Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions are the rule. Homogeneous definitions. What is the definition
Homogeneous these are called members of the proposal, which are interconnected by a coordinating connection, are subordinate to the same member of the sentence (or are subordinate to the same member of the sentence) and perform the same function in the sentence.
The problem of homogeneity/heterogeneity of sentence members is one of the most difficult. From homogeneous definitions, which are separated by commas in writing must be distinguished heterogeneous definitions, between which there is no comma.
One of the main criteria for distinguishing homogeneity / heterogeneity of definitions is the meaning of definitions. Homogeneous definitions characterize one object or different ones on the same basis, while heterogeneous definitions characterize from different aspects.
Homogeneity of definitions may increase morphological indicators. Should be considered way of expressing definitions(a number of homogeneous members are represented, as a rule, either only by qualitative or only by relative adjectives), position in relation to the defined noun, as well as the general nature of the context.
Definitions are homogeneous if:
1 . indicate the distinctive features of different objects;
Her clothes combined white, red, lemon, and yellow tones (the tones were white, the tones were red, etc.).
2. denote various signs of one object, characterize the object from one side (when describing appearance, furnishings, when evaluating);
The devastated, burned city was empty.
3. under contextual conditions, synonymous relations are created between definitions (contextual synonyms are formed);
Luck rarely looks upon a strong, prosperous person (in this context, the forms strong and prosperous, which are not synonyms in the language, act as synonyms, that is, as words close in meaning).
4. with each definition, the characteristic it expresses intensifies (a gradation is formed);
The mountain was fraught with some unknown, alarming, terrible danger.
5. the first definition is expressed by an adjective, and the second by a participial phrase - a participle with a dependent word;
An elderly man with a bushy beard, beginning to turn grey, greeted us.
Please note that the participle should not be single, but with a dependent word (participial phrase), and the participial phrase should be in second place (the single definition precedes the common one). In this case, a comma is placed between the adjective and the participial phrase, and not after the participial phrase.
6. stand after the word being defined (usually in a position of isolation);
A trio of greyhounds are running along a boring winter road.
7. definitions act as epithets - artistic definitions.
She really looked like a young, white, slender birch tree.
As homogeneousperform definitions, contrasted with a combination of other definitions with the same defined word: Not long ago there were low, wooden houses in this area, but now there are tall, stone ones.
Let us pay attention to the definitions that are interconnected by explanatory relationships: the second definition specifies the first (usually conjunctions can be inserted between them, namely, that is). In this case, a comma is placed between the definitions:
Give me another, interesting book.
I need a different, better freedom...
Definitions are heterogeneous if:
1. characterize an object from different sides (express characteristics that relate to different generic (general) concepts);
Large _ white clouds floated across the sky (large - “size”, white - “color”).
2. they are represented by a combination of qualitative and relative adjectives;
A fur coat made of thick _ fox fur.
3. one of them is directly related to the word being defined, forming a phrase with it, and the other relates to the entire phrase;
We looked at punctuation with agreed upon definitions. Inconsistent definitions As a rule, they are homogeneous: A gentleman wearing glasses, with amazed eyes, wearing a blue velvet beret and a long coat drove up to the porch.
Usually are homogeneous combinations of agreed and inconsistent definitions: A young man of about twenty-five entered, well dressed, with laughing cheeks, lips and eyes.
The main task of all communicative qualities of speech is to ensure the effectiveness of speech.
Still have questions? Don't know how to differentiate between homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions?
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The first lesson is free!
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When developing a new lesson, we ask questions: what will we study, why and how? When determining the goal, we focus on the class level: lyceum - non-lyceum, as well as on the profile - humanitarian or non-humanitarian. After this, you can make a choice about what material to use - prepared in advance or used during the lesson. Without forgetting the “distant” goal - the formation of the student’s linguistic personality, in the humanities class we set tasks for each student - to determine his own position: speaker - writer, listener - reader. Both examine examples in which, under certain conditions, there is (or is not) a linguistic phenomenon, such as when agreed upon definitions will or will not be homogeneous. In this case, the punctuation rule ceases to be the organizing center; it is assimilated as a consequence arising from the analysis of phrases or sentences. The student comes to the conclusion: there are different options for setting punctuation marks.
In a non-humanitarian, non-lyceum class, the goal can be formulated differently: it is necessary to competently and consciously use constructions with homogeneous/heterogeneous definitions in speech. Hence the tasks: find out when a comma is/is not placed between agreed definitions, learn to correctly read and write sentences with homogeneous/heterogeneous definitions, and be able to compose them correctly.
Independent research on the topic “Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Definitions” promotes stronger assimilation and is better preserved by long-term memory. We offer it in the humanities class in the form of laboratory work.
Preliminary homework to review what has been covered - answer questions, select examples:
– What minor members of a sentence do you know?
– Which part of the sentence is called the definition?
– What adjectives are qualitative, relative?
– What are the signs of the subordinating connection “coordination”?
– What parts of speech words agree with the noun?
– Which coordinating conjunctions are connecting?
– What divisive and adversarial conjunctions do you know?
(Questions can be given according to options, distributed among groups.)
PROGRESS OF THE FIRST LESSON
I. Preparatory stage
1. Checking homework.
2. Working with concepts homogeneous/heterogeneous.
1) Two rows of synonyms are given. Decide what synonyms the word goes with definition as a linguistic term.
a) Heterogeneous, mixed, diverse, heterogeneous, heterogeneous, heterogeneous, heterogeneous.
b) Similar, identical, close, similar, spitting image, similar, homogeneous, heterogeneous.
2) Think about what the phrases mean: homogeneous definitions, heterogeneous definitions.
II. Main stage
1. Updating attention. Motivation.
A student, telling the story of the appearance of a little magpie in the house, wrote: “I was walking through the autumn and damp park, when suddenly, either under a yellow or under a tall larch tree, I saw something I didn’t understand. Then someone small and black and with a white chest jumped out of the bush.”
Describing the chick’s character, the student made up the following phrases: self-reliant and independent, pugnacious and willful; either neat or capricious.
What speech and grammatical errors would you note?
2. Lesson form.
3. Topic of the lesson.
5. Task.
6. Work with handouts.
Exercise. Carefully read the examples from the book by A.M. Zimin “An Unfamiliar Familiar Forest” and fill out the tables.
Homogeneous definitions
| Signs and conditions of homogeneity | Examples |
| 1. List the characteristics of different objects | |
| 2. Characterize an object from one side, indicate its condition | |
| 3. The subsequent definition explains and clarifies the previous one | |
| 4. You can insert a conjunction between definitions And | |
| 5. Come after the word being defined | |
| 6. Expressed by adjective and participle phrases | |
| 7. Expressed with qualitative adjectives |
A tall, thick bird cherry tree grows next to the bathhouse. A finch flew to a birch tree and sang short, cheerful songs. Never before have I seen so many white and yellow lilies. The fir trees were breathing in your face 
warm and thick aroma of pine needles. Large and small bubbles float with the current. Russula stands openly on the road - wet, pink, joyful. Birches dressed in gold, aspens and maples - in yellow, orange and purple dresses. On a gray bank that had not dried out from the spring water, a marigold bush opened its bright yellow buds. Nearby in the grass I found two young porcini mushrooms, browned in the sun. When the winter birds fly away in the spring, swallows from the south will come to visit: both village and city ones. It seemed that the sparrows had not come here to dine, but were starting a very interesting game with the bread crust, but incomprehensible to me. The rains are falling more and more often, and now there is a quiet, warm, leisurely rain, from which you don’t want to hide either under the tree or under the oilcloth. Under the tree grew lanky, toasted, bun-like porcini mushrooms, and round, reddish-brown boletus-barrels stood near the pines. The pot-bellied boletus is all in sight, respectable and proud.
Heterogeneous definitions
A small round forest lake. I found a convenient flat rock in the water. Young pink leaves appeared on the aspen tree. Quiet, motionless pines stood further from the water. A chaffinch and a willow warbler began to sing in the light birch forest. I walked along the black, burnt bank of the river. It was difficult to look for firewood in the dark, so I kept the fire going with dry grass from last year. The duckling swims up to the snag-seal, collects something from its wet, smooth back and talks to it about something. In the vague gray bushes the corncrake creaks tirelessly. I'm walking along an overgrown narrow road. Increasingly, the road is blocked by fallen, dry, gnarled trees. I part the grass and catch large ripe berries from it. Here, an amazing hectic life is in full swing around me. Only red marsh russula grew in the damp, mossy spruce forest. A thundercloud rustled over the forest and left clean, warm puddles on the road.
7. Drawing up diagrams.
Homogeneous definitions – ,
heterogeneous definitions –
III. The final stage
1. Assess your condition and your work.
2. Comments and suggestions for the lesson.
IV. Homework (students' choice)
1) Select 8–10 sentences with homogeneous – heterogeneous definitions;
2) select a text containing sentences with homogeneous – heterogeneous definitions;
3) come up with 8–10 sentences with homogeneous – heterogeneous definitions;
4) compose a text containing sentences with homogeneous – heterogeneous definitions.
Material for the second lesson
1. Be careful! Determine whether the agreed adjectives in all sentences are modifiers.(Not in all of them. In examples 1, 3, 5, the adjectives are part of a compound nominal predicate.)
1) The dried moss crunched underfoot, and the cloudberries were surprisingly juicy and large.
2) A silver night moth flickers in a ray of light.
3) The river here is narrow, the banks are high and steep.
4) I came to collect cloudberries on a hot, windless day.
5) The thick litter of fallen leaves was dry and soft.
2. Explanatory dictation.
1) A queen bumblebee in a black fluffy coat with a yellow belt flew to our parking lot on the shore of the lake, humming with a bass voice.
2) It seemed that autumn had hung colorful holiday lanterns on the aspen tree.
3) The water in the river has already cooled down from the long cold nights and does not have time to warm up during the day.
4) Strong, sharp, alarming cries of a thrush were heard in the bushes.
5) I squeezed my large mushroom basket into my backpack, and together with my son we went to our treasured places to Spring Lake.
6) The marsh grass, cotton grass, approached the lake itself, its heads in white downy caps bent towards the water and began to listen to something. (A. Zimin)
3. Write down the text with a title and explain the punctuation marks. Check the author's punctuation.
The sky is clear blue sun, although not very warm, but bright and festive. Autumn cobwebs are silvering in the sky. Along the road there are colorful aspens. When the wind blows, the aspens throw heaps of red, yellow and orange leaves at me. I catch leaves on the fly and throw them up again, rejoicing along with the aspen trees on a fine autumn day.
And suddenly, in the wind, in the shadow of thick fir trees, I noticed a quiet young aspen with black leaves. What kind of grief does she have? He approached her and stood next to her, but he couldn’t help her, he couldn’t even ask her questions.
OSINKA IN MOURNING
The sky is clear, blue, the sun, although not very warm, is bright and festive. Autumn cobwebs are silvering in the sky. Along the road there are colorful aspens. When the wind blows, the aspen trees throw piles of red, yellow and orange leaves at me. I catch the leaves on the fly, throw them up again, rejoicing along with the aspen trees on a fine autumn day.
And suddenly, in the wind, in the shadow of thick fir trees, I noticed a quiet young aspen with black leaves. What kind of grief does she have? He approached her and stood next to her, but he couldn’t help her, he couldn’t even ask her questions. (A. Zimin)
4. Copy the text, insert homogeneous or heterogeneous definitions in place of the gaps. Underline homogeneous definitions with a wavy line.
GEESE FLIGHT AWAY
It's raining. With the wind. Sometimes drizzling, sometimes _______, _______, _______. In the wet _______ sky, geese flying south scream, screaming night and day, sometimes so high that they are not visible in the rain, and sometimes very low, right above the forest. And then it seems that a gusty _______ wind is carrying them along with the clouds to the south. The aspen and birch trees bow and wave their branches. Red and _______ leaves fall from the branches and fly after the geese. A flock of finches flies along with the leaves. You start to confuse where the finches are and where the leaves are. But then the finches flew away, and the leaves, exhausted, fell on the _______ _______ grass from the heavy rains, on the muddy and _______ road, on the pockmarked _______ puddles. Behind the birch forest the cries of geese can be heard again. The wind carries another flock of geese to the south. (A. Zimin)
5. Test. Indicate the numbers of sentences with homogeneous definitions.
1) A large, shaggy dog of some indeterminate color came out from around the bend.
2) The geese noticed the puppy and, cackling with displeasure, gathered closer together, scolding him in different ways. The great white gander, the leader of the flock, especially tried.
3) Having received a portion of milk, the elk calf lay down immediately under a young spreading birch tree and rested until lunch.
4. Winter was approaching. Lisanka's fur coat became fluffy and thick.
5) By autumn, the fox turned into a beautiful adult fox and began to cause us trouble.
6) The cat squinted her eyes and saw a mouse, small, gray, with a long tail dragging along the floor, running nearby, warily looking in her direction.
7) The chickens lay on their sides in the dust, as if dead, the sparrows were sitting on the fence, not far from the old basin, from which a white cat with yellow spots was slowly lapping, standing on its edge with her paws.
8) Before Naida had time to reach the first bushes, her nose was filled with a fox smell - strong, unbearable.
9) The fox swerved towards the ravine, rolled down the slope and immediately up, jumped over a frozen stream, tore through thick and thorny bushes, leaving tufts of red fur on them, and began to climb to the right.
10) Spring turned out to be early and unusually quick. (V. Svintsov)
Answer. 1, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10.
When studying a new topic in non-lyceum classes, as long-term practice shows, it is best to go from the experience of children: learning the material is always higher if you first look at examples of phrases, sentences, texts invented by students, and only then from the textbook. For this reason, work on the topic “Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions” can be structured as follows:
1. Riddle.
The proverb says about this bird that it and the sparrow are sea backwaters. It can be semi-domestic and wild at the same time. (Pigeon.)
2. Conversation.
– Do you think the phrase is composed correctly? the dove is bold and semi-homemade?
(No, a speech error was made, since a sign that determines the character of a pigeon is named, and a sign that determines its habitat is indicated.)
– Can you say pigeons? postal and decorative?
(It is possible, because signs indicating the purpose of pigeons are indicated.)
– Is the phrase composed correctly? plumage is white, blue and brown-brown?
(Yes, adjectives indicate color.)
– Is there a speech error in the sentence? Pigeons feed on seeds of legumes and cereals?
- Here: transverse white stripe on the lower back? Or: wide dark stripe at the end of the tail?
(The phrases are composed without errors.)
– The definitions in the phrases are consistent, but are they homogeneous? 
(Heterogeneous.)
– Give an example where the definitions, in your opinion, are homogeneous.
3. Report the topic of the lesson.
4. Offer– at the end of the lesson, independently formulate the purpose of the lesson.
5. Topic movement. Working with material.
Exercise 1. Look at the drawing. Read the sentences.
In which sentence are definitions expressed by qualitative adjectives? What is the rank of the adjectives in the first sentence? What are the definitions in the third sentence? Where are the definitions homogeneous and heterogeneous? Pay attention to the placement of punctuation marks. In what case can a conjunction be inserted between definitions? And? Try to formulate a punctuation rule.
Task 2. Look at the drawing.
Make up phrases: quality adjective + quality adjective + noun, and qualitative adjective + relative adjective + noun(word order can be changed). When making phrases of the first type, describe the beak, wings, legs, and tail of pigeons. When composing phrases of the second type, take into account the size, age, plumage, endurance, purpose, and habitat of the birds.
Task 3. Describe the personality of each bird using appropriate adjectives.
Independent, unpretentious, cautious, reserved, secretive, brave, quarrelsome, proud, meek, important, calm, pugnacious.
Task 4. Read the text. Tell me briefly. Find heterogeneous definitions and explain punctuation marks.
The dove is a symbol of purity, meek disposition, as well as tenderness and love. In a number of traditions, the dove acts as a heavenly messenger and as a symbol of the soul of the deceased. Thus, according to Slavic belief, the soul of the deceased turns into a dove. In addition, he is a sacrificial animal.
The white carrier pigeon, which notified the Greek cities about the victory of the Olympic Games, became the prototype of the dove of peace with an olive branch in its beak, since peace was declared during the games in Greece. The artist Picasso resurrected ancient symbols by painting a white terry carrier pigeon for the World Peace Congress. (According to V.V. Adamchik)
Task 5. Find in the text and write down homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions as part of phrases. Explain punctuation marks.
The buzzard is a large bird of prey, noticeably larger than a crow, with a pointed, hooked beak. Its color is simple: from grayish-ochre to dark brown, the underside is lighter, with longitudinal streaks. Short, rounded tail with transverse stripes. A flying bird has a light stripe visible below its wide wings. (V.D. Ilyichev)
Task 6. Write down the text, add punctuation marks. Underline homogeneous definitions with a wavy line and heterogeneous definitions with a straight line.
The warbler has a thin, pointed beak and plumage that is brownish above and greyish-ochre below. Slender and agile, it moves quickly and maneuverably in the crowns and bushes and leads a secretive lifestyle, although it is not afraid of humans. Active during daylight and night time. (According to V.D. Ilyichev)
6. Formulating the purpose of the lesson.
7. Generalization.
– Do homogeneous definitions characterize an object from one side or from different sides? (On the one side.) Moreover, adjectives most often belong to which category? (These are qualitative adjectives.)
– When do homogeneous definitions list the characteristics of different objects? Give an example.
– Is it true that heterogeneous definitions characterize a subject from different angles? (Right.)
– Under what condition is a comma placed between agreed definitions? (If they are homogeneous.)
8. Lesson summary.
9. Homework.
Read and retell the paragraph from the textbook, select and complete one exercise in writing.
Additional material for control and correction: working with texts by V. Ilyichev (6th version adapted).
1) Read the text.
2) Determine the type and style of speech.
3) Find and write down homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions, indicate their characteristics. Explain punctuation marks.
Option 1
The white stork is a large, stately bird with black-tipped wings, an elongated red beak and red legs.
The stork walks a lot on the ground, flies well, interrupting its flight by soaring. Having no voice, it characteristically cracks its beak.
This bird lives in the steppe and forest-steppe zones of the western part of Russia. Willingly settles in populated areas, fields and swampy meadows. Winters in Africa. The white stork makes nests on poles, roofs of houses or large trees.
Its food is frogs, mice, insects.
Option 2
Who hasn’t seen this smart and cautious bird! Black-headed, with a pointed black beak, black strong legs and a rounded tail. It is gray underneath, and the neck and back are the same color.
Surprisingly, the hooded crow is a songbird, although it is difficult to call its dissonant, piercing croaking, clicking and cracking singing as singing. She flies well, walks quickly on the ground, and deftly climbs branches. Spends a lot of time in treetops and on buildings. Leads a sedentary lifestyle, undertakes migrations in the autumn-winter period.
Option 3
The wood pipit is an elegant bird, smaller and slimmer than a sparrow, with a thin straight and pointed beak, long legs, and a loosely cut tail. In summer, its back is covered with clay-grayish spots and streaks. The ventral side is buffy-yellowish, with wide streaks on the crop and chest. The legs are pink, the hind toe has an elongated and curved claw. The outer tail feathers are white.
Option 4
Despite this disrespectful name, the kestrel is a predator, albeit a small one, the size of a pigeon. This is a bird with a long stepped tail, wide rounded wings, and a pointed, hooked beak. Males have a gray head, tail and rump, wings and back with black spots, a gray tail with a black and white border at the top, and an ocher underside with brown longitudinal spots. The female has a brown upperparts, with a transverse pattern on the back, shoulders and tail, and a head with longitudinal stripes.
Option 5
It's hard to imagine a person who doesn't know the tit! Here she is: slightly smaller than a sparrow, with a straight, pointed beak and short, tenacious legs. The top of the tit's head is shiny, black, the back of the head and cheeks are white, the back is greenish, the bottom is yellow with a black longitudinal stripe, wide in males and narrow in females. The gray-blue wing has a light transverse stripe, and the outer tail feathers are white. This agile, agile bird, active during the day, spends a lot of time in the crowns of trees, in bushes, and on the ground. He is not afraid of people, especially children.
Option 6
Winter nature is decorated with our favorites - the handsome bullfinches. The common bullfinch is larger than a sparrow. It has a thick, short, strongly swollen black beak. The plumage is soft, long, thick. The tail is black, straight-cut. Strong and tenacious legs hold the bird upside down on a tree branch as it reaches for berries and seeds. Males have bright red underparts, females are whitish-gray, and both have a shiny black crown, forehead, cheeks, wings and tail. The back is gray, the underbelly, rump and undertail are white.
T.V. SENYUSHKINA,
Lyceum “Sigma”,
Barnaul
If several definitions refer to the same subject or object, this does not mean that you necessarily have a series of homogeneous definitions. There are also heterogeneous definitions. What is their difference?
Homogeneous definitions characterize an object from one side (by color, shape, size) or create a holistic picture of the object.
Homogeneous definitions connected by a coordinating connection; they equally directly relate to the defined noun and are pronounced with enumerative intonation.
Between homogeneous definitions you can usually insert a conjunction And .
For example: She ran into the room cheerful, loud laughing girl. (Cheerful, laughing– homogeneous definitions expressing mood, state, a conjunction can be placed between them And .) They stood in a vase red, orange And yellow flowers. (Red, orange And yellow- homogeneous definitions denoting a common feature - color.)
Heterogeneous definitions characterize an object from different angles. In this case, only the closest definition directly relates to the word being defined, and the other refers to the combination of the defined noun with the first definition.
Between heterogeneous definitions there is no coordinating connection, they are pronounced without enumerative intonation and do not allow the insertion of a conjunction And .
As a rule, heterogeneous definitions are expressed by adjectives of different categories (for example, high quality And relative ).
For example: She ran into the room small loud laughing girl. (Small, laughing– heterogeneous definitions, it is impossible to put a union between them And .)
They stood in a vase large red fragrant flowers.(Large, red, fragrant - adjectives denoting different characteristics: color, shape, smell; these are heterogeneous definitions.)
To differentiate homogeneous And heterogeneous definitions, it is necessary to take into account a whole complex of characteristics. When parsing and arranging punctuation marks, pay attention to the meaning, method of expression and order of definitions in the sentence.
Signs of homogeneity of definitions
Indicate signs of homogeneous objects: blue, yellow, red balls;
denote characteristics that are interdependent in context (= since, therefore): lunar, clear evening (= clear, because lunar);
denote artistic images, metaphors: lead, extinguished eyes;
there is a semantic gradation: joyful, festive, radiant mood;
the single definition is placed before the common one: empty, covered with snow field;
located after the defined word: woman young, beautiful, good, intelligent, charming
;
denote a subjective characteristic (optional attribute): small, golden cloud; long, narrow carpet;
in the position after the word being defined: clouds round, high, golden gray, with delicate white edges
.
denote features that are synonymous in the context, while in the context they are united by some common feature (the similarity of the impression they make, appearance, etc.): He handed me red, swollen, dirty hand; Heavy, cold clouds lay on the tops of the surrounding mountains; IN thick, dark gray strands glistened in her hair; pale, strict face; funny, good-natured laughter; deserted, unfriendly house; affectionate, alive eyes; proud, brave view; dry, cracked lips; heavy, evil feeling; grey, continuous, small rain etc.
Between homogeneous definitions not connected by conjunctions, a comma is added.
For example: Reds, white, pink, yellow carnations made a beautiful bouquet. Strange, cutting, painful the cry suddenly rang out twice in a row over the river.
Signs of heterogeneity of definitions
Designate shape and material: P narrow walnut the Bureau;
indicate color and shape: white round clouds;
indicate size and material: large stone Houses;
indicate quality and location: gloomy Siberian river.
Definitions expressed by different parts of speech are also heterogeneous.
For example: At the end of November it fell first easy snowball.(Words first And easy first– numeral, easy- adjective; they do not form a series of homogeneous members). My old one house.(Words "my" And " old" refer to different parts of speech: my– pronouns, old– adjective, they also do not form a series of homogeneous members). A neglected orchard.(Words " running" And "fruit" refer to different parts of speech: running- single participle, fruit- adjective).
We draw your attention to the fact that a single participle will be heterogeneous, and a participle with a dependent word (participial phrase) is included in a number of homogeneous definitions, and the participial phrase should be in second place.
For example: black combed hair(heterogeneous definitions); black, smoothly combed hair(homogeneous definitions). A comma is placed only between homogeneous members; after the participial phrase, if there are no special conditions for isolation, a comma is not placed.
Between heterogeneous definitions no comma.
Homogeneous and heterogeneous applications
1. Depending on the meaning, applications not connected by conjunctions can be homogeneous or heterogeneous. Applications that appear before the word being defined and denote similar features of an object, characterizing it on the one hand, are homogeneous and are separated by commas.
For example: Nobel Prize laureate, academician HELL. Sakharov– honorary titles; Doctor of Philology, Professor S.I. Radzig– academic degree and title; World Cup winner, champion Europe – sports titles; Olympic champion, holder of the “golden belt” of European champion, one of the most technical boxers, candidate of technical sciences, professor- listing of different titles.
If applications indicate different characteristics of an object, characterize it from different sides, then they are heterogeneous and are not separated by commas.
For example: First Deputy Minister of Defense General of the Army – position and military rank; chief designer of the design institute for construction mechanical engineering for precast reinforced concrete engineer – position and profession; General Director of the production association Candidate of Technical Sciences – position and academic degree.
2. When combining homogeneous and heterogeneous applications, punctuation marks are placed accordingly: Head of the Interuniversity Department of General and University Pedagogy, Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor; Honored Master of Sports, Olympic champion, two-time World Cup winner, student of the Institute of Physical Education; Honored Master of Sports, absolute world champion, student at the Institute of Physical Education.
In this lesson you will get acquainted with homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions, learn to distinguish between them, learn the rules for determining homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions, and look at interesting example sentences.
2. Definitions that characterize one subject, but according to different criteria, will be homogeneous.
For example:
Scary, tragic, An incredible set of circumstances did not allow me to complete my Russian language homework(Fig. 2) .
Each of these definitions refers directly to the word being defined, and a coordinating conjunction can be inserted between them:
scary And tragic,
scary And incredible
Rice. 2. The boy is doing his homework ().
3. As a rule, artistic definitions, i.e. epithets, are homogeneous.
For example:
bright, gentle sun(Fig. 3)
gloomy, evil neighbor
important, arrogant look
funny, optimistic disposition
Rice. 3. Bright, gentle sun ().
4. Definitions will be homogeneous if they form a semantic gradation, that is, each subsequent definition strengthens the expressed characteristic.
For example:
Light, joyful , Maxim, who had finally returned home, was filled with a festive mood.
5. If after a single definition there is a participial phrase, then such definitions are homogeneous and are separated by a comma.
For example:
It's been a long time , a months-long return(Fig. 4) .
Do not forget that the participial phrase that comes before the word being defined is not isolated. Therefore, after the word months there is no comma.
1. Definitions will not be homogeneous if the previous definition does not refer directly to the word being defined, but to the combination of the next definition with the word being defined.
For example:
Bigsquare chocolate candy(Fig. 5) .
If you carefully examine the sentence, it becomes clear that the word big refers to the combination square chocolate candy, A
definition square refers to the combination chocolate candy.
These definitions characterize an object, in our case a chocolate candy, according to different criteria, according to different characteristics.
square(form)
big(size)
chocolate(material)
2. Heterogeneous definitions are very often expressed by a combination of qualitative and relative adjectives. After all, different types of adjectives denote different characteristics.
For example:
I got some delicious strawberry ice cream today(Fig. 6) .
Words delicious And strawberry- these are heterogeneous definitions.
Rice. 6. Strawberry ice cream ().
There was a huge striped lollipop in a red cardboard box.(Fig. 7) .
Red And cardboard- heterogeneous definitions.
Huge And striped- heterogeneous definitions.
3. It is easy to identify heterogeneous definitions expressed by relative adjectives.
For example:
openworkcast iron gate,
summerlinguistic school,
4. If a relative adjective is combined with a participle, then these definitions will also be heterogeneous.
For example:
Decommissionedhomework.
That's all the basic rules that are needed to understand whether the definitions are homogeneous or not. However, there are even more complex but interesting cases when it is not so easy to understand whether this definition is homogeneous or not, because it is related to the meaning of the sentence.
If we recognize the definitions as homogeneous, then we want to say that these definitions have some common feature, that we unite them according to some characteristic:
- in appearance;
- according to the impression made;
- by cause and effect, etc.
For example:
Shined bright , summer sun(Fig. 8) .
We can put a comma in this sentence if we want to say that it was bright precisely because it was summer.
Rice. 8. Bright, summer sun ().
Even in the example we considered about candy:
Large square chocolate candy.
Big , square , chocolate candy.
Big+ square+ chocolate
We unite these characteristics with a common meaning - a good candy, we like everything about this candy: its size, its shape, and its composition. And, of course, such a sentence is pronounced with a completely different intonation.
Let's look at another example:
I was treated to a delicious chocolate candy.
In this sentence, the definition is expressed as a qualitative and relative adjective; it characterizes the subject according to different criteria, and, of course, they are heterogeneous. But it's not that simple. If we do add a comma, this sentence takes on a new meaning:
I was treated to a delicious , chocolate candy(Fig. 9) .
In this case, the word chocolate takes on a clarifying meaning, that is, we thus make it clear that only chocolate candy can be tasty, and all other candies are tasteless.
Rice. 9. Chocolate candy ().
Compare two sentences:
I'll order another ice cream(Fig. 10) .
I'll order another , ice cream.
In the first case, the definitions are heterogeneous and it is clear that the previous ice cream was also creamy. And in the second sentence the definitions are homogeneous, a comma is placed between them, and the second definition takes on a clarifying meaning, that is, the previous ice cream was not creamy. This sentence is pronounced with clarifying intonation.
Rice. 10. Ice cream ().
In today's lesson, you learned to distinguish between homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions, and realized how one comma can change the meaning of a sentence.
Bibliography
1. Bagryantseva V.A., Bolycheva E.M., Galaktionova I.V., Zhdanova L.A., Litnevskaya E.I., Stepanova E.B. Russian language. Textbook for senior classes of humanitarian schools, Moscow University Publishing House, 2011.
2. Barkhudarov S.G., Kryuchkov S.E., Maksimov L.Yu.. Cheshko L.A.. Russian language . 8th grade. Textbook for general education institutions,: Education, 2013
3. Russian language: textbook for 8th grade general education. institutions / T.A. Ladyzhenskaya, M.T. Baranov, L.A. Trostentsova and others - M.: Education, OJSC "Moscow Textbooks", 2008.
1. Website videotutor-rusyaz.ru ()
Homework
1. List the cases in which the definitions will not be uniform.
2. Indicate which sentences contain homogeneous definitions.
There was wet, loose and dazzling snow in the fields.
We walked through the quiet, star-lit taiga.
Heavy cold clouds lay on the tops of the mountains.
A dry, hot wind was blowing.
The rain-washed young grass smelled intoxicating.
The old country park is quiet.
Everything fell asleep in a sound, healthy sleep.
3. Copy the text, adding the missing commas:
Meanwhile, the sun rose a little more above the horizon. Now the sea no longer shone entirely, but only in two places. On the very horizon, a long shining strip was burning, and dozens of bright, eye-catching stars flashed in the slowly approaching waves. Throughout the rest of its vast expanse, the sea shone with the gentle, sad blue of the August calm. Petya admired the sea. No matter how much you look at the sea, you will never get tired of it. It is always different, new and unprecedented. It changes every hour before our eyes. Then it is quiet light blue in several places covered with silvery almost white stripes of calm. Then it is bright blue fiery sparkling. Then, under a fresh wind, it suddenly becomes dark indigo wool, as if it were being ironed against the pile.
The concept of homogeneity in the Russian language is quite vague - thus, agreed definitions that do not have a conjunction connection may or may not be homogeneous. At the same time, they can be separated by punctuation marks, but they also may not be placed between them. What is the difference between homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions and what are their main features?
Homogeneous definitions: signs and examples
The main feature of the homogeneity of definitions is that they have a direct connection with the defined (main) word. At the same time, the relationship between these definitions themselves is based on the principle of enumeration.
Enumeration relations between definitions are quite easy to identify: such members of the sentence are pronounced with enumerative intonation - this is firstly, a coordinating conjunction can be placed between them and - this is secondly.
But this is the simplest feature that distinguishes homogeneous definitions, but in fact there is a whole series of them. Thus, such definitions can indicate characteristic features of different objects (green, yellow trees - green trees and yellow trees) or one object, but at the same time characterizing it on the one hand (burned, devastated village - burned and devastated village).
Definitions can characterize an object from different angles, but if in a specific context they are combined into one characteristic, they become homogeneous: gloomy, difficult days (hard because gloomy).
Also, a homogeneous connection can be built on the principle of contrast: dull, severe chest pain. based on the principle of artistry: round, fish eyes, on the principle of gradation: joyful, radiant, solemn mood.
Definitions are always homogeneous if there are two of them and the second is expressed by a participial phrase: white, smoothly combed hair.
Signs and features of heterogeneous definitions
Heterogeneous definitions have a completely different nature of connection with the word being defined: only the nearest word is directly associated with it, the next one is associated with the formed phrase.
Heterogeneous definitions cannot be pronounced with enumerative intonation, and also the conjunction and cannot be substituted between them.
Such definitions also have a number of other important features. They always characterize an object from several sides, giving it different characteristics ( big stone house– the first word indicates the material, the second – the size). Often heterogeneous definitions are expressed not by two adjectives or an adjective with a participle, but by a combination of a pronoun and an adjective (my old doll), adjective and single participle (deserted old garden).
Punctuation marks for homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions
In this case, the most difficult thing is to determine whether the definitions are homogeneous or not, then everything is quite simple. Heterogeneous definitions are never separated by a comma, but between homogeneous ones, on the contrary, it is always placed.
What have we learned?
Agreed definitions in the Russian language can be either homogeneous or not. They differ from each other in a number of ways, the main one being the nature of the connection with the word being defined. Thus, if for homogeneous definitions it is direct and based on the principle of enumeration, then for heterogeneous definitions only the definition closest to the word being defined has a direct connection. In addition, homogeneous definitions are pronounced with enumerative intonation and the conjunction and can be substituted between them, but for heterogeneous ones the opposite is true. A comma is always placed between homogeneous definitions; heterogeneous ones are not separated by punctuation marks.
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