The concepts of literal and free translation. Literal, adequate and free translation. See what a “free translation” is in other dictionaries
free
Freestyle, freestyle; free (volen colloquially), free, free.
a medieval city that enjoyed within its territory the rights and powers of an independent state (historical);
city-republic in modern Germany (political). In the free air
only full forms. free, powerless, independent. Free country.
Freedom-loving, liberal. Free thoughts, ideas. Free spirit.
often brief. forms, with information Having the ability to do whatever he wants of his own free will. He was free to go or stay.
only full forms. Not constrained, free. Free living.
only full forms. Not constrained by laws, dependent in his actions. Freely hired (to serve; pre-revolutionary) - without having the rights of a civil servant. Freestyle movements are gymnastic exercises without equipment. Free verse (lit.) - multi-footed. Free Cossack (colloquial) - a free person, independent of anyone. Freemason - see mason. Free steam, heat, spirit (cooking) - hot air in the oven after the fire has stopped. A free translation - one that does not literally coincide with the original. Freestyle (sports) is one of the swimming methods. Free City -
Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. S.I.Ozhegov, N.Yu.Shvedova.
free
Aya, oh; -flax, -flax, -linen, -flax and -flax.
Free independent. V. people. Free people.
Same as freedom-loving (obsolete). Free ideas, thoughts.
Free, unconstrained. Free life. V. wind.
full f. Not limited to any. rules, regulations, law. Free sale. At free yen.
Casual or too casual, immodest, lax. Free circulation. Free jokes. Free interpretation of facts, c. full f. Private (as opposed to state-owned, state-owned); civilian (as opposed to military) (obsolete). In a free apartment. In a loose dress. 7. Done consciously, of one’s own will (obsolete). Voluntary and involuntary sins. 8. only cr. f. (-linen, -linen, -linen), with neodef. Having the ability to do something freely. Free to do as he wants. 9. freestyle, -oh, w. In the old days: a document with which the serf was released by the landowner. Give, receive freedom. 10. full f. In sports: carried out with considerable freedom in the choice of techniques. Freestyle wrestling. B. style (in swimming: chosen by the swimmer himself). Floor exercises (gymnastic exercises without apparatus).
At ease! A military command that cancels the “attention!” command, allowing you to stand in formation freely. * Free will - about someone who can do as he pleases. Free verse is multi-footed, usually iambic verse. The Free City is an independent city-state. Free steam, heat, spirit (simple) - hot air in the stove after the fire has stopped. Free translation - not literal, free. Freelance - about the service of civilians in a military institution or organization.
noun liberty, -i, f. (to 2,3 and 5 values).
New explanatory dictionary of the Russian language, T. F. Efremova.
free
-
Not dependent on anyone, not subject to anyone; free, independent.
Not in slavery, in serfdom.
Filled with the desire for freedom, independence; freedom-loving.
decomposition Living in freedom, in the wild (about animals, birds).
trans. Unconstrained, unrestrained, knowing no obstacles in the nature and essence of its manifestation.
Not constrained by any restrictions, allowing freedom of choice of means, methods, manner of execution, etc.
Undertaken, established on one’s own initiative, at one’s own discretion and not regulated by law or administrative regulations.
outdated Not in public service, not officially included in any structure. institution, educational institution, etc.
trans. decomposition Going beyond the boundaries of generally accepted norms of behavior; immodest, cheeky.
m. outdated The one who is not in slavery, in serfdom.
Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1998
Free
Free:
Volny (Krasnodar region)
Free- a farm in the Kanevsky district of the Krasnodar Territory.
It is part of the Novoderevyankovskoye rural settlement. Located on the shore of the Sladky Estuary.
Volny (Adygea)
Free- a farm in the Maikop municipal district of the Republic of Adygea of Russia.
It is part of the Krasnoulsky rural settlement.
Volny (Krasnoyarsk region)
Free- a village in the Balakhtinsky district of the Krasnoyarsk Territory of Russia. It is part of the Chistopol village council.
Volny (Amur region)
Free- abolished village in the Oktyabrsky district of the Amur region, Russia. He was a member of the Mukhinsky village council. Removed from registration data in 2004.
Examples of the use of the word free in literature.
“She will stay under lock and key for no more than a day,” said the one whom the entire boarding company knew as the resilient Chico, freely lounging in a leather chair.
After leaving the circus, Abramovich crossed a meadow overgrown with soft grass at a light gallop and disappeared into the darkness of the forest, free centaur.
Last fall, during leaf fall, returning from fishing from Sosnovsky Island, Kholmogory free peasant - industrialist, fisherman and hunter Averyan Barmin laid a small koch on the raft for the Mangazeya course.
Having learned the details of the death, the pilots did not freely or freely complained about our aircraft designers for the lack of armored front windows on fighters.
Farewell, Admiral's hour, Austeria, and free house, and frantic houses, and willing women, and white legs, and domestic fun!
Here in the fishing villages and settlements free miners at the mines on Big Agar, everyone was equal.
Nikifor began to speak in order, from the first day of his captivity: how they sold him to Silistria, how they drove him from Silistria with other slaves to the city of Bruges and how here, promising good and freestyle life, they took him as sailors on an English ship of great voyage.
We were no longer spinning on the horizontal bar, but on some kind of flying trapeze; it was no longer acrobatics, but freestyle wrestling in the air, catching in three dimensions, and it’s hard to say what else.
If only with a flock of alkyons free Carelessly I soared above the foam of the waters, I knew neither grief nor worries, And like a turquoise bird, freely in the spring I strived for a joyful flight.
The carnival worldview with its categories, carnival laughter, the symbolism of carnival acts of crownings - debunkings, changes and disguises, carnival ambivalence and all shades free carnival word - familiar, cynically frank, eccentric, laudatory, abusive, etc.
Dub, Valerka Gladkov, twice won the championship title in freestyle struggle, then graduated from the law department of Moscow State University, worked as a lawyer, then was recruited by the GRU, fought in Egypt and Ethiopia, collaborated with the Mossad, Hebrew, Arabic and Amharic - fluently, in our service - from the ninety-first year.
The one with the scar on his face, this is Nohorn, used to be Abergard's assistant, from the so-called freestyle Angren company.
The entire people were divided into three main groups: Andrianov - nobles, Khov - free people and andevo - slaves.
Having finally returned to Constantinople, Andronicus behaved independently and freely.
They have not yet freed themselves from servility before bourgeois science and freely or not freely pollute science with anti-scientific ideas.
A literal translation is a translation that reproduces communicatively irrelevant (formal) elements of the original, as a result of which either the norm or usage of the target language is violated, or the actual content of the original is distorted (not conveyed).
A literal translation, as a rule, is inadequate except in cases where the translator is given the pragmatic overarching task of performing a philological translation, that is, reflecting the formal features of the source language in the translation as fully as possible.
In the 2nd century BC. The Old Testament was translated into Greek by Symmachus. In ancient antiquity, there was a tendency for translators to adhere not only to the spirit, but also to the letter of the original. This principle found its expression in literal translation, in which not only the meaning of the original, but also forms characteristic of the source language were transferred to the target language in violation of the norms of the target language. The clergy demanded that the Bible is sacred scripture, nothing can be changed, even punctuation marks. They demanded a literal translation; no liberties were allowed. In ancient times, the role of translators increased significantly. On the territory of Ancient Egypt there was a school of translators.
By free or free translation is meant a translation performed at a lower level of equivalence than that which can be achieved under the given conditions of the translation act.
Free translation can be considered adequate if it solves a certain pragmatic problem or ensures high artistic merits of the translation.
If in the translations of religious books the tendency towards maximum literalism prevailed, then other types of translations, oral and written, were often very approximate; their creators treated the original freely and made many unjustified deviations and errors. In part, such a free (or free) translation was the result of the low qualifications of the translator, but sometimes it could be the result of a lack of due respect for the translated text and undemanding quality of translation on the part of the translator and readers.
The opposition between literal and free translation remained in later times, when the choice of one of these translation strategies was no longer determined by the nature of the text being translated, but by the general attitude of the translator, his understanding of the purpose and content of his work. The difference in such attitudes was especially clearly manifested in literary translation. Here, supporters of literal translation were convinced that only such a translation could be faithful to the original, and that the task of translation was to copy the source text as much as possible. Their opponents objected that a literal translation will never be correct, since it does not convey the most important thing - the artistic merits of the original and, more importantly, does not create a full-fledged text in the target language. They defended the right of the translator to make any changes to his translation in order to achieve such completeness. Some supporters of free translation went very far in their versions. Already in the 19th century, the famous Russian translator Irinarch Vvedensky proclaimed the translator’s right to any “gags” if he was imbued with the spirit of the original, reincarnated as its author and can fill in any omissions that were for some reason present in the original. And Irinarch Vvedensky steadily embodied these theoretical principles in his translation practice. Thus, translating Charles Dickens's novel "David Copperfield", he composed the end of the second chapter, the beginning of the sixth chapter, and made numerous corrections to the text of the novel. After all, as the translator claimed, his pen was guided by the “spirit” of the author.
Literal translation changes the meaning of the content. With freedom, the meaning remains, but the style changes.
Tracing and descriptive translation.
These are types of transformations.
Tracing is a method of translating a lexical unit of the original by replacing its constituent parts - morphemes or words (in the case of set phrases) - with their lexical equivalents in the TL.
A large number of phrases in the political, scientific and cultural fields are practically tracings:
Head of the government
Supreme Court
Mixed laws - mixed laws
Non-confidence vote - vote of no confidence, etc.
Unlike transcription, tracing is not always a simple mechanical operation of transferring the original form into the target language; Often you have to resort to some transformations. First of all, this concerns changes in case forms, the number of words in a phrase, affixes, word order, morphological or syntactic status of words, etc. For example, the English word skinheads, or skinheaded, is translated with a change in both the semantic meaning of the word skin and with the general transformation - skinheads; the English expression two-thirds majority requires both morphological and syntactic transformation, nevertheless remaining a tracing paper in the Russian language - a two-thirds majority (votes). Some affixes in English correspond to an independent feature expressed by an adjective in Russian, which also includes the necessary transformations in the tracing process, for example: maldistribution of costs - incorrect distribution of costs; maltreatment – unqualified treatment; non-taxable income – non-taxable income.
Terms and commonly used words and phrases are usually subject to tracing:
1. names of historical and cultural monuments
Winter Palace – Winter Palace
White House - White House,
2. titles of works of art
“White Guard” – The White Guard
Over the Cuckoo's Nest - “Over the cuckoo's nest”,
3. names of political parties and movements
the Democratic Party – Democratic Party
4. historical events or expressions
invasion of Batu Khan – the invasion of Batu Khan
fruits of enlightenment - the Fruits of the Enlightenment, etc.
In some cases, especially in relation to historical events and periods or cultural objects, several parallel correspondences operate, for example: two different tracing papers or a tracing paper and a transcription:
Troubled times – the period of unrest,
the Time of Trouble
Tataro - the Mongol invasion,
the Tartar conquest
Assumption Cathedral - Uspensky Cathedral,
the Cathedral of the Assumption
schismatics - Old Believers - raskolniki, Old Believers.
Geographical names of mountains, lakes, seas, etc. are translated by tracing if they include “translatable” components:
The Rocky Mountains - Rocky Mountains
The Salt Lake - Salt Lake
The Black Sea
The Indian Ocean - Indian Ocean
Ivory Coast - Ivory Coast
If the name includes words whose meaning is forgotten or for some reason cannot be translated, a mixed method is used, when part of the name is translated by transcription, but in general the principle of tracing is preserved: Lake Ladoga - Lake Ladoga
River Dart - River Dart.
Tracing can also be used when translating terms: in this case, either the structure of the word is translated, or the type of phrase is restored: back-bencher - backbencher
income tax - income tax
decision-making - decision making
risk analysis - risk analysis
database development - database development.
Considerations that can help shape the translation position:
1. the choice in favor of accuracy (literality) of translation is not always the most successful, since as a result a linguistic unit is created that is too inconvenient for perception - this is often found in literal tracing (for example, the translation of the Tower of London is preferable to the Tower of London, although in terms of its surface structure the latter closer to the original unit, however, in this case, as in a number of other similar ones, it is necessary to translate not so much the surface structure as the functional one).
2. tracing often becomes a more preferable method of translation than transcription, since as a result of transcriptions, difficult-to-read and, what is much worse, units that have no meaning in the target language, a kind of pseudo-words, are created. If transcription cannot be avoided at all, then it is usually combined with a tracing form, which is often found when translating nicknames. For example, Ivan Kalita has several correspondences in English: the transcription of Ivan Kalita, which is perceived as a name completely alien to the European tradition and bears the imprint of exoticism; Ivan Kalita (the “Moneybags”) (transcription combined with tracing paper and lexical-semantic correspondence); and finally, the version of John the Moneybags, a tracing paper that brings the way of naming the ruler closest to the English tradition, while at the same time preserving the structure of the original name.
A specific complication when using this method of translation is the need to expand or collapse the original structure, that is, add additional elements to it or reduce the original elements: for example, posadnichestvo is conveyed by mixed expanded tracing paper office of posadnik, and Yuri Dolgoruky - Yury the Long Hands (not: Long -handed), while the Tatar-Mongol invasion, as a rule, is conveyed by tracing paper in an abbreviated form - the Tartar Conquest or the Mongol Onslaught.
Tracing rules
1. Tracing is used in cases where it is necessary to create a meaningful unit in the translated text and at the same time preserve elements of the form or function of the original unit.
2. Tracing is used to convey part of geographical names, names of historical and cultural events and objects, titles and titles, names of educational institutions, government agencies, museums, terms, etc.
3. In some cases, tracing is used along with transcription and lexical-semantic modulation.
4. In a number of situations, tracing is accompanied by processes of collapsing / expanding the original unit, depending on the typological characteristics of the two languages.
Descriptive translation (explication) is a lexical-grammatical transformation in which a lexical unit of a foreign language (source language) is replaced by a phrase that makes its meaning explicit, i.e. giving a more or less complete explanation of this meaning in the TL (translating language).
When none of the verbal methods of matching matches the situation, translators resort to description.
Descriptive translation, as a rule, is used in parallel with transcription and is used when translating terms, cultural names, unique objects, etc. Thus, when translating the Russian language into English texts devoted to Russian wooden architecture and the problems of its restoration, we are faced with the fact that in the English-language tradition the very cultural and historical phenomenon of restoration of monuments of wooden architecture is absent, and therefore many concepts associated with it are also absent .
For example, the term “circle”, which also has a dialectal origin, is translated into English in exactly this way: “kruzhalo” (ring-shaped base of the cupola of the wooden church). The description given in brackets is a mandatory component of the text and can be used in further text even separately in the form of the name ring-shaped base of the cupola.
Descriptive translation is used in comments to the text and footnotes.
Examples: conservationist - supporter of environmental protection, whistle-stop speech - speech of a candidate during an election campaign trip.
The disadvantage of descriptive translation is its verbosity. Therefore, this method of translation is most successfully used where a relatively brief explanation can be used.
LITERATURE
1. Alekseeva I.S. Fundamentals of translation theory. St. Petersburg.. 2000.
2. Kazakova T. A. Practical foundations of translation. St. Petersburg.. 2001.
3. Komissarov V.N. Translation theory. M.: Higher. school.. 1990.
4. Latyshev L.K. Translation technology. M., 2000.
5. Lilova A. Introduction to the general theory of translation. M., 1985.
6. Lvovskaya Z.D. Theoretical problems of translation. M.: Science,
1985.
7. Minyar-Beloruchev R.K. Theory and methods of translation. M.. 1996.
8. Slepovich V.S. Translation course (English - Russian). - Ml.:
TetraSystems. 2004.
9. Slepovich V.S. Practical translation course from Russian to
English. - Mn.: BSEU, 2004.
10. Fedorov A.V. Fundamentals of the general theory of translation. M.: Higher. school,
1983.
11. Schweitzer A.D. Translation theory. M.: Nauka, 1988.
12. Bell Roger T. Translation and Translating Theory and Practice.
London, Longman, 1991.
The emergence of translation as a human species
activities
Literal and free translation in historical
review.
Translation activities in Russia and Belarus.
Translation in the modern world.
The formation of translation as a linguistic science.
Experience of foreign translators.
Translation. Subject and tasks. Its types and types. Stages
translation.
Translator and his role.
The role of dictionaries in translation. Types of dictionaries that
used in translation.
Features of translation. Psychological and physiological,
socio-cultural characteristics.
LECTURE 1. HISTORY OF TRANSLATION.
Purpose: to get acquainted with the history of translation,consider the pros and cons of literal
and free translation.
1. FORMATION OF TRANSLATION AS A KIND
HUMAN ACTIVITY
2. LITERAL AND FREE TRANSLATION
1. THE FORMATION OF TRANSLATION AS A KIND OF HUMAN ACTIVITY
The word translation itself has several meanings.type of human activity
the process of transition from the source language to the target language,
finally, understanding the laws of the translation process.
There are even more definitions of translation.
Translation is the transformation of a message in the source language into
message in the target language.
Translation is the transfer of the meaning of what is said (written) in
one language by means of another language.
Translation is a complex analytical-integrative process,
associated with the recreation of the original thought, in the implementation of which all the mental resources of the translator are involved.
Translation as an act of interlingual communication.
Translation is a child of love.
Translation is an art.
2. LITERAL AND FREE TRANSLATION
Formation of translation activityaccompanied by a solution to the problem, with
which they almost immediately encountered
the first translators, how to translate -
verbatim (literally) or freely,
conveying meaning. Proponents of literal translation were convinced that
only a translation can be faithful to the original, which is the task
translation and consists in maximum copying
source text.
Their opponents objected that the literal translation
will never be true because it doesn't convey
the most important thing is artistic merit
original and, more importantly, does not create a complete
text in the target language. They stood up for the right
translator to achieve such usefulness to contribute
any changes to your translation. “Traduttori-traditori” –
"Traitor Translators" The French humanist, poet and translator Etienne Dolet (1509-1546) believed that the translator must respect
the following five basic principles of translation:
1) understand perfectly the content of the translated text
and the intention of the author whom he is translating;
2) have a perfect command of the language from which he is translating, and
it is equally excellent to know the language into which he is translating;
3) avoid the tendency to translate word for word, because this
would distort the content of the original and ruin the beauty
its shape;
4) use commonly used forms in translation
speeches;
5) correctly choosing and arranging words, reproduce
the general impression made by the original in
corresponding "tone". In 1790, in the book of the Englishman A. Tytler “Principles
translation" the basic requirements for translation were
formulated this way:
1. the translation must fully convey the ideas of the original;
2. the style and manner of presentation of the translation should be like this
same as in the original;
3. the translation should be as easy to read as the original
works. If P.A. Vyazemsky and especially A.A. Fet insisted on
the need for maximum similarity to the original,
even to the detriment of the meaning and beauty of the style, then such
famous writers and translators such as N.M. Karamzin, V.A.
Zhukovsky, A.V. Druzhinin and others defended the right
translator to create an independent
a work faithful to the spirit of the original, but not at all
following it in detail.
They demanded especially great freedom for poetry.
translation. The winged words of Zhukovsky are widely known:
“The translator in prose is a slave; translator in verse rival" The translator is not a mechanical interpreter, tracing
the letter of the original, but a conscious collaborator of the author,
the mouthpiece of his thoughts for the foreign language reader. K. Marx
I think that the words should not be translated, and even
sometimes it makes sense, and most importantly, you need to convey the impression.
A. K. Tolstoy
Sometimes you need to move away from the original words,
purposely in order to be closer to him... Translated
most of all you need to be attached to thoughts and least of all to
words, although the latter are extremely tempting...
N.V. Gogol
Literally translation is a translation that reproduces communicatively irrelevant (formal) elements of the original, as a result of which either the norms and usage of the TL are violated, or the actual content of the original is distorted. Literal translation, by definition, is inadequate and is allowed only in cases where the translator is given the pragmatic overriding task of reproducing in translation the formal features of the structure of the statement in the original.
Adequate translation is a translation that provides the pragmatic tasks of the translation act at the highest possible level of equivalence to achieve this goal, without violating the norms or usage of the TL, observing the genre and stylistic requirements for texts of this type and corresponding to the socially recognized conventional norm of translation. By definition, any adequate translation must be equivalent, but not every equivalent translation is considered adequate, but only one that meets, in addition to the norm of equivalence, other regulatory requirements.
Free(free) translation is a translation performed at a lower level of equivalence than what can be achieved under the given conditions of the translation act. A free translation can be considered adequate if it meets other regulatory translation requirements and is not associated with significant losses in transmitting the content of the original.
12. MAIN TYPES OF TRANSLATION AND THEIR FEATURES.
Typology of translations is carried out according to the following parameters:
correlation between the types of target language and source language;
presentation form of the translation text and the original text;
the nature of the correspondence of the translation text to the original text;
genre-stylistic features and genre affiliation of the translated material;
completeness and type of transmission of the semantic content of the original;
Translations highlighted by the relationship between the types of target language and source language:
intralingual translation- interpretation of verbal signs through signs of the same language. It has the following varieties: diachronic translation - translation of historical text into modern language; transposition - translation of text from one genre into another genre;
interlingual translation- transformation of a message expressed by means of any one sign system into a message expressed by means of another sign system.
Translations distinguished by the general characteristics of the subject of translation activity and his relationship to the author of the translated text:
traditional (human, manual) translation - translation performed by a person,
Machine (automatic) – made by computer;
mixed - using a significant proportion of traditional (or machine) text processing.
Translations performed according to the type of translation segmentation of the text and according to the translation units used: morphemic translation - at the level of individual morphemes without taking into account their structural connections;
word-by-word - individual words without taking into account semantic, syntactic and stylistic connections between words; phrasal - individual sentences or phrases translated sequentially one after another;
paragraph - phrasal - individual sentences or paragraphs;
whole-text - without singling out individual words, sentences or paragraphs as separate translation units.
Translations distinguished by the form of presentation of the translation text and the original text:
written - translation performed in writing.
13. DEPENDENCE OF TRANSLATION AND ITS RESULTS ON THE NATURE OF THE TEXT TO BE TRANSLATED.
Consideration of translation as a process and as a result in different aspects assumes that the object of this consideration is always the text. Basically, the idea of the connection between the features of the text and the specifics of its translation contains only the most general traditions: scientific and technical translation and literary translation. Sometimes thematic subspecies are added to this distinction: military translation, legal translation, medical translation. But this thematic distinction does not reflect the specifics of translation at the text level. After all, any scientific text is translated using the same strategy, only the terms differ. But any thematic group of texts can consist of a number of different types: business letter, instruction, scientific article, advertising etc. Distinguishing text types is important for translation. Currently, there is a fairly complete linguistic description of text types and their classifications are proposed on different basis. Many text parameters are not relevant for translation, because... are common to texts of the same type in different languages, do not affect the specifics of the means of expression and are automatically included in the translation invariant. These are, for example, elements of the text of a business letter or instructions. Many text gradations are not needed for our purposes, because... the corresponding texts will be translated using the same translation model.
CULTUROLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF TRANSLATION: INTERCULTURAL ADAPTATION IN THE TRANSLATION PROCESS
We consider translation activity as the translation of cultures.
Adaptation can be understood as any adaptation of the source text (IT), making it accessible to an audience for which the text was not intended (the “secondary addressee”).
It is clear that the need for this kind of transformation will be observed in cases where, in terms of its cultural and linguistic parameters, the secondary addressee differs from the primary addressee for whom the IT was created.
The primary and secondary recipients belong to coexisting different cultures served by different languages, i.e. it is obvious combination of intercultural adaptation with interlingual. At the same time, the subject carrying out the transformation process may belong to both the culture/language of IT and AT, while at the same time possessing the necessary knowledge in the field of another culture/language.
It is useful to distinguish conceptual adaptation, in which the ideological, content and plot aspects of AT are so different from the corresponding parameters of IT that the connection between them becomes conditional and partial adaptation, in which certain aspects or the form of expression of IT are modified with the undeniable dependence of AT on the latter.
15. CULTURE-SPECIFIC AND UNIVERSAL IN TRANSLATION
Cultural aspects of translation studies
· Language and culture
· Sapir-Whorf theory of linguistic relativity
· Linguistic and conceptual pictures of the world
· The importance of background knowledge for translation
In a narrow sense, culture is the totality of the material and spiritual achievements of civilization; in a broad sense, it is the features of historical, socio-psychological phenomena characteristic of a given ethnic group, its traditions, language, values, views, institutions, behavioral characteristics, way of life and living conditions.
Translation activity is considered as the translation of cultures.
The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis of linguistic relativity is the concept that language determines thinking and the way we experience reality.
Culture-specific is reflected not only in syntax, but also in the compositional space of a scientific text in a specific language. The theoretical significance of the study is ensured by addressing theoretical problems of stylistics, text linguistics, general and stylistic syntax; the material and conclusions of the work can be used for further linguocultural research in the field of cognitive syntax. An approach to the peculiarities of the functioning of the Russian version of the English language from the position of establishing the universal and culturally specific in a scientific text helps to solve the problem of understanding a scientific text.
Free translation
1. Equivalence at the level of description of the situation, at best at the level of the message; in this case, the information transmitted at the level of utterances and linguistic signs usually remains unreproduced.
2. Translation carried out at a higher level than that which is sufficient to convey an unchanged plan of content while respecting the norms of the TL.
3. Understanding the general content, its transmission in another language, regardless of the linguistic form of the original, i.e. following the content.
4. Free translation is a translation-arrangement; it is subjective in nature.
5. Establishing correspondence between texts in translation at the level of key information without taking into account the formal and semantic components of the source text.
6. In the theory of literary translation, it can be defined as an artistic poetic work written on the basis of a foreign language original, but differing from it in its stylistic parameters and characterized by a low accuracy rate and a high coefficient of accuracy.
7. A translation that perceives the basic information of the original with possible deviations, but does not have it.
8. Translation of key information without taking into account the formal and semantic components of the source text.
Explanatory translation dictionary. - 3rd edition, revised. - M.: Flinta: Science. L.L. Nelyubin. 2003.
See what a “free translation” is in other dictionaries:
Free translation- FREE, oh, oh; flax, flax, flax, flax and flax. Ozhegov's explanatory dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 … Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary
Free translation- translation of key information without taking into account the formal and semantic components of the source text... Brief dictionary of translation terms
FREE- FREE, Free, free; free (volen simple), free, free. 1. only full. Free, powerless, independent. Free country. || Freedom-loving, liberal. Free thoughts, ideas. Free spirit. 2. often brief, with information. Having the opportunity to... ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary
Free (free) translation- - translation that conveys the general content of what was said or written in another language as the translator understood it, without taking into account the nuances of thought in the original; and interpreting speech or text in another language without maintaining formal conformity. IN … Language contacts: a short dictionary
FREE- FREE, oh, oh; flax, flax, flax, flax and flax. 1. Free, independent. V. people. Free people. 2. Same as freedom-loving (obsolete). Free ideas, thoughts. 3. Free, unconstrained. Free life. V. wind. 4. full Unlimited... ... Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary
TRANSLATION- translation, m. 1. more often units. Action according to verb. translate–translate (1). Transfer of the manager to another position. Transfer to the senior group. Changing the clock hand to an hour. Transfer of small-peasant farming to collective farms in the USSR. Translation to... ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary
translation- noun, m., used. often Morphology: (no) what? translation, what? translation, (see) what? translation, what? translation, about what? about translation; pl. What? translations, (no) what? translations, why? translations, (I see) what? translations, what? translations, about what? about translations... ... Dmitriev's Explanatory Dictionary
Literary translation- a type of literary creativity in which a work existing in one language is recreated in another. Literature, due to its verbal nature, is the only art closed by linguistic boundaries: unlike music,... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
literary translation- a type of literary creativity in which a work written in one language is recreated in another language, as close as possible to the original text, conveying all its nuances. Translation differs from artistic creativity... ... Literary encyclopedia
translation- ▲ converting text into another, natural language translation. translate to express meaning using the means of another language. translated (# literature). in translation. free translation. simultaneous translation. dubbing duplicate(#movie). translator.… … Ideographic Dictionary of the Russian Language
Books
- The Amazing Travels of Baron Munchausen, Gottfried Burger. Gottfried August Burger (German Gottfried August Burger; December 31, 1747, Molmerswende June 8, 1794, Göttingen) German poet. Pastor's son. Received a legal education. One of the spokesmen...
