Kovrov county map. Kovrov county. Bronze Age settlements

Kovrovskiy district is located in the north-eastern part of the Vladimir region and borders on the Kameshkovsky, Selivanovskiy and Vyaznikovskiy districts of the Vladimir region and Savinsky district of the Ivanovo region. The valley of the Klyazma River divides the territory of the Kovrovsky district into an elevated southeastern and more gently sloping northwestern parts. In the Kovrovsky district, in addition to the Klyazma, there are also smaller, but amazingly beautiful rivers Uvod, Nerekhta, Tara, Arga and others. There are many floodplain and karst lakes, the purity of the waters of which amazes everyone who sees this treasure of Russian nature.

On the territory of the Kovrovsky district there is a significant number of historical and cultural monuments, including 42 monuments of archeology and the same number of monuments of history and architecture. The earliest archaeological sites in the Kovrov region date back to the Neolithic and Bronze Ages. The Meryan names of some villages, rivers and lakes that have survived to this day, as well as Old Russian settlements and burial mounds, testify to the settlement of the Kovrov region by Meryan tribes and Slavs in ancient times.

Chronicle of our region.

The first documentary pages of the history of the Kovrov region are associated with the founding of the city of Starodub in 1152 by the Grand Duke of Vladimir Yuri Vladimirovich Dolgoruky. The city of Starodub-Klyazemsky was located on the site of the current village of Klyazmensky Gorodok. Starodub was founded as a border fortress guarding an important waterway along the Klyazma on the distant approaches to Vladimir. In 1218, this border town of the Vladimir-Suzdal Principality, Grand Duke Konstantin Vsevolodovich, was given into the possession of his younger brother, Prince Vladimir Vsevolodovich. The latter went down in history as the first prince of Moscow. After the death of Prince Vladimir Vsevolodovich, the territory of the Starodub Principality was reunited with the Grand Duchy of Vladimir. Even under Yuri II, the younger brother of the Grand Duke, Ivan Vsevolodovich, was sent to Starodub as a governor. After the tragic battle for the Russians on the City River on March 4, 1238, the Grand Duke of Vladimir Yaroslav Vsevolodovich finally approved the rights of his younger brother Ivan to Starodub, and from that time the history of the independent Starodub principality begins.

The Starodub principality occupied a relatively small territory and bordered Suzdal in the north, Nizhny Novgorod in the east, and the Grand Vladimir principalities in the west. Most of the territory of the modern Kovrovsky district was formerly part of the Starodub principality. In addition to the capital of the principality, the city of Starodub, the most important centers in it were the villages of Aleksino and Shapkino (now in the Savinsky district of the Ivanovo region), Mugreevo (now in the Yuzhsky district of the Ivanovo region), Palekh (the district center of the Ivanovo region), the Kovrov villages of Osipovo and Petrovskoye, Rozhdestveno (the modern city of Kovrov). Despite the small territory, the Starodub principality was a completely independent (sovereign) state with its rulers - princes from the Starodub dynasty.

Its founder was the aforementioned younger son of Vsevolod III the Big Nest, Prince Ivan I Vsevolodovich. In the history of the independent Starodub principality, the most famous were Prince Fedor I Ivanovich Blagoverny, who was killed in 1330 in the Horde for his adherence to Orthodoxy, and Prince Andrei Fedorovich Starodubsky, a participant in the Battle of Kulikovo, the second voivode of the regiment of the right hand.

Starodub, like any princely city, had fortifications. The length of the shafts was 506 meters. There were seven or eight churches in the city. With them were the houses of princes, boyars and merchant guests. The favorable location contributed to the development of the city: an important trade route running nearby connected the Zalesky land with the Nizhny Novgorod Volga region, and the road to Nizhny Novgorod passed through the city itself. According to archeology, pottery was especially developed in Starodub.

If the integrity of the Starodub principality was preserved until the end of the 14th century, then it began to disintegrate into destinies. Power in the appanages belonged to representatives of various branches of the Starodub princely dynasty. The Starodub princes left a noticeable mark in the history of our Fatherland. Anyone who is even slightly interested in Russian history knows the names of the princes Ryapolovsky, Romodanovsky, Palekhsky, Osipovsky, Gagarin, Gundorov, Khilkov, Kovrov, Pozharsky, Krivoborsky. For all of them, the city of Starodub on the Klyazma was their historical homeland.

In the XV century, the city of Starodub, due to the constant raids of the Tatar-Mongols, already lost its former significance. A strong and almost final blow to Starodub was dealt by the events of the Great Troubles of the early 17th century. In March 1609, a strong battle took place on the ramparts of the Starodub settlement. A detachment of the Suzdal governor of the impostor Fyodor Pleshcheev, reinforced by Poles, Cossacks and artillery, attacked Starodub and defeated it. Since that time, the history of the village of Klyazemsky Gorodok begins, which grew out of the settlement of the deceased city.

Kovrov district in the XVIII-XIX centuries.

In the XVII-first half of the XVIII centuries, most of the territory of the modern Kovrovsky district was part of the Starodub camp of the Reshemskaya tithe of the Suzdal district. Since 1719, our lands ended up in the vast Moscow province. In 1778, the Vladimir province was formed as part of the Vladimir governorship. The province, according to the Decree of Empress Catherine II of September 1, 1778, was divided into districts, one of which was the Kovrov district. The village of Kovrovo received the status of a county town. Kovrov county included most of the Starodubsky, Starodubo-Ryapolovsky and Teikovsky camps of the Suzdal district, a significant part of the Bogolyubsky, Medushsky and Opolsky camps of the Vladimir district. The borders of the newly formed county changed several times and finally took shape only at the beginning of the 19th century, after the re-formation of the county in 1803. More than 2/3 of the territory of the current Kovrovsky district was previously part of the Kovrovsky district. The rest of the district was formerly part of the Sudogodsky district (Milinovo, Ivanovo-Esino, Novoe, Krasny Mayak and Krasny Oktyabr, Smolino, Shevinskaya, etc.), and a relatively small area belonged to the Vyaznikovsky district (Kuvezino, Panteleevo).

With the formation of the Kovrov uyezd, the system of uyezd administration was formed. In the county there were county and zemstvo courts, lower reprisal, county treasurer, solicitor, wine and salt bailiffs. The estate institution was the county noble guardianship, headed by the county marshal of the nobility. It was he who actually was the first person in the county. The leader was elected for three years at a meeting of the nobility by a majority vote. People, as a rule, influential and possessing a decent fortune, got to this post, because the service of the leader was not paid and took place, so to speak, "on a voluntary basis." Most of the Kovrov leaders served for one or two three years. I. S. Bezobrazov, who held the post of district marshal for 32 years in a row, from 1842 to 1874, set a peculiar record not only in the Vladimir province, but almost in all of Russia.

In the last decades before 1917, the Kovrov leader also became chairman of the county congress, the county land management commission, the recruitment affairs of the presence, the school council, the sobriety guardianship committee, the branch of the guardianship committee on prisons and the guardianship of orphanages.

From the nobility, candidates were also selected for the other key posts in the county as county judge and county zemstvo police officer. It was the police officer, who headed the county zemstvo court, who actually had the full administrative power in the county. Policemen were elected, as a rule, retired officers. Since 1890, the Kovrov district was divided into four zemstvo sections, headed by their chief. The zemstvo chief, appointed from among the nobility, served as the first court of jurisdiction for the peasant population subordinate to him.
In the current Kovrovsky district, there are almost no visible reminders of the noble estates that once were here. The only surviving monument of the provincial noble culture of the 18th-19th centuries on the territory of the Kovrovsky district is the Taneev estate complex in the village of Marinino, consisting of a manor house, a temple and a park.

Peasant industries. The beginning of the carpet industry.

The main population of the county were peasants, and it was this class in the Kovrov county that developed local non-agricultural crafts and trade. For a long time, important trade routes passed through the territory of the Kovrovsky district. A number of villages were the main center of crafts and trade. If we take the territory of the modern Kovrovsky district, then the village of Bolshoye Vsegodichi stood out here. In terms of the number of inhabitants, Bolshie Vsegodichi surpassed Kovrov in the first decades of its existence as a city. Constant bargaining in this village has been known since the 17th century. Bolshie Vsegodich and Vsegodichnaya volost gained fame as a center of tailoring. The inhabitants of the Kovrov district were engaged in various non-agricultural trades due to the low fertility of the land, its insufficient quantity and primitive cultivation techniques. One of the most profitable trades was the Offen trade, the homeland of which was the Kovrov district. Peasants from the villages of Vsegodicheskaya, Klyushnikovskaya, Ovsyannikovskaya and Sannikovskaya volosts left for the offen. Stone-quarrying arose even earlier than the Offenian, including the preparation of lime. This craft existed in the days of the Starodub principality. Peasants of Belkovsky, Velikovskaya, Malyshevskaya and Sannikovskaya volosts were engaged in the development of stone. In the 19th century, limestone was mined most of all by the peasants of the villages of Gorozhanovo, Medyntsevo, Tarkhanovo, Chernositovo and the village of Velikovo. Tailoring can be called the next most important local craft. It reached its greatest development in the Vsegodicheskaya and Malyshevskaya volosts. The number of tailors in the county reached 5,000 people. In total, there were about 20 types of local crafts on the territory of the Kovrov district. Among them, we will single out pottery, which was most developed among the peasants of the villages around the village of Osipovo, who produced up to 400 thousand clay products per year.

Various peasant crafts gave rise to the industry of the Kovrov district. Hand weaving factories, the so-called calico svetelki, have been operating in the county for a long time. Even landowners started them on their estates. An example is the factory operated by the Mankovs in the village of Babenki, which has been operating since the 1830s. In 1912-1914, a weaving factory was built near the village of Gostyukhino (now the village of Achievement) of the Osipovskaya volost of the nobleman N. L. Masalsky. In total, more than 15 thousand people worked at the factories in the Kovrov district in the 1910s.

In addition to spinning and weaving mills, there were industrial enterprises of a different profile. So, in the Kovrov district, there were three iron foundries, one of which, near the village of Raskova Myza (now within the city microdistrict of Maleev and Kangin), belonged to an Old Believer merchant, a native of the village of Ilyino, F.F. Pershin. In the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries, a network of railways passed through the territory of the Kovrov district. In 1858-1862, the Moscow-Nizhny Novgorod railway was laid, by 1868 the Novki-Shuya-Ivanovo-Kineshma railway line was put into operation, and in 1880 the Kovrov-Murom railway was put into operation. A wide network of railways, as well as the Moscow-Nizhny Novgorod highway built back in the 1830s, contributed to the rapid growth of industry in the Kovrov district.

Kovrov zemstvo.

One of the consequences of the reforms of the 1860s was the formation of zemstvo institutions. The Kovrov district zemstvo council began its work on March 23, 1866. Collegiate adviser A. A. Aleev, who had previously held the post of Kovrov district judge, was elected its first chairman. The role of the Zemstvo turned out to be exceptionally great in the development of education, health care, construction and maintenance of local roads. During its 50-year history, the Kovrov Zemstvo opened 98 primary zemstvo schools, 7 zemstvo hospitals and 2 outpatient clinics, a pharmacy, and a hospital with a maternity shelter in the county. The zemstvo organized the sale of books in the county and opened zemstvo libraries. The zemstvos were in charge of the county agronomic land surveying service, the land management commission and warehouses of agricultural implements, sanitary and veterinary doctors. Zemstvo was engaged in the construction of bridges and roads, their repair. Zemstvo provided great assistance to charitable institutions - almshouses and orphanages. Among the chairmen of the Kovrov uyezd zemstvo council, the most prominent figure was one of the leaders of the Vladimir cadets, State Councilor N.P. Muratov, who headed the Kovrov zemstvo in 1881-1889 and 1890-1905.

Orthodoxy in the land of Kovrov.

The Russian Orthodox Church had a great influence on various aspects of district life. The whole way of life, the whole existence of villages and villages was determined by the church calendar. The temple was not only a prayer building, but also the center of local public life. Now the church buildings are the oldest historical monuments in the region, a visible reminder of the past centuries. The first stone church within the boundaries of the modern Kovrovsky district was the Assumption Church of the former Lyubetsky Monastery, built in the early 1690s. The massive construction of Kovrov stone churches began in the late 1770s and continued until the early 1830s. The first of them were the Church of the Assumption in the village of Bolshie Vsegodichy and the Church of the Annunciation in the village of Krutovo. By 1917, there were 101 churches in the Kovrov district, many chapels, there was one women's community and one women's monastery. In the villages of Misaylovo and Danilovo-Yazykovo, wooden churches were preserved, the churches in large villages were distinguished by the richest decoration: Bolshie Vsegodichi, Lyubets, Plesets (Malyshevo), Klyazemsky Gorodok. Many prominent figures of the Church, officials, doctors, teachers came out of the people of the clergy of the Kovrov district. Thus, the son of a deacon in the village of Rusino, A. G. Vishnyakov, became a senator and attained the rank of real privy councilor, and the priestly son, T. F. Osipovsky, became an outstanding mathematician and rector of Kharkov University. The natives of the Kovrov district were St. Mitrofan of Voronezh, rector of the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy and Bishop of Suzdal Gennady (Dranitsyn), Metropolitan of Moscow and Kolomna Macarius (Nevsky). In the early 1920s, Kovrov and the county received their own archpastor, Bishop Athanasius (Sakharov) of Kovrov. The persecution of the Church in Soviet times ended with the closure of all churches in the region by 1941. Only in 1944 was it allowed to serve in the Assumption Church in the village of Bolshiye Vsegodichy, which until the early 1990s remained the only functioning church in the Kovrov district. Recently, in the Kovrovsky district, new Orthodox churches are being more and more actively restored and built - monuments of history and culture of the Vladimir region. The Church of the Nativity of the Mother of God in the village of Ivanovo-Esino, the Kazan Church in the village of Malyshevo, and the Church of the Resurrection in the village of Pavlovskoye became operational. Restoration of the Church of the Nativity of the Mother of God in the churchyard of Medushi, St. Nicholas Church in the village of Troitskoye-Nikolskoye is underway. The Nikolskaya Church under construction in the Kovrov village of Yudikha will become a unique monument of wooden architecture.

Kovrovskiy district in 1920-1930s.

The establishment of Soviet power gave impetus to significant administrative-territorial transformations. In June 1918, 8 volosts of the northern part of the Kovrov district were transferred to the newly formed Ivanovo province. The territory of the Kovrovsky district was reduced by about a third. The number of remaining volosts (by 1917 there were 20 in the county) was gradually reduced due to their enlargement. By 1929, only 6 volosts remained in the Kovrovsky district: Aleksinskaya, Klyushnikovskaya, Osipovskaya, Savinskaya, Tyntsovskaya and Edemskaya. In 1929, the Ivanovo industrial region was formed, which included most of the Vladimir province. Kovrovsky district became part of the Vladimirsky district of the Ivanovo industrial region. A number of settlements of the former Sudogodsky and Vyaznikovsky districts were included in the newly formed district. In 1940, the Kameshkovsky district was formed, which included a significant part of the villages from the Kovrovsky district, along with the village of Kameshkovo.

In 1944, the Vladimir region was formed by disaggregating the Ivanovo region. It also included the Kovrov district. In 1945, the workers' settlements of Krasny Oktyabr and Krasny Mayak were formed in the Kovrovsky district, and in 1958, the settlements of Melekhovo and Malygino. The last time the boundaries of the Kovrovsky district changed in 1961, when the Seltsovsky village council of the Palekhsky district of the Ivanovo region entered the Kovrov district.

After 1917, a campaign began in Kovrov Uyezd to introduce collective forms of farming in the countryside. The first agricultural commune was organized in February 1918 in the village of Klyushnikovo. Since 1928, collectivization began in the Kovrov district, which was accompanied by mass "dispossession". By 1931, there were already 139 collective farms in the region, uniting 3251 peasant farms (26% of the total). Collectivization had the greatest success in Osipovsky, Klyazmogorodetsky, Staroderevensky, Yudikhinsky, Krestnikovsky, Smolinsky and Ivanovo-Esinsky village councils. By 1935, in the Kovrovsky district, continuous collectivization was over. Almost every village or village had its own collective farm.

In January 1939, an independent rural district committee was separated from the Kovrov city committee. In June of the same year, the I Kovrov District Party Conference took place, at which G. M. Zavyalov was elected First Secretary of the Kovrov District Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks.

Kovrovskiy district during the Great Patriotic War.

Thousands of residents of the Kovrovsky district walked along the roads of the Great Patriotic War. It is impossible to mention all the names of the Kovrovites who courageously performed their military duty. Two natives of the Kovrovsky district received the highest award - the Gold Star of the Hero of the Soviet Union. Attack pilot I.V. Pershutov from the village of Babenki beat the Nazis on the formidable Il-2 attack aircraft. On February 9, 1944, he died in an unequal battle, liberating Ukraine. On October 26, 1944, Lieutenant Pershutov was posthumously awarded the title of Hero. The commander of the mortar company, a native of the village of Polovchinovo, A.P. Generalov, fought in the Arctic, defended the approaches to Murmansk. October 13, 1944, leading the counterattack of his battalion, the brave captain died. He received the title of Hero posthumously.

During the war years, the inhabitants of the region and in the rear showed no less heroism than at the front. The names of the designers of small arms, Heroes of Socialist Labor S. G. Simonov, a native of the village of Fedotovo, and G. S. Shpagin, a native of the village of Klyushnikovo, are known to the whole world. The models of small arms created by them proved to be excellent on the battlefields. In the history of military medicine, Hero of Socialist Labor E. I. Smirnov, a native of the village of Ozerki, gained fame. During the Great Patriotic War, he headed the Main Military Sanitary Directorate of the Red Army, and in the post-war years he served as Minister of Health of the USSR.

The most significant military facility on the territory of the Kovrovsky district was the airfield for heavy bombers near the village of Kryachkovo. The creation of the airfield is associated with the name of the famous polar explorer, Hero of the Soviet Union M.V. Vodopyanov. Since the autumn of 1941, two regiments were based at the Kryachkovo airfield, including the legendary 432nd heavy bomber aviation regiment of the 81st long-range aviation division, in which the first Heroes of the Soviet Union polar explorers A. V. Belyakov, M. M. Gromov, A. D. Alekseev, G. F. Baidukov served. From the Kovrov land, the Soviet “flying fortresses” Pe-8 “worked” along the railway junctions of Smolensk, Vitebsk, Orsha, Minsk and Lyuban, and also flew to bomb the deep rear of Nazi Germany, including Berlin. In April 1942, the aircraft of the 432nd Air Regiment, on the instructions of the Soviet government, flew to England, delivering a group of employees of the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs there, and in May they brought People's Commissar V. M. Molotov to Washington for negotiations with US President F. Roosevelt.

By 1943, after the transition of the Soviet troops to the offensive, long-range aviation airfields moved to the west. The field airfield near the village of Kryachkovo was also empty, although other air formations continued to use it for several more years.

The material was prepared by the director of the MUK "Historical Museum of Local Lore of the Kovrov District" Frolova E. V "

In the XVII - the first half. 18th century most of the territory of the modern Kovrovsky district was part of the Starodub camp of the Reshemskaya tithe of the Suzdal district.
Since 1719, these lands were part of the vast Moscow province.
In 1778, the Vladimir province was formed as part of the Vladimir viceroy. The province, according to the Decree of Empress Catherine II of September 1, 1778, was divided into districts, one of which was the Kovrov district. The village of Kovrovo received the status of a county town.
Kovrov county included most of the Starodubsky, Starodubo-Ryapolovsky and Teikovsky camps of the Suzdal district, a significant part of the Bogolyubsky, and the camps of the Vladimir district.
Many villages, later located in the Kovrov district, were not originally included in it. So, the villages of Aleksino, Shapkino, Luchkino, Khotiml and Ryapolovo in 1779 were listed in the Vyaznikovsky district, and the villages of Rusino, Alachino - in Vladimirsky. It is likely that the boundaries of the county have changed several times. They finally took shape in 1803, after the re-formation of the Kovrov district.
In 1796, the Kovrov district was abolished, and the city of Kovrov was turned into a settlement.
On June 5 (May 24), 1803, the settlement of Kovrov was again restored as a county town.

The location of the county is flat.
On the right side of the Klyazma River lies mountain limestone. Its layer lies no deeper than 3.5 m (5 arshins) from the surface of the earth and contains 3 types of stone: socle, flaky and proper calcareous, from which lime is burned. The breaking of the stone was carried out in the mountains located along the right tributary of the Klyazma - the Nerekhta. Stone quarrying was the main source of livelihood for many villages, from the village of Velikoy to the city of Kovrov. According to Tikhonravov's calculation, the area occupied by limestone is about 1700 sq. km or 1500 sq. verst.
On the upper reaches of the Nerekhta River there are deposits of various clays suitable for pottery and brick production.
There are many swamps on the left side of the Klyazma River. Of these, the most significant are the swamps between the villages of Terlikov and Babushkin (7.5 km, or 7 versts, length and up to 2 km wide), between the villages of Zaozerye and Dushki (9.5 km, or 9 versts, length and from 3-15 km, or 3-14 versts, width) and between the villages of Moshki and Vtorovoe (length 15 km, or 14 versts, and width 2-5.5 km , or 2-5 miles).
There are small lakes in this part of the county; of which the lake at has a length of 4 km, a width of up to 65 m, or 30 sazhens.
On the right side of the Klyazma River from the mouth of the Nerekhta River there is a strip from 11 to 32 km, or from 10 to 30 versts, the width of fertile land, and in the rest of the county the soil is gray-silty with sand and rocky everywhere and required strong fertilizer.
In the southern part of the county, the Klyazma River flows for 100 versts; in the city of Kovrov there is a pier. Of its tributaries, the most significant are: Uvod, Shizhegda, Teza and Nerekhta. Small boats can navigate the Teza River, and the Uvod River is raftable.

County administration

With the formation of the Kovrov uyezd, the system of uyezd administration was formed. In the county there were county and zemstvo courts, the necessary reprisals, the positions of county treasurer, solicitor, wine and salt bailiffs. The estate institution was the county noble guardianship, headed by the county marshal of the nobility. But despite the fact that formally the leader did not have special powers, in fact, especially after the enactment of the "Charter for the rights of liberty and the advantages of the noble Russian nobility", he was the first person in the county. According to Professor V.V. Mavrodin, "the influence of the leaders of the nobility on the activities of provincial and district state bodies was exceptionally great." The leader was elected for three years at a meeting of the nobility by a majority vote. People, as a rule, influential and possessing a decent fortune, got to this post, because the service of the leader was not paid and took place, so to speak, "on a voluntary basis." Moreover, the leader had to spend his own funds to fulfill his duties and represent, and in significant amounts. It is no coincidence that several Kovrov leaders of the nobility completely went bankrupt in this honorary, but not very profitable post. From the nobility, candidates were also selected for the other key posts in the county as county judge and county zemstvo police officer. It was the police officer, who headed the county zemstvo court, who actually had the full administrative power in the county. Police officers were elected almost exclusively retired officers. The first of them was Captain Nikolai Gavrilovich Neelov, who was Kovrov police officer intermittently from 1778 to 1796. In the Kovrov district, not all villages belonged to the landowners. The main part of the Aleksinsky and Belkovsky volosts, as former monastic estates, turned out to be state-owned, and two volosts - Vsegodichnaya and Egorievskaya belonged to the Palace (and later - Specific) department. Most of the rest of the villages of the Kovrov district were owner-occupied, that is, landlords.

In the mid-50s of the XIX century in the Kovrovsky district of the Vladimir province in the village of Simakovo (now) the peasant N.V. Kondratiev was created, consisting of serf musicians.

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County population

The county, the center of which was Kovrov in 1778, included the territory that had previously been in three counties: Suzdal, Vladimir and Shuisky. In 1778, 13,645 male census souls of peasants were transferred from Suzdal uyezd to Kovrov uyezd, 14,338 census souls from Vladimir uyezd, and 295 souls from Shuisky uyezd. Of these souls, 2701 were palace, 4959 were economic, and 20618 were landlords. The total male population of the Kovrov district, together with the city, was 28,373 in January 1779, and the total population was about 60 thousand people.
The population of the county in 1859 was 99,043. According to the 1897 census, the county had 109,861 inhabitants (48,457 men and 61,404 women). According to the results of the all-Union population census in 1926, the population of the county was 120,524 people, of which 33,380 people were urban.
By religion: Orthodox - 113,528, schismatics - 986, Catholics - 38, others - 35.
By class: nobles - 202, clergy - 386, philistines - 1,688, peasants - 112,220, others - 91.
In con. 19th century the county included: 2 camps, 25 volosts, 695 villages, all populated places - 900.
According to the 1897 census, the largest settlements of the county are: the city of Kovrov - 14,571 people; - 2739 people; the village of Gorki - 1018 people; With. Spas-Yurtsevo - 886 people; With. Ryakhovo - 858 people; With. Gorki - 803 people; village Belkovo - 770 people; - 743 people; village Klyushnikovo - 728 people; With. Big Vesgodichi - 727 people; village Mishnevo - 681 people; With. Tyntsy - 593 people; With. Resurrection - 585 people; With. Aleksino - 573 people; the village of Kolobovo - 567 people; village Goryachevo - 545 people; With. Velikovo - 539 people; Kamenovo village - 526 people
By 1913, the Kovrov district was divided into 20 volosts: Aleksinsky volost - with. Aleksino; Berezovskaya volost - with. birch; Bykovskaya parish - with. Bykovo; Belkovsky volost - with. Belkovo; Velikovsky parish - with. Velikovo; Voznesenskaya parish - with. Ascension; Resurrection parish - with. Resurrection; All-year-round parish - with. Big Vesgodichi; Zimenkovskaya volost - with. Zimenki; Egorievsk parish - with. Egory; Klyushnikovskaya volost - village Klyushnikovo; Lezhnevskaya parish - with. Lezhnevo; Malyshevskaya volost - village Malyshevo; Milyukovskaya volost - with. Milyukovo; Osipovskaya volost - with. Osipovo; Sannikov parish - with. Sannikovo; Filyandinsky volost - with. Filyandino; Khotiml volost - with. Hotiml; Cherntskaya volost - with. Cherntsy; Eden parish -.

Since 1890, the Kovrov district was divided into four zemstvo sections, headed by their chief. The zemstvo chief, appointed from among the nobility, served as the first court of jurisdiction for the peasant population subordinate to him. The main population of the county were peasants, and it was this class in the Kovrov county that developed local non-agricultural crafts and trade.
For a long time, important trade routes passed through the territory of the Kovrovsky district. A number of villages were the main center of crafts and trade. If we take the territory of the modern Kovrovsky district, then the village of Bolshoye Vsegodichi stood out here. In terms of the number of inhabitants, Bolshie Vsegodichi surpassed Kovrov in the first decades of its existence as a city. Constant bargaining in this village has been known since the 17th century. Bolshie Vsegodich and Vsegodichnaya volost gained fame as a center of tailoring.

Crafts and industry

Cm. .
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In the second floor. XIX - early. XX centuries a network of railways passed through the territory of the Kovrovsky district. In 1858-1862. was laid, by 1868 the Novki-Shuya-Ivanovo-Kineshma railway line was put into operation, and in 1880 -.

One of the consequences of the reforms of the 1860s. was the formation of zemstvo institutions. Kovrov district zemstvo government began its work on March 23, 1866. Collegiate adviser A.A. Aleev, who previously held the post of Kovrov district judge. The role of the Zemstvo turned out to be exceptionally great in the development of education, health care, construction and maintenance of local roads. During its 50-year history, the Kovrov Zemstvo opened 98 primary zemstvo schools, 7 zemstvo hospitals and 2 outpatient clinics, a pharmacy, and a hospital with a maternity shelter in the county. The zemstvo organized the sale of books in the county and opened zemstvo libraries. The zemstvos were in charge of the county agronomic land surveying service, the land management commission and warehouses of agricultural implements, sanitary and veterinary doctors. Zemstvo was engaged in the construction of bridges and roads, their repair. Zemstvo provided great assistance to charitable institutions - almshouses and orphanages. Among the chairmen of the Kovrov district zemstvo council, the most prominent figure was one of the leaders of the Vladimir cadets, the state councilor, who headed the Kovrov zemstvo in 1881-1889 and 1890-1905.

The Russian Orthodox Church had a great influence on various aspects of district life. The whole way of life, the whole existence of villages and villages was determined by the church calendar. The temple was not only a prayer building, but also the center of local public life. Now the church buildings are the oldest historical monuments in the region, a visible reminder of the past centuries. The first stone church within the boundaries of the modern Kovrovsky district was the Assumption Church of the former, arranged in the beginning. 1690s
The mass construction of Kovrov stone churches began from the end. 1770s and continued until the beginning. 1830s The first of them were the Church of the Assumption in the village of Bolshie Vsegodichy and the Church of the Annunciation in the village of Krutovo. By 1917, there were 101 churches in the Kovrov district, many chapels, there was one women's community and one women's monastery. In the villages and Danilovo-Yazykovo, wooden temples were preserved, the churches in large villages were distinguished by the richest decoration: Bolshiye Vsegodichi, Lyubets, (Malyshevo), Klyazemsky Gorodok. Many prominent figures of the Church, officials, doctors, teachers came out of the people of the clergy of the Kovrov district. So, the son of the deacon of the village Rusino A.G. Vishnyakov became a senator and reached the rank of real Privy Councilor, and the priestly son T.F. Osipovsky became an outstanding mathematician, rector of Kharkov University. The natives of the Kovrov district were St. Mitrofan of Voronezh, rector of the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy and Bishop of Suzdal Gennady (Dranitsyn), Metropolitan of Moscow and Kolomna Macarius (Nevsky).
In the beginning. 1920s Kovrov and the county received their own archpastor - Bishop of Kovrov Saint Athanasius (Sakharov).
The persecution of the Church in Soviet times ended with the closure by 1941 of all churches in the region. Only in 1944 was it allowed to serve in the Assumption Church in the village of Bolshiye Vsegodichi, which until the beginning. 1990s remained the only functioning church in the Kovrovsky district.

« FIRST BLESSED DISTRICT
The structure of this district includes the churches of the following villages.

V. founded by the trapper Elifan. Then the village was renamed the village of Rozhdestvenskoye and in the 16th century. belonged to the princes Kovrov (see). In the cemetery near the church of John the Warrior, 5 plates with inscriptions have been preserved, and on one of them there is an inscription that Prince Vasily An was buried (in the city) under it. Kovra, former first governor of the Great Perm. Prince Iv. Kovra presented K. to the Suzdal Spaso-Efimevsky Monastery and K., with the establishment of monastic staff, in the city, was made an economic village. From city to city it was a county town and in the city it was left behind the state. In the city it was made a county town of the Vladimir province. Residents 5372 men and 3814 women (by January 1); Orthodox 8,972; schismatics, 95; Roman Catholics, 48; City income 68504 rubles. (g.), of which 4796 rubles. from documents for trade and 2607 rubles. from taverns and other similar establishments. 3652 rubles were spent on the maintenance of the city general administration, 3652 rubles on educational institutions, 682 rubles on the medical department, a total of 37429 rubles. Thanks to the railroad, the trade of K. developed greatly. Factories and plants: 1 fat-fired, 1 steam flour mill and 1 mechanical and weaving factory and, in addition, mechanical workshops of the Moscow-Nizhny Novgorod road (4 steam engines with 116 forces with 734 workers). Of the factories, the paper-weaving Yves is more significant. A. Treumova, producing up to 110 thousand pounds of muslin. There are workers on it, and its turnover reaches 2300 thousand rubles. Near K. there are rich fragments of limestone. 33 drinking establishments, a city school and 2 parish ones. Hospital.

Kovrov county

Kovrov county in the middle part of the province and occupies, according to Schweitzer, 65.4 sq. miles or 3165 sq. verst. The location of the county is even, with the exception of the left side of the Klyazma River. On the right side of the Klyazma River lies mountain limestone. Its layer lies no deeper than 5 arshins from the surface of the earth and contains 3 types of stone: socle, flaky and actually calcareous, from which lime is burned. Stone breaking is carried out in the mountains located along the right tributary of the Klyazma - Nerekhta. Quarrying is the main source of livelihood for many villages, from the village of Velikoy to the city of Kovrov. According to Tikhonravov's calculation, the area occupied by limestone is about 1500 sq. verst. On the upper reaches of the Nerekhta River there are deposits of various clays suitable for pottery and brick production. There are many swamps on the left side of the Klyazma River. Of these, the most significant are the swamps between the villages of Terlikov and Babushkin (7 versts long and up to 2 versts wide), between the villages of Zaozerye and Dushki (9 versts long and from 3-14 versts wide) and between the villages Moshki and Vtorovoe (14 versts long and 2-5 versts wide). There are small lakes in this part of the county; of these, the lake near the village of Smekhra is 4 versts long and up to 30 fathoms wide. On the right side of the Klyazma River from the mouth of the Nerekhta River there is a strip of fertile land from 10 to 30 versts wide, and in the rest of the county the soil is gray-silty with sand and stony everywhere and requires strong fertilizer. There were up to 150 thousand acres under the forest in the city. The forest in the county is mainly coniferous; it is located on the right side of the Klyazma River. Oak forests are located along the banks of the Klyazma, Uvod, Shishezhedi and Teza. Forests in the city had 44,104 tithes for peasant communities, 92,934 tithes for private owners, 4,985 tithes for the treasury, 7,827 tithes for an appanage, and tithes for the city. In the southern part of the county, the Klyazma River flows for 100 versts; in the city of Kovrov there is a pier. Of its tributaries, the most significant are: Take away with the tributaries of the Talsha, Vyazma and Ukhtoma; Shishezheda, Teza and Nerekhta. Small boats can navigate the Teza River, and the Uvod River is raftable.

Residents (without the city) 55466 men and 59121 women (by January 1); Orthodox 113528, schismatics 986, Catholics 38, other confessions 35; 202 nobles, 386 clergy, philistines, peasants 112220, other estates 91. Churches 86. 2 camps, volosts 25, villages 695. All inhabited places 900. All land 341896 acres and from it inconvenient 19529 acres. The arable land is divided by the Zemstvo into 3 categories - 1 is valued at 10 rubles; Peasant societies had 36,513 tithes of such land, the owners, the treasury 25, and the specific department of tithes. To the 2nd category - 8 rubles. tithe - 37469 tithes of peasant land, 7453 tithes of the owner's land and 24 tithes of state land were included. To the 3rd category - 5 rubles. tithe - belong to 34828 tithes of the peasant and 10770 tithes of the owner. There were 17,146 acres of mowing for peasant communities, 2,616 acres for owners, 15 acres for appanage and 40 acres for the city. There are 8,491 tithes of non-poem meadows for peasant societies, 3,613 tithes for owners, 14 tithes for the treasury, and 16 tithes for appanage. Sown in quarters: rye 39524, wheat 4840, oats 31598, barley 3495, buckwheat 9538, peas 305, potatoes 24781, flax. Harvested rye, quarters: 167,380; wheat 15,256; oats 125,088; barley 16,252; 30, pigs 465. Fishing on the Klyazma River. Horticulture, horticulture and beekeeping are underdeveloped. Ofen live in the northeastern part of the county (see). The flourishing times of the office have passed and now their number has significantly decreased. The nest of the Kovrov office is the Aleksinsky volost, which lies near the settlement of Kholuy, the trading center of all ofen. Weaving of sarpinka and calico is developed in the northwestern part of the county. Of the special crafts, we note the production of tarantasses and sledges with baskets (bodies) woven from willow and cherry and the manufacture of sieves and sieves. Railways pass through the county: Nizhegorodskaya, Shuysko-Ivanovskaya and Muromskaya. 13 factories are engaged in the processing of cotton fiber, of which 7 factories are engaged in mechanical weaving, 1 factory is a crimson-dyeing and chintz printing factory, and 3 factories are engaged in manual paper weaving. Of paper weaving, the most significant is the Gorkinskaya manufactory with a turnover of 165,754 rubles, with workers; paper-weaving Resurrection manufactory, workers 306; calico weaving factories of Treumov (Kovrov), Kuchin, Gorbunovs (for 89,588 rubles); Lezhnevskaya manufactory (78,310 rubles), etc. The foil-rolling establishment of the merchant Chakhnov and the Bolshakov steam mill. Mills 20. 21 lime kilns, 17 lime pits, 135 drinking establishments and 648 various commercial and industrial establishments. Certificates for the right to trade issued (

Archaeological monuments of the Kovrovsky district