Hitler's personal enemy. Hitler's personal enemy - Levitan Yuri Levitan Hitler's personal enemy

In May 1945, many important documents were discovered in the bunker of Adolf Hitler, which helped to shed light on many events of the Second World War. Among the papers was the "Search List of the USSR" with the names and personal data of persons to be destroyed. Special file cabinets were compiled by the Nazis in relation to citizens of other states. This information was not actually a secret. The Fuhrer openly named the names of those whose words or actions seemed to him insulting or humiliating. He said their names during public speaking and willingly shared them with journalists.

Politics

For obvious reasons, Hitler included a large number of politicians that time. He considered Stalin, Roosevelt, Churchill, De Gaulle to be his personal enemies. Roosevelt did not want to become an ally of Hitler and publicly called him a "stupid gangster" who can only solve problems with the help of force. After the German attack on Poland, Churchill promised to imprison the Fuhrer in the Tower. Of course, the Fuhrer did not like such attacks.

In addition to the famous Marshal Zhukov and Field Marshal Montgomery, there were names of less high-ranking military men in the card index. For example, the hero of the Soviet Union Marinescu, who sank a huge number of enemy ships, as well as virtuoso saboteur Ilya Starinov, Mikhail Borisov, who destroyed 7 enemy tanks with his own hands, sniper Vasily Zaitsev, who was zealously hunted by fascist shooters, partisan leader Dayan Murzin, who took in captured by General Muller himself.

Mikhail Koshkin, who designed the T-34 tank, managed to get on the list of Nazi enemies after his death. That is why the Kharkov cemetery, where his body rested, was destroyed by the Germans.

Wolf Messing fell out of favor with the Fuhrer after his prediction, in which the seer saw the death of the leader of the Nazis in the event of their invasion of the East.

Art

The ministers of art were also on the death list: poets, writers, actors. So Erich Maria Remarque for his literary activity and anti-fascist remarks became the personal enemy of the Fuhrer. The German writer Feuchtwanger turned out to be objectionable after he visited the USSR in 1937 and wrote a book about it. Kievan Ilya Ehrenburg also appeared in Hitler's field of vision for anti-fascist prose.

Soviet cartoonists Boris Yefimov and Vladimir Galba, who ridiculed Hitler and his henchmen, were also among the objectionable Fuhrer. The artist Haris Yakupov, a master of the historical genre and portrait, also did not like Hitler.


His voice was well known to everyone, and the phrase “Attention! Moscow speaks! recognizable even by those who were born after the collapse of the USSR. Yuri Levitan was the most famous Soviet radio announcer, it was his voice that announced the beginning of the Second World War, the victory over the Nazis, the first flight into space, etc. In the 1970s he suddenly disappeared from the radio, although at one time he was famous even outside the USSR, and Hitler put a reward of 250 thousand marks on his head.



Yuri (Yudka) Levitan was born on October 2 (September 19 according to the old style), 1914, in the family of a tailor. From childhood, he was distinguished by a strong and beautiful voice, unique in timbre and expressiveness. After the 9th grade, the boy decided to enter State Institute cinema in Moscow, as he dreamed of the glory of an artist, but turned out to be too young to enter. Then he accidentally saw an advertisement for a competitive recruitment of announcers on the radio, and unexpectedly for himself he was accepted as a trainee. Soon he was even allowed to read small messages at night time.



Once the voice of Levitan on the night air was heard by Stalin, who often worked at night. The young announcer was instructed to read on the radio a report prepared for the 17th Party Congress. The young man read the 5-hour report without a single mistake or reservation. After that, Stalin ordered that all the most important documents from now on be voiced only by this announcer. So at the age of 19, Yuri Levitan became the main announcer of Soviet radio.



The text that sounded flawlessly on the air was given to Levitan at the cost of many hours of training and exercises to improve diction. But the result was worth it: soon his voice began to be recognized in every home. It was he who announced to the country about the attack of fascist Germany on the USSR, and during the Second World War he read the reports of the Soviet Information Bureau on the radio.



The offensive in the first days of the war was so rapid that the Nazis had no doubts about an early victory over the USSR. Goebbels came up with the idea that it was Yuri Levitan who should read the message about the victory of Germany on the radio. Then a plan was developed to kidnap the announcer, for whose head a considerable price was set - 250 thousand marks. Soon, the blitzkrieg had to be forgotten, and Hitler promised a reward not for the capture, but for the destruction of the announcer. But even the bombing of the Radio Committee was unsuccessful, and in 1945 Levitan's voice became the voice of the victory of the USSR: “Moscow is speaking! Fascist Germany is completely defeated…”.





After the war, Yuri Levitan's voice sounded less and less on the radio - it was believed that he could not read ordinary news, since everyone was already used to hearing information from him only about the most important events. But when Yuri Gagarin flew into space, Levitan, of course, was instructed to report this. In addition, the announcer often spoke to veterans, students, labor collectives. He was the first of the Soviet announcers was awarded the title of People's Artist of the USSR. In total, at that time, Levitan conducted 60,000 broadcasts on the radio, most of them live.





In the 1970s Levitan participated in several TV shows, but actually disappeared from the radio - the management considered that his voice in the audience was associated only with tragic events, and did not correspond to a peaceful era. The outstanding announcer had to limit himself to working in the field of the art of speech with young radio trainees.





In 1978-1983 Levitan read the text in the TV show "Minute of Silence". In August 1983, he was invited to speak at a celebration on the occasion of the 40th anniversary of the victory in the Battle of Kursk. After speaking at the rally, Levitan had a heart attack, and on August 4 he passed away.

“The voice of Yuri Levitan was equivalent to an entire division,” Marshal Rokosovsky would say about the legendary announcer after the war. It was later, and in 1931, when Levitan came to audition at the radio committee, they did not take him. Summed up the okaya speech. Levitan did not give up. Lived in the editorial office, in the back room, in free time corrected the diction. One night he was asked to read an excerpt from Pravda on the air. Coincidence - Stalin himself heard this issue. And he was shocked. So overnight, Yuri Levitan became the main announcer of the Soviet Union.

On June 22, 1941, at 12 noon, Levitan announced the start of the war. Here's how the announcer himself talks about it. “I remember turning on the microphone. When I said “Moscow is speaking!”, I feel that I can’t speak any further. A lump stuck in my throat. They are already knocking from the control room: “Why are you silent? Go on." He clenched his fists and continued: “Citizens and citizens of the Soviet Union...”

"Stalin went down the list as enemy No. 2, and Levitan - as enemy No. 1. And according to some sources, a reward of 100,000 marks was promised for his head, according to others - 200,000. At that time, a paradoxical amount, ”says Efrem Kozlov, director of the information department of the FSUE MGRS.

A month later - an artillery attack on a Moscow radio studio. German radio reports: Levitan is killed. But after a few minutes, a familiar voice is heard on the air. The bomb fell into the sewers and did not explode. Levitan is guarded around the clock. His appearance is a closely guarded secret. Announcer Anna Shatilova recalls that incredible rumors even spread among the people. ”For some reason, there was a rumor that Levitan had no legs. That he does not reach the microphone and they substitute a bench for him.

Once they asked Stalin: “When is the victory?” “When Levitan announces,” the commander-in-chief joked. Early in the morning on May 9, 1945, a crowd of people crowded into the control room. Everyone was waiting for the long-awaited summary of the Victory to be brought. The Special Communications Colonel handed him a package. He opened it and finally read the happy message everyone was waiting for. Soviet people and all over the world.

After the war, Levitan is an adored announcer. But fame is of little concern to him. The responsiveness of the announcer was legendary.

“They even said that if someone does not have money, then you can borrow from Levitan, he will never refuse. And I remember we were standing in ASK-3. And suddenly an engineer came up: “Oh, excuse me, Yuri Borisovich, can I have a minute?” And I look - Yuri Borisovich gives him money, ”recalls Anna Shatilova.

For outsiders - Yuri Borisovich. And for colleagues on the radio - just YurBor. He continued to work until last days. At the end of his life, he somehow confessed - he remembers by heart every word, every intonation of his military broadcasts.

About who had to resist the Soviet front-line propagandists, our conversation with researcher Institute world history RAS by Dmitry Surzhik.

Dmitry Surzhik: By the summer of 1941, there were 19 propaganda companies in the German armed forces (12 in ground forces, 4 - in the Luftwaffe and 3 in the Kriegsmarine), which included writers, artists, photographers, announcers, projectionists. In addition, a special propaganda battalion was additionally created in each of the Wehrmacht army groups ("North", "Center", "South"). The total number of German army propagandists on Eastern Front was approaching 15 thousand by 1943. By 1941, the psychological operations of the Wehrmacht had 6 long-wave and 10 medium-wave light-weight motorized stations with a capacity of 20 kilowatts each. It took only two hours to assemble and dismantle such a station. Despite the fact that during the retreat of the Red Army there was a clear directive to destroy radio stations in the first place, the Wehrmacht managed to capture the radio centers in Riga, Vilnius, Chisinau, Minsk, Lvov and Kyiv without serious damage (with the exception of Kiev) and soon put them into operation. Broadcasting was carried out in Russian, Belarusian, Polish and even in Yiddish (on the ghetto in Minsk) and with the appropriate selection of thematic content. As even the participants admitted partisan movement in Belarus, in the detachments that had radio stations, "the reports of the Sovinformburo were listened to from Moscow, and music - from Minsk."

The Wehrmacht managed to capture the radio centers in Riga, Vilnius, Chisinau, Minsk, Lvov and Kyiv

What "were filled with programs"?

Dmitry Surzhik: There were regional specifics. For example, within the framework of the Reichskommisariat "Ukraine" there were several regional broadcasting centers (Lvov, Kyiv, Kharkov, Crimea). The Lviv center was characterized by the maximum "Ukrainization" of broadcasting - not only the language, but also the ideological coloring. Here for a long time there was a noticeable influence of Ukrainian organizations, especially the OUN-M, on the German propaganda authorities. The Kyiv radio center, on the contrary, was as neutral as possible in color and was in fact a mouthpiece for broadcasting instructions and statements from the German occupation authorities for the local population. The Kharkiv radio center, which was responsible mainly for the Eastern Ukrainian regions, was the most tendentious in terms of propaganda. A typical example of an information message from the Kharkov occupation radio is given by Soviet writer Alexander Fadeev in the "Young Guard": "The Red Army is defeated. Moscow is taken. Stalin fled beyond the Urals. The front is held by the Mongols hired by the British."

Hitler declared Yuri Levitan a personal enemy. Did Stalin have enemies of this level?

Dmitry Surzhik: During the Second World War, the German radio station "Germany Speaks" broadcast from Bremen to Great Britain. The name of its main announcer has long been hidden under the pseudonym "Lord How-How". This name has become a collective name for a number of German propagandists, the most prominent of which was William Joyce. He was one of the leaders of the British Union of Fascists, and in the spring of 1940 fled to Germany. He knew the British mentality and the realities of life well (not to mention English language- he spoke with features that betrayed in him a representative of the upper classes).

Find a similar radio propagandist for the Soviet Union Nazi Germany failed. Goebbels had his own official spokesman, Hans Fritsche, but he spoke exclusively to the German public. His manner of speaking in a tongue twister, completely false in content, differed from the booming and loud bass of Yuri Levitan, who only read out reports, although truthful, but prepared in advance for him. The Nazis could not oppose anything to Levitan's artistry, although they first tried to steal or destroy him, and then find a similar announcer.

The image of Hitler was specially created. For example, the architects, according to the idea of ​​Goebbels, were engaged in the design of a cozy rural house of the Fuhrer in the Alps. In 1938, journalists were invited there to write about the "hospitable kind host", who already had Kristallnacht and the Night of Long Knives on his account. Our propagandists were engaged in such projects?

Dmitry Surzhik: Joseph Stalin corresponded to the then idea of ​​a "leader". He mastered the art of creating and managing his own image. He knew how to charm far from simpletons, but - neither more nor less - the Western literary intelligentsia (Henri Barbusse, Lion Feuchtwanger). Used the image of "father". Visiting factories, institutions, construction sites, he could show sincere interest in what was shown to him, which naturally supported the "fatherly" stereotype. A father who is interested in the affairs of a child is loved with all his heart.

Are there any propaganda fakes of the Second World War in the modern mind?

Dmitry Surzhik: Weight. They arose during the war and are still exaggerated. For example, when analyzing the Soviet foreign policy At the end of the 1930s, in relation to Romania, Finland and the Baltic states, some modern historians write about the "imperial aggression" of the Soviet Union. But they "turn a blind eye" to the status of Moldova, which has been under Romanian occupation since 1918. To Finland's persistent attempts (since the late 1930s) to restrict the movement of the Soviet Baltic Fleet in the Gulf of Finland and the legal activities of Nazi residencies in the country ... To the attempts of the Baltic republics in 1940 to achieve a protectorate from Nazi Germany ... The purpose of propaganda is to create an image of an aggressive USSR and glorify the nationalists supervised by the Nazi secret services, and as a result, equalize the Stalinist and Nazi regimes and demand material compensation for the "Soviet occupation."

This year our country celebrated the 67th anniversary of the Victory in the Great Patriotic War. But until now, new unexplored pages of the past, stories and legends about the exploits of soldiers, officers and commanders, military journalists, and the media are emerging for our descendants.

They say that Adolf Hitler during the war years declared the number one enemy of a man who did not command either the front, or the army, or the regiment, even the company. He did not serve in the army, did not destroy a single fascist. Who is this mysterious person?

Hitler declared the All-Union Radio announcer Yuri Levitan enemy number one. The information war was very important.

"Attention! Moscow speaking! Citizens of the Soviet Union! Today at 4 o'clock in the morning without presenting any claims to Soviet Union without a declaration of war, German troops attacked our country. Levitan's voice with these words bypassed the multi-million dollar feature and documentary films.

Already on June 24, 1941, by the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, the Soviet Information Bureau was created, which was called upon to cover international events on the fronts and the life of the country in the press and on the radio.

Information about the events at the front was covered by Yuri Levitan.

Yuri Borisovich Levitan was born on September 19, 1914 in the village of Bessonovka, Belgorod Region. From the age of 17 he worked on the Moscow radio. For more than 50 years, the announcer of the All-Union Radio broadcast the most important information messages. He had government awards.

At the age of 12, Levitan had a bass that adults were surprised at. In the courtyard he was given a nickname - "Yurka - a pipe."

They say that mothers from the windows asked him to call the children who were on a spree. And his voice was heard for several blocks.

People believed Levitan's bass, the information transmitted by the Soviet Information Bureau, from the very first days of the war, that the enemy was defeated near Moscow, Stalingrad, Kursk, etc.

In Berlin, they quickly realized that the radio is the same terrible information weapon as the combat Katyushas. Adolf Hitler did not know Russian, but when he heard Levitan's voice, he realized what a terrible force a person who owns such a voice represents, and ordered: "Destroy!".

The announcer was officially recognized as enemy number one of the Nazi Reich. A reward of 250,000 marks was placed on Levitan's head.

At the beginning of July in Soviet rear A sabotage group was abandoned in order to get to Moscow, penetrate the premises of the Moscow radio and destroy the radio announcer Levitan.

Fighters of the Zagorsk fighter battalion and detachment militia intercepted and neutralized the sabotage group.

Understood the danger of Soviet radio and Hitler's "propagandist" Goebbels. A plan was drawn up to destroy the Moscow radio. The first flight to Moscow took place a month after the start of the war - on July 22, 1941. Hitler's aces had bombs from 100 to 500 kg on board. On the Moscow map, the objects to be destroyed in the first place were identified: the Kremlin, the mausoleum, the Bolshoi Theater, power plants and the radio committee.

A German pilot dropped a 200-kilogram land mine on the building from where the “main mouthpiece of Moscow” was broadcasting. But it didn't explode. After the work of the sappers on the body of the bomb, they found an inscription on German made by the anti-fascists who made it: "We help in any way we can."

This bomb was intended specifically for Yuri Levitan.

The hunt began for Levitan. Already in August 1941, the announcer was evacuated to Sverdlovsk. There was the most powerful radio station. From there, reports of the Sovinformburo were transmitted to the entire Soviet Union.

Hitler did not know where Yuri Levitan was. He gave the order to the secret services to find and kidnap enemy number 1.

The kidnapping did not take place. Levitan was guarded daily by NKVD officers.

In March 1943, Levitan was secretly transferred to Kuibyshev.

And the order to defeat Nazi Germany he was already reading from Moscow.

Yuri Borisovich Levitan was not only Hitler's personal enemy number one, but also the voice of Victory in the Great Patriotic War, the victory of our first cosmonauts, Komsomol construction projects, etc.

According to the Big Soviet Encyclopedia and the magazine "Secrets of the XX century" prepared

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