Presentation on the chemical composition of the cell. Presentation on the topic: Chemical composition of the cell and its structure. Cell chemicals
Cell composition
Slides: 28 Words: 912 Sounds: 6 Effects: 19Chemical. Compound. Cells. Chemical composition of the cell. Organic and inorganic substances. Goal: get to know the chemical substances of the cell. Plan: 1. Chemical elements. 2. Organic substances of the cell 3. Inorganic substances of the cell. Mendeleev table. 1. Chemical elements. The most common chemical elements: oxygen (O2), carbon (C), nitrogen (N2), hydrogen (H2). Element. Inorganic substance. Organic matter. Chemical compound. Organic substances. Proteins Fats Carbohydrates Nucleic acids. Scheme. Inorganic substances. Water Mineral salts. Test your knowledge. - Cell composition.ppt
Cells of living organisms
Slides: 30 Words: 2472 Sounds: 0 Effects: 47Topic: “Chemical composition of the cell. Inorganic substances of the cell." Chapter I. Chemical composition of the cell. The Cellular Empire unites organisms that have a cellular structure. Non-cellular organisms include viruses, grouped under the kingdom Viruses. Properties of living organisms. Excitability is the most important property of the body. Cellular. Organic. Population-species. Ecosystem. Biosphere. Levels of organization of living matter. At the organismal level - the structure of tissues, organs and organ systems of the entire organism. At the population-species level, the structure of the species and the characteristics of populations are studied. - Cells of living organisms.ppt
Chemical composition of the cell
Slides: 25 Words: 615 Sounds: 0 Effects: 23Chemical composition of the cell. Macroelements. Microelements. Homeostasis. Bodies of living nature. Functions of water in a cell. Crystals of calcium oxalate. Functions of minerals. Carbon. Monomer. Carbohydrates. Functions of carbohydrates. Lipids. Functions of lipids. Wax protects the plant cell from mechanical damage. Working with terms. Ammonia. Specify the extra chemical compound. Water plays an important role in the life of a cell. The cells of which organisms contain tens of times more carbohydrates. The ability of camels to tolerate heat well. Homework. Part. State. Polymer. - Chemical composition of the cell.ppt
Cell chemicals
Slides: 11 Words: 567 Sounds: 0 Effects: 45Topic: “Chemical composition of the cell. Inorganic substances of the cell." Chemical composition of the cell. Inorganic substances. Organic substances. Water and salts. Proteins, fats, carbohydrates, nuclear acids, hormones, ATP, vitamins. Contained in bodies of inanimate and living nature. They are formed only in living organisms. Chemical compounds of the cell. The ratio of chemical compounds in the cell. Macroelements. Iodine Copper Manganese Molybdenum Cobalt. Content in cells: tooth enamel – 10%; bones – up to 20%. embryonic cells – more than 98%. Hydrophilic are highly soluble in water. Hydrophobic insoluble in water: - Cell chemicals.ppt
Chemical elements in a cell
Slides: 16 Words: 816 Sounds: 0 Effects: 10Chemical composition of the cell. Inorganic substances of the cell. Updating knowledge. Classification and content of chemical elements in a cell. Structure, properties and biological role of water in the cell. The importance of mineral salts in cell life. Check of knowledge. Reflection. Answer the questions. What is a chemical element? What chemical elements predominate in the earth's crust? What do you know about the chemical composition of cells? What do you know about the role of chemical elements in cell life? Using clause 2.2. draw up a diagram “Classification of chemical elements that make up the cell.” - Chemical elements in a cell.ppt
What is the chemical composition of the cell
Slides: 35 Words: 1625 Sounds: 0 Effects: 57Chemical composition of the cell. Definition of the concept “organic substances”. Expansion of knowledge. Complete the sentences. Neutral fats. Classification of lipids. Diversity of lipids. Soluble in organic solvents. Functions of lipids. What compounds are called carbohydrates. Carbohydrates. Monosaccharides. Disaccharides. Pectin. Functions. Functions of carbohydrates. What structure do proteins have? Protein composition. Amino acids. Proteins containing the entire set of amino acids. Classification of proteins. Structure of a protein molecule. Secondary structure. Tertiary structure. Structure of a protein molecule. Hemoglobin. - What is the chemical composition of the cell.ppt
Lesson “Chemical composition of the cell”
Slides: 24 Words: 620 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Chemical composition of the cell. Lesson "Chemical composition of the cell." Elementary composition of a cell. Lesson "Chemical composition of the cell." Molecular level. Inorganic substances. pH buffering. Lesson "Chemical composition of the cell." Squirrels. Protein structure. Properties of a protein molecule. Enzymes. Carbohydrates. Lipids. Nucleic acids. DNA is a double helix. Lesson "Chemical composition of the cell." The principle of complementarity. Replication. RNA is a single strand. Types of RNA. Nucleotide. Living = Non-living. Hydrogen molecule. - Lesson “Chemical composition of the cell”.ppt
Biology "Chemical composition of the cell"
Slides: 14 Words: 736 Sounds: 0 Effects: 51Chemical composition of the cell. Lesson plan. Answer the questions. Signs of a reaction. Differences between living and inanimate nature. Macroelements. Biogenic elements. Oxygen. C is the basis of all organic substances. Composition of the human body. Microelements. Zinc. Cu-enzymes hemocyanins, hemoglobin synthesis, photosynthesis. Ultramicroelements. - Biology “Chemical composition of the cell”.pptx
Chemical composition and structure of the cell
Slides: 19 Words: 1622 Sounds: 1 Effects: 92Features of the chemical composition of the cell
Slides: 20 Words: 1028 Sounds: 0 Effects: 63Features of the chemical composition of the cell. Cells. Theses. Chemical elements of the cell. Groups of chemical elements. Oxygen. Metal ions. The ratio of organic and inorganic substances in the cell. Carbon. Chemical components of the cell. Water. Hydrogen bonds. Types of water. Water in the body is distributed unevenly. Minerals in the cell. Solution. Dogs. Notebook entries. Extra homework. Thank you for your attention. - Features of the chemical composition of the cell.ppt
Chemical composition of the cell and its structure
Slides: 22 Words: 1745 Sounds: 0 Effects: 42Chemical composition of the cell and its structure. Chemical composition of the cell. Chemical composition of plant and animal cells. Inorganic compounds. Mineral salts. Carbohydrates. Lipids. Squirrels. Nucleic acids. ATP. Cell theory. Cytoplasm. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Small spherical organelles. Golgi complex. Lysosomes. Plastids. Mitochondria. Organelles of movement. Core. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Thank you for your attention. - Chemical composition of the cell and its structure.ppt
Cell substances
Slides: 20 Words: 2319 Sounds: 0 Effects: 43ATP and other organic substances of the cell. ATP. ATP function. How and where ATP is formed. Vitamins in cell life. History of the discovery of vitamins. Disorders associated with deficiency or excess of vitamins. Vitamins and vitamin-like substances. Vitamin. Modern classification of vitamins. The role of vitamins in human life. Interesting Facts. Viruses and bacteriophages. Discovery of viruses. The STM is rod-shaped. The structure of viruses. Microphotographs of viruses. Life of viruses. Life cycle of a bacteriophage. The meaning of viruses. - Cell substances.pptx
Organic cell matter
Slides: 12 Words: 177 Sounds: 0 Effects: 13Organic substances that make up a cell. Plan. Introduce students to the purpose of the lesson. Repeat your homework Study a new topic. Draw a conclusion. Consolidate the acquired knowledge. Summarize the lesson. Write down your homework. Organic compounds of the cell: proteins, fats, carbohydrates. Plant and animal proteins. Carbohydrates are made up of carbon atoms and water molecules. Lipids. Nucleic acids: DNA and RNA. Conclusion. Consolidation. What organic substances make up cells? List the functions of proteins. What are the functions of carbohydrates and lipids? I am working on the topic: Development of thinking in biology lessons. - Cell organic matter.pps
Macro- and microelements
Slides: 26 Words: 2799 Sounds: 0 Effects: 123The importance of macro- and microelements in the human body. Macro- and microelements. Goals and objectives. Absolutely necessary substances. Oxygen. Oxygen is part of proteins. Macro- and microelements. Macro- and microelements. Macro- and microelements. Oxygen is the most abundant chemical element on Earth. Benefits of oxygen-based cosmetics. Water. Water for the human body. Macroelements. Calcium values for the human body. Sodium values for the human body. The importance of sulfur for the human body. Values of chlorine for the human body. The importance of magnesium for the human body. - Macro- and microelements.ppt
Connections
Slides: 28 Words: 1045 Sounds: 0 Effects: 167Biologically active compounds of living organisms. A.M. Chibiryaev "Biologically active compounds of living organisms", 2009. Lipids. They are divided into simple and complex. Sometimes complex lipids are further divided into neutral, polar and oxylipins. The components of lipids are fatty acids. Fatty acid composition of some vegetable fats and oils. Fatty acid composition of some animal fats and oils. World production of essential fats and oils. Plant oil with an unusual composition of fatty acids. Calendula oil – 55% calendic acid 8t,10t,12c-18:3; Biosynthesis of fatty acids. - Connections.ppt
Organic compounds of the cell
Slides: 15 Words: 594 Sounds: 0 Effects: 134Organic substances of the cell. Carbohydrates. Lesson objectives. Lesson plan. What substances are called organic. A winning path. Lysine. Nucleic acids. Properties and functions of fats. Labyrinth. A. Rules for the design of diagrams. Variety of organic matter. Reflection. Homework. - Organic compounds of cells.pptx
Inorganic substances of the cell
Slides: 13 Words: 669 Sounds: 0 Effects: 35Chemical composition of the cell. 80 chemical elements. Elements that make up a cell. Macroelements. Microelements. Ultramicroelements. Biogenic elements. Magnesium. Oxygen. The content of chemical compounds in the cell. Contents in different cells. Functions of water. Did you know. - Inorganic substances of cells.ppt
Inorganic compounds of the cell
Slides: 16 Words: 481 Sounds: 0 Effects: 93Chemical composition of the cell. Macroelements. Chemical elements of the cell. Included in water. Protein component. Composition of blood plasma. Polarity of membranes of living cells. Chemical substances. Exercise. Properties of water. Dipole structure. Highlight the characteristic properties. Substances. Functions of water. Note the properties of water. Homework. - Inorganic compounds of cells.ppt
Inorganic substances in the cell
Slides: 61 Words: 3044 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Inorganic substances of the cell. Inorganic substances. Classification. Nuclear fusion. Earth. Chemical composition of living matter. Chemical composition of the cell. Microelements. Elementary composition of organisms. Chemical elements. Content of chemical elements. Water. Water and its role in the cell. Water molecule. Dipole. Dipole – H2O. Hydrogen bonds. Cluster shape. Inorganic substances in the cell. Hydrogen bonds. Hydrogen bonds. Properties of water. Forms of water. Functions of water. Fat-like substances. Sugar molecules. Solvent. Inorganic substances in the cell. - Inorganic substances in the cell composition.ppt
Carbohydrates grade 9
Slides: 15 Words: 875 Sounds: 0 Effects: 35Carbohydrates. The presentation was prepared by chemistry teacher N. A. Roshchepkina for the 9th grade parallel. Table of contents. Carbohydrates are the main suppliers of energy to the human body. We get carbohydrates from grains, legumes, potatoes, fruits and vegetables. A person should receive at least 500 g of carbohydrates per day. Glucose. Fructose. Sucrose. Lactose. Glycogen. Starch. Cellulose. CELLULOSE (C6H10O5)n Plant polysaccharide. Fiber enters our body with plant foods. Monosaccharide. Glucose easily penetrates the blood and is transported within the body. Glucose is easily absorbed by the body, supports a weakened body, and normalizes digestion. - Carbohydrates grade 9.ppt
Carbohydrates biology
Slides: 26 Words: 418 Sounds: 0 Effects: 50Integrated chemistry-biology lesson on the topic “Carbohydrates”. Carbohydrates. Functions of carbohydrates: 1. Construction. Functions of carbohydrates: 2. Energy. General formula of carbohydrates. Cn(H2O)m. Classification of carbohydrates. Assignment for independent work: fill out the table Representatives of the “Carbohydrates” class. Glucose с6н12о6. Carbohydrate content per 100 g of products. Sweetness scale. Reaction with copper(II) hydroxide. A sign of a reaction is a change in the color of the sediment from blue to brick-red. Silver mirror reaction. (Preparation of an ammonia solution of silver oxide). Sucrose с12н22о11. STARCH (c6n10o5)n. - Carbohydrates biology.ppt
Starch
Slides: 25 Words: 1350 Sounds: 0 Effects: 2Starch is the main carbohydrate in human food. Starch as a nutrient. Starch is the main carbohydrate in our food, performing an energy function. The structure of starch. The structure of amylopectin. The structure of amylose. K. A. Timiryazev is a Russian scientist, plant physiologist. Chloroplasts are natural “factories” of photosynthesis. The main substance of photosynthesis is the green pigment chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is found in gran membranes, which is why chloroplasts turn green. Photosynthesis is the main biochemical process on Earth. H2O with minerals. E of the sun. Co2. Chlorophyll. Detection of starch in plant leaves as the final product of photosynthesis. - Starch.ppt
Biopolymers
Slides: 12 Words: 682 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Biopolymers of fungal origin Authors: Ph.D. Penzina T.A., Doctor of Biological Sciences, Prof. Siberian Institute of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry SB RAS. Biopolymers of fungal origin. Industry. Polysaccharides Chitin and chitosan Melanin. Substances. Pharmacology. Scientific background. Basidial melanins. (1) redox buffers (2) antimutagens (3) antibiotics. Physiological functions in mushrooms. Conditioned. Pharmacological activity. Research results. Melanin of Laetiporus sulphureus (MLS). The presence of this type of melanin in the basidial form has been established for the first time. Laetiporus sulphureus (Bull.: Fr.) Murr. - Biopolymers.ppt
Biology Nucleic acids
Slides: 36 Words: 2730 Sounds: 0 Effects: 228The study of nucleic acids in a school course in biology and chemistry. Nucleic acid study plan. Structure. History of discovery and study. Kinds. Biological role. Final testing. Biological significance of nucleic acids. As students study the material, they fill out the table: Chemical structure of nitrogenous bases and carbohydrates. Chemical structure of nucleic acids. Nucleic acids are biopolymers whose monomers are nucleotides. This structure is confirmed by the products of stepwise hydrolysis of nucleic acids. Primary structure of nucleic acids. -
Chemical composition of the cell. Organic substances of the cell. Biology lesson in 10th grade. Teacher: Berdnikova E. G. Municipal autonomous educational institution secondary school 53 in the village of Ilyinogorsk, Volodarsky district, Nizhny Novgorod region
Lesson objectives: 1. Formulate a definition of the concept of “organic substances”. 2. Remember how organic substances are classified. 3. Consider the structural features of proteins, fats, carbohydrates. 4. Identify the importance of organic substances for the cell. 5. Have an idea of the properties of protein molecules: denaturation, renaturation.
Lesson plan 1. Updating knowledge. 2. Expansion of knowledge - General characteristics of organic substances. -Classification, structure and functions of fats in the cell. -Classification, structure and functions of carbohydrates in the cell. -Structure, functions and properties of proteins. 4. Fixing the material. 5. Homework. 5. Conclusions. 6. Reflection.
Exercise. Complete the sentences. 1. Compounds that do not dissolve in water are called………………………………………………………………………………… 2. Macroelements include…………………………… ……… The high rate of evaporation of water leads to... Due to its high thermal conductivity and heat capacity, water is an ideal liquid for …………………………… Anions of weak acids are involved in ………… cells 6. Organic substances are ……… ……………………… 7. Biopolymers are……………………………………………………… 8. Monomers are…………………………… …………………………… 9. Organic substances include:……………………………..
Diversity of lipids Name Structural features Where they are found 1) Wax An ester of a long-chain alcohol and fatty acids. Honeycombs of bees, chitin. 2) Phospholipids Glycerol + phosphoric acid + fatty acids. Cell membranes. 3) Glycolipids Fat + carbohydrate. Contains chloroplast membranes and myelin sheaths. 4) Lipoproteins Lipid + protein. In the membranes of animal cells. 5) Steroids Do not contain fatty acids. Sex hormones - estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, vitamin D, bile acids. 6) Terpenes No glycerol, no fatty acids, but there is an etheric connection. Carotenoids, porphins, bilirubin, vitamin B2, essential oil components.
Functions of lipidsFunctionsEssence 1) Structural Membrane composition includes phospholipids, glycolipids. 2) Energy When one gram of fat is broken down, 38.9 kJ is released. 3) Storage Creation of a reserve source of energy (a drop of fat in a cell, the fat body of an insect, the subcutaneous fatty tissue of mammals. 4) Protective Water repellent (wax, feathers, wool), electrical insulation, physical protection from mechanical damage. 5) Thermoregulatory Thermal insulation (subcutaneous fat “brown fat” is a biological heater. 6) Source of endogenous water Oxidation of 100 g of fat produces 107 ml of water. 7) Regulatory Lipids - precursors for the synthesis of fat-soluble vitamins: A, D, E, K.
Functions of carbohydrates Construction (for example, cellulose forms the walls of plant cells; chitin is the main structural component of the exoskeleton of arthropods) Energy (during the oxidation of 1 g of carbohydrates, 17.6 kJ is released; starch in plants and glycogen in animals, deposited in cells, serve as an energy reserve )
Composition of proteins Depending on the amino acid composition, proteins are: complete - proteins containing the entire set of amino acids (20 different amino acids); Incomplete - proteins that lack some amino acids. Amino acids Essential are synthesized in the body Essential are not synthesized in the body
Classification of proteins proteins simple complex consist of amino acid residues in addition to amino acids contain a non-protein - prosthetic group: metal atoms - metalloproteins lipid molecule - lipoproteins carbohydrate molecule - glycoproteins phosphoric acid residue - phosphoproteins nucleic acid molecule - nucleoproteins
Structure of a protein molecule Secondary structure. The main variant of the secondary structure is the -helix, which has the appearance of an extended spring. It is formed by one polypeptide chain as a result of the occurrence of intramolecular hydrogen bonds between carboxyl groups and amino groups located on adjacent turns of the helix.
Structure of a protein molecule The most studied protein with a quaternary structure is hemoglobin. It is formed by two - subunits (141 amino acid residues) and two - subunits (146 amino acid residues). Each subunit is associated with a heme molecule containing iron.
Structures of a protein molecule Name of the structure Structural features Examples 1) The primary structure is a linear structure, amino acid residues are connected by peptide bonds. albumin - egg white 2) The secondary structure of the protein molecule takes the form of a spiral or folded layer, the formation of hydrogen bonds between the residues of carboxyl and amino groups. albumin - boiled egg white, collagen, myosin, keratin. 3) The tertiary structure is formed by the interaction of radicals of the amino acid cysteine, which contain sulfur. The bonds between atoms are disulfide or S-S. The protein helix has the shape of a globule. hemoglobin, immunoglobulin, enzyme proteins - trypsin, hormones - insulin, antibodies. 4) Quaternary structure is a functional combination of several protein molecules with a tertiary structure. Non-protein enzymes are included. hemoglobin, insulin.
Functions of proteins Name of protein Structural features Role of protein 1) Protective proteins (immunoglobulin, fibrinogen, interferon) tertiary structure destruction of foreign substances, production of antibodies, blood clotting, protection of cells from viruses. 2) Motor (actin, myosin) actin - immobile filaments, myosin - mobile filaments of myofibril. muscle movement. 3) Regulatory (histones, insulin) linear and tertiary structures, Mr = regulate protein synthesis, RNA, blood glucose levels. 4) Protein-enzyme (trypsin) Mr=24000, one polypeptide chain, 23 amino acid residues. able to reduce the microflora of antibiotics, participation in digestion, blood clotting. 5) Storage agents (myoglobin, albumin, milk casein) are contained in the muscles for oxygen storage and energy reserves. 6) Structural (collagen, keratin, elastin) Collagen is found in cartilage, tendons, elastin is found in ligaments. protective, support functions. 7) Transport (hemoglobin, myoglobin) 4 subunits, 4 polypeptide chains, peptide bonds, chain - 141 amino acids, chain transfer of oxygen to tissues, ensure blood viscosity. 8) Receptor (rhodopsin) membrane receptors. cell response to stimulation.
Consolidation and testing of knowledge. 1. Function of carbohydrates in the cell: A) catalytic; B) energy; B) hereditary; D) regulatory; 2. What bonds determine the primary structure of the protein: A) hydrophobic between radicals; B) ionic between polypeptides; B) Peptide between amino acids; D) hydrogen between NH and CO groups. 3. The storage carbohydrate in an animal cell is: A) starch, B) glycogen, C) chitin, D) cellulose
4. Polypeptide chain coiled into a ball. – this is the structure of the protein: A) primary, b) secondary, c) tertiary, d) quaternary. 5. What function do lipids not perform in a cell? A) energy, B) storage, C) structural, D) signal. 6. Proteins that can accelerate chemical reactions perform the following functions in the cell: A) hormonal, B) signaling, C) enzymatic, D) informational Consolidation and testing of knowledge.
Conclusion The molecules of living matter necessarily include C, H, O, N, S and P; Water, as a polar solvent, serves as the medium where all biochemical transformations occur; Proteins perform many functions, among which the most important are catalytic and plastic; Carbohydrates: monosaccharides and polysaccharides are mainly a source of energy for processes occurring in the body; Fats are the basis of the biological membranes of the cells of all living organisms.
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Chemical composition of the cell and its structure
General information The chemical composition of plant and animal cells is similar, which indicates the unity of their origin. More than 80 chemical elements have been found in cells. Macroelements: O, C, N, H. - 98% Microelements: K, P, S, Ca, Mg, Cl, Na. - 1.9% Ultramicroelements: Cu, I, Zn, Co, Br. - 0.01%
Inorganic compounds The most common inorganic compound in the cells of living organisms is water. It enters the body from the external environment; in animals it can be formed during the breakdown of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates. Water is found in the cytoplasm and its organelles, vacuoles, nucleus, and intercellular spaces. Functions: 1. Solvent 2. Transport of substances 3. Creation of an environment for chemical reactions 4. Participation in the formation of cellular structures (cytoplasm)
Inorganic compounds Mineral salts are necessary for the normal functioning of cells. For example, insoluble calcium and phosphorus salts ensure the strength of bone tissue.
Carbohydrates are organic compounds containing hydrogen (H), carbon (C) and oxygen (O). Carbohydrates are formed from water (H 2 O) and carbon dioxide (CO 2) during photosynthesis. Fructose and glucose are constantly present in the cells of plant fruits, giving them a sweet taste. Functions: 1. Energy (during the breakdown of 1 g of glucose, 17.6 kJ of energy is released) 2. Structural (chitin in the skeleton of insects and in the cell wall of fungi) 3. Storage (starch in plant cells, glycogen in animals)
Lipids A group of fat-like organic compounds, insoluble in water, but highly soluble in benzene, gasoline, etc. Fats are one of the classes of lipids, esters of glycerol and fatty acids. The cells contain from 1 to 5% fat. Functions: 1. Energy (the oxidation of 1 g of fat releases 38.9 kJ of energy) 2. Structural (phospholipids are the main elements of cell membranes) 3. Protective (thermal insulation)
Proteins are biopolymers whose monomers are amino acids. In the structure of a protein molecule, a primary structure is distinguished - the sequence of amino acid residues; The secondary is a helical structure that is held together by many hydrogen bonds. The tertiary structure of a protein molecule is a spatial configuration resembling a compact globule. It is supported by ionic, hydrogen and disulfide bonds. The quaternary structure is formed by the interaction of several globules (for example, the hemoglobin molecule consists of four such subunits). The loss of a protein molecule's natural structure is called denaturation.
Nucleic acids Nucleic acids provide storage and transmission of hereditary (genetic) information. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a molecule consisting of two twisted chains. DNA RNA Consists of a nitrogenous base (adenine (A) A-T A-U cytosine (C), thymine (T) or guanine (G)), C-G C-G pentose (deoxyribose) and phosphate. RNA (ribonucleic acid) is a molecule consisting of a single chain of nucleotides. It consists of four nitrogenous bases, but instead of thymine (T) in RNA there is uracil (U), and instead of deoxyribose there is ribose.
ATP ATP (adenosine triphosphoric acid) is a nucleotide belonging to the group of nucleic acids. The ATP molecule consists of the nitrogenous base adenine, ribose and three phosphoric acid residues. The cleavage of one molecule of phosphoric acid occurs with the help of enzymes and is accompanied by the release of 40 kJ of energy. The cell uses ATP energy in the processes of protein synthesis, during movement, during the production of heat, during the conduction of nerve impulses, during photosynthesis, etc. ATP is a universal energy accumulator in living organisms.
Cell theory In 1665, the English naturalist Robert Hooke, observing a section of wood cork under a microscope, discovered empty cells, which he called “cells.” Modern cell theory includes the following provisions: * all living organisms consist of cells; cell - the smallest unit of living things; * the cells of all unicellular and multicellular organisms are similar in their structure, chemical composition, basic manifestations of life activity and metabolism; * cell reproduction occurs by dividing them, and each new cell is formed as a result of the division of the original (mother) cell; all multicellular organisms develop from a single cell * in complex multicellular organisms, cells are specialized in the function they perform and form tissues; tissues consist of organs that are closely interconnected and subordinate to nervous and humoral regulatory systems.
Cell organelles Cytoplasm is a semi-liquid medium in which the cell nucleus and all organelles are located. The cytoplasm is 85% water and 10% protein. Biological membrane A biological membrane: 1) delimits the contents of the cell from the external environment, 2) forms the walls of organelles and the shell of the nucleus, 3) divides the contents of the cytoplasm into separate compartments. The outer and inner layers of the membrane (dark) are formed by protein molecules, and the middle (light) by two layers of lipid molecules. The biological membrane has selective permeability.
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) This is a network of channels, tubes, vesicles, cisterns located inside the cytoplasm. There are smooth ER and rough (granular) ER, which carries ribosomes. Smooth ER membranes are involved in fat and carbohydrate metabolism. Ribosomes attach to the rough ER membrane.
Ribosomes are small spherical organelles ranging in size from 15 to 35 nm. Most of the ribosomes are synthesized in the nucleoli and enter the cytoplasm through the pores of the nuclear membrane, where they are located either on the ER membranes or freely.
Golgi complex The Golgi complex is a stack of 5-10 flat cisternae, along the edges of which branching tubes and small vesicles extend. The Golgi complex is the outer cell membrane. The Golgi complex takes part in the formation of lysosomes, vacuoles, the accumulation of carbohydrates, and the construction of the cell wall.
Lysosomes Lysosomes are spherical bodies, covered with a membrane and containing about 30 enzymes that can break down proteins, nucleic acids, fats and carbohydrates. The formation of lysosomes occurs in the Golgi complex. When the membranes of lysosomes are damaged, the enzymes they contain destroy the cell and temporary organs of embryos and larvae, such as the tail and gills during the development of frog tadpoles.
Plastids Contained only in plant cells. Chloroplasts are shaped like a biconvex lens and contain the green pigment chlorophyll. Chloroplasts have the ability to capture sunlight and use it to synthesize organic substances with the participation of ATP. Chromoplasts are plastids containing plant pigments (except green) that give color to flowers, fruits, stems and other parts of plants. Leukoplasts are colorless plastids, most often found in uncolored parts of plants - roots, bulbs, etc. They can synthesize and accumulate proteins, fats and polysaccharides (starch).
Mitochondria B are visible in a light microscope in the form of granules, rods, threads ranging in size from 0.5 to 7 μm. The mitochondrial wall consists of two membranes - the outer, smooth one and the inner, which forms outgrowths - cristae. The main functions of mitochondria are: - oxidation of organic compounds to carbon dioxide and water; - - accumulation of chemical energy in high-energy bonds of ATP.
Organelles of movement Inclusions Cellular organelles of movement include cilia and flagella. The function of these organelles is either to provide movement (for example, in protozoa) or to move fluid along the surface of cells (for example, in the respiratory epithelium to move mucus) Inclusions are non-permanent components of the cytoplasm, content which changes depending on the functional state of the cell. .
Nucleus In terms of chemical composition, the nucleus differs from other components of the cell in its high content of DNA (15-30%) and RNA (12%). 99% of a cell's DNA is concentrated in the nucleus. The nucleus performs two main functions: 1) storage and reproduction of hereditary information; 2) regulation of metabolic processes occurring in the cell. The nucleus consists of a nucleolus, consisting of protein and r-RNA; chromatin (chromosomes) and nuclear juice, which is a solution of proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and enzymes, mineral salts.
Prokaryotes and eukaryotes do not have a formal nucleus. Hereditary information is transmitted through the DNA molecule, which forms a nucleotide. The functions of eukaryotic organelles are performed by membrane-bounded cavities in Bacteria and green algae. There are clearly defined nuclei that have their own shell. Their nuclear DNA is enclosed in chromosomes. The cytoplasm contains various organelles that perform specific functions in the Kingdom of Fungi, Plants and Animals.
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Lesson #1. Chemical composition of the cell. Organic and inorganic substances. Goal: get to know the chemical substances of the cell. Plan: 1. Chemical elements. 2.Organic substances of the cell 3.Inorganic substances of the cell
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1. Chemical elements. The most common chemical elements: oxygen (O2), carbon (C), nitrogen (N2), hydrogen (H2) in the human body weighing 70 kg. includes: 45.5 kg. oxygen (O2), 12.6 kg. carbon (C), 7 kg of hydrogen (H2), 2.1 kg of nitrogen (N2), 1.4 kg of calcium (Ca), 700 g of phosphorus (P). All others account for 700 grams. (potassium, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, magnesium, iron, zinc, lead, arsenic, gold, tin, etc.) * 109 chemical elements are known. * 80 of them are part of the cell.
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element Inorganic substance Organic substance Chemical compound element element
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The most common inorganic substance in a living organism is water. The average water content in the brain is 85%, in bones – 20%, in tooth enamel – 10%. jellyfish body -95% Water (H2O) 1-Determines the volume and elasticity of the cell, 2-Participates in chemical reactions. Chemical reactions occur only in an aqueous environment. 3-Participates in the removal of harmful substances from the body. 4-Promotes the movement of oxygen, carbon dioxide and nutrients throughout the body. back
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Contains up to 1% of the cell mass. The most common salts are sodium and potassium. The daily human need for table salt is 9 grams. Mineral salts 1- Ensure the performance of such body functions as irritability. 2-Gives strength to bones and shellfish shells. back
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Protein is the main substance of the cell. If all the water is removed from a cell, then 50% of its dry mass is proteins. Hair, nails, claws, feathers, hooves, snake venom are protein. Proteins 1-Participate in the formation of the nucleus, cytoplasm of the cell, and its organelles. 2-The protein hemoglobin carries oxygen and gives the blood its red color. 3-Muscle movement 4-Protection of the body from infections. 5-Blood clotting backwards
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Glucose, sucrose, sugar that we eat every day, fiber, starch - carbohydrates. Potato tubers contain up to 80% carbohydrates, and liver and muscle cells contain up to 5% carbohydrates. Carbohydrates 1-The main function is energy. 2- Animals store carbohydrates in the form of glycogen, plants in the form of starch. 3-Supporting and protective (part of the cell walls of plants - fiber, forms the exoskeleton of insects and crustaceans - chitin.) back
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Fat provides 30% of the total energy needed by the body. A whale has a layer of fat equal to 1 meter. From 1 kg of fat 1.1 kg of water is formed. Animals hibernating: bear, gopher. Marmot thanks to fat reserves Can not drink for two months. Camels crossing the desert may not drink for two weeks. Fats 1- Reserve source of energy 2- Support function. They are the main component of cell and nuclear membranes. 3-Internal water reserve 4-Thermal insulator. Protects the body from heat loss. back
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Nucleic acid from the Latin “nucleus” - nucleus. Nucleic acids 1-Transmission and storage of hereditary information. 2-part of chromosomes. back
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Check yourself. Which of the foods shown is richest in protein? Next question YES NO
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Check yourself. Which of the foods shown is richest in carbohydrates? Next question YES NO
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Check yourself. Which of the foods shown is richest in fat? Laboratory work
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The presentation on the topic “The chemical composition of the cell and its structure” can be downloaded absolutely free of charge on our website. Project subject: Biology. Colorful slides and illustrations will help you engage your classmates or audience. To view the content, use the player, or if you want to download the report, click on the corresponding text under the player. The presentation contains 22 slide(s).
Presentation slides
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1. Chemical composition of the cell: * Inorganic compounds (water and mineral salts) * Carbohydrates * Lipids (fats) * Proteins * Nucleic acids: DNA and RNA * ATP and other organic compounds (hormones and vitamins) 2. Structure and functions of the cell: * Cell theory * Cytoplasm and Biological membrane * Endoplasmic reticulum and Ribosomes * Golgi complex and Lysosomes * Mitochondria, Organelles of movement and inclusions * Plastids * Nucleus. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Slide 3
General information
The chemical composition of plant and animal cells is very similar, which indicates the unity of their origin. More than 80 chemical elements have been found in cells, but only 27 of them have a known physiological role. Macroelements: O, C, N, H. 98% Microelements: K, P, S, Ca, Mg, Cl, Na. 1.9% Ultramicroelements: Cu, I, Zn, Co, Br. 0.01%
Slide 4
Inorganic compounds
The most common inorganic compound in the cells of living organisms is water. It enters the body from the external environment; in animals, in addition, it can be formed during the breakdown of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates. Water is found in the cytoplasm and its organelles, vacuoles, nucleus, and intercellular spaces. Functions: 1. Solvent 2. Transport of substances 3. Creation of an environment for chemical reactions 4. Participation in the formation of cellular structures (cytoplasm)
Slide 5
Mineral salts in certain concentrations are necessary for the normal functioning of cells. For example, insoluble calcium and phosphorus salts ensure the strength of bone tissue. The content of cations and anions in the cell and its surrounding environment (blood plasma, intercellular substance) is different due to the semi-permeability of the membrane.
Slide 6
Carbohydrates
These are organic compounds that contain hydrogen (H), carbon (C) and oxygen (O). Carbohydrates are formed from water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) during photosynthesis. Fructose and glucose are constantly present in the cells of plant fruits, giving them a sweet taste. Functions: 1. Energy (during the breakdown of 1 g of glucose, 17.6 kJ of energy is released) 2. Structural (chitin in the skeleton of insects and in the cell wall of fungi) 3. Storage (starch in plant cells, glycogen in animals)
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A group of fat-like organic compounds, insoluble in water, but highly soluble in non-polar organic solvents (benzene, gasoline, etc.). Lipoproteins, glycolipids, phospholipids. Fats are one of the classes of lipids, esters of glycerol and fatty acids. The cells contain from 1 to 5% fat. Functions: 1. Energy (the oxidation of 1 g of fat releases 38.9 kJ of energy) 2. Structural (phospholipids are the main elements of cell membranes) 3. Protective (thermal insulation)
Slide 8
These are biopolymers whose monomers are amino acids. In the structure of a protein molecule, a primary structure is distinguished - the sequence of amino acid residues; The secondary is a helical structure that is held together by many hydrogen bonds. The tertiary structure of a protein molecule is a spatial configuration resembling a compact globule. It is supported by ionic, hydrogen and disulfide bonds, as well as hydrophobic interactions. The quaternary structure is formed by the interaction of several globules (for example, the hemoglobin molecule consists of four such subunits). The loss of a protein molecule's natural structure is called denaturation.
Slide 9
Nucleic acids
Nucleic acids provide storage and transmission of hereditary (genetic) information in living organisms. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a molecule consisting of two helically twisted polynucleotide chains. The DNA monomer is a deoxyribonucleotide, consisting of a nitrogenous base (adenine (A), cytosine (C), thymine (T) or guanine (G)), pentose (deoxyribose) and phosphate. RNA (ribonucleic acid) is a molecule consisting of a single chain of nucleotides. A ribonucleotide consists of one of four nitrogenous bases, but instead of thymine (T) in RNA there is uracil (U), and instead of deoxyribose there is ribose.
Slide 10
ATP (adenosine triphosphoric acid) is a nucleotide belonging to the group of nucleic acids. The ATP molecule consists of the nitrogenous base adenine, the five-carbon monosaccharide ribose and three phosphoric acid residues, which are connected to each other by high-energy bonds. The cleavage of one molecule of phosphoric acid occurs with the help of enzymes and is accompanied by the release of 40 kJ of energy. The cell uses ATP energy in biosynthesis processes, during movement, during heat production, during nerve impulses, during photosynthesis, etc. ATP is a universal energy accumulator in living organisms
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Cell theory
In 1665, the English naturalist Robert Hooke, observing a section of wood cork under a microscope, discovered empty cells, which he called “cells.” Modern cell theory includes the following provisions: *all living organisms consist of cells; cell - the smallest unit of living things; * the cells of all unicellular and multicellular organisms are similar in their structure, chemical composition, basic manifestations of life activity and metabolism; * cell reproduction occurs by dividing them, and each new cell is formed as a result of the division of the original (mother) cell; all multicellular organisms develop from one cell * in complex multicellular organisms, cells are specialized in the function they perform and form tissues; tissues consist of organs that are closely interconnected and subordinate to nervous and humoral regulatory systems.
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Cytoplasm Biological membrane
A semi-liquid medium in which the cell nucleus and all organelles are located. The cytoplasm is 85% water and 10% protein. The biological membrane delimits the contents of the cell from the external environment, forms the walls of most organelles and the shell of the nucleus, and divides the contents of the cytoplasm into separate compartments. The outer and inner layers of the membrane (dark) are formed by protein molecules, and the middle (light) by two layers of lipid molecules. Lipid molecules are arranged in a strictly ordered manner: the water-soluble (hydrophilic) ends of the molecules face the protein layers, and the water-insoluble (hydrophobic) ends face each other. The biological membrane has selective permeability.
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Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
This is a network of channels, tubes, vesicles, cisterns located inside the cytoplasm. EPS is a system of membranes with an ultramicroscopic structure. There are smooth (agranular) and rough (granular) ER, which carries ribosomes. On the membranes of the smooth ER there are enzyme systems involved in fat and carbohydrate metabolism. Ribosomes are attached to the membrane of the granular ER, and during the synthesis of a protein molecule, the polypeptide chain from the ribosome is immersed in the ER channel
Slide 14
Ribosomes
Small spherical organelles ranging in size from 15 to 35 nm, consisting of two unequal subunits and containing approximately equal amounts of protein and RNA. Most of the ribosomal subunits are synthesized in the nucleoli and enter the cytoplasm through the pores of the nuclear membrane, where they are located either on the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum or freely. During protein synthesis, they can be combined on messenger RNA into groups (polysomes)
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Golgi complex
The Golgi complex is a stack of 5-10 flat cisterns, along the edges of which branching tubes and small vesicles extend. It is part of the membrane system: outer membrane of the nuclear envelope - endoplasmic reticulum - Golgi complex - outer cell membrane. In this system, the synthesis and transfer of various compounds occurs, as well as substances secreted by the cell in the form of secretions or waste. The Golgi complex takes part in the formation of lysosomes, vacuoles, the accumulation of carbohydrates, and the construction of the cell wall (in plants).
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Lysosomes
Spherical bodies covered with an elementary membrane and containing about 30 hydrolytic enzymes capable of breaking down proteins, nucleic acids, fats and carbohydrates. The formation of lysosomes occurs in the Golgi complex. If the membranes of lysosomes are damaged, the enzymes they contain can destroy the structures of the cell itself and temporary organs of embryos and larvae, for example, the tail and gills during the development of frog tadpoles.
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Plastids
Contained only in plant cells. Chloroplasts are shaped like a biconvex lens and contain the green pigment chlorophyll. Chloroplasts have the ability to capture sunlight and use it to synthesize organic substances with the participation of ATP. Chromoplasts are plastids containing plant pigments (except green) that give color to flowers, fruits, stems and other parts of plants. Leukoplasts are colorless plastids, most often found in uncolored parts of plants - roots, bulbs, etc. They can synthesize and accumulate proteins, fats and polysaccharides (starch).
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Mitochondria
Visible under a light microscope in the form of granules, rods, threads ranging in size from 0.5 to 7 microns. The wall of mitochondria consists of two membranes - the outer, smooth one and the inner one, which forms projections - cristae, which protrude into the internal contents of the mitochondria (matrix). The matrix contains an autonomous protein biosynthesis system: mitochondrial RNA, DNA and ribosomes. The main functions of mitochondria are the oxidation of organic compounds to carbon dioxide and water and the accumulation of chemical energy in high-energy bonds of ATP.
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Organelles of movement Inclusions
Cellular organelles of movement include cilia and flagella - these are membrane outgrowths with a diameter containing microtubules in the middle. The function of these organelles is either to provide movement (for example, in protozoa) or to move fluid along the surface of cells (for example, in the respiratory epithelium to move mucus). Inclusions are unstable components of the cytoplasm, the content of which varies depending on the functional state of the cell. .
Slide 20
The shape and size of the nucleus depend on the shape and size of the cell and the function it performs. In terms of chemical composition, the nucleus differs from other components of the cell in its high content of DNA (15-30%) and RNA (12%). 99% of the cell's DNA is concentrated in the nucleus, where it, together with proteins, forms complexes - deoxyribonucleoproteins (DNP). The nucleus performs two main functions: 1) storage and reproduction of hereditary information; 2) regulation of metabolic processes occurring in the cell. The nucleus consists of a nucleolus, consisting of protein and r-RNA; chromatin (chromosomes) and nuclear juice, which is a colloidal solution of proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and enzymes, mineral salts.
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