Download presentation on environmental monitoring. Presentation on "ecological foundations of environmental management" on the topic "environmental monitoring". The purpose of environmental monitoring is information support for environmental management and
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The work was completed by Olesya Zakozhurnikova, 10th grade student, Municipal Educational Institution Secondary School No. 13
Environmental monitoring
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Relevance of environmental monitoring
All over the world there is increased public interest in the state of the natural environment. And this is understandable: we entered the 21st century in conditions of a global environmental crisis. The deterioration of the environmental situation on Earth in general and in many industrial countries in the second half of the 20th century led to a revision of environmental concepts of nature conservation, the search for new effective methods for assessing environmental pollution and the state of biota at all levels of its organization.
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Environmental monitoring and its purpose
Environmental monitoring is a system of regular long-term observations in space and time, providing information about the state of the environment in order to assess the past, present and forecast future environmental parameters that are important to humans. The monitoring system itself does not include environmental quality management activities, but is a source of information necessary for making environmentally significant decisions.
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Relevance of public monitoring of the natural environment
In the Russian Federation, monitoring functions are performed by various departments that are not connected with each other. This leads to duplication of efforts, reduces the effectiveness of the entire monitoring system and makes it difficult for both citizens and government organizations to access the necessary information. Therefore, in 1993, a decision was made to create a Unified State Environmental Monitoring System (USESM), which should combine the capabilities and efforts of numerous services to solve the problems of comprehensive monitoring, assessment and forecasting of the state of the environment in the Russian Federation.
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Currently, work on the creation of the Unified State Electrical System is at the project stage
This makes the problem of monitoring the quality of the natural environment quite relevant. In these conditions, every person should be able to study the state of the natural environment, therefore, it is necessary to get involved in research work from an early age, developing skills in assessing the quality of the environment and thereby laying the seeds for future public and popular monitoring.
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Purpose and hypothesis of the work
The purpose of the work is to get acquainted with bioindication as an accessible and reliable method of monitoring, to learn how to use this method to assess the quality of your living environment. I assume that determining the state of the natural environment using indicator organisms, despite the availability of the method, is a rather complex study.
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Object and subject of work
The object of educational research is the method of monitoring and assessing the state of the natural environment using indicator organisms. Subject of the study: a population of indicator plants - young pines growing on the ecological trail in the area of the "School Hill".
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Stages, tasks, methods and predicted results of the work:
Stage I – search and selection of scientific information on the topic “Bioindication – an accessible and reliable method of environmental monitoring of the natural environment (September – October 2009); Stage II – writing an abstract on the topic: “Biodication as a set of methods for searching for information about an ecosystem”, identifying the research problem (November 2009 - December 2009); Stage III – selection of an object and subject of research, study of the methodology for a comprehensive assessment of the natural environment for coniferous trees, familiarization with the results of similar practical work in previous years (January - February 2010); Stage IV – carrying out our own observations in nature (April - May 2010); Stage V – registration of the results of work on the topic “Assessment of the state of the pine population on the School Hill” (May 2010); Stage VI – preparing a presentation on the topic of the work, posting some practical research materials on the school website (June 2010).
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“Biodication as a set of methods for searching for information about the ecosystem” (abstract part)
The abstract contains four chapters that reveal the role of environmental monitoring as a multi-purpose information system for the state, society and an individual. The main part of the abstract is devoted to explaining the essence of biomonitoring, its methods, advantages and disadvantages. In addition, in this part of the work you can get acquainted with the diversity of indicator organisms as objects of monitoring.
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Having completed the abstract, I was convinced that in a comprehensive target system of environmental monitoring, bioindication plays an important role, since in specific environmental conditions this method is the most accessible and reliable. A community, by the speed of development, structure and well-being of which one can judge the general state of the environment, including its natural and artificial changes, is called an indicator community.
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Live indicators
Bioindicators are living organisms, by the presence, condition and behavior of which one can judge the degree of environmental changes, including the presence of pollutants. For research, lower and higher plants, microorganisms, and various types of animals (mink, otter, rodents, etc.) are used. Lichens and mosses are especially sensitive indicators of air pollution.
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Used as indicator organisms
Bacteria Algae, mosses, ferns Invertebrate animals (ciliates, crustaceans, mollusks). By looking at wild plants, one can judge the nature and condition of the soil, because the habitat of plants is determined by such soil properties as moisture capacity, structure, density, temperature, oxygen content, nutrients, heavy metals and salts.
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Advantages of bioindication
Living indicators have significant advantages, sometimes eliminating the use of expensive and labor-intensive physical and chemical methods to determine the degree of environmental pollution. They summarize all, without exception, biologically important data on pollutants, indicate the rate of changes occurring, the paths and places of accumulation of various types of toxicants in ecosystems, and also allow us to judge the degree of harmfulness of certain substances for wildlife and humans. While the instruments of measuring stations determine only those substances for which they are intended.
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Bioindication methods
To assess the significance of environmental factors on living organisms, there are many bioindication methods. Scientists have developed methods such as: comparison of populations with universal standards; comparison of the magnitude of the factor’s impact with the average values of this parameter for the area under consideration; assessment of the degree of pollution based on the composition of bionts; biotesting or the use of biological test objects under controlled conditions to identify and evaluate the effects of factors.
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Conclusions from the abstract
Emphasizing the importance of bioindication studies, it should be noted that bioindication involves identifying existing or ongoing environmental pollution based on the functional characteristics of individuals and the ecological characteristics of communities of organisms. Gradual changes in species composition are formed as a result of long-term poisoning of ecosystems, and they become obvious in the case of far-reaching changes. The species composition of indicator organisms serves as a final characteristic of the toxicological properties of the environment over a certain period of time and does not provide an assessment of it at the time of the study.
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Assessment of the state of the pine population at School Hill (practical study)
The practical part of the work substantiates the relevance of local phytomonitoring in the recreational area of the village of Cheremukhovo, introduces the methodology and results of visual assessment of the quality of the natural environment using the indicator plant - pine.
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Relevance of local phytomonitoring in the recreational area of the village of Cheremukhovo
One of the alarming phenomena in recent years in the life of the forest is the drying out of tree crops. This new type of destruction of forest ecosystems is called “ecological stress.” The cause of “ecological stress” in trees is a whole complex of natural and anthropogenic conditions. Trees that have suffered “environmental stress” are in a state of crisis. This crisis manifests itself in them in anomalies and disorders of growth and development. The ecosystem begins to degrade and eventually dies. Forest degradation in various regions of the world has led to the expansion and deepening of bioindication research. The purpose of these observations is to identify the causes of forest drying based on indicator manifestations of trees.
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“School Hill” – a place for educational research
“School Hill” is one of the most attractive objects located on the ecological trail in the recreational area of our village. For many years, the hill was a favorite vacation spot for schoolchildren both in winter and summer. From the top of this hill you can see the entire village at a glance. It was from here that school graduates remembered the image of their small homeland for the rest of their lives. For more than 8 years, “School Hill” has been a place for educational excursions and exploration of the nature of our native land.
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The purpose of my practical work
Assessment of the population of pine trees growing on the territory of the “School Hill” and identification of the dynamics of the condition of the trees over 7 years, as an indicator of the ecological well-being (ill-health) of the natural environment.
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Stages, tasks and methods of practical work
Stage 1 (March 2010) – familiarization with the methods of visual assessment of the condition of a coniferous tree, traditionally used on environmental excursions; Stage 2 (April and June 2010) – testing methods for phytotesting pine as an indicator plant; Stage 3 (May 2010) – generalization of the results of bioindication of pine trees on the territory of the “School Hill”, carried out by students of grade 11A; Stage 4 (June 2010) – comparative analysis of the results of phytotesting of the pine population over the past 7 years and drawing conclusions
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Result No. 1. Brief description of methods for assessing the condition of coniferous trees.
During excursions along the ecological trail, we study pine populations at different sites using the “Visual inspection of the condition of indicator plants” technique. The author of this technique is N.F. Vinokurova. Its essence is that pine plants are sensitive to both atmospheric and soil pollutants.
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Visible signs of plant damage are not only drying out and necrosis of pine needles, but also other signs:
thinning of the crown due to premature shedding of needles; dry and lifeless bark; red-brown dry top; the appearance of resin on branches and trunks in the covered area of the crown; tortuosity of a woody stem.
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To determine the severity of “environmental stress” that woody vegetation endures, we use a visual rating scale
The scale is compiled in accordance with the requirements of sanitary rules in the forests of the Russian Federation. The author of the methodology “Assessment of environmental pollution based on the state of pine needles” is Erokhina V.I. (1987). The peculiarity of this technique is that the research uses pine needles from the previous year, taken in different places (from different young trees of the test site).
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Phytotesting algorithm:
We select several young pines and examine their needles on the shoots of the previous year. We count the needles of one or two such shoots. We tear off the needles with signs of drying out from these shoots. We examine them for drying of the needles, using the rating scale: class 1 - no dry areas; 2nd class – the tips of the needles have dried out; Class 3 – a third of the length of the needles has dried out; 4th grade - all the needles are yellow or most of them are dry.
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Needle drying classes
1st grade 2nd grade 3rd grade 4th grade
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Classes of needle necrosis
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We draw a conclusion about the state of immunity of pine trees and the degree of pollution of the natural environment in a particular area, comparing the data obtained with average values. The described methods of pine bioindication complement each other most optimally and allow one to assess the state of plant immunity and the quality of the environment.
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1. A visual assessment of pine populations at different sample sites of the ecological trail made it possible to determine the Shkolnaya Gorka area as the most disadvantaged
Visible signs of this problem are the following damage to trees: Many trees have thinned out crowns (under young pines we see prematurely shed green but dry needles). On young branches, dry and lifeless bark is diagnosed by a change in its color. Some plants are characterized by red-brown dry tops (red-brown necrosis of the needles led to the development of pine lateral branches). Resin appeared on the trunks in the covered area of the crown. This trait is most pronounced in this population of pines. The tortuosity of the woody stem in some older pines is a sign of a viral disease they have suffered in the past.
Monitoring (from the English monitoring - tracking, tracking) is a system of observation, assessment and forecast of the environment. The term “monitoring” appeared shortly before the Stockholm UN Conference on the Environment (5-16 June 1972). The basic monitoring scheme was proposed by academician Yu.A. Israel.
Bioecological monitoring Bioecological (biological, sanitary-hygienic, sanitary-toxicological) monitoring includes observations of: the state of the environment; the degree of contamination of natural objects with harmful substances; the impact of these pollutants on humans and biota as a whole (the totality of flora, fauna and microorganisms); for the presence of allergens, pathogenic microorganisms, dust in the environment; the content of nitrogen and sulfur oxides and heavy metals in the atmosphere; over the maintenance of water bodies, the degree of their pollution, etc.
Geoecological monitoring Systemic geoecological (natural and economic) monitoring consists of monitoring: changes in ecological systems (bogeocenoses); for the productivity of biogeocenoses; the dynamics of mineral reserves, water, land and plant resources;
Biosphere monitoring Global biosphere monitoring has the goal of: monitoring the state of the environment on a global scale, monitoring global background changes in nature, forecasting possible changes in the biosphere and the entire geographic envelope as a result of human economic activity.
Biosphere monitoring The objects of biosphere monitoring are: radiation balance, transparency of the atmosphere and its anthropogenic change, world balance and pollution of the World Ocean, large-scale changes in the biochemical cycles of elements and substances (CO 2, O 2, N, P, S, H 2 O, etc. .), energy exchange of the geographical shell with space, global migration of animals (including birds, insects) and plants, climate change on the planet.
Biosphere monitoring In order to conduct background observations, a network of biosphere reserves is being created around the world, on the territory of which production activities that pose a danger to all living things are prohibited. Currently, more than 230 biosphere reserves have been created in 62 countries of the world.
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General concepts about environmental monitoring The term “monitoring” itself first appeared in the recommendations of the special commission SCOPE (scientific committee on environmental problems) at UNESCO in 1971, and in 1972 the first proposals for the Global Environmental Monitoring System appeared (UN Stockholm Conference on the environment).
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General concepts about environmental monitoring The word “monitoring” comes from the Latin monitor - warning. Environmental monitoring is a system of regular long-term observations in space and time, providing information about the state of the environment in order to assess the past, present and forecast environmental parameters that are important to humans.
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General concepts of environmental monitoring The objectives of monitoring are: quantitative and qualitative assessment of the state of air, surface water, climate change, soil cover, flora and fauna, control of wastewater and dust and gas emissions at industrial enterprises; forecasting the state of the environment; informing citizens about changes in the environment.
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General concepts about environmental monitoring The main functions of monitoring are quality control of individual components of the natural environment and identification of the main sources of pollution. Based on monitoring data, decisions are made to improve the environmental situation, new treatment facilities are built at enterprises that pollute the land, atmosphere and water, forest cutting systems are changed and new forests are planted, soil-protective crop rotations are introduced, etc.
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The monitoring system should include the following basic procedures: identification (definition) of the object of observation; examination of the selected observation object; drawing up an information model for the object of observation; measurement planning; assessment of the state of the observation object and identification of its information model; predicting changes in the state of the observed object; presenting information in a user-friendly form and bringing it to the consumer.
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The main goals of environmental monitoring are to provide the environmental management and environmental safety management system with timely and reliable information that allows: to assess indicators of the condition and functional integrity of ecosystems and the human environment; identify the reasons for changes in these indicators and assess the consequences of such changes, as well as determine corrective measures in cases where target indicators of environmental conditions are not achieved; create the preconditions for determining measures to correct emerging negative situations before damage is caused.
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Types and methods of monitoring 1. Biological (using bioindicators - determination of biologically significant loads by the reaction of living organisms and their communities to them). The species that has a narrow amplitude of ecological tolerance in relation to any environmental factor is selected as an indicator. These are mainly plants, because they are not capable of active movement). 2. Remote (aviation, space). Separately, monitoring or screening of the health status of the population is considered.
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Plant resistance to different pollutants varies. Lichens, conifers, wheat, cotton, lettuce, barley, tobacco are very sensitive to low concentrations of sulfur dioxide in the air; resistant to influence - corn, potatoes, roses. Lichens react especially sensitively: first the bushy species disappear, then the leafy ones and, finally, the crustose species. Pine needles in areas of heavy sulfur dioxide contamination acquire a dark red color, which spreads from the base of the needle to its tip; the needle dies and falls off, having existed for only one year. In cereals, due to the effect of sulfur dioxide, light brown or whitish stripes appear on the leaves on both sides of the central vein, which retains a green color.
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There are three levels of territorial coverage of modern monitoring: local (bioecological, sanitary and hygienic); regional (geosystemic, natural-economic); global (biosphere, background),
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And we can also highlight - impact - carried out in particularly hazardous areas directly adjacent to sources of pollutants. - basic - this is monitoring the state of natural systems, which are practically not affected by anthropogenic influences. To carry out basic monitoring, territories remote from industrial regions, including biosphere reserves, are used.
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In the main structural elements of the environment, constant monitoring is carried out for the presence of the following pollutants, the most dangerous for natural ecosystems and humans: in the atmospheric air - oxides of carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, suspended substances (aerosols), hydrocarbons, radionuclides, benzo(a)pyrene; in surface waters - petroleum products, phenols, phosphorus and nitrogen compounds, heavy metals, pesticides, mineral salts, and a complex pH indicator is controlled; in biota - heavy metals, radionuclides, pesticides.
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The impact of harmful physical factors such as radiation, noise, and electromagnetic radiation fields is monitored. First of all, the zones of influence of relevant large sources are controlled, namely nuclear power plants, airports, large industrial and transport centers, power plants and power lines, television and radio centers and repeaters.
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The main directions for studying global monitoring in our country are the study of: global changes (due to pollution) that manifest themselves everywhere, for example, climate change; effects associated with the spread of pollution over long distances, including transboundary transfer, for example, soil acidification under the influence of emissions of sulfur compounds into the atmosphere; results of anthropogenic impacts, which are characterized by a large inertial effect, for example, the effect of accumulation of organochlorine pesticides.
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State environmental monitoring is carried out in order to meet the needs of the state, legal entities and individuals for reliable information about the true state of the environment in our country, necessary for: developing forecasts of socio-economic development and making appropriate decisions; targeted programs in the field of environmental protection and related activities; preventing and (or) reducing the adverse consequences of changes in the OS state. The results of environmental monitoring of the natural environment are included in the content of sectoral inventories of natural resources and are used to make environmentally significant economic and other decisions.
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Monitoring problems In the process of conducting all kinds of research, some problems and disadvantages arise: - atmospheric air. It is not considered a natural resource, so its components, with the exception of carbon dioxide, are not monitored. Meanwhile, there is a decrease in the oxygen content in the air, which disrupts the normal cellular respiration of living organisms; -water resources. Monitoring of water resources is carried out within the framework of the state Water Cadastre. But, despite the fact that accounting of water resources and monitoring of water regimes are carried out according to a unified system, there are significant discrepancies in the values of the same indicators presented by different departments;
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Monitoring problems - land resources. Monitoring of land resources is carried out by state land management bodies. As a result of land redistribution, agricultural land is being withdrawn from circulation and its quality is deteriorating; -biological resources. In this case, only hunting and commercial animals are counted. The problem of monitoring is that at present it is not possible to cover all fishery reservoirs of the country with control. Work on the study and mapping of plant reserves is carried out by research institutes and departments of relevant universities. However, the reserves of herbs within the ranges have not been determined, there is insufficient information about the existing areas of their distribution, and all this does not allow us to talk about the existence of monitoring in this area.
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Conclusion Environmental monitoring allows you to quantify all those negative processes in nature that are caused by human activity. It also allows you to see the positive results of environmental measures and thereby understand “what is good and what is bad.” The essence of environmental management is not to put nature to one’s benefit, but to determine what lifestyle to lead and in what forms to carry out activities in order to benefit nature by participating in the restoration of natural systems, in the improvement, harmonization of relations between man and the biosphere.
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ECOLOGICAL MONITORING Indeed, many and almost countless observations of changes and phenomena that occur in the air ... were made by nature testers and ... reported to the scientific world, so that one could rely on deliberate authenticity in predicting the weather ... M.V. Lomonosov. A word about air phenomena arising from electrical forceSlide 2
Literature Main: Degtev M.I., Kudryashova O.S. Environmental monitoring: Educational and methodological manual. Perm, 2007. Degtev M.I., Strelkov V.V., Degtev D.M. Environment and environmental monitoring. Ekaterinburg: Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2004. 330 p. Fundamentals of analytical chemistry. In 2 books: Textbook. Book 1: General questions. Separation methods / Ed. Yu.A. Zolotova. M.: Higher school. 2002. 351 p. Fundamentals of analytical chemistry. In 2 books: Textbook. Book 2: Methods of chemical analysis / Ed. Yu.A. Zolotova. M.: Higher school. 2002. 494 p. Additional: Degtev M.I. and others. Environmental monitoring: Textbook for universities. Perm, 1999. Degtev M.I. Methods of separation and concentration: Textbook. Perm, 1998. GOST 17.2.3.07-86 Rules for air control in populated areas. GOST 17.1.3.07-82 Nature conservation. Hydrosphere. Rules for monitoring the quality of water, reservoirs and watercourses. GOST 17.4.4.02-84 Nature conservation. Soils. Methods of sampling and preparation of samples for chemical, bacteriological, helminthological analysis. Degtev M.I., Toropov L.I. Analytical monitoring of pollutant content in environmental objects. Perm, 2003. Monitoring and methods of environmental control: Textbook: 2 parts / Yu.A. Afanasyev, S.A. Fomin, V.V. Menshikov and others - M.: Publishing house MNEPU, 2001.- 337 p. Recommended: Bespamyatnov G.P., Krotov Yu.A. Maximum permissible concentrations of chemicals in the environment: Handbook. L.: Chemistry, 1985. 528 p. Muravyova S.I., Kaznina N.I., Prokhorova E.K. Handbook for the control of harmful substances in the air. M.: Chemistry, 1988. 320 p. Lurie Yu.Yu. Analytical chemistry of industrial wastewater. M.: Chemistry, 1984. Zolotov Yu.A. Environment - a challenge for analytical chemistry // Vestn. RAS. 1997. T. 67, No. 11. P. 1040-1041.
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Environmental control functions: checking compliance with laws, norms, rules, operating modes of controlled objects. This is environmental and management control - EUK measurement of the parameters of controlled objects. These are environmental-analytical control - EAC and technological-analytical control - SO
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The main tasks of EAC and TAK Control of sources of pollution: environmentally significant parameters of technological processes, primarily control of organized emissions and discharges; leaks from process equipment, gas emissions from chemicals, materials, products and other fugitive emissions and discharges. Control of the air environment and human safety: pollutants in the air of working and residential areas; individual chemical dosimetric control.
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Basic operations of the EAC and SO sampling algorithm; analysis of selected samples; processing test results; metrological support of measurements.
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Environmental monitoring is an information system for observing, assessing and forecasting changes in the state of the environment, created with the aim of highlighting the anthropogenic component of these changes against the background of natural processes
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The environmental monitoring system accumulates, systematizes and analyzes information about the state of the environment; about the causes of observed and probable changes in condition (i.e., about sources and factors of influence); about the admissibility of changes and loads on the environment as a whole; about existing biosphere reserves.
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State report “On the state of the natural environment in the Russian Federation in 1995” Environmental monitoring in the Russian Federation is a complex of observations, assessments, forecasts carried out according to scientifically based programs and recommendations and options for management decisions developed on their basis, necessary and sufficient to ensure management of the state of the natural environment and environmental safety
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The main areas of activity of monitoring monitoring of impact factors and the state of the environment; assessment of the actual state of the environment; forecast of the state of the natural environment and assessment of the predicted state.
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Environmental control is the activities of government bodies, enterprises and citizens to comply with environmental standards and regulations. There are state, industrial and public environmental control
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Law of the Russian Federation "On the Protection of the Natural Environment" Article 68. Objectives of environmental control. Environmental control sets as its objectives: monitoring the state of the environment and its changes under the influence of economic and other activities; verification of the implementation of plans and measures for nature protection, rational use of natural resources, improvement of the natural environment, compliance with the requirements of environmental legislation and environmental quality standards. The environmental control system consists of a state service for monitoring the state of the natural environment, state, industrial, and public control.
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Monitoring levels: impact (study of strong impacts on a local scale - AND); regional (manifestation of problems of migration and transformation of pollutants, joint impact of various factors characteristic of the regional economy - R); background (on the basis of biosphere reserves, where any economic activity is excluded - F).
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