Download presentation Hagia Sophia, the symbol of ancient Rus'. Saint Sophia is a symbol of Ancient Rus'. Saint Sophia of Kyiv. Who built the St. Sophia Cathedral
Municipal budgetary educational institution "Lyceum" No. 24 Ancient temples of Rus' Saint Sophia Cathedral Author of the work: teacher of Russian language and literature Klyuchnikova Irina Vladimirovna G. Gukovo, Rostov region 2014 "The fate of the temple is the fate of Russia - the fate of man" The waters of a quiet river reflect Temple surrounded by trees. Years and centuries fly by - Every day prayers are heard there. Candles and lamps are burning here, Their glare on the images burns, Virgin Mary's holy glances They look tenderly straight into your soul. It's so good to cry and pray, And Heaven is so close to the earth there, It's sad to come back later Into a sinful world that lies entirely in evil. But the soul will again strive again To a wonderful world, back to silence, To the holy world, where he can be reborn The love that still sleeps within me. Novgorod Kremlin, or Detinets, as it was called in Novgorod in ancient times, founded by Prince Yaroslav, is the oldest surviving Kremlin in Russia (first mentioned in the chronicle of 1044). The Kremlin was the administrative, social and religious center of Novgorod. Here the veche, the election of the mayor took place, from here the squads of Alexander Nevsky set out to battle the Swedes, its walls defended the main one - the St. Sophia Cathedral and the residence of the Novgorod ruler. It was in the Kremlin that chronicles were written, books were collected and copied.
Photo from 1900.
The history of the Novgorod Kremlin is inextricably linked with the history of Novgorod itself. Back in the year of the baptism of Novgorodians in the 10th (tenth) century, the first Christian church was built here. It was a wooden oak church “about 13 peaks”, the Temple of Hagia Sophia. When the church burned down in 1045, Prince Yaroslav the Wise and his eldest son Vladimir, who was appointed to reign in Novgorod, ordered the foundation of a stone temple of Sophia the Wisdom of God. It became the first of the stone buildings of the Russian North. Currently, Sofia Novgorod is the oldest temple in Russia. Construction of the St. Sophia Cathedral lasted 5 years from 1045 to 1050. Situated on a high hill, surrounded by the powerful walls of the Kremlin, the multi-domed majestic Sofia was visible from afar. Its clear and clear proportions, remarkable interior paintings, mosaics, icons, precious utensils, and magnificent lamps testified to the greatness and wealth of Novgorod. The temple is distinguished by laconicism, restraint and simplicity of architectural design.Initially, the temple did not have plaster or whitewash; the expressiveness of the masonry and the picturesqueness of the stone gave the cathedral an unusually majestic and solemn appearance. The western façade has been decorated with paintings since ancient times. This painting was updated in the 19th century. Ancient painting of the 16th century. preserved only in the middle part of the composition.
There are three entrances to the St. Sophia Cathedral: southern, western and northern. The main one is the western entrance from the 12th century. decorated with bronze doors. The doors are opened on special occasions.The gates were made in Magdeburg by Western European craftsmen in the middle of the 12th century; perhaps the customer of the gates was Bishop Alexander of Plock (his image is on one of the plates). Forty-eight bronze plates illustrate biblical and gospel scenes. These are scenes of the creation of the world, the Nativity of Christ, the Crucifixion, and the Ascension.
Handles in the shape of lion heads are interesting. Rods are inserted into their open mouths, to which handles in the form of snakes are attached - all this symbolizes hell. Human heads are visible in the mouths of lions - these are sinners whom this hell is devouring.
Initially, the heads of the cathedral were helmet-shaped, and the central dome was covered with gold at the beginning of the 15th century. The chronicler mentions this: “And in 1408, Archbishop John built St. Sophia with lead and a large golden-topped poppy tree.” On the central cross of Sofia there is a small dove. A beautiful legend tells how it hovered over the temple 400 years ago, when the troops of Ivan the Terrible were raging in Novgorod. Horrified by what he saw, the dove sat down on the cross to mourn the victims and became petrified with grief. The legend has a continuation: while this dove is sitting on the cross of Sofia, Veliky Novgorod will stand, and the dove will fly off, and then the city will end. In 1922, during the seizure of church valuables, the cathedral was robbed. In 1929 it was closed and an anti-religious museum opened there. The museum displayed the treasures kept in the cathedral's sacristy as an example of the "fabulous riches of the church." Wartime photographs of the cathedral, most of which were taken during the Nazi German-Spanish occupation of the city, which lasted from August 15, 1941 to January 20, 1944.Germans pose against the background of the monument to the Millennium of Russia. The Germans violated the monument. They smashed it and scattered the figures on the ground. The bells of the belfry were not thrown into the ground
During the occupation of Novgorod by Nazi troops, the temple was damaged and looted. After the war, it was completely restored and became a department of the Novgorod Museum-Reserve. In 1991 it was transferred to the Russian Orthodox Church and on August 16, 1991 it was consecrated personally by Patriarch Alexy II. In 2005-2007, the cathedral domes were restored. Today the Kremlin is a cultural and tourist center. Here are the main exhibitions of the Novgorod Museum-Reserve, restoration workshops, a library, a philharmonic society, an art school, an art and music school. The Church of Hagia Sophia is the main building of the city, as if it personified Novgorod itself. It is no coincidence that the ancient Novgorodians, going into battle with the enemy, swore to “stand and die for St. Sophia.” In the minds of the residents, the cathedral personified the independence of Novgorod.Saint Sophie Cathedral- a symbol of Kievan Rus during its heyday. Sofia of Kyiv emphasized the greatness and power of the ancient Russian state of the times of Yaroslav the Wise.
Kievan Rus at the end of the 10th century. – first half of the 11th century.
At the end of the 10th century. – first half of the 11th century. Princely power is strengthened, the state acquires the features of a centralized monarchy, and Christianity replaces paganism. On the initiative of Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavovich - the father of Yaroslav the Wise - the baptism of Rus' takes place. The first stone churches begin to be built.
For Rus' at that time, the Byzantine Empire was the role model and main partner in foreign policy. In the capital of Byzantium - Constantinople - by the beginning of the 11th century. For more than 400 years, the Hagia Sophia has stood tall.
The cathedral was the largest building in Europe at that time and remained so for another 500 years.
The cathedral was erected in the powerful Byzantine Empire during the reign of Emperor Justinian the Great (527-565).
In Russian chronicles of the beginning of the 12th century. the capital of Byzantium - Constantinople - was called Constantinople.
Construction of Hagia Sophia
Sofia of Kyiv
In the first half of the 11th century. a temple was built in Kyiv with the same name as the cathedral in Constantinople - Saint Sophie Cathedral.
Historians are arguing about the time of construction of St. Sophia of Kyiv. Some historians date the construction of the temple to the beginning of the 11th century.
Some of them give the date 1017. and refer to the text of the Novgorod Chronicle.
Others suggest that construction was started by Vladimir the Great and refer to archaeological sources.
The third part of historians adheres to the classical point of view, and relies on The Tale of Bygone Years:
“In the year 6545 (1037) Yaroslav founded the great city, near the same city the Golden Gate; founded the church of St. Sophia, the metropolis, and then the church on the Golden Gate - the Holy Mother of God of the Annunciation, then the monastery of St. George and St. Irene".
Who built the St. Sophia Cathedral?
We do not know the names of the architects who designed and built Hagia Sophia, nor the names of the craftsmen who carried out the work inside the cathedral, richly decorating it with frescoes and mosaics. It is believed that these were Byzantine masters. Obviously, local craftsmen were also involved in the construction.
Sofia of Kyiv
The fate of the country is the fate of the temple
In its centuries-old history, the temple shared the fate of the country: it was repeatedly destroyed and devastated. In 1240, Kyiv was besieged by the troops of Batu Khan and, after a two-month struggle, captured the city. Kyiv turned into ruins. Only a few buildings survived, among them was the looted St. Sophia Cathedral.
Reconstruction of the temple
The first reconstruction of the temple was undertaken by the Kiev Metropolitan Peter Mohyla. The work, begun in the middle of the 17th century, was completed only at the beginning of the 18th century. The appearance of the St. Sophia Cathedral changed during the reconstruction; it was rebuilt in the Ukrainian Baroque style.
Saint Sophia Cathedral- an architectural masterpiece of Ancient Kievan Rus; one of the few architectural monuments of the 11th century, which, with changes, has survived to this day.
Slide 1
History of Ancient Rus'
Part 22
Sofia
Novgorodskaya
Slide 2
The significance of St. Sophia Cathedral for Novgorod Sofia Library Not higher than Sofia
Culture of Veliky Novgorod Chronicle information Sophia of Constantinople The first wooden Cathedral of Sophia in Novgorod Sophia of Novgorod
Plan
Slide 3
Culture of Veliky Novgorod
The Novgorod land is the richest treasury of the ancient culture of Northern Rus'. Untouched by the Mongol devastation, it brought to us many ancient monuments.
Slide 4
The oldest monument of Russian literature - the Ostromir Gospel - was written by order of the Novgorod mayor Ostromir.
Ostromir Gospel 1056-57.
Slide 5
Rich Novgorod merchants did not skimp on the construction and decoration of churches. In the Novgorod chronicles we read about the almost annual construction of churches in different regions of the Novgorod land.
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Slide 6
Some monuments of Novgorod architecture were lost during the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945.
The built-in presentation with illustrations opens by clicking on the picture
Slide 7
But many wonderful churches have been preserved in the Novgorod land, for example, the 12th century Church of the Transfiguration on Nereditsa or the 14th century Church of Theodore Stratilates on the Stream.
Slide 8
Without a doubt, the most famous of the Novgorod churches is the St. Sophia Cathedral.
Kholuev V.F. Road to the temple. Sofia Novgorodskaya. 1981.
Slide 9
The Novgorod lands were also famous for their monasteries.
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Slide 10
In Novgorod there were many workshops where icons were painted by order of Novgorodians. Some of these icons have survived to this day. These are wonderful examples of the Novgorod school of icon painting.
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Slide 11
The great icon painter Theophanes the Greek worked in Novgorod. The frescoes he made still exist today in the Church of the Transfiguration on Ilyin Street.
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Slide 12
Chronicle information
The Novgorod chronicles contain a lot of interesting information from the ancient history of Veliky Novgorod. But the Novgorod chroniclers especially carefully recorded information about when the foundation stone of this or that temple was made, when the temple was built and consecrated, when the painting of the temple was done.
Slide 13
For example, the “Novgorod Third Chronicle” is even called “The Book spoken briefly by the Chronicler of Novgorod to the churches of God, in which year the church was built in whose name and under which bishop or archbishop, or metropolitan.” Or in modern language - this is a brief Novgorod chronicle about the churches of God - in what year, in the name of which saint the temple was built and under which bishop.
Slide 14
Sophia of Constantinople
Ancient Rus', having adopted Christianity in Byzantium, borrowed temple architecture from there.
Slide 15
The ambassadors of Prince Vladimir, as the Tale of Bygone Years testifies, felt the beauty of Orthodoxy in the St. Sophia Cathedral in Constantinople - the main temple of Byzantium.
Slide 16
And one of the first churches of newly baptized Rus' is the St. Sophia Cathedral of Novgorod.
Slide 17
The first wooden Sofia Cathedral in Novgorod
Sophia of Novgorod was erected in 989 with the blessing of the first bishop of Novgorod, Joachim Korsunyanin. The chronicle of this event reads: “Vladyka Bishop Joachim erected the first wooden oak church of Saint Sophia.” It was a majestic wooden temple “with thirteen peaks,” that is, it had 13 domes. It was consecrated, like the main temple in Constantinople, in the name of Sophia the Wisdom of God.
Slide 18
Subsequently, St. Sophia churches were built in many Russian cities - from Kyiv to Tobolsk. They testified to the spiritual kinship and ecclesiastical succession of Rus' with Orthodox Byzantium and proclaimed that the highest Divine Wisdom lies in the salvation of the whole world.
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Sofia Kyiv
Slide 19
Sofia Novgorodskaya
The pristine Novgorod St. Sophia Cathedral stood above the Volkhov River near the ancient Volkhov Bridge and was the main decoration of the city. But during a fire that happened in March 1045, St. Sophia Cathedral burned down.
Great Bridge and St. Sophia of Novgorod. Reconstruction of D.P. Sukhova
Slide 20
A year earlier, Prince Yaroslav the Wise ordered the construction of a stone Kremlin-Detinets in Novgorod, which became the fortified core of the city.
Slide 21
The most important building of the Novgorod Kremlin-Detinets was a new, now stone St. Sophia Cathedral, erected instead of the one that burned down.
Slide 22
To this day, Novgorod is decorated with this majestic temple, built back in 1052 under the Holy Prince Vladimir Yaroslavich with the blessing of Bishop Luke of Novgorod.
Slide 23
Russian masters and icon painters, together with Greek masters specially invited from Constantinople, built and decorated the St. Sophia Cathedral. “This church was built very beautiful and great,” says the chronicle. The golden dome of the cathedral was subsequently crowned with a cross with a dove - a symbol of the Holy Spirit.
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Slide 24
The significance of St. Sophia Cathedral for Novgorod
“Where St. Sophia is, Novgorod is here!” - said the ancient Novgorodians.
Novgorod. XIV century Reconstruction of E.D. Sheko
Slide 25
But residents of Novgorod gathered in Sofia not only for church services. Meetings and farewells of Novgorod soldiers were held here to the ringing of the bells of the St. Sophia Cathedral. Preparing for a feat of arms, the defenders of the Novgorod land exclaimed: “Let us die honestly for St. Sophia!”
Prince Alexander Nevsky brings captured German knights to Novgorod
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Slide 26
The Novgorod veche gathered on the square in front of the St. Sophia Cathedral. In Sofia, decrees were announced and appointments were made to senior positions.
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Slide 27
In addition, the rich Novgorod treasury, library and archive of Novgorod were located at the cathedral. Samples of weights and measures were also kept here. Let us remember that Novgorod was the largest trading center of Ancient Rus'.
A. Vasnetsov. Novgorod trade
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Slide 29
Not far from Sofia, the Novgorod bishops administered the “master's court,” that is, they conducted legal proceedings. The trial took place in front of a fresco depicting Christ with the opened Gospel. On the pages of the Gospel was written a word to the judges: “With the same judgment you judge, God will judge you with the same judgment.”
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Sovereign (faceted) chamber. 1433g
Slide 30
Novgorodians resorted to Sofia not only during military adversities, but also during natural disasters and terrible epidemics. For example, in 1390, a great many people died from a pestilence in Novgorod. On the advice of the bishop, the despondent Novgorodians, in order to quench the wrath of God, made a vow and, according to the vow, built a church in one day in honor of Saints Athanasius and Cyril of Alexandria.
Slide 31
After this, as the chronicler narrates, “by the grace of God and St. Sophia’s standing, and the lord’s blessing and prayer, the pestilence stopped.”
Praying Novgorodians. Icon detail. 1467
Slide 32
Book scribe's cell
Sofia Library
The Sofia Library of Novgorod was one of the largest book collections of Ancient Rus'. Handwritten books from the library of Hagia Sophia preserved the names of 94 scribes who worked on compiling and rewriting the books. Books from the Sofia Library were distributed or loaned to various monasteries and churches throughout the Russian North, right up to the Solovetsky Monastery.
Slide 33
No higher than Sofia
The special respect of the Novgorodians for their greatest shrine - the St. Sophia Cathedral - was expressed, in particular, in the fact that for nine hundred years not a single building in Novgorod was built higher than Sofia, although outside the city there were buildings higher and larger.
Slide 34
During the Great Patriotic War, St. Sophia Cathedral suffered greatly: the vaults and walls received holes from shells, and gilded sheets were torn off the domes. Many ancient frescoes were lost forever.
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Kukryniksy. Flight of the Nazis from Novgorod
Slide 35
Over nine and a half centuries, the St. Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod was repeatedly restored and updated. The last restoration was carried out in 1983–1990. Restorers have strengthened the ancient paintings in the temple, preserved from the 12th century.
Restoration of the fresco
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Slide 2
In the 11th century, the cathedral had 13 domes, but later underwent major reconstruction, and the number of domes decreased. The thirteen domes symbolized Jesus Christ and the twelve apostles. The four chapters closest to the central one recalled the evangelists: Matthew, Mark, Luke, John. Christ Pantocrator is located in the dome of the mountain Sky, and in the altar, on the wall of the central apse, there is a stern figure of the Mother of God. Her hands are raised upward in ceaseless prayer. The cherry color of her robe symbolizes suffering.
Slide 3
Mosaics (a pattern made of colored glass - smalt) decorated the main parts of the temple: the dome as a symbol of the Heavenly Church and the altar - a symbol of the earthly Church. Here, in the altar, a great sacrament is performed: the apostles come to Christ. Their step is measured. Stocky figures are full of inner energy. The hands froze in a gesture of forgiveness. Eyes are turned to Christ. The apostles are waiting for communion.
Slide 4
Hagia Sophia in Novgorod
The cathedral was built of plinth (flat brick) and stone. He is one and a half times taller than Sophia of Kyiv. The five domes of the temple are raised high above the monolithic cubic temple building, strictly separated from it.
The appearance of the Novgorod Sofia is much more austere than the Kyiv Sofia, the walls are more massive, lack protrusions, and are occasionally cut through by narrow windows.
Slide 5
The inside of the cathedral was painted with frescoes, from which a few fragments have survived to this day: the image of Saints Constantine and Helen, the prophets.
During the Great Patriotic War, the temple suffered from shelling and was looted by the occupiers.
Currently, the cathedral has been restored, but many of the frescoes have been lost forever.
Slide 6
Church of the Intercession on the Nerl
The Church of the Intercession on the Nerl was built in 1165 by order of Andrei Bogolyubsky in the place where the Nerl flows into the Klyazma, in memory of his son, young Izyaslav, who died in battle with the Volga Bulgars.
The church stands alone in the vast expanses of the Vladimir plains, looks abandoned and sad, but has worldwide fame.
Slide 7
Church of the Intercession on the Nerl
The carved decoration of the church is beautiful. In the center of each facade (except the eastern one), at the top, there is a relief figure of the biblical king David. The king plays the lyre, and lions, birds and griffins listen to him. The bird is an ancient symbol of the human soul, and the lion is a symbol of Christ. The lion seems to sleep with his eyes open, just as God does not sleep, protecting humanity. Leo is the king of beasts, and Christ is the king of heaven. The latter interpretation connected the lion with the idea of princely power: after all, earthly rulers were considered God’s viceroys on earth.
Slide 8
There is no image of the Virgin Mary in the carvings of the temple, but the entire appearance of the church, so slender and elegant, resembles her image captured by the church writer Epiphanius, especially distinguishing the subtlety of her hands and fingers.
Generally speaking, any church can be likened to the Mother of God, since Mary in church tradition symbolizes the earthly Church. In the Church of the Intercession on the Nerl, this speculative position became clear.
Slide 9
Golden Gate
The Golden Gate is the only monument of military engineering architecture of Ancient Rus'. The Golden Gate was built by order of Andrei Bogolyubsky in 1158-1164.
The entrance to the Golden Gate was closed by an oak gate covered with Arabic gilded copper.
The gate served not only as a means of fortification, but also as a triumphal entry into the capital of the principality for foreign ambassadors, noble persons, and princely troops.
Slide 10
Golden Gate
The Golden Gate of Vladimir is the only one that exists, the only Golden Gate that “survived” (albeit with some alterations) that existed in the Middle Ages in Jerusalem, Constantinople, and Kyiv.
Currently, the Golden Gate houses an exhibition of military history.
Slide 11
Assumption Cathedral
The Vladimir Assumption Cathedral was built on the high bank of the Klyazma in 1158-1160. under Prince Andrei Bogolyubsky.
In September 1164, the most revered icon, the icon of the Mother of God, was brought to the cathedral. Since then, this image has been called the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God.
During the reign of Vsevolod III, after the fire of 1185, the cathedral was rebuilt and became five-domed.
Until 1432, Moscow rulers received the title of Grand Duke in the Assumption Cathedral.
Slide 12
The Assumption Cathedral has preserved several fragments of frescoes by unknown artists of the 12th century and the creations of Andrei Rublev, a brilliant painter who painted the temple in 1408.
The fresco - “The Last Judgment”, according to the artist’s plan, should not frighten, but encourage believers, instilling in them confidence in a fair trial. Therefore, the faces of the apostles are full of gentle kindness and mercy, and the angels with bowed heads quietly grieve over the transient fate of the world.
Slide 13
In the necropolis of the Assumption Cathedral lie the holy relics of princes Andrei Bogolyubsky, Vsevolod the Big Nest and their relatives, bishops and abbots of the cathedral.
The Vladimir Assumption Cathedral became the model for the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin, built by the Italian architect Aristotle Fiorovanti in 1475-1479.
Slide 14
Dmitrievsky Cathedral
Dmitrievsky Cathedral was built in 1194-1197. by order of Vsevolod III the Big Nest in honor of St. Dmitry.
The cathedral was used as one of the buildings of the princely court.
Demetrius Cathedral clearly embodies the idea of the power of Vsevolod the Big Nest, the political power and independence of the Vladimir-Suzdal principality.
Slide 15
The most outstanding feature of the cathedral is the white stone carving. Of the 566 carved stones, only 46 images are associated with Christian symbolism. Lots of eagles, leopards, crocodiles, fabulous animals.
The entire carving conveys the main idea of praising the beauty and perfection of the world created by God.
Slide 16
Demetrius Cathedral is a synthesis of the traditions of art and culture.
Currently, there are no services held in the cathedral.
Dmitrievsky Cathedral is a monument of federal significance, included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.
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