozy family nest into a hotbed of scandals and even reach a crime, therefore, excessive jealousy in character is considered one of his worst properties;
• It is worth getting rid of resentment and envy. Envy is capable of undermining the soul from the inside, forcing you to wish other people bad - that's why the stable expression "envy in black" appeared. Resentment is bad because a person goes inside himself, reveling in a sense of resentment, and does not look for ways to solve a conflict or problem situation at all;
• Cruelty and vindictiveness are considered the two most negative properties of human nature. Rigidity is the reverse side of another negative character trait - lack of will. A person tries to restore his lost status quo by violence and pain to the people around him;
• The negative qualities of human nature also include: callousness, extravagance, stinginess, suspiciousness, malice, self-criticism and lust.

Positive character traits

What personality traits are considered positive? One of the most important good qualities of human nature is certainty, that is, such a character trait in which a person always knows what to strive for and what he needs to do to achieve the goal.

It is not sprayed on insignificant and insignificant factors, but goes straight along the chosen path:

• Hard work is also an extremely important positive feature in human nature. Without diligence, little can be achieved in life: after all, all its important milestones require regular and careful application of efforts;
• Reasonable vigilance is also necessary for each of us - after all, it will help to draw the right conclusions from the most difficult life situations and teach you how to prevent the occurrence of problems of various kinds in a timely manner;
• Endurance is a quality of character that is difficult to do without in modern life - because it is full of stress, conflict and controversial issues. The ability to endure all the trials of life and be ready to continue on your way is a very, very valuable skill;
• Goodwill is very useful in life. Attitude towards strangers with attention and warmth, sincere concern for them without the desire for profit and reward - decorate a person, make him a worthy person;
• Mindfulness is useful not only in a career and study - this quality will help save a person’s health and even life. It is important to develop this quality in yourself from childhood - an attentive person is most often successful in all areas of life;
• It is important and necessary to show courage in judgments and actions, because how many omissions people make, being afraid to express their opinion openly or show their talent;
• The ability to compassion, according to many philosophers, is able to save the world. One cannot indifferently pass by the sufferings of others and not extend a helping hand to those in need;
• It is also worth learning and decisiveness - it will help you make the most difficult and important decisions in situations where any delay is fatal;
• It is necessary to educate in oneself and respect for other people and learn to respect oneself. Without respect, it is impossible to provide a normal working environment in the office, it is also impossible to create a truly cozy and loving family circle;
• Spiritual generosity is obligatory in a person - the ability to give one's strength, feelings, talents and abilities to others, to share joys and opportunities with them;
• Tenderness and cheerfulness are important for the full existence of the individual in society. The manifestation of touching concern for one's neighbor, a sincere interest in the problems of others bring standard communication to a new, higher and more harmonious level, and the ability to enjoy life in all its manifestations will help to overcome crises and notice the beauty of the world around;
• People should not forget about honor: one should not drop one's dignity in the dirt, humiliate one's own personality with lies or base aspirations. It is important to learn to be honest not only with others, but also with yourself - then most mistakes can be avoided;
• The ability to be grateful is the most magnificent and, unfortunately, an extremely rare positive quality of human nature - and it is precisely this ability that allows others and the person himself to realize the value of his life and talents.

Finally, I would like to note such a positive property of human nature as humility. Humility is taught and called for by various religious and philosophical movements, and this is no accident: after all, it is humility that helps a person to realize his mistakes, not to get hung up on unreasonable and limiting pride, but admitting defeat, to start moving on.

Humility is the highest virtue and an invaluable quality not only of character, but also of the human soul.

It is important to remember that any qualities of a person's character are always reflected on his face and an attentive psychologist is able to draw the right conclusions about a person simply by throwing a cursory glance at a person.

The character of a person and the features of his face are closely related, it is no accident that even a very handsome person with an evil soul quickly ceases to be attractive to others, and a kind and warm look can decorate even the most unsightly appearance.

This connection is considered in more detail by a special science - physiognomy, which is used both in psychology and in forensic science.

Modern recruitment agencies also do not shy away from this science - it allows you to make the recruitment of qualified personnel the most effective.

Character is a manifestation of an emotional reaction in a person's behavior in various relationships and specific situations. The character of a certain person and all his features of the manifestation of qualities are a consequence of upbringing and living conditions in a social society.

Of course, individual adjustment and various life circumstances affect human psychology, but the formation and development of higher mental functions and genetic characteristics are laid down and formed in the womb, so when a person is born, he shows his individual characteristics almost from the first days. Any person can be characterized and assigned a certain type of personality.

Also, you can pay attention to the manifestation of characteristic typical features of different peoples, i.e. there are general definitions of specific nationalities. For example, the character of the Russian is clearly different from other national mentalities.

The temperament of a Russian person:

• “Breadth and generosity of the soul”, which is absent in most nations.
• Patience, perseverance and endurance.
• Craving for justice and compassion.
• Of the negative: laziness, pessimism, hypocrisy and foul language.

It is easy to define a Russian person by temperament, foreign nations associate a Russian person as someone who loves to walk "in a big way", they have always been surprised by the generosity, steadfastness and selflessness of the Russian people. Only a Russian person has an original sense of humor, which perplexes foreign brethren. Many foreign men believe that a Russian woman is the best companion for life, as she has responsiveness, humanity, loyalty and compassion.

Also, a decent barrier for foreigners is the study of the Russian language, it is considered the most difficult due to excessive emotionality and the double meaning of identical words. The qualities in people of the Russian warehouse, their attitude towards other people of the social environment, are more inclined to respect religious traditions. Attitude towards Christianity, observance of religious rites begins with the origins of the formation of the Slavic race.

8 SIGNS YOU ARE LIE! How to recognize a lie?

Individual characteristics in people, the identification of their signs is an indicator of the true face of a Russian person, what qualities and abilities can manifest themselves in non-standard situations of a social society. The psychology of a Russian person, the flexibility of the mind, extraordinary endurance, selflessness, love for the motherland, the manifestation of compassion more than once convinced opponents of their strength and steadfastness.

Classification of character traits

Character traits
emotional	Volitional	Moral	intellectual
Emotionality	persistence	Honesty	Curiosity
Cheerfulness	Independence	Responsiveness	Wits
Impressionability	Uncertainty	Kindness	Resourcefulness
	Determination	Cruelty	Frivolity
	Courage		Thoughtfulness

The psychology of varying degrees of manifestation of the character of each person is individual and is formed throughout life, changing depending on the social environment. There is a certain classification to which a person can be attributed.

List of manifestations in people's behavior and assessment of qualities in social situations.

1. Volitional qualities are features of the properties of a particular person that manifest themselves in non-standard situations (endurance, patience, stubbornness, courage, cowardice, courage, discipline, etc.)
2. Emotional manifestations are the duration of mental processes in a certain person in specific situations (negative, positive, dynamic, neutral, statistical, non-traditional).
3. Intellectual features of an individual person, the quality of a person’s thinking (breadth, depth, flexibility, criticality, stupidity, etc.)

List of manifestations of the qualities of people

Attitude to the surrounding world, divided into four types:

• I'm good - everyone is good.
• I'm good, everyone's bad.
• I'm bad - everyone is good.
• I'm bad - everyone is bad.
• Attitude towards one's personality (self-respect, self-criticism, arrogance, self-esteem, etc.).
• Attitude towards work (laziness, diligence, accuracy, tolerance, negligence, punctuality, responsibility, etc.).
• Attitude in social environment groups (sociability, isolation, truthfulness, deceit, politeness, rudeness, etc.).

Types of human temperament

Temperament is the constant features of the individual behavior of a particular person, which are equally manifested in various activities. There are four types of definitions which are:

1. Sanguine, characterized by increased mobility, working capacity has pronounced mimic emotional manifestations in facial expressions, responsiveness, sociability, balance, optimism, cheerful disposition, fatigue from hard work, carelessness.
2. Choleric - sudden mood swings, irascibility, hysteria, quick appeasement, impulsiveness, outbursts of anger.
3. Melancholic - anxiety, pessimism, vulnerability, excessive worries for any reason, restraint, self-control, distrust of others.
4. Phlegmatic - cold-bloodedness, low activity, prudence, gives the impression of a wise person, always brings the matter to the end.

Human temperament. 4 types of temperament: choleric, sanguine, melancholic, phlegmatic

Manifestations of character traits in men and women

The manifestation of character traits in men

The same character trait in men and women, their attitude to actions is manifested in different emotional reactions, causing completely different feelings.

For example, the touchiness of a woman manifests itself in a man in the form of angry outbursts.

• Women are characterized by manifestations of excessive emotionality, sensitivity, understanding and compassion, practicality, they are more prone to sudden mood swings. The psychology of men, their attitude to values, is based on restraint and the desire for power and leadership. Each period of the era is characterized by the presence of certain qualities in men and women.

The manifestation of character traits in women

• So, for example, the qualities in modern people have minor differences, more and more associations of male and female professions are being formed. Today, it is not uncommon to meet the beautiful half of humanity at the wheel, and the male stylist, hairdresser or conductor, which a few decades ago would have surprised them very much.

The main traits of a person's character are the prevailing stable, innate or acquired qualities that are constantly manifested in the behavior of an individual person. Having learned what signs correspond to a particular person, you can make a psychological portrait, attitude and opinion about him, as well as assign a type of temperament (choleric, sanguine, melancholic, phlegmatic).

Classify what inherent individual qualities in order to determine positive and negative character traits and draw general conclusions. This will help, for example, when applying for a job in choosing a position, and sometimes in choosing a life partner, by determining the criteria that you value.

Negative and positive personality traits

The psychology of any person is the continuous formation of a quality of character, depending on what conditions, therefore it is common for him to show negative traits, they can change depending on what conditions, for worse or better.

There are also permanent negative qualities that appear in an individual person, which do not change throughout life.

Negative character traits can not always be regarded as their negative features and qualities can emphasize dignity:

1. Self-confidence - self-satisfaction, can provoke a craving for efficiency and performance improvement, for the realization of self-satisfaction.
2. Stubbornness provokes the achievement of goals.
3. Selfishness - ignoring others is bad, but trying to please others is not always beneficial. Sometimes you need to think about yourself in order to be able to help others.
4. Envy, some people can provoke them to desire to achieve a better result than others.

There are such character traits in people as cruelty, deceit, hypocrisy, laziness, stinginess, rudeness, gloom, etc., which will never provoke them to good deeds.

Positive and negative character traits of their qualities are present to a greater or lesser extent in every person. Positive ones can cover up negative character traits of an individual person. For example, people are lazy but good-natured or selfish but neat and hardworking, rude but responsive and generous, and so on.

List of positive qualities and their signs:

1. Endurance and patience.
2. Gratitude and Morality.
3. Initiative and ingenuity.
4. Cheerfulness and giftedness.
5. Sensitivity and optimism, etc.

The main character traits in women

List of predominant qualities and their distinctive properties:

The main character traits in men

List of predominant qualities and their properties:

4 main psychotypes of personality. How to determine and recognize the character of a person?