An in-depth analysis of the poem Frost the Red Nose by Nekrasov. “The fabulous Morozko in Nekrasov’s poem “Red Nose Frost.” Thoughts and Daria's dream

The poem “Frost, Red Nose” by N. A. Nekrasov, a brief summary and analysis of which will be presented to your attention, was created in 1863. It was dedicated in 1869 to his sister A.A. Butkevich, whom he immediately warned that this work would be sadder than anything he had already written.

Brief history of creation

After the abolition of serfdom, many expected further rapid changes in public life. The revolutionary upsurge intensified, which caused government repression. The publication was first suspended (1862), and then N. Nekrasov’s magazine “Sovremennik” (1866) was completely closed. The poet managed to publish the entire poem in 1864. In it, he showed that although peasant life was painful and difficult, they themselves were full of spiritual strength. Now we will look at the poem “Frost, Red Nose” by Nekrasov. The summary begins.

Sad words to my sister

The poet explains the reasons why he rarely and reluctantly writes: “I am tired of fighting the obstacles of life that poisoned it. The obstacles passed by thanks to the prayers of my beloved sister.” Then the poet remembers their garden, in which the father planted an oak tree, and the mother planted a willow tree, on which the leaves began to wither when Maman died at night. Now, when he is writing a poem, large hail like tears is flying outside his window. In St. Petersburg, only stones do not cry, the poet’s heart, languishing with melancholy, tells him. He is writing a new work in which we will visually imagine a picture of peasant life by reading a summary of “Frost, the Red Nose” by Nekrasov. The poet divided the work into two parts.

Bitter grief - the owner of the house died

During the cold winter, there was no breadwinner in the house. Looking ahead, let's say that he caught a cold while driving his Savraska, rushing to deliver the goods on time. But now Proclus Sevastyanovich lies dead on a bench by the window. His family silently endures a terrible misfortune. The father is going to dig a grave, the mother found and brought a coffin for him. Wife Daria is sewing a shroud at the window, and only the tears that she cannot hold back quietly drip onto her husband’s last vestment.

Women's share

In the life of a Russian peasant woman there are three terrible fates: to be married to a slave, to become the mother of a slave, and for the rest of her life not to contradict the slave in any way.

But there are still majestic Slavic women left in Rus'.

Strict, they bloom, surprising everyone with their beauty, to which dirt does not stick. They deftly cope with any work and never sit idle. They rarely smile, but if they look, “they’ll give you a ruble.” But on holidays they surrender to joy with all their souls, and you can hear their hearty laughter, which no amount of money can buy. Such a woman, whom only the blind cannot see, will save her in any trouble. She does not feel sorry for the beggars, because she believes that they themselves are lazy to work. Her family is always well-groomed and does not feel any need: there is always delicious kvass on the table, the children are well-fed and healthy, there is always more prepared for holidays than on weekdays. Such was Daria, the widow of Proclus. This is how Nekrasov’s poem “Frost, Red Nose” continues, a brief summary of which we retell.

Farewell to Proclus

The children, who did not understand anything, were taken to the neighbors. Mother and father, in complete stern silence, dress their son for his final journey.

Only after this does the family allow themselves lamentations and tears. Neighbors and the headman come to say goodbye to Procl Sevastyanovich, whom the whole village respected.

And in the morning the sleigh takes him on his final journey, to the grave that his father dug. We returned home, it was cold, there was no wood for the stove. Daria goes after them into the winter forest.

Thoughts and Daria's dream

The second part of N. A. Nekrasov’s poem “Frost, Red Nose” begins. In the forest, Daria chopped so much firewood that she couldn’t carry it on a sleigh. While working, Daria did not forget about her husband for a second, talked to him, worried about the future of Grishenka’s only son, imagined how beautiful their Mashenka would grow up, how many things would now fall on her shoulders alone, and now there was no one to expect help from. Out of fatigue and grief, she leaned against a tall pine tree. This is where the boastful governor Moroz finds her. He calls Daria to his kingdom. The widow refuses him twice, but when the cunning man pretends to be Proclus, Daria freezes in an enchanted eternal sleep. Only the squirrel drops a lump of snow on the unfortunate woman who left her children orphans.

Nekrasov, “Frost, Red Nose”: main characters

Daria is the same Slavic woman whom the author admires in the first part of his work. The poem “Frost, Red Nose” by N. Nekrasov describes this image in detail.

Having tried all the ways to save her dying husband from fever, she goes to a distant monastery to get a miraculous icon. This road is not easy - ten miles through the forest, where there are wolves. But even the icon for which she paid her last money did not return her beloved friend. After his funeral, tired, she goes into the forest to get firewood, where no one will see her grief or tears - she is still proud. Her soul, exhausted by melancholy, is torn. Changes are happening in her. Forgetting about the children, she thinks only about her husband. Freezing with a smile in a happy dream, she sees a sunny summer day when she and her husband worked together.

Proclus, who had just passed away, was the breadwinner and hope of the family.

Hardworking and enterprising, he worked all year: in spring, summer, autumn - on the land, and in winter - as a carrier. He, stately, the strongest, affable and friendly, attentive to his wife, children and parents, was respected by the entire village.

ON THE. Nekrasov, “Frost, Red Nose”: analysis

Nekrasov knew peasant life very well: everyday life, misfortunes, joys, exhausting work, short rest, rare holidays are described in the poem. Nekrasov gave most of his poem “Frost, Red Nose” to a Russian woman. Around these years, Tyutchev echoed him, describing in a short poem how the best years of a Russian woman would flash and disappear forever under a gray sky in a nameless land.

However, N. Nekrasov saw in her enormous hidden possibilities, which he lovingly described: majesty and pride, hard work and loyalty, sacrifice for the happiness and health of loved ones and resistance to all circumstances to the end of his strength.

The climax of the poem is the part in which Daria dies. And the main idea is the internal and external beauty of the heroine. A sublime song to a simple peasant woman performed by N.A. Nekrasov is impeccable.

The theme of N. A. Nekrasov’s poem “Frost, Red Nose” is quite definite; for the poet it is one of the main ones in his work - this is the sphere of life, everyday life and being of the common people, peasants, their happiness and misfortunes, hardships and joys, hard work and rare moments of rest. But perhaps

This poem is entirely dedicated to the Russian woman - as the poet saw her. And here I immediately remember Nekrasov’s poem “Yesterday, at six o’clock,” in which he calls his Muse the “sister” of the peasant woman, thereby forever defining his commitment to this topic. “Frost, Red Nose” is a poem about the heroism and strength of a woman, manifested in unity with nature and in opposition to it. The work is based on a deep, detailed knowledge of peasant life. At the center of the poem is a woman in all her guises: “woman”, “beautiful and powerful Slavic woman”, “uterus”

And, finally, “a woman of the Russian land.” The poet paints a national type, so life in the poem is like this

significant, and death takes on the meaning of a true tragedy. The heroine is a “majestic Slav”, whose appearance embodies folk ideas about a real beauty:

There are women in Russian villages With calm importance on their faces, With beautiful strength in their movements, With a gait, with the look of queens - Wouldn’t a blind person notice them, And a sighted person says about them: “It will pass as if the sun will illuminate it!” If he looks, he’ll give you a ruble!”

Nekrasov’s Russian woman has real spiritual wealth. In her image, the poet shows a person of high moral qualities, who does not lose faith, and is not broken by any sorrows. Nekrasov glorifies her perseverance in life’s trials, pride, dignity, care for her family and children. Daria’s fate is the difficult lot of a peasant woman who took on all the men’s work and died as a result. Her fate is perceived as a typical fate of a Russian woman:

Fate had three difficult shares, And the first share: to marry a slave, The second – to be the mother of a slave’s son, And the third – to submit to a slave until the grave, And all these formidable shares fell on the woman of the Russian land.

Taking care of the family, raising children, working around the house and in the field, even the hardest work - all of this fell on Daria. But she did not break under this weight. This is exactly what the poet admires. He says about Russian peasant women that “the dirt of the wretched situation does not seem to stick to them.” Such a woman “endures both hunger and cold.” There is still room for compassion in her soul. Daria went many miles for a miraculous icon that could cure her husband. True, Daria avoided one of the “hard fates”: “to submit to a slave until the grave.”

Her relationship with Proclus was extremely happy. Her husband loved her with that restrained, somewhat harsh love that is characteristic of peasant families. In hard work, she was always not just his assistant, but his equal, a faithful comrade. She was the pillar on which the family was attached. He and Proclus were given the happiness of raising healthy children and dreaming of their son’s wedding. The hard work was redeemed by sincere feelings and mutual understanding. But the disease took away her husband. Having buried him, Daria did not give up, shedding tears, constantly turning to him, talking as if he were alive, she did even more work, as long as the children were fed and healthy. But the fate of the villain predetermined an orphan's share for the children. Daria never gave up in a single battle in life, nor did she succumb to mystical power.

Voivode Frost offers her his kingdom, the “blue palace” and at the same time peace, oblivion from torment, non-existence. But she, freezing, with a last effort of will, resurrects in her memory her entire past life, albeit difficult and hopeless, but still dear to her. With the same humility with which she endured all the blows of fate, Daria talks to Moroz. To his question, “Are you warm, young lady?” she answers three times: “It’s warm.” Neither a complaint nor a groan escaped her lips. The idea of ​​the poem is to glorify the strength of the Russian woman. For the poet, she is the ideal of external beauty: “The world is a marvel of beauty, Rumyana, slender, tall,” the ideal of behavior, because she is hard-working, strict, courageous; the ideal of spiritual beauty, motherhood, fidelity, devotion to her husband and disobedience to the hardships of fate.

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When working on the poem “Frost, Red Nose” (1863), the poet set himself the task of an in-depth analysis of Russian folk character, artistic penetration into the most intimate movements of the soul, ideals, feelings and ideas of his folk heroes. The poem “Frost, Red Nose” was written when, at the decline of the revolutionary wave, there was a smell of reaction in the country, when among the ranks of the democratic intelligentsia, faith in the revolutionary capabilities of the people was significantly shaken. With this work, Nekrasov declared that the question of the people and their destinies remains the central issue of Russian life. Addressing the democratic intelligentsia, he sought to strengthen their faith in the people’s forces, for the entire poem “Frost, Red Nose,” full of soulful lyricism, sounded like an inspired hymn to the inexhaustible strength and great moral beauty of the Russian peasantry.

In the new “peasant” poem, the author does not strive to expand in breadth. Two days and two deaths in one peasant family. The field of observation has been narrowed, in the author’s sphere of attention there are only two most complete (Daria, Proclus) and several briefly outlined characters, but never before in his desire to penetrate into the very depths of the folk spirit, folk psychology, has Nekrasov achieved such success. The dramatic plot (the death and funeral of Proclus, the death of Daria) helps to reveal the heroine’s inner world: in times of grief, people think more, feel more acutely, and live a more intense spiritual life.

At first glance, “Frost, Red Nose” seems to be a more traditional work than “Peddlers”: the analysis of the hero’s mental experiences, emotions and the author’s lyrical thoughts have long formed the basis of the poem genre. But this is only an appearance. The innovative meaning of the poem and the courage of its author is that its heroine is a village woman, and those soulful lyrical intonations, those techniques of deep and subtle psychological analysis that were applied to heroes of the previous type, “subtle” people of the nobility, sounded unprecedentedly fresh, being used to depict the life of an illiterate Russian peasant woman.

As in “Peddlers,” the poet is not afraid to talk about the most everyday, ordinary things, to paint pictures of wretched village life (in the hut, as usual, “a calf in the basement,” and for dinner, as usual, “cabbage, and with bread kvass") and the hopeless darkness (the treatment of Proclus) of the Russian village in all their truth and harsh, “sober”, as Chernyshevsky said, truth. Through these pictures the deep tragedy of “the course of people’s life” is gradually revealed. The poet does not hide the tragic fact that centuries of slavery and poverty have left their mark on the people's character. Under the influence of the “formidable share”, “the type crushed / The beautiful and powerful Slavic woman,” the type of woman outlined in the words became widespread:

You are all fear incarnate,

You are all age-old languor

But the pathos of the poem lies elsewhere. The author’s entire attention is focused on the more rarely encountered, but despite everything, preserved type of “majestic Slavic woman”. It exists, it is “possible to find it even today,” the best traits of the people’s character are concentrated in it, it is the most powerful proof that “the people have not frozen, have not sunk, the source of life has not dried up in them” (Dobrolyubov). This folk type includes Daria and Proclus, and Proclus’s parents, and, probably, Grishukha and Masha the Reckless. Each of these images (and especially Daria) is covered with a poetic aura. And this is not a desire for idealization, but the result of a certain aesthetic vision of the world, new for the literature of that time. Everything is there: a wretched hut, thin bast shoes, a calf in the basement, backbreaking labor, and for it - “cabbage, and kvass with bread,” but “the dirt of the wretched situation” “doesn’t seem to stick” to the heroes of the poem, perhaps because this, using Chernyshevsky’s terms, is healthy, real dirt, the main element of which is labor.

Speaking with great lyrical emotion about the beauty of the heroine - the Russian peasant woman Daria and the nobility of her inner appearance, the author makes it clear that they are a consequence of the highest: the beauty of human labor, which constitutes the content and basis of people's life and makes a working person a bearer of the highest moral standards and values. For Nekrasov in the 60s, the problem of labor and its role in human society became more and more important. The conclusion that it is the people who are the creator of all material and cultural values ​​is already anticipated in the poem. It is no coincidence that after it “The Railway” and “Who Lives Well in Rus'” will be written.

But doesn’t the high poeticization of folk life in the poem “Frost, Red Nose” conflict with the requirement for its realistic depiction? The poet speaks about social conditions, peasant life, wretched and dark, without softening the colors, “the sober truth.” What about Daria, Proclus? Also the truth. The images are deeply realistic, connected with the environment by a thousand threads and explained by it; there is no reason not to believe the poet that people of this type “can still be found among the people today.” But is this the whole truth about the Russian peasantry as such? Did it appear in all the complexity and contradictory nature of its social, everyday and psychological appearance? Did it appear not only in labor, but also in struggle?

Nekrasov, with ardent love and great truthfulness, painted one of the most positive, joyful types of national character, revealed the most poetic sides of the people's soul. But the part is not equal to the whole. It is quite understandable that a poem with a family plot could not accommodate the entire diversity of folk types, or reveal all the facets of the folk character. The author did not strive for this, he was faced with another task, brilliantly solved... But it was during these years, the years of work on the poem “Frost, Red Nose,” that Nekrasov hatched the idea of ​​a grandiose artistic canvas, an epic of folk life, a work in which I wanted to say everything I knew and understood about the people, into which I could put all the information about the people collected word by word for twenty years. He will call this work “Who Lives Well in Rus'.”

On the first pages of the poem, the reader gets acquainted with a poor Russian family in which a terrible tragedy happened - the breadwinner and head of the family, Proclus, died. Due to the fact that the family was very poor, the household members themselves prepared for the funeral: the father was digging a grave in the cemetery, the mother was looking for a coffin, and the wife of the deceased Daria was sewing the last shroud for her husband for burial.

Analysis "Frost, red nose"

Daria, a woman with a difficult fate, was the wife of a poor man and the mother of his children, but thanks to the strength, endurance and hard work characteristic of all Russian women, she bravely endured all the difficulties and transferred the care of the family onto her female shoulders. Thanks to her tireless work, the woman’s family always had comfort, hot food, clothes for children and warmth.

But while making preparations for her husband’s funeral, Daria felt weak; she did not have the strength to come to terms with the grief that befell her. However, even when the funeral was over, the woman did not have the opportunity to cry; returning home from the cemetery, she saw that the children were not fed, and it was cold in the hut. Daria went to the forest to get wood to light the stove, and only in the thicket of the forest does she allow herself to cry loudly, mourning her late beloved husband and her lot.

Having calmed down a little, she loaded the firewood onto the cart and was already getting ready to go home, when suddenly the voice of Moroz, the governor, was heard from afar. Frost beckons the woman with his ice mace and promises her warmth and tranquility in his kingdom. Daria attends the introduction - she sees her living husband, children and summer nature. Her heart becomes unusually warm and joyful. At that moment, the woman’s soul left her body, and the widow died in the forest.

"Russian women" in abbreviation

The poem tells the reader about the heroism and courage of the wives of the convicted Russian Decembrists - princesses Trubetskoy and Volkonskaya. In the winter of 1826, Princess Eugenia Trubetskoy goes to Siberia, following her exiled husband. The long, difficult road brings back contrasting memories of her honeymoon in Italy.

On the road, the princess is confronted with a Russia she had never previously known about: impoverished, with cold huts and hungry children. Arriving in Irkutsk, Trubetskaya refuses to live in a separate house, and, having signed a statement of voluntary renunciation of her freedoms, goes to the barracks to her husband. At first, the governor treated the princess very cruelly, but after she declared that she was ready to walk a hundred kilometers, just like her husband, the official burst into tears and had mercy on her. He gave the princess a pair of horses in order to make her future camp life at least one iota easier.

The second part of the poem consists of stories to another princess who followed her convicted husband, Maria Volkonskaya. In her youth, Princess Maria had no end to admirers: she was educated, beautiful and well-mannered. However, the girl’s heart remained cold to the series of fans. The girl's father forcibly married her to a much older man, Prince Sergei Volkonsky. A year after the wedding, the young woman gave birth to a son.

At this time, the Decembrist uprising was unfolding in St. Petersburg, in which her husband also took an active part. Having learned that her husband was sentenced to exile, Masha felt that she loved him and decided to follow him to Siberia. Sergei, who did not expect to meet his wife in the camp, was at the same time embarrassed by this meeting, and not to say happy, since doubts that young Maria did not love him were immediately dispelled.

Selflessness of the heroines of the poems

The heroines we sing by N.A. Nekrasov are not fictional characters. These are real Russian women who are not afraid of any obstacles. They boldly meet fate, destroying all barriers. Their actions are the actions of real heroes, which ultimately form the idea not only of an individual, but also of the nation as a whole.

Peasant theme a red thread runs through the entire work of Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov. The life of the common people, their way of life, joys and misfortunes, hard work and short moments of rest were well known to the Russian humanist. Nekrasov did not depart from his literary preferences in the poem "Jack Frost", which he wrote in 1863 and dedicated to his beloved sister Anna.

The sixties of the 19th century were a difficult period in the history of the Russian state. The situation in the country also had an impact on literary life. The revolutionary movement began to decline, skepticism and despondency prevailed in the ranks of the democrats, faith in the people's forces and the peasant rebellious spirit was seriously shaken, the Russian intelligentsia experienced confusion and powerful pressure from reactionary forces.

Most likely, these circumstances prompted Nikolai Alekseevich to create a poem in which the best features of people from the people were shown and the enormous moral potential of a Russian woman was clearly outlined.

The structure of the work “Frost, Red Nose” is extremely simple, just like the life of a peasant family. In the first part of the poem, Nekrasov describes in detail the funeral of Proclus and the grief of his relatives due to the loss of their breadwinner. The second part of the poem is entirely dedicated to Proclus’ wife Daria, who is the main character of the work.

Nikolai Alekseevich studied peasant life deeply and in detail, which he demonstrated especially clearly in the first part of the poem. The evening before the funeral of Proclus and the mournful peasant procession in the morning of the next day clearly appear before the reader’s eyes. It becomes clear that many peasants had to be buried this way. It was especially difficult to conduct funerals in winter, which is clearly seen in the example of Father Proclus. A grief-stricken old man is forced with great difficulty to dig a grave in the frozen soil for his beloved son.

But in general, all the characters in the poem, including the late Proclus, are portrayed by Nekrasov with restraint, without much emotion. They should not have overshadowed the image of the main character of the work - "majestic Slav" Daria. For this woman, the writer spared no colors, no comparisons, no delights.

The appearance of the peasant woman embodied the people's ideas about a real beauty, her surprisingly regular facial features and strong, healthy body. But the heroine of the poem also has enormous spiritual potential. Loyalty, hard work, perseverance, love for her family and willingness to sacrifice for the health and happiness of her relatives are Daria’s natural and inalienable qualities. Suffice it to remember that this woman, on a dark, frosty night, went ten miles to the monastery to use her last means to beg from the nuns a miraculous icon to save her husband.

Even in the most difficult life situations, Daria does not lose hope of changing her life for the better, she resists adversity to the last strength. But these forces, unfortunately, are not unlimited. Therefore, the heroine’s fate is predetermined in advance; it is very typical for Russian peasant women of the nineteenth century: marriage, the birth and upbringing of numerous children, work in the field and around the house, the hardest and most menial labor.

Fate had three hard parts,
And the first part: to marry a slave,
The second is to be the mother of a slave's son,
And the third is to submit to the slave until the grave.

Daria was lucky only in that she avoided responsibility “submit to the slave until the grave”. The relationship with her husband Proclus was surprisingly happy. The husband loved Daria with restraint and a little harshly, which was typical for most peasant families of that time. In hard work, Daria was always not only an assistant, but also a loyal friend, a support on which all her relatives rested. A son and daughter grew up in the family, and in the spring Daria was supposed to give birth to a third child. The couple dreamed of how beautifully they would marry their eldest son.

It was easier to endure hard work and many of life’s troubles when sincere feelings and mutual understanding reigned in the family. Daria firmly believed that hard work is the key to a happy life. But a serious illness that overtook Proclus took him to the grave. Having buried her beloved husband, the woman did not lose heart or break down. She took on a lot more hard work than before. Having seen off Proclus on his last journey, Daria wanted to take care of the orphaned children, but she had to go to the forest to get firewood so that the children would not freeze in the cold hut.

The climax The poem is its second part, in which the heroine herself dies. Here Nekrasov devotes more space to Daria’s memories of her past life with her beloved husband, her emotional experiences. Reality, dreams and visions of the heroine are intertwined and merge into one whole. Only after driving into the forest and left alone with herself, Daria gave vent to her feelings. She called her husband, cried, spoke to him, as if Proclus was alive. The woman remembered her summer dream and realized that it was prophetic. In her dream, Daria found herself among a huge field of rye. No matter how much she called her husband for help, Proclus did not come, as now.

But Daria did not give up. She chopped a full cart of firewood and was about to leave when she encountered a mystical force - Frost the Voivode. The Master of Winter offered her unprecedented gifts, his kingdom, palace, as well as the cessation of suffering, oblivion, non-existence and tranquility. But Daria, freezing to the point of losing consciousness, with a huge effort of will, resurrected the memories of her life. No matter how difficult it is, it is still very expensive for a woman. In the last battle of her life, Daria did not lose her fortitude; she lost the battle with the cold with the dignity of a Russian woman. With the same humility with which the peasant woman endured all everyday blows, she conducted her last dialogue with Moroz the governor.

Remembering her life, Daria cared not about herself, but about her beloved children, whom she left in a neighbor’s house. Complete dedication and self-sacrifice for the sake of relatives is another important feature of the Russian peasant woman. In the image of Daria, the author of the poem fully revealed the potential of the Slavic woman. This inner and outer beauty of the main character is idea poem "Frost, Red Nose". Nekrasov performed the solemn hymn to a simple Russian woman brilliantly.