Declension of nouns in Turkish. Turkish case system with Manuş Baba Initial case – Ayrılma hali
There are 8 cases in Turkish. Some cases coincide with cases in Russian grammar, and some differ both in meaning and in the issues defined. Let's look at each case in more detail:
Nominative (main) case – Yalın hal
The nominative case in Turkish answers the questions: Kim? (Who?), Ne? (What?) . In this case, to the noun no suffixes are added. This is the original form of the word, which is used, for example, in dictionaries.
Dün (ne?)çay içtim. – Yesterday I drank tea.
(Kim?) Ahmet futbolu seviyor. – Ahmed loves football.
Accusative case – Belirtme hali
The accusative case answers the questions: Kimi? (Who?), Neyi? (What?) . In Turkish grammar, the accusative case is also called the case of definition, as it indicates certain objects.
The accusative case is formed as follows:
+ suffixes-ı / -i / -u / -ü
Selecting the correct suffix is done using
For example:
Form a wine pad into a shape. words mimar (architect). We add the suffix ı to the word mimar itself, since according to the law of vowel harmony: the vowels a, ı can only be followed by the vowel ı. As a result, we get the word mimarı (kimi?).
Ben (kimi?) mimarı aradım ve istediklerimi söyledim. – I called architect and spoke about her wishes.
Ben (neyi?)İstanbul"u özledim. – I miss you in Istanbul.
Ben (neyi?) o tabloyu çizdim. – I have painted this diagram.
For proper names, the suffix win.pad. is joined only with the sign " , as, for example, in the second sentence.
If a word ends in a vowel, then the consonant y appears between it and the accusative case suffix, so that two vowels do not merge (as in the third sentence). This applies to all cases in Turkish.
As you noticed, in Turkish we used questions Whom? And What? To whom? Why? What?
Belirtme hali Belirtme hali they are also different (they are -ı / -i / -u / -ü). Therefore, to begin with, endings can help you determine the desired case. And later, when you consolidate the language, already when translating the sentence and the semantic meaning, you will be able to determine the desired case.
If you want to construct a sentence in Turkish yourself, but you are having difficulties, then you need to be guided by the semantic meaning. As mentioned above, the accusative case in Turkish is the case of definition and indicates certain objects/people. Here, as a rule, you can simply insert the word before the noun this, this, this, and at the same time the meaning of the sentence will not change, but, on the contrary, will acquire even greater color. Once you are convinced of the semantic meaning, you will understand that it is Belirtme hali. Next, you just have to ask Kimi questions? (Who?), Neyi? (What?), and transform the noun into the desired form (add suffixes -ı / -i / -u / -ü).
Dative case – Yönelme hali
The dative case answers the question Kime? (Who?), Neye? (To what?), Nereye? (Where?) and denotes the person or object to which the action is directed.
The dative case is formed as follows:
Noun in original form + suffixes-a/-e
Yarın (Nereye?) Ankaraya toplantıya gidiyoruz. – Tomorrow we are going to a meeting to Ankara.
Çalışmıyorum çünkü evde (Kime?)çocuğa bakıyorum. – I don't work because I watch at home for the child.
Dün sevdiğim (Neye?) filme baktık. – Yesterday we watched our favorite movie.
As you noticed, in Turkish we used questions To whom; to what?, and in translation into Russian we ask questions to nouns For whom? What?
In order to further understand and distinguish Yönelme hali Let's give a short instruction: if you come across a sentence in Turkish, then the endings of the nouns will come to your aid. U Yönelme hali they are also different (they are -a / -e). Therefore, to begin with, endings can help you determine the desired case. And later, when you consolidate the language, already when translating the sentence and the semantic meaning, you will be able to determine the desired case.
If you want to construct a sentence in Turkish yourself, but you are having difficulties, then you need to be guided by the semantic meaning. As stated above, Yönelme hali denotes the person or thing to which the action is directed. Once you are convinced of the semantic meaning, you will understand that it is Yönelme hali. Next, you just have to ask Kime questions? (Who?), Neye? (To what?) and transform the noun into the desired form (add suffixes -a / -e).
Local case – Bulunma hali
Does the local case answer Nerede's questions? (Where?), Kimde? (Who?), Nede? (On what?) and is used mainly to indicate the location of an object.
The local case is formed as follows:
Noun in original form + suffixes-da / -de / -ta / -te
Selecting the correct suffix is done using .
a, ı, o, u + voiced consonant - da
e, i, ö, ü + voiced consonant - de
a, ı, o, u + voiceless consonant - ta
e, i, ö, ü + voiceless consonant - te
Let's transform the word uçak (airplane) into the locative form. Since this word ends with a voiceless consonant k and the last syllable includes a vowel a, we choose the suffix ta. That is, we get the word (nered?) uçakta (on the plane).
(Nerede?) Uçakta çok az kişi vardı. – In airplane there were very few people.
Bugun (Kimde?) arkadaşlarımda kitaplar yoktu. – Today with friends there were no books.
Initial case – Ayrılma hali
The original case answers the questions Nereden? (Where from?), Kimden? (From whom?), Neden? (From what?) and denotes the starting point of movement or action.
The original case is formed as follows:
Noun in original form + suffixes-dan / -den / -tan / -ten
The choice of the correct suffix is carried out using the Law of Vowel Harmony on “2” and the Law of Consonant Harmony
That is, the required case affix is selected according to the last letter in the word:
a, ı, o, u + voiced consonant - dan
e, i, ö, ü + voiced consonant - den
a, ı, o, u + voiceless consonant - tan
e, i, ö, ü + voiceless consonant - ten
Biz (nered?) havalimanından geliyoruz. – We go from airport.
Gazeteyi (kimden?) arkadaşımdan alıyorum. – I take the newspaper at a friend's.
Instrumental case – Vasita hali
Does the instrumental case answer Kiminle's questions? (With whom?), Ne ile? (With what?) .
The instrumental case is formed as follows:
Noun in original form + suffixes-la/-le
The choice of the correct suffix is carried out using the Law of Vowel Harmony on “2”
University (kiminle?) kardeşimle gidiyorum. – I go to university with my brother.
Onlarla (ne ile?) telefonla konuşuyoruz. – We talk to them by phone.
Genitive case – İlgi hali
The genitive case answers the questions Kimin? (Whose? Who?) and Neyin? (Whose? What?) and is used to express ownership.
The genitive case is formed as follows:
Noun in original form + suffixes -ın / -in / -un / -ün; -nın / -nin / -nun / -nün
The choice of the correct suffix is carried out using the Law of Vowel Harmony on “4”.
The suffixes -ın / -in / -un / -ün are added if the word ends with a consonant.
The suffixes -nın / -nin / -nun / -nün are added if the word ends with a vowel.
Bu (neyin?) bavulun çekisi çok ağır. – This one has suitcase heavy weight.
(Kimin?) Amcanın evi çok güzeldi. – U uncles very beautiful house.
Case of manner of action and opinion – Eşitlik hali
Does this case answer Kimce's questions? (Whose?) Nece? (How?) and conveys the speaker’s point of view.
It is formed as follows:
Noun in original form + suffixes-ca/-ce
The choice of the correct suffix is carried out using the Law of Vowel Harmony on “2”
(Kimce?) Sense İstanbul güzel mi? – In your opinion Is Istanbul beautiful?
(Kimce?) Onlarca Ali çalışkan değil. – In their opinion, Ali is not hardworking.
There are no prepositions in Turkish like in Russian, but there are six types of case affixes that replace them. All case affixes are stressed, I join the root of the word.
Cases of the Turkish language briefly:
- Dative Does -a/ -e or -ya/ -ye answer Kime's question? - “To whom?”, “To whom?”, Neye? “What?”, Nereye? - "Where?"
- Local case-da/ -de answers Nerede's question? - “Where?”, Kimde? - "Who?"
- Original case Does -dan/ -den or -tan/ -ten answer Nereden's questions? "from where?", Kimden? "(from) whom?", Neden? “from what?”, “why?
- Accusative-yi/ -yı/ -yu/ -yü or ı/ -i/ -u/ -ü answers Kimi’s questions? - “Who?”, Neyi? - "What?
- Instrumental case ile, together: -yle/ -yla or -le/ -la answers Kiminle’s questions? - “With whom?”, Neile? - "With what?"
- Genitive-in/ -ın/ -un/ -ün or -nin/ -nın/ -nun/ -nün answers Kimin’s questions? - “Who?”, Neyin? - "What?"
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Now let's see how each case of the Turkish language is used:
Accusative
In Turkish, the accusative case may or may not take an affix: the case does not take an affix when the object is indefinite or inanimate. For example: Ne yapıyorsun? Kitap okuyorum. (What are you doing? I'm reading a book)
When the object is a proper noun, a personal or demonstrative pronoun, an animate object or an inanimate object, referring to a person, as well as the plural. For example: Arkadaşlarını gördüm (I saw your friends)
Onu bekliyorum (I'm waiting for him)
Şu kitabı istiyorum (I want that book over there)
Ben - beni
Sen-seni
O-onu Biz-bizi
Siz - sizi
Onlar - onları
Dative
This case is also called directive. Indicates the direction of action or movement.
For example:
Bugün kime gidiyorsun? (Who are you going to today?)
Bugün Ali"ye gidiyorum (Today I am going to Ali)
Nereye gidiyorsun? (Where are you going?)
Okula gidiyorum (I'm going to school)
Don't forget to learn the case forms of personal pronouns!
Ben - bana
Sen - sana
O-ona Biz-bize
Siz-size
Onlar - onlara
Original case
The initial case denotes the starting point of movement, action.
Nereden geliyorsun? (Where are you coming back from?)
Piknikten geliyorum (I am returning) from a picnic)
Don't forget to learn the case forms of personal pronouns!
Ben - benden
Sen-senden
O - ondan biz - bizden
siz - sizden
onlar - onlardan
Instrumental case
The combination of the postposition ile with nouns and pronouns in Turkish is expressed by the instrumental case.
The postposition ile is usually written separately from the word, but you can also find the form -la, -le after consonants and -yla, -yle after vowels.
Don't forget to learn the case forms of personal pronouns!
Ben - benimle
Sen - seninle
O - onunla biz - bizimle
siz-sizinle
onlar-onlarla
Genitive
The genitive case of the Turkish language corresponds to a combination of two nouns, one of which in Russian is formalized in the genitive case (door handle, friend's book, etc.) and is called the two-affix izafet.
For example:
Bu kimin arabasi? (Whose car is it?)
Arkadaşımın arabası (Friend's car)
Don't forget to learn the case forms of personal pronouns!
Ben-benim
Sen-senin
O - onun biz - bizim
siz - sizin
onlar - onların
Local case
The local (prepositional) case is used to indicate the location of an object and, as well as to indicate the owner of the object (from me, from you, etc.)
For example: Kitap nerede? (Where is the book?) Kitap masada (Book on the table)
Don't forget to learn the case forms of personal pronouns!
Ben - bende
Sen-sende
O-onda biz-bizde
siz - sizde
onlar-onlarda
Now let's practice using cases with the song Eteği Belinde by Turkish singer Manush Baba. His real name is Mustafa Ozkan. He took the pseudonym Manush Baba under the influence of his mother, who called him Manush in childhood - which meant good, handsome, sweet. Baba, which means dad, was the first word that little Mustafa said.
The song Eteği Belinde (literally meaning “skirt around the waist”) talks about a boy’s love for a girl and his eager anticipation of marriage. The clip shows us the atmosphere of old Istanbul, good neighborly relations and simple joys of people whose destinies were connected by one ancient district.
Lyrics:
Geliyor bak kalem kaşlı (She walks, her eyebrows are thin literally: like a pencil line)
Eteği belin de gül de takmış, gül de takmış (Skirt at the waist, a rose is pinned, a rose is pinned)
Al dudaklar, mor sümbüller (Scarlet lips, purple hyacinths)
Öyle de güzel ince de belli ince de belli (So beautiful, with a thin waist, with a thin waist)
Yar belin e belin e sarılamam, ah gece den
Ah ote den beri den bakış atma ah yerim de
Ah yıkadım kuruttum çarşaf ı
, serdim ipek yorganı (Oh, I washed, dried the sheets, laid out a silk blanket)
Ah gunah ı
sevab ı
boynuma, gel bu gece koynuma (Ah, sin and joy, all mine, come this night into my arms)
Dedim o na, ey güzel! (I told her hey beautiful!)
Böyle mi geçer bu geceler, bu geceler? (Is this how these nights will go, these nights?)
Neymiş anam bizim bu keder (Mom, what kind of fate is this)
Ne zamana kadar böyle gider, böyle gider? (How long will it last, how long)
Yar beline beline sarılamam, ah gece den duramam (Darling, I can’t hug you around the waist, I can’t wait for the night)
Ah ote den beri den bakış atma ah yerim de duramam (Ah, don't glance here and there, ah, I can't stand still)
Ah yıkadım kuruttum çarşafı, serdim ipek yorganı (Ah, I washed, dried the sheets, laid out a silk blanket)
Ah günahı sevabı boynuma, gel bu gece koynuma (Ah, sin and joy, all mine, come this night into my arms)
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There are no prepositions in Turkish, but there are five cases that replace them. Cases are formed by adding special endings (affixes) to nouns. Affixes of all cases drums. In this lesson we will consider only 4 cases.
Local case and affix -de (Where?)
Indicates the location of the object and answers the question "Where?" - “Nerede?”. Replaces such prepositions of the Russian language as “in”, “inside”, “na”, “u” and others.
The local case is formed using percussion the affix -de, which changes according to the rule of alternation of vowels like -e and can also take the form -da.
As always, focusing on the last vowel of the word, we select the desired affix: -de or -da. Examples:
Please note that affixes added to proper names are always separated by an apostrophe: İzmir’de, İstanbul’da.
The local case is also used to mean "Who"(in the sense of “Where”) - "Kimde": patronda (from the boss), şoförde (from the driver), Anna’da (from Anna). Often “bende” means “with me,” “with me.” For example, “Bende para yok” can mean that you don’t only have money with you, but in general you have it.
Pronouns in the locative case answer the question “Who has?” and are simply the addition of the particle –de (-da), with the exception of the pronoun O, which is slightly modified:
| Them. | Local | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Who? | Who? | ||
| I | Ben | Bende | I have |
| You | Sen | Sende | At your place |
| He she it | O | Onda | At his place, at her place |
| We | Biz | Bizde | We have |
| You | Siz | Sizde | You |
| They | Onlar | Onlarda | They have |
Local nouns are often used with the words var and yok to say what is where and what is not. For example:
Bakkalda ekmek var. - There is bread in the store.
Evde su yok. - There is no water at home.
Bende yeni film var. – I have a new film.
Onda para yok. - He has no money.
Arabada benzin yok. - There is no gasoline in the car.
*Pay attention to word order: var and yok are placed at the end of the sentence.
To ask a question, you just need to add the appropriate question particle:
Bakkalda ekmek var mı? — Is there bread in the store?
Evde su yok mu? – (Isn’t there) water at home?
Sende yeni film var mı? — Do you have a new film?
Onda para yok mu? - Does he have no money?
Arabada benzin yok mu? – Is there any gas in the car?
Some more examples with verbs:
Directional case and affix -e (Where? To whom?)
This case is similar to the Russian dative case and answers questions "Where?" - “Nereye?” And "To whom?" - “Kime?”(less often “What?” - “Neye?”), and corresponds to nouns with the prepositions “in” and “on”. In Turkish, the directional case is formed by adding the stressed affix -e, which, as you might have guessed, changes according to the rule of alternating vowels like -e and can also have the form -a.
For example: eve - home, okula - to school, İzmir'e - to Izmir, İstanbul'a - to Istanbul. It is very easy to remember by analogy with the Russian form of moms e, dad e etc.
Note the apostrophe for proper names.
If the noun ends in a vowel, then the buffer letter –y- appears before the affix:
Arabaya - into the car, köşeye - into the corner, öğrenciye - to the student, Olga’ya - to Olga.
Pronouns in the case of direction are formed according to the same rule. Exceptions are the pronouns ben and sen, and also, as in the previous case, O.
| Them. | Direction | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Who? | To whom? | ||
| I | Ben | Bana | To me |
| You | Sen | Sana | You |
| He she it | o | Ona | To him to her |
| We | Biz | Bize | Us|
| You | Siz | Size | To you |
| They | Onlar | Onlara | Them |
Some examples with verbs:
Rafa koy – put it on the shelf
Şu kadına bak – look at that woman
Çiçeklere bak – look at the flowers (or “take care of the flowers”, since bakmak also means “to look after”, “to take care”)
Masaya otur – sit at the table (note the difference from “masada otur” – sit at the table)
Bana çay koy, lütfen – pour me some tea, please
Initial case and affix -den (From)
Answers the questions "Where?" - “Nereden?”, "From whom?" - “Kimden?” and is equivalent to nouns with Russian prepositions “ot”, “iz” and “s”.
Formed by adding percussion affix -den, which changes according to the rule of alternation of vowels like -e and can take the form -dan.
One friend told me that her youngest son, who is learning to speak two languages at the same time, says “Go away.” Dan». 🙂
Okuldan – from school
Bu tren İstanbul’dan mı? – Is this a train from Istanbul?
Para bankadan al – take money from the bank
Pronouns in the original case:
| Them. | Original | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Who? | From whom? | ||
| I | Ben | Benden | From me |
| You | Sen | Senden | From you |
| He she it | O | Ondan | From him, from her |
| We | Biz | Bizden | From U.S |
| You | Siz | Sizden | From you |
| They | Onlar | Onlardan | From them |
Benden sana – to you from me (or “from me to you”)
Bizden size – from us to you
To secure:
Accusative or attributive case and affix –i (Whom? What?)
This case has several different functions in Turkish. In this lesson we will look at only two of them.
The first one, which is clear to us, is changing nouns so that they answer the question "Whom?" - “Kimi?” And "What?" - “Neyi?”. To do this, the affix -i is added to the nouns, changing according to the rule of vowel alternation (guess which one?), of course, like -i.
Soon I will not need to write by what rule the affix is changed, because this is clear from the appearance of the affix itself, or more precisely, from the vowel contained in it.
Examples:
kızı öp – kiss a girl
kalemi Ivan’a ver – give a pen to Ivan
çiçekleri topla – collect flowers
If the noun ends in a vowel, then the buffer letter -y- appears before the affix, as always:
Masayı temizle – wipe the table (lit. “clean the table”)
Ütüyü getir – bring an iron
Ayşe’yi öp – kiss to Ayshe
Pronouns in the accusative case:
| Them. | Vinit. | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Who? | Whom? What? | ||
| I | Ben | beni | me |
| You | Sen | seni | you |
| he she it | O | onu | his her |
| We | Biz | bizi | us |
| You | Siz | sizi | you |
| They | Onlar | onları | their |
Examples with pronouns:
Beni dinle - listen to me
Bizi anlayın – understand us
Onu açma – don’t open (don’t turn on) him/her
Determinative function of the affix –i
The presence or absence of the affix –i in a noun can also indicate whether a specific object is being discussed, or about any of the representatives of its class. In order not to confuse you with complex definitions, I will give two examples:
Bana kalemi ver – give me a pen (a specific one, the one lying on the table, or the one mentioned earlier)
Bana kalem ver – give me a pen (any pen you have at hand)
Masadan kitabı al – take the book from the table (“which we talked about”, “which you asked for”)
Masadan kitap al - I will take (some) book from the table
For those who have studied English, it will be easier to understand this function of the -i- affix by comparing it with the definite article "the". In turn, “bir” can be used as the English indefinite article “a” in Turkish:
Bana bir kalem ver – give me a pen (any pen).
Bana bir kitap al – buy me a book (some kind)
Question: when to use the accusative case, and when can you leave the word in the nominative case?
Answer: the accusative (or attributive) case and the affix –i can be omitted if you are talking about an abstract subject or the noun appears in the sentence as a collective concept:
üzüm al – buy grapes
elma yıka – wash the apples
ekmek ver – give me bread
Rules for alternating consonants when adding affixes
With Turkish cases everything would be simple and pleasant if not for a few additional rules. Let's consider those that relate to the topics covered in the lesson.
-d -> -t
When you add the affixes -de or -den to nouns, they can sometimes become -te or -ten. For example:
Maçta – at the match
Dolaptan – from the closet
Sokakta – on the street
Rafta – on the shelf
Kitaptan – from the book
Question: What do the words maç, dolap, sokak and raf have in common, and why do they turn -de into -te and -den into -ten?
Answer: They all end in voiceless consonants, and to simplify pronunciation, the voiced -d- also changes to the voiceless -t-.
-k -> -ğ
Another feature of declension in Turkish: pay attention to words ending in -k with a vowel in front of it. If you add an affix that starts with a vowel (or consists of one), then -k changes to -ğ:
Please note that the letter k at the end of words such as bank (bench), park (park) and aşk (love) does not change to ğ when declined:
Banka oturun – sit on a bench
Parka gel – come to the park
Aşka inan - believe in love
Question: why?
Answer: because there is a consonant before k.
-p -> -b
If words end in -p, then when adding affixes starting with a vowel (or consisting of it), -p changes to -b:
This rule mainly applies to words consisting of more than one syllable.
Meaning: As always, don’t despair if you can’t immediately choose the right affix correctly and change the endings of words. They will still understand you!
Summary table of cases
For ease of use and systematization of the knowledge gained about the four cases studied in this lesson, here is a summary table of affixes and pronouns:
| Them. | Local -de | Directions -e | Original -den | Accusative -i | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kim? Ne? | Nerede? Kimde? | Kime? Neye? Nereye? | Nereden? Kimden? | Kimi? Neyi? | |
| I | ben | bende | bana | benden | beni |
| You | sen | sende | sana | senden | seni |
| he she it | o | onda | ona | ondan | onu |
| We | biz | business | size | bizden | bizi |
| You | siz | sizde | size | sizden | sizi |
| They | onlar | onlarda | onlara | onlardan | onları |
*The letter -n-, appearing in the pronouns onda, ona, ondan and onu, is also a buffer, and we will encounter it more than once. It also appears in the declension of "bu" and "şu": bunda, buna, bundan, bunu and şunda, şuna, şundan, şunu.
Verbs and “inadequate” cases (control)
Many verbs put the nouns attached to them into different cases. You will have to come to terms with the fact that in Turkish the cases of nouns for some verbs may not correspond to the cases of the Russian language. For example:
- Marketten ekmek al – buy bread at the market (literally “buy bread from the market”)
- Köpekten korkma – don’t be afraid of the dog (“don’t be scared by the dog”)
- Beni ara - call me (literally “call me”, or more precisely, “find me”, because the original meaning of the verb aramak is to search)
- Aşka inan – “believe in love” is used by analogy with “bana inan” (“trust me”) with the case of direction, and not with the accusative, as by analogy with the Russian language it seems it should be.
In the future, for such “inadequate” verbs, I will indicate in brackets the case of the noun in which it should be used with it. For example: korkmak (-den).
Where are you? – Local case and personal affixes of the present tense
We have already learned to use the locative case for the third person singular, that is, we can say where something is, for example, ekmek masada. To say where you are (and in Turkish it will sound like “I am at school”), we need to remember the personal affixes of the present tense:
To say that someone is not somewhere, you need to add değil with the appropriate personal affix:
| Ben Sen O Biz Siz Onlar |
Evde değilim (I'm not at home) Evde değilsin (you are not at home) Evde değil (he/she is not at home) Evde değiliz (we are not at home) Evde değilsiniz (you are not at home) Evde değiller (they are not at home) |
It’s the same with the question: are you at home? - Evde misin?
| -de | -da | |
|---|---|---|
| Ben Sen O Biz Siz Onlar |
Evde miyim? Evde misin? Evde mi? Evde miyiz? Evde misiniz? Evdeler mi? |
Okulda mıyım? Okulda mısın? Okulda mı? Okulda mıyız? Okulda mısınız? Okuldalar mı? |
Exercises
1. Find the correct form of the affix indicated in brackets, changing it according to the rules of vowel and consonant harmony and inserting buffer consonants. Fill in the blanks in the sentences.
- Bu tren Paris__________ mi? (-den)
- Ben____ para var. (-de)
- Cacık______ tuz var mı? (-de)
- Güneş_____ durmayın! (-de)
- Restoran_____ erken gitme. (-e)
- Pansiyon_____ plaja git. (-den)
- Alanya_____ git. (-e)
- Masa____koyma! (-e)
- Ben_______ ver. (-e)
- Bu kart siz______ mi? (-den)
Durmak – to stand, to be
Güneş – sun
Erken – early
Kart – postcard, map
Pansion - boarding house
Tuz - salt
2. This is Murat and Aishe at home. Looking at the drawing, say what is lying, standing or hanging where and who is sitting where. For example, Kitaplar rafta.
3. Looking at the picture, answer the questions:
- Kaç kişi var?
— Şarap nerede?
- Kedi nerede?
- Rafta ne var?
— Resimde kim var?
Kedi – cat
Resim – photography, drawing
Kişi – person
4. Find suitable answers in the right column to the questions in the left column:
| Nasıl? Ne kadar? Ne zaman? Neredesin? Nereye? Oh kim? Bu hediye kimden? |
Olga'dan Ali İstanbul'dayım Hemen Çok güzel Biraz Alanya'ya |
Hediye – gift
5. Where in the city will you go if you follow the directions? 
- meydan – area
- cami - mosque
- lokanta – restaurant, dining room
- sol – left
- sağ – right
- duz – straight, even
- dönmek – turn, return
a) Bakkaldan meydana git. Meydanda sola don. Plajda sağa don. Sağa bak.
b) Bakkaldan meydana git. Meydanda sağa don. Camide sola don. Sola bak.
c) Pansiyondan sağa git. Sağa don. Meydanda duz git. Plajda sola don. Sola bak.
d) Pansiyondan sağa git. Sağa don. Meydana git. Meydanda sola don. Sola bak.
e) Lokantadan sola git. Sola don. Meydana git. Meydanda duz git. Camide sola don. Sola bak.
6. Using a table showing the distance between cities, answer the questions:
| Adana | |||||
| 1166 | Edirne | ||||
| 683 | 557 | Eskişehir | |||
| 1037 | 1662 | 1318 | Kars | ||
| 356 | 890 | 333 | 1162 | Konya | |
| 748 | 961 | 650 | 778 | 676 | Samsung |
a) Adana’dan Konya’ya kaç kilometer?
b) Edirne, Kars’tan ne kadar uzak?
c) Samsun’dan Adana’ya kaç kilometer?
d) Samsun, Edirne’den ne kadar uzak?
e) Eskişehir’den Kars’a kaç kilometer?
7. Using the words and various pronouns below, write declarative sentences. For example, “I’m in the office” - “ofisteyim”, “you are here” - “buradasınız”.
8. Translate. Come up with your own suggestions.
9. Put the sentences from task 8 in the negative form: They are not in Turkey. Come up with your own suggestions.
10. Put the sentences from task 8 into interrogative form: Are they in Turkey? Come up with your own questions.
11. Imagine that you are talking on the phone. Ask your interlocutor where he is. Tell me where you are. Using the diagram from task 5, explain how to get there.
There are 8 cases in Turkish. Some cases coincide with cases in Russian grammar, and some differ both in meaning and in the issues defined. Let's look at each case in more detail:
Nominative (main) case – Yalın hal
The nominative case in Turkish answers the questions: Kim? (Who?), Ne? (What?) . In this case, to the noun no suffixes are added. This is the original form of the word, which is used, for example, in dictionaries.
Dün (ne?)çay içtim. – Yesterday I drank tea.
(Kim?) Ahmet futbolu seviyor. – Ahmed loves football.
Accusative case – Belirtme hali
The accusative case answers the questions: Kimi? (Who?), Neyi? (What?) . In Turkish grammar, the accusative case is also called the case of definition, as it indicates certain objects.
The accusative case is formed as follows:
+ suffixes-ı / -i / -u / -ü
Selecting the correct suffix is done using
For example:
Form a wine pad into a shape. words mimar (architect). We add the suffix ı to the word mimar itself, since according to the law of vowel harmony: the vowels a, ı can only be followed by the vowel ı. As a result, we get the word mimarı (kimi?).
Ben (kimi?) mimarı aradım ve istediklerimi söyledim. – I called architect and spoke about her wishes.
Ben (neyi?)İstanbul"u özledim. – I miss you in Istanbul.
Ben (neyi?) o tabloyu çizdim. – I have painted this diagram.
For proper names, the suffix win.pad. is joined only with the sign " , as, for example, in the second sentence.
If a word ends in a vowel, then the consonant y appears between it and the accusative case suffix, so that two vowels do not merge (as in the third sentence). This applies to all cases in Turkish.
As you noticed, in Turkish we used questions Whom? And What? To whom? Why? What?
Belirtme hali Belirtme hali they are also different (they are -ı / -i / -u / -ü). Therefore, to begin with, endings can help you determine the desired case. And later, when you consolidate the language, already when translating the sentence and the semantic meaning, you will be able to determine the desired case.
If you want to construct a sentence in Turkish yourself, but you are having difficulties, then you need to be guided by the semantic meaning. As mentioned above, the accusative case in Turkish is the case of definition and indicates certain objects/people. Here, as a rule, you can simply insert the word before the noun this, this, this, and at the same time the meaning of the sentence will not change, but, on the contrary, will acquire even greater color. Once you are convinced of the semantic meaning, you will understand that it is Belirtme hali. Next, you just have to ask Kimi questions? (Who?), Neyi? (What?), and transform the noun into the desired form (add suffixes -ı / -i / -u / -ü).
Dative case – Yönelme hali
The dative case answers the question Kime? (Who?), Neye? (To what?), Nereye? (Where?) and denotes the person or object to which the action is directed.
The dative case is formed as follows:
Noun in original form + suffixes-a/-e
Yarın (Nereye?) Ankaraya toplantıya gidiyoruz. – Tomorrow we are going to a meeting to Ankara.
Çalışmıyorum çünkü evde (Kime?)çocuğa bakıyorum. – I don't work because I watch at home for the child.
Dün sevdiğim (Neye?) filme baktık. – Yesterday we watched our favorite movie.
As you noticed, in Turkish we used questions To whom; to what?, and in translation into Russian we ask questions to nouns For whom? What?
In order to further understand and distinguish Yönelme hali Let's give a short instruction: if you come across a sentence in Turkish, then the endings of the nouns will come to your aid. U Yönelme hali they are also different (they are -a / -e). Therefore, to begin with, endings can help you determine the desired case. And later, when you consolidate the language, already when translating the sentence and the semantic meaning, you will be able to determine the desired case.
If you want to construct a sentence in Turkish yourself, but you are having difficulties, then you need to be guided by the semantic meaning. As stated above, Yönelme hali denotes the person or thing to which the action is directed. Once you are convinced of the semantic meaning, you will understand that it is Yönelme hali. Next, you just have to ask Kime questions? (Who?), Neye? (To what?) and transform the noun into the desired form (add suffixes -a / -e).
Local case – Bulunma hali
Does the local case answer Nerede's questions? (Where?), Kimde? (Who?), Nede? (On what?) and is used mainly to indicate the location of an object.
The local case is formed as follows:
Noun in original form + suffixes-da / -de / -ta / -te
Selecting the correct suffix is done using .
a, ı, o, u + voiced consonant - da
e, i, ö, ü + voiced consonant - de
a, ı, o, u + voiceless consonant - ta
e, i, ö, ü + voiceless consonant - te
Let's transform the word uçak (airplane) into the locative form. Since this word ends with a voiceless consonant k and the last syllable includes a vowel a, we choose the suffix ta. That is, we get the word (nered?) uçakta (on the plane).
(Nerede?) Uçakta çok az kişi vardı. – In airplane there were very few people.
Bugun (Kimde?) arkadaşlarımda kitaplar yoktu. – Today with friends there were no books.
Initial case – Ayrılma hali
The original case answers the questions Nereden? (Where from?), Kimden? (From whom?), Neden? (From what?) and denotes the starting point of movement or action.
The original case is formed as follows:
Noun in original form + suffixes-dan / -den / -tan / -ten
The choice of the correct suffix is carried out using the Law of Vowel Harmony on “2” and the Law of Consonant Harmony
That is, the required case affix is selected according to the last letter in the word:
a, ı, o, u + voiced consonant - dan
e, i, ö, ü + voiced consonant - den
a, ı, o, u + voiceless consonant - tan
e, i, ö, ü + voiceless consonant - ten
Biz (nered?) havalimanından geliyoruz. – We go from airport.
Gazeteyi (kimden?) arkadaşımdan alıyorum. – I take the newspaper at a friend's.
Instrumental case – Vasita hali
Does the instrumental case answer Kiminle's questions? (With whom?), Ne ile? (With what?) .
The instrumental case is formed as follows:
Noun in original form + suffixes-la/-le
The choice of the correct suffix is carried out using the Law of Vowel Harmony on “2”
University (kiminle?) kardeşimle gidiyorum. – I go to university with my brother.
Onlarla (ne ile?) telefonla konuşuyoruz. – We talk to them by phone.
Genitive case – İlgi hali
The genitive case answers the questions Kimin? (Whose? Who?) and Neyin? (Whose? What?) and is used to express ownership.
The genitive case is formed as follows:
Noun in original form + suffixes -ın / -in / -un / -ün; -nın / -nin / -nun / -nün
The choice of the correct suffix is carried out using the Law of Vowel Harmony on “4”.
The suffixes -ın / -in / -un / -ün are added if the word ends with a consonant.
The suffixes -nın / -nin / -nun / -nün are added if the word ends with a vowel.
Bu (neyin?) bavulun çekisi çok ağır. – This one has suitcase heavy weight.
(Kimin?) Amcanın evi çok güzeldi. – U uncles very beautiful house.
Case of manner of action and opinion – Eşitlik hali
Does this case answer Kimce's questions? (Whose?) Nece? (How?) and conveys the speaker’s point of view.
It is formed as follows:
Noun in original form + suffixes-ca/-ce
The choice of the correct suffix is carried out using the Law of Vowel Harmony on “2”
(Kimce?) Sense İstanbul güzel mi? – In your opinion Is Istanbul beautiful?
(Kimce?) Onlarca Ali çalışkan değil. – In their opinion, Ali is not hardworking.
