Why is word order needed in a sentence? Direct, reverse word order and inversion in a sentence. Place of circumstance in a sentence

WORD ORDER a linear sequence of words and phrases in the expression of natural language, as well as patterns characterizing such a sequence in any particular language. Most often they talk about the order of words in a sentence, but the order of words within phrases and coordinating structures also has its own patterns. The arrangement of words related to each other grammatically or meaningfully in the form of a chain is a necessary consequence of the linear nature of human speech. However, the grammatical structure is very complex and cannot be entirely expressed by the relation of linear succession. Therefore, word order expresses only part of the grammatical meanings; others are expressed using morphological categories, function words or intonation. Violation of the rules of word order leads either to a change in meaning or to grammatical incorrectness of a linguistic expression.

The same basic meaning can be expressed using different word orders, and a change in order can express actualization, i.e. indicate those components of meaning that are most closely related to the relationship between speaker and listener. In English, for example, rearranging the personal form of the predicate to the left of the subject conveys the meaning of the question: He is intelligent"He's smart" but Is he intelligent? "Is he smart?" In Russian, word order is one of the means of expressing the so-called actual division of a sentence, i.e. its division into theme (the starting point of the message) and rheme (the communicated), cf. [ Father has come] subject [at five o'clock] rhema and [ At five o'clock] subject [father came] rhema. In relation to a sentence, a distinction is often made between direct word order and reverse (or inverted) word order, which arises under special conditions, usually when expressing actualization.

A language is said to have a rigid or fixed word order if the linear arrangement of words expresses the syntactic relationships between the members of a sentence. For example, in a simple affirmative sentence in Romance and Germanic languages, the subject necessarily precedes the predicate, and in literary Russian, the definition expressed by a relative clause must directly follow the defined noun. If linear order is not used in such a function, then the language is said to have a free (or non-rigid) word order. In such languages, linear order usually expresses categories of actual division or similar communicative meanings (given and new, contrastiveness, etc., cf. And Ivanov is with the boss And And the boss Ivanov). The order of words can be free for syntactic groups of words, but rigid for words within groups (for example, the Russian language approaches this type); Examples of languages that have a rigid order for both words within groups and groups within sentences are English, French and Chinese. In languages with free word order, it is not uncommon for components of syntactic groups to be separated by other words (for example, drinks warm milk). In languages with a rigid order, this is possible only in special cases, for example when expressing a question, cf. English Who is he speaking to? "Who is he talking to?" when the expansion group disconnects.

In reality, both absolutely rigid and absolutely free word order are rare (among well-known languages, word order in Latin is often considered as an example of the latter). Even in languages with free word order, the existence of some neutral (objective) word order and deviations from it are usually postulated; on the other hand, and in, for example, a language with a rigid word order like English, there are quite a lot of cases of inversion caused by non-grammatical factors (for example, the optional placement of the subject after the predicate in narratives and reports or after sentence-opening adverbs of time: “ Let's go», suggested John“Let's go,” John suggested.” On a hill stood a great castle. “There was a majestic castle on the hill.”

Rigid word order directly reflects the syntactic structure of the sentence (subject - object - predicate; definition - defined; preposition - noun group controlled by it, etc.). Therefore, languages with a free order of both syntactic groups and words, for example some Australian ones, are considered not to have a syntactic structure in the traditional sense of the word. Violations of strict word order are, as a rule, unacceptable to native speakers, since they form grammatically incorrect sequences; Violations of the rules of free word order tend to give the impression of “inappropriateness,” i.e. inconsistency of a given word order with the accepted order of presentation or speech situation.

As M. Dreyer and J. Hawkins showed, with regard to word order, the languages of the world are divided into two types, approximately equal in the number of languages they are represented by: left-branching and right-branching. In right-branching languages, the dependent group of words usually follows the main word (vertex): the complement - after the predicate verb ( writes a letter), group of inconsistent definition – after the defined noun ( my father's house); the subordinating conjunction comes at the beginning of the subordinate clause ( that he came); the nominal part of the predicate usually follows the copula ( was a good son); subordinate clause - after the main verb ( Want,for him to leave); syntactically complex circumstance - behind the predicate verb ( returned at seven o'clock); standard of comparison - behind the adjective in the comparative degree ( stronger,than he); the auxiliary verb precedes the full verb ( was destroyed); prepositional constructions are used ( in the picture). Right-branching languages include, for example, Slavic, Germanic, Romance, Semitic, Austronesian, etc. In left-branching languages, the dependent group precedes the main word: there are postpositional constructions (such as rare expressions in Russian for selfish reasons) and the order of words opposite to right-branching is usually observed in all of the listed types of groups, for example. writes a letter,my father's house,he came what,he was a good son etc. Left-branching languages include Altaic, many Indo-Iranian, Caucasian, etc. In both types of languages, the order of the adjective, numeral or demonstrative pronoun relative to the noun being defined does not matter. There are also some languages that cannot be defined in these terms, for example Chinese.

J. Greenberg's classification is also widely known, which includes the division of languages according to the following parameters: 1) position of the predicate verb - at the beginning, middle or end of the sentence; 2) the position of the adjective before or after the noun; and 3) the predominance of prepositions or postpositions in the language. These features are not completely independent: thus, the initial position of the verb entails the predominance of prepositions in the language, and the final position of the verb - postpositions. The short formulas proposed by Greenberg for describing the order of words in a sentence (such as SOV, SVO, etc.) are actively used in the linguistic literature; in Russian, sometimes in translation, i.e. P (subject) – D (objective) – S (presumable), etc.

There are also other patterns of word order that can be traced in all or most languages. In coordinating constructions, word order reflects the sequence of events ( chopped and fried it; fried and chopped) or any hierarchy of objects ( men and women,president and prime minister); The topic of the message is usually located at the beginning of the sentence (at the end it usually appears under special conditions, for example in Russian with special intonation in sentences with the so-called “expressive inversion”, cf. It was scary in the forest And It was scary in the forest); expressions of condition also gravitate towards the beginning of the sentence ( Come on time...). In many languages, the inseparability of the predicate verb and its object is observed (cf. in English He studies physics in Cambridge"He's studying physics at Cambridge" when grammatically incorrect * He studies in Cambridge physics); Most languages tend to have the subject precede the object; clitics (i.e. words without their own stress) are often located either after the first stressed word or with the predicate verb.

The order of words in a sentence is the arrangement of its members in it. It is believed that word order in Russian is free. However, it is not. It is relatively free due to the structural coherence of the components of the sentence and their semantic significance. Those. Russian is a language with flexible word order.

The order of words is determined by the structure and semantics of preceding sentences, the communicative task, etc. Thus, word order depends on the context. It plays an important role in actual division. Actual division is the adaptation of the grammatical structure of a sentence to the tasks of communication.

The word order, depending on the actual division, is

1. direct (Mathesius - objective) - rhema theme

Father will come / tomorrow.

2. inverse = inversion (Mathesius – subjective) – rheme theme

Tomorrow / father will arrive.

Without a rheme, a sentence does not exist.

Direct word order is called neutral, and as a result of inversion, meaningful word order arises. The function is to put emphasis. Inversion is emphasized by intonation - logical stress emphasizes the rheme.

Word order can also have a purely grammatical meaning. Then it serves to formalize the syntactic relationships between the members of the sentence. Moscow is the capital of our country. The capital of our country is Moscow. The role of subject and predicate is determined only by word order. Changing the order of words does not lead to stylistic changes in the sentence. This is broken when qualitative adjectives appear. A wonderful city - Moscow.

The word order in sentences like June is sultry has grammatical significance. Sultry June is already a nominative sentence. Place determines the function of the adjective or participle. The reassured friend left or the friend left reassured.

Word order determines the grammatical significance of homonymous forms of nouns. Day follows night. Mother loves daughter.

The order of the members of the sentence.

§ theme = mean, rheme = tale => mean tale, otherwise – inversion

§ theme = skaz, rheme = mean => skaz is mean, otherwise – inversion

§ indivisible sentences => skaz vile

§ interrogative sentences => tale mean

§ direct word order: determiner skaz mean, if the subject is first – inversion

§ compatible terms before the words being defined, otherwise – inversion

§ managed – after managers, otherwise – inversion

§ adjacent – before and after the dominant word, depending on the method of expression and the conveyed meaning

§ first indirect object, then direct, otherwise inversion

§ dependent infinitive after the word it refers to, otherwise – inversion

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Question No. 54 Word order in Russian and its functions

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§ 236. Sentences of different types may differ in word order, which is associated with “the content of the sentence, its structure, the number of its members and the way of expressing these members.” Word order refers to the sequence of arrangement of words in a sentence, their grammatical forms and the members of the sentence expressed by them.

Word order is “a specific arrangement of words in a sentence or syntactic group”, “a linear sequence of syntactic components of a sentence”, “the arrangement of sentence members in relation to each other”.

There are different structural types of word order, for example: free(members of a sentence can occupy different places in relation to other members) and connected, or fixed(each member of the sentence is located or preferably used in a strictly defined place in relation to other members); in combinations, definitions with the defined word differ progressive, or consistent, order (the word being defined is placed in first place, before the defining word, for example: Pushkin's poem, butter) And regressive(the qualifying word is located after the defining word, for example: butter, guard major).

In different languages, the order of words in a sentence is manifested differently: some languages have a free word order, others have a fixed one. Obviously, in every language there are certain patterns of arrangement of words in a sentence and at the same time, certain “liberties” are allowed in relation to word order.

According to J. Vandries, “there is not a single language in which the word order is absolutely free, but there is also no language in which the word order is completely bound.”

Languages with free word order are considered to be Russian and many other related and unrelated languages - Slavic, Baltic (Lithuanian and Latvian), Finnish, Spanish, Latin, Greek, etc. In each of these languages, you can find certain patterns in the arrangement of words in a sentence. In the Russian language, for example, in a simple, uncommon two-part declarative sentence, there is a tendency to put the subject in first place, before the predicate. In a common two-part sentence, the complement is usually located after the predicate, the agreed definition - before the word being defined, the inconsistent one - after the word being defined, the circumstances of place and time - before the member of the sentence to which they relate, etc. If there are homogeneous members in a sentence, they are sometimes arranged taking into account such factors as the sequence of processes or events they denote, the importance of an object, process, feature denoted by words in the role of one or another member of the sentence, and some others (cf., for example: “I said goodbye And went home" (A.P. Chekhov. House with a mezzanine): "For Andrei, Lieutenant Yurgin has always been commander And friend, has now become friend And commander" (M. Bubennov. White birch); Tourists visited a number of cities in the country: Moscow, St. Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod; and etc.).

Some of these patterns are also characteristic of other languages with free word order. For example, the placement of an object after the predicate in a simple narrative sentence is observed in a number of Slavic languages, in Lithuanian, Greek and others. At the same time, in a number of other languages, characterized by free word order, the members of the sentence are arranged in a different sequence. Thus, in the Baltic languages, any definition is used before the word being defined - not only agreed, but also inconsistent (cf. in Lithuanian: nauja knyga– “new book” and draugo knyga- "friend's book"). In special cases, an inconsistent definition (in Lithuanian) may be located after the word being defined, but in such cases it expresses a different meaning, for example: butelis kefiro– “a bottle of kefir” (cf.: kefiro butelis– “yogurt bottle”), maisas cukraus –"bag of sugar" (cf.: cukraus maisas- “sugar bag”), etc. A distinctive feature of word order in Latin is the placement of the verb at the end of the sentence.

Languages with a fixed word order include English, German, Bulgarian, Chinese, etc. The tendency towards a fixed word order is characteristic of modern French, the new Indo-Iranian, or Aryan, languages, representing one of the branches of the Indo-European family, etc. .d. In English, for example, in a simple sentence the subject is used in the first place, the predicate in the second, the complement in the third, and the adverbial in the fourth.

The order of words in a sentence can perform different grammatical, semantic and stylistic functions. In languages with a fixed word order, this order is used, for example, to indicate the grammatical form of a word and its syntactic function. In some cases, it performs a similar function in languages with free word order (cf. in Russian: Mother met daughter And The daughter met the mother).(This was discussed, in particular, when explaining the issue of grammatical means.) With the actual division of a sentence, word order serves as one of the most important means of distinguishing between theme and rheme (for this, see below, in § 238). In combinations of nouns with cardinal numbers, the meaning of approximateness is expressed using word order (cf.: You can save a hundred rubles on this And You can save a hundred rubles). The order of words in a sentence can serve as a means of distinguishing between speech styles and genres. Considerable freedom of word order is characteristic, for example, of oral conversational speech. Violation of the usual word order (reverse order, or inversion) in fiction, especially in poetic speech, can serve as one of the artistic and expressive means.

Order of words in a sentence

The relative arrangement of the members of a sentence, which has syntactic, semantic and stylistic meaning. The first is expressed in the fact that the place occupied by a member of a sentence can be associated with its syntactic function. Thus, in the sentence Sunny day, the adjective sunny acts as a definition for the word day, the main member of the nominative sentence; with a different word order (Sunny day), the same adjective plays the role of a predicate in a two-part sentence. In sentences like Mother loves her daughter with homonymous forms of the nominative and accusative cases, the syntactic role of both nouns is determined by their place in the sentence: with direct word order ( cm. below) the subject comes first, the direct object comes second. In the sentence Free brother returned, the adjective sick occupies the position of an agreed definition, and in the sentence Brother returned sick - the position of the nominal part of the compound predicate. In identity sentences like Moscow - the capital of the USSR, the subject is in first place, and the predicate in second place; with a different word order (the capital of the USSR is Moscow), the former predicate becomes the subject, and the former subject becomes the predicate.

The grammatical-semantic meaning of word order finds its expression, for example, in combinations of a cardinal number with a noun. In the sentence At the meeting there were fifty people present, the prepositive cardinal number indicates the exact number of persons; in the sentence At the meeting there were fifty people present, the postpositive numeral indicates the approximate number of persons (with the rearrangement of words, the so-called category of approximate is created).

Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. - M.: Enlightenment. Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A.. 1976 .

See what “word order in a sentence” is in other dictionaries:

Typology of word order (in a sentence) is one of the possible systems of typological classification of languages used in linguistic typology. Based on the basic order in which the subject and predicate appear in a sentence... ... Wikipedia

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word order- in phrases can have a formal meaning, that is, indicate various relationships between the parts of the phrase. In the so-called analytical languages (see) P.S, as a formal feature, has a predominant meaning, as, for example, in the Chinese language... ... Grammar Dictionary: Grammar and linguistic terms

reverse word order (inversion)- The order of words in a sentence that does not coincide with the order of words in the phrase. O. p.s. used in different styles. Thus, in journalistic speech it contributes to the creation of expressiveness, the fulfillment of the influencing function of the statement: ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

See the word order is reversed (in the article the word order in a sentence) ... Dictionary of linguistic terms

In Russian, word order (more precisely, the order of sentence members) is considered free. This means that in the sentence there is no strictly assigned place for one or another of its members. For example, a sentence consisting of five significant words: The editor carefully read the manuscript yesterday– allows 120 options depending on the rearrangement of sentence members.

There is a difference in the direct order of words, determined by the type and structure of the sentence, the method of syntactic expression of a given member of the sentence, its place among other words that are directly related to it, as well as the style of speech and context, and brother
order, which is a deviation from the usual order and most often performs the function
and n e r s i i , i.e., a stylistic device for highlighting individual members of a sentence by rearranging them. The direct order is typical for scientific and business speech, the reverse is widely used in journalistic and literary works; The reverse order plays a special role in colloquial speech, which has its own types of sentence construction.

The determining factor in the arrangement of words in a sentence is the purposefulness of the utterance, its communicative task. Associated with it is the so-called actual division of a statement, which involves the movement of thought from the known, familiar to the unknown, new: the first (the basis of the statement) is usually contained in the initial part of the sentence, the second (the core of the statement) is in its final part. Wed:

1) On April 12, 1961, the Yu flight took place. A. Gagarin into space, the first in human history(the starting point, the basis of the statement is an indication of the date, i.e. the combination April 12, 1961, and the core of the statement is the rest of the sentence, which is logically emphasized);

2) Flight Yu. A. Gagarin into space, the first in the history of mankind, took place on April 12, 1961(the basis of the statement is a message about the historical flight of Yu. A. Gagarin, and the core of the statement is an indication of the date, which is logically emphasized).

§ 178. Place of subject and predicate

In declarative sentences, the subject usually precedes the predicate, for example: Wires stretched from tree to tree...(Azhaev); Some people left the village to earn money...(Gladkov); The earth revolves around the sun.
The relative position of the subject and predicate may depend on whether the subject denotes a definite, known object or, conversely, an indefinite, unknown object. Wed: The train has arrived(definite). – The train has arrived(undefined, some).

The reverse order of the main members of a sentence (first the predicate, then the subject) is common in the following cases:

Placing the subject ahead of the predicate in such cases was found in old texts, for example: – Tell me, gossip, what is your passion for stealing chickens? - the peasant said to the fox when he met her(Krylov); – Do you know grandpa, mom? - the son says to the mother(Nekrasov); the rhythm of the verse is also taken into account;

3) in sentences in which the subject denotes a period of time or a natural phenomenon, and the predicate is expressed by a verb with the meaning of being, becoming, the course of an action, etc., for example: A hundred years have passed...(Pushkin); Spring came(L. Tolstoy); It was a moonlit night(Chekhov);

4) in descriptions, in a story, for example: The sea sings, the city hums, the sun sparkles brightly, creating fairy tales(Bitter);

5) as a stylistically specified device and inversion, with the aim of logically highlighting one of the main members of the sentence, for example: Bear hunting is dangerous, a wounded animal is terrible, but the soul of a hunter, accustomed to dangers since childhood, is brave.(A. Koptyaeva).

When placing adverbial words at the beginning of a sentence, the subject often comes after the predicate, for example: There was noise coming from the street...(Chekhov). However, in these conditions there is also a direct order of the main members of the sentence, for example: Uvarov and Anna arrived at the base at the hottest time of the day(A. Koptyaeva).
In interrogative sentences, the predicate often precedes the subject, for example: Won't my grandfather or aunt stand up for me?(Pushkin); So will I give you this short, dear little wish?(A. N. Ostrovsky).
In imperative sentences, subject pronouns preceding the predicate verb strengthen the categorical nature of the order, advice, motivation, and following the predicate, they soften the tone of the order. Wed: Just give me a peep(A. N. Ostrovsky). – Don't crush me, old woman(Turgenev).
In colloquial speech, the copula is often placed first, for example: I was young, ardent, sincere, intelligent...(Chekhov).
Placing the nominal part of the predicate in front of the subject serves the purpose of inversion, for example: The dark thickets of forests and the depths of the seas are mysterious and therefore beautiful; the mysterious cry of a bird and the crack of a tree bud bursting from the warmth(Paustovsky).
A means of highlighting the predicate is also the placement of the nominal part before the copula, for example: ...Both remained hungry(L. Tolstoy); Bor became deaf and gloomy(Seifullina). The same in a compound verbal predicate when placing an infinitive before an auxiliary verb, for example: So, why didn’t you even think about sowing?(Sholokhov).

§ 179. Place of definition in a sentence

The concordant definition is usually placed in front of the noun being defined, for example: interesting plot, proofreading, verified quotations, third edition, our publishing house.
Placing an agreed definition after the qualified noun serves the purpose of inversion, for example: The mountains are inaccessible on all sides(Lermontov).

Postpositive definition (i.e., a definition that comes after the word being defined) was often found in the works of writers and poets of the 19th century, for example: She had a strong influence on me(Turgenev); Participation and unfeigned love were visible on Anna’s face(L. Tolstoy); A lonely sail whitens in the blue sea fog(Lermontov); There is a short but wonderful time in the original autumn...(Tyutchev).

Postpositive definitions are common, referring to the noun repeated in a given sentence, for example: This idea of a reflex is, of course, an old idea...(Academician I.P. Pavlov); Voropaev remembered his first meeting with Goreva - a meeting amazing and rare in its unique front-line beauty(Pavlenko). Wed. in journalistic and business speech: Such plans, bold and original plans, could arise only in our conditions; This decision is certainly a wrong decision and must be reversed.

In stylized speech, postpositive definitions give the story the character of a folk narrative; Wed from Neverov: The moon came out on a dark night, looking lonely from a black cloud at the deserted fields, at distant villages, at nearby villages.

Definitions expressed by possessive pronouns, being in a position after the defined noun, can give an expressive color to the statement, for example: I remember your hands from the moment I began to recognize myself in the world.

In neutral styles, postpositive definitions expressed by demonstrative pronouns are not uncommon, for example: This stop... was surrounded by a double rampart made of thick pine logs(Kazakevich).

The means of semantically highlighting the definition are:

a) its isolation, for example: People, amazed, became like stones(Bitter);

b) separation of the definition from the defined noun, for example: Rare stars swayed in the ashen dawn sky(Sholokhov).

A detached definition is usually postpositive, for example: publication of letters received by the editor; exhibition of paintings nominated for the prize. Placing such common definitions (without separating them) in front of the word being defined is perceived as a kind of inversion; compare: publication of letters received by the editor; exhibition of paintings nominated for the prize.
If there are several agreed upon definitions, the order of their arrangement depends on their morphological expression:
1) definitions expressed by pronouns are placed ahead of definitions expressed by other parts of speech, for example: on this solemn day, our future plans, all typos noted, every fourth Tuesday. Placing pronoun-qualifiers after adjective-qualifiers is an inversion, for example: At this silver-opal hour in the morning the whole house slept(Fedin); The tankman struggled with his slow and long pain(L. Sobolev);

2) attributive pronouns precede other pronouns, for example: all these amendments, every comment you make. But the pronoun most is placed after the demonstrative pronoun, for example: the same possibilities, the same case;

3) definitions expressed by qualitative adjectives are placed ahead of definitions expressed by relative adjectives, for example: new historical novel, warm woolen linen, light leather binding, late autumn;

4) if heterogeneous definitions are expressed by qualitative adjectives alone, then the one that denotes a more stable attribute is placed closer to the defined noun, for example: huge black eyes, a pleasant light breeze, an interesting new story;

5) if heterogeneous definitions are expressed by relative adjectives alone, then, as a rule, they are arranged in order of ascending semantic gradation (from a narrower concept to a broader one), for example: daily weather reports, antique bronzes, specialty bookstore.
An inconsistent definition is placed after the noun being defined, for example: expert's conclusion, leather-bound book, novel with a sequel. But definitions expressed by personal pronouns as possessives come before the word being defined, for example: his objections, their statements.
Placing an inconsistent definition expressed by a noun in front of the word being defined is inversion, for example: medium sized bear(Gogol); General Zhukov's yard(Chekhov).

Prepositive inconsistent definitions, i.e. those standing in front of the word being defined, have become entrenched in some stable expressions, for example: watchmaker, guard senior lieutenant, kind-hearted man.

Consistent definitions usually precede inconsistent ones, for example: high mahogany bed(L. Tolstoy); old tobacco-colored eyes(Sergeev-Tsensky). But an inconsistent definition, expressed by a personal pronoun with a possessive meaning, usually precedes an agreed definition, for example: his last performance, their increased demands.

§ 180. Place of addition in a sentence

The complement usually follows the control word, for example: proofread manuscript, correct typos, ready to type.
An object (most often direct) expressed by a pronoun (personal, indefinite) can precede the control word without creating an inversion, for example: I liked the book; This sight amazed him; The mother noticed something in her daughter's expression; I'm glad to see you.

Placing an object in front of a control word usually has the character of inversion, for example: Maybe we'll see the pharmacist(Chekhov); The soul reaches for something high(V. Panova). Wed. in lively conversational speech: Someone is asking you; They forgot all their friends; Can you fix the TV?

Preposition of an object with the meaning of person is common in impersonal sentences, for example: He needs to talk to you; My sister is not feeling well; Everyone wanted to relax.
If there are several additions related to one control word, different word orders are possible:
1) usually a direct object precedes other objects, for example: Take the manuscript from the proofreader; Discuss the issue with your employees; The newcomer extended his hand to everyone present.;

2) the indirect complement of the person, standing in the dative case, usually precedes the direct complement of the subject, for example: Tell us your address; The mother gave the child a beautiful toy; This woman saved Bekishev’s life...(V. Panova).

Similarly, the genitive case with the meaning of the agent (inconsistent definition) precedes the other case (as a complement), for example: son’s arrival to his parents, author’s memo to the editor.
The direct object, which matches the form of the subject, is usually placed after the predicate, for example: Mother loves daughter; The oar touched the dress; Laziness breeds carelessness; Courts protect laws. When the subject and object are rearranged, the meaning of the sentence changes ( The daughter loves the mother; The dress hit the paddle) or ambiguity arises ( Carelessness breeds laziness; Laws are protected by the courts). Sometimes in such cases of inversion the necessary meaning is retained, resulting from the lexical meaning of the named members of the sentence ( The bicycle crashed into the tram; The sun was covered by a cloud), but the correct understanding of such sentences is somewhat difficult, therefore it is recommended either to maintain the direct word order, or to replace the actual phrase with the passive ( The bicycle is broken by a tram; The sun is covered by a cloud).

§ 181. Place of circumstances in a sentence

Circumstances about the activity, expressed by adverbs in -o, -e , are usually placed before the predicate verb, for example: The translation accurately reflects the content of the original; The boy looked at us defiantly; Gavryushka blushed deeply and protested violently...(Gladkov); The station was moving faster and faster...(G. Nikolaeva); The pavement was smoothly white(Antonov).
Some adverbs that combine with few verbs are placed after them, for example: walk, lie prone, walk barefoot, fall backward, walk.

Usually postpositive are the circumstances of the manner of action expressed by a noun in an adverbial meaning, for example: scatter in waves, disperse in circles.

The place of the circumstance of the course of action may depend on the presence or absence of other minor members in the sentence; compare: The climbers walked slowly. – Climbers walked slowly along a steep path.

A means of semantically highlighting the circumstances of the manner of action or measure and degree is to place them at the beginning of a sentence or to separate them from the words to which they are adjacent, for example: In vain Gregory tried to see Cossack lava on the horizon.(Sholokhov); Nikita experienced this feeling twice(Fedin); Yes, we were very friendly(L. Tolstoy).
Circumstances of measure and degree are prepositive, for example: The announcer repeated the numbers given in the text twice; The director is very busy; The manuscript is fully prepared for typesetting.
The adverbial circumstance usually precedes the predicate verb, for example: There was little conversation at dinner(Turgenev); A month later, Belikov died(Chekhov); In the evenings the doctor was alone(V. Panova).
Often, however, the adverb of time is postpositive, which contributes to its semantic emphasis, for example: My sister got up early; I arrived before dawn.
The adverbial adverbial of place is usually prepositive, and often appears at the beginning of a sentence, for example: It was restless at the factory...(Bitter); A cloud was coming from the west(Sholokhov).
If the adverbial adverbial place is at the beginning of a sentence, then it is often immediately followed by the predicate, and then the subject, for example: To the right rose the white hospital building...(Garshin); Unfamiliar smells of herbs and flowers were coming from everywhere...(Serafimovich). However, under these conditions, a direct order of the main members of the sentence is also possible, for example: Over the gray plain of the sea the wind gathers clouds(Bitter).

Setting the adverbial place after the predicate is the norm in those combinations in which the presence of the adverbial is necessary for the completeness of the statement, for example: The house is located on the outskirts of the city; His parents live permanently in the south.

If a sentence contains an adverb of time and an adverbial place, then they are usually placed at the beginning of the sentence, with the adverbial of time in the first place and the adverbial of place in the second, for example: Tomorrow in our city the weather is expected to be warm and without precipitation; By evening everything calmed down in the house. Placing two circumstances side by side emphasizes their semantic role in the sentence. Their other placement is also possible: the adverbial of time is placed first, then the subject, followed by the predicate and, finally, the adverbial of place and other members of the sentence, for example: At the beginning of April, the river opened up along its entire length; Yesterday I met my old friend on the street.
Circumstances are cause and purpose and often come before the predicate, for example: Due to rough seas the ship arrived late(Chekhov); Two girls cried out of fear(V. Panova); A man with a bag on his back... pushed another with his shoulder for a laugh(Malyshkin).
Placing these circumstances after the predicate verb usually leads to their semantic isolation, for example: She woke up in fear; He does not go to work, allegedly due to illness; The train was sent to the depot for annual repairs..

§ 182. Location of introductory words, addresses, particles, prepositions

Not being members of a sentence, introductory words are freely located in it if they relate to the sentence as a whole; compare: He seemed to have fallen asleep. – He seemed to have fallen asleep. – He seemed to have fallen asleep.
At the same time, it should be noted that the semantic load of the introductory word in the given options is not the same: to a greater extent it is noted in the first of them, where at the beginning of the sentence the word it seemed in meaning it approaches a simple sentence as part of a non-union complex sentence; the last two options are equivalent.

If the introductory word is connected in meaning to a separate member of the sentence, then it is placed next to it, for example: A real bird began to appear, game, as the hunters put it(Aksakov); Our dilapidated boat bent over, scooped up and solemnly sank to the bottom, fortunately, in a shallow place(Turgenev).

You should not put an introductory word between the preposition and the word that the preposition controls, for example: “The matter was in seemingly right hands” (instead of: The matter seemed to be in the right hands).
Addresses are also freely located in a sentence, however, for their semantic and intonation highlighting, the place they occupy in the sentence is not indifferent: the address at the beginning or end of the sentence is logically emphasized. Wed: Doctor, tell me what's wrong with my child. – Tell me, doctor, what's wrong with my child?. – Tell me what's wrong with my child, doctor.
In appeals, slogans, appeals, orders, oratory, official and personal letters, the appeal is usually placed at the beginning of the sentence.

The same is true in poetic speech, and the appeal is often isolated into an independent sentence, for example: A pale young man with a burning gaze! Now I give you three covenants(Bryusov); My dear mother earth, my forest side, a land suffering in captivity! I will come - I just don’t know the day, but I will come, I will bring you back(Tvardovsky). Wed. broken treatment with the main part at the end of the sentence: For blood and tears, thirsty for retribution, we see you, forty-one(Shchipachev).
Particles, as a rule, appear before the word to which they refer in meaning. Wed:
A) This book is difficult even for him(we are talking about difficulties for a qualified person);

b) This book even difficult for him(the unexpectedness of the difficulty is emphasized);

V) Even this book is difficult for him(we are talking about an unprepared reader).

Particle -yes postpositive ( quite, insisted), but to emphasize the meaning, sometimes in colloquial speech it is placed before the verb, for example: Although the State Councilor disappeared himself, he still killed his comrade(Gogol); Elena remained silent, and I finally locked her this time too.(Dostoevsky).
The separation of the preposition from the controlled noun is unsuccessful in constructions like: “I will come with a few more comrades” (instead of: I'll come with a few more friends); “The volume of exports has decreased from approximately...; increased to approximately..." (instead of: ...decreased by approximately...; increased to approximately...).
You should not put two prepositions in a row, for example: “In one of the letters I received from you...” (instead of: In one of the letters received from you...); “Pay attention to work that is outstanding in all respects” (instead of: Pay attention to work that is outstanding in all respects).

In combinations of a noun with a numeral, denoting an approximate quantity, a preposition is placed between the named parts of speech ( in ten minutes, twenty paces), and not before the whole combination (“in ten minutes”, “in twenty steps”).