Interesting. Alcoholism as a social problem using the example of female alcoholism
Federal Agency for Education
Department of General Socio-Economic and Humanitarian Disciplines.
Abstract on the topic:
Loneliness as a social problem.
Performed
1st year student
group UK1-1
Zabrovskaya Oksana
I checked
Ishimskaya E.V.
Voronezh 2009
Introduction……………………………………………………………………..page 3
Single mothers………………………………………………………page 5
Loneliness of older people…………………………………..….p.10
Feeling of loneliness in adolescence….………………….p.13
Conclusion………………………………………………………..page 17
List of references……………………………………………………….page 19
Introduction
Loneliness is a socio-psychological state characterized by narrowness or lack of social contacts, behavioral alienation and emotional disengagement of the individual; also a social disease, consisting in the massive presence of individuals experiencing such conditions.
Loneliness, from a scientific point of view, is one of the least developed social concepts. In the demographic literature there are statistical data on the absolute number and proportion of single people. Thus, in a number of developed countries of the world (Holland, Belgium, etc.) single people make up about 30% of the population. In the United States, as of 1986, there were 21.2 million single people. Compared to 1960, this figure has increased 3 times. By 2000, according to forecasts, another 7.4 million people will “join” them.
In selective studies among singles, the following types were identified. The first type is “hopelessly lonely”, completely dissatisfied with their relationship. These people did not have a sexual partner or spouse. They rarely connected with anyone (such as their neighbors). They are characterized by a strong feeling of dissatisfaction with their relationships with peers, emptiness, abandonment. More than others, they tend to blame other people for their loneliness.
The second type is “periodically and temporarily lonely.” They are sufficiently connected with their friends and acquaintances, although they lack close affection or are not married. They are more likely than others to enter into social contacts in various places. Compared to other singles, they are the most socially active. These people consider their loneliness to be transitory and feel abandoned much less often than other lonely people.
The third type is “passively and persistently lonely.” These are people who have come to terms with their situation and accept it as inevitable.
Currently, interest in the problem of alienation and loneliness seems quite natural. This is due to the nature of today's social situation, which is characterized by uncertainty and instability. Intensive changes in the political, economic, and cultural spheres of society actively influence the structure of interpersonal relationships and human self-awareness. The transition period (from traditional Russian collectivist culture to individualistic ideology) leads to the transformation of psycho-sociocultural structures that determine business and interpersonal interaction, values and social activity of a person, and his emotional well-being.
Today's social situation requires a person to attract additional resources to form adequate adaptive capabilities to a changing world. However, not every person is ready to accept new conditions of existence. Many people experience the severance of old significant connections and the inability to acquire new ones, while at the same time experiencing a need for them. The lack and/or “superficiality” of meaningful relationships causes acute negative experiences of loneliness. A lonely person is a subject experiencing difficulties in social interaction. Loneliness is a deep emotional experience that can distort perception, the concept of time and the nature of social activities.
Understanding the nature of loneliness will allow us to develop optimal strategies for overcoming it, adequate for the modern unstable and uncertain situation.
Loneliness of older people
Old age is sometimes called the “age of social loss.” This statement is not without foundation: old age as a phase of life is characterized by age-related changes in the human body, changes in its functional capabilities and, accordingly, needs, role in the family and society, which is often not painless for the person himself and his social environment.
From UN forecasts it follows that in 2001 the age of every tenth inhabitant of the earth exceeded 60 years. Western European countries, the USA, Canada and Japan are rapidly aging. Currently, life expectancy reaches 67 years in Russia, 76 years in the USA, 77 years in France, 78 years in Canada, and 80 years in Japan. The average age of the population is getting higher, and the number of children, adolescents and young adults is decreasing, which qualifies as a “demographic revolution”.
By 1995, the share of elderly citizens in the Russian population (men over 60 years of age, women over 55 years of age) reached its highest level since 1959 and amounted to 20.6%. Currently, 30.2 million Russians belong to the older generation.
The problems of social protection of older people are becoming especially relevant in modern conditions, when old forms and methods of social support have turned out to be unsuitable, and a new system of social protection that meets the requirements of a market economy is just being created.
Our society today is experiencing a socio-economic crisis. All the signs are there: a decline in production and living standards, a disregard for morality and a collapse of trust in the norms of social civilization, an increase in crime and social disorganization, lies, corruption, apathy and distrust in the statements and actions of the authorities. The connection between generations will help restore the morality of society by passing on the traditions of the people, norms of behavior, universal mercy and prudence. The bearers and guardians of these values are the generation of older people who, together with the country, have gone through a difficult path of development, wars, changes in leadership and priorities.
In old age, the reality of aging brings with it many causes of loneliness. Old friends die, and although they can be replaced by new acquaintances, the thought that you continue to exist is not sufficient consolation. Adult children distance themselves from their parents, sometimes only physically, but more often out of an emotional need to be themselves and have the time and opportunity to deal with their own problems and relationships. With old age comes apprehension and loneliness caused by deteriorating health and fear of death.
In order to best adapt to the environment, a person must have both someone to whom he is personally attached and a wide network of friends. Deficiencies in each of these different types of relationships can lead to either emotional or social loneliness.
All researchers agree that loneliness in the most general approximation is associated with a person’s experience of being isolated from the community of people, family, historical reality, and the harmonious natural universe. But this does not mean that older people living alone all experience loneliness. You can be lonely in a crowd or with your family, although loneliness among older people may be associated with a decrease in the number of social contacts with friends and children.
Research conducted by Perlan and his colleagues found much more evidence of loneliness among older single people who lived with relatives than among other older adults who lived alone. It turns out that social contacts with friends or neighbors have a greater impact on well-being than contacts with relatives.
Contact with friends and neighbors reduced their feelings of loneliness and increased their sense of worthiness and the feeling of being respected by others.
The level and causes of loneliness as understood by older people depend on age groups. People aged 80 and over understand the meaning of the term “loneliness” differently than other age groups. For older people, loneliness is associated with decreased activity due to disability or mobility, rather than a lack of social contact.
Old age in real life is often a period when help and support are needed to survive. This is the basic dilemma... Self-esteem, independence and help, which interferes with the implementation of these feelings, come to a tragic contradiction. You may eventually have to give up your independence, independence, because prolongation of life is a sufficient reward for such a refusal.
There is another aspect of loneliness that men are more likely to fall victim to than women. This is loneliness that occurs as a result of a pattern of intellectual activity, along with a decrease in physical activity. Not only do women live longer than men, but they are also less susceptible to the effects of aging in general. Older women, as a rule, find it easier to throw themselves into the household than men: “a hardworking bee has no time to be sad.” Most older women are able to dip their toes into the minutiae of the household more than most older men. With retirement, the number of cases for men decreases, but the number of cases for his wife increases noticeably. While a retired man loses his role as a breadwinner, a woman never gives up her role as a housewife. With her husband’s retirement, a woman reduces her financial expenses for housekeeping, her health deteriorates and her vitality decreases.
The burden of care falling on the shoulders of older women increases with the traditional age differentiation between spouses. In addition to caring about their health, many older women take care of their husband’s health, and even more so as they age. The woman returns “back to the role of mother,” now in relation to her husband. Now, her responsibilities include ensuring that he visits the doctor on time, monitoring his diet, treatment and adjusting his activities. Therefore, marriage is more beneficial for old men than for women.
And so, women are less susceptible to loneliness, since on average they have more social roles than men.
According to studies, widowed men are more lonely than married men, and among married and widowed women, no significant difference in feelings of loneliness was found. Men and women who are married are less likely to feel lonely than people who live alone; but again, this influence was felt more by men than by women. Single men belonged to the group of people most suffering from loneliness; men who were members of the barque were the least susceptible to feelings of loneliness; women who were married, as well as those living alone, occupied an intermediate position between the first two groups. These data are partly explained by the difference in the organization of free time between older men and women. The results showed that two-thirds of single men engage in activities related to solitude, while over two-thirds of single women devote their free time to various types of social activities.
Studies by sociologists have shown that the majority of older people (56%) live with children, 45% of such families have grandchildren, and 59% of pensioners have a spouse. Singles make up 13%. If among the surveyed pensioners the feeling of loneliness is noted as a real fact by 23%, then for single people this figure is 38%. social problemThesis >> Sociology
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Loneliness as a social problem
List of used literature
Loneliness as a social problem
Loneliness is a socio-psychological condition characterized by the narrowness or absence of social contacts, behavioral alienation and emotional disengagement of the individual; also a social disease, consisting in the massive presence of individuals experiencing such conditions.
Loneliness is one of the main social problems that are the subject of social work, and social work is one of the most important tools for eliminating or at least alleviating this social disease. Among the means to combat loneliness are socio-psychological: personality diagnostics and identification of individuals at increased risk of loneliness, communication training to develop communication skills, psychotherapy and psychocorrection to eliminate the painful effects of loneliness, etc.; organizational: creating clubs and communication groups, forming new social connections among clients and promoting new interests to replace those lost, for example as a result of divorce or widowhood, etc.; socio-medical: developing skills of self-preserving behavior and teaching the basics of a healthy lifestyle. When helping lonely people, a social worker must have a good understanding of the complexity of the problem and the multifactorial nature of its possible solution.
Loneliness, from a scientific point of view, is one of the least developed social concepts. In selective studies among singles, the following types were identified. The first type is the “hopelessly lonely”, completely dissatisfied with their relationship. These people did not have a sexual partner or spouse. They rarely connected with anyone (such as their neighbors). They are characterized by a strong feeling of dissatisfaction with their relationships with peers, emptiness, abandonment. More than others, they tend to blame other people for their loneliness. The majority of divorced men and women fell into this group.
The second type is “periodically and temporarily lonely.” They are sufficiently connected with their friends and acquaintances, although they lack close affection or are not married. They are more likely than others to enter into social contacts in various places. Compared to other singles, they are the most socially active. These people consider their loneliness to be transitory and feel abandoned much less often than other lonely people. Among them, the majority are men and women who have never been married.
The third type is “passively and persistently lonely.” Despite the fact that they lack an intimate partner and lack other connections, they do not express such dissatisfaction about this as respondents belonging to the first and second types. These are people who have come to terms with their situation, accepting it as inevitable. Most of them are widowed people.
Increased marriage and family dynamics (primarily the nuclearization of families and an increase in the divorce rate), depersonalization of large cities, strengthening of the principles of individualism - all these are factors primarily influencing the increase in the scale of loneliness. In addition, socio-medical factors that are positively correlated with the increase in loneliness are the increase in psychiatric diseases (schizophrenia) and borderline conditions and the spread of autism, i.e. painful inability to communicate as a result of defects in obstetric care (“rough hands of the doctor”) and upbringing.
The increase in the number of single people and the establishment of loneliness as an acceptable lifestyle cause the formation of a specific service industry for this category of the population. It has been established that single people have the opportunity and desire to spend more money on their hobbies, on tourism and recreation; they more often purchase expensive goods, primarily for sports and tourism purposes. Special residential complexes for people without families are being built abroad; any of their needs can be satisfied in the services market. Of course, this only applies to those people for whom loneliness is a conscious and comfortable choice, and who do not feel the need for family connections.
The specifics of Russian loneliness are predominantly different. First of all, this is the result of the high mortality rate of the male population (Russian women live much longer than men) and mortality from unnatural causes (it is estimated that approximately every third mother has the opportunity to outlive her children). In addition, general social and family disorganization, the lack of developed technologies to help lonely people or those at risk of remaining lonely, turn loneliness in its Russian version into a rather malignant social disease.
The concept of loneliness is associated with the experience of situations that are subjectively perceived as an undesirable, personally unacceptable lack of communication and positive intimate relationships with other people. Loneliness is not always accompanied by social isolation of an individual. You can constantly be among people, make contact with them and at the same time feel your psychological isolation from them, i.e. loneliness (if, for example, these are strangers or people alien to the individual).
The degree of loneliness experienced is also not related to the number of years a person has spent away from human contact; People who live alone their whole lives sometimes feel less lonely than those who have to frequently communicate with others. A person who, having little interaction with others, does not show either psychological or behavioral reactions of loneliness cannot be called lonely. In addition, people may not realize that there are discrepancies between actual and desired relationships with others.
Genuine subjective states of loneliness are usually accompanied by symptoms of mental disorders, which take the form of affects with a clearly negative emotional connotation, and different people have different affective reactions to loneliness. Some lonely people report feeling sad and depressed, for example, others report feeling fearful and anxious, and others report bitterness and anger.
The experience of loneliness is influenced not so much by real relationships as by the ideal idea of what they should be. A person who has a strong need for communication will feel lonely if his contacts are limited to one or two people, but he would like to communicate with many; at the same time, someone who does not experience such a need may not feel loneliness at all, even in conditions of complete absence of communication with other people.
Loneliness comes with some typical symptoms. Typically, lonely people feel psychologically isolated from other people, incapable of normal interpersonal communication, or of establishing intimate interpersonal relationships with others such as friendship or love. A lonely person is a depressed or depressed person who, among other things, experiences a deficit in communication skills.
A lonely person feels different from everyone else and considers himself an unattractive person. He claims that no one likes or respects him. Such characteristics of a lonely person’s attitude towards himself are often accompanied by specific negative affects, including feelings of anger, sadness, and deep unhappiness. A lonely person avoids social contacts and isolates himself from other people. More than other people, he is characterized by so-called paranormality, impulsiveness, excessive irritability, fear, anxiety, a feeling of weakness and frustration.
Lonely people are more pessimistic than non-lonely people; they experience an exaggerated sense of self-pity, expect only trouble from other people, and only the worst from the future. They also consider their lives and the lives of other people to be meaningless. Lonely people do not talk much, behave quietly, try to be inconspicuous, and most often look sad. They often have a tired appearance and increased sleepiness.
The list of typical emotional states that from time to time affects a chronically lonely person is impressive. These are despair, melancholy, impatience, a feeling of one’s own unattractiveness, helplessness, panic, depression, inner emptiness, boredom, wanderlust, a feeling of one’s own underdevelopment, loss of hope, isolation, self-pity, stiffness, irritability, insecurity, abandonment, melancholy, alienation (the list was obtained by factor analysis of the responses of many lonely people to a special questionnaire).
Lonely people tend to dislike others, especially those who are sociable and happy. This is their defensive reaction, which in turn prevents them from establishing good relationships with people. It is believed that loneliness is what drives some people to abuse alcohol or drugs, even if they do not admit to being lonely. A lonely person is characterized by exceptional focus on himself, on his personal problems and inner experiences. He is characterized by increased anxiety and fear of catastrophic consequences of an unfavorable combination of circumstances in the future.
Having inadequate self-esteem, lonely people either neglect how others perceive and evaluate them, or they certainly try to please them. Lonely people are especially concerned about issues related to personal sociability, including dating, introducing themselves to others, participating in various activities, and being relaxed and open in communication. Lonely people are more likely to perceive themselves as less competent than non-lonely people, and tend to attribute their failure to make interpersonal connections to a lack of ability. Many tasks associated with establishing intimate relationships cause increased anxiety in them and reduce interpersonal activity. Lonely people are less creative in finding ways to solve problems that arise in interpersonal situations. It has been established that loneliness depends on how a person treats himself, i.e. from his self-esteem. For many people, the feeling of loneliness is associated with clearly low self-esteem. The feeling of loneliness it generates often leads to a person’s feelings of inadequacy and worthlessness.
The emotional states of a lonely person are despair (panic, vulnerability, helplessness, isolation, self-pity), boredom (impatience, desire to change everything, stiffness, irritability), self-deprecation (feeling of one’s own unattractiveness, stupidity, worthlessness, shyness). A lonely person seems to say: “I am helpless and unhappy, love me, caress me.” Against the background of a strong desire for such communication, the phenomenon of “mental moratorium” (E. Erikson’s term) arises:
a return to a childish level of behavior and a desire to delay the acquisition of adult status as long as possible;
a vague but persistent state of anxiety;
feeling isolated and empty;
constantly being in a state of something such that something will happen, have an emotional impact and life will change dramatically;
fear of intimate communication and inability to emotionally influence people of the other sex;
hostility and contempt for all recognized social roles, even male and female roles;
contempt for everything national and an unrealistic overestimation of everything foreign (it’s good where we are not).
“Active solitude” is better. Start writing something, do something you love, go to the cinema or theater, read, play music, do physical exercise, listen to music and dance, sit down to study homework or start doing some work, go to the store and spend the money you save.
We must not run away from loneliness, but think about what can be done to overcome our loneliness. Remind yourself that you actually have good relationships with other people. Think that you have good qualities (sincereness, depth of feelings, responsiveness, etc.).
Tell yourself that loneliness will not last forever and that things will get better. Think about activities in which you have always excelled in life (sports, academics, homemaking, art, etc.). Tell yourself that most people are lonely at one time or another. Take your mind off the feeling of loneliness by thinking seriously about something else. Think about the possible benefits of the loneliness you have experienced.
Personality is a stable system of ideological, psychological and behavioral characteristics that characterize a person.
Man is a being who embodies the highest level of development of life, a subject of socio-historical activity.
An individual is a representative of society, a fundamentally indecomposable element of the existence of society.
The social structure of a person is a combination of individual psychological and socio-psychological qualities of a person, manifested through the employee’s attitude to surrounding phenomena and events.
The theory of roles - the theory of symbol, interactionism (J. Mead, G. Blumer, E. Goffman, M. Kuhn, etc.) considers personality from the point of view of its social roles.
Social status is the relative position of an individual or social group in a social system, determined by a number of characteristics characteristic of a given system.
Social freedom is a person’s ability to act in accordance with his interests and goals, based on the knowledge of objective necessity.
Personality types are an abstract model of personal characteristics inherent in a certain population of people.
Personality dispositions are numerous personality traits (from 18 to 5 thousand), forming a complex of predispositions to a certain reaction of the subject to the external environment.
Value orientations of an individual are a reflection in a person’s consciousness of values that he recognizes as strategic.
Self-realization is the identification and development by an individual of personal abilities in all areas of activity.
Mentality is a set of ethnocultural, social skills and spiritual attitudes, stereotypes.
Motivation is an active mental state that encourages a person to perform certain types of actions.
Social attitude is a predisposition fixed in the social experience of an individual (group) to perceive and evaluate socially significant objects, as well as the readiness of an individual (group) for certain actions.
Socialization is the process and result of the individual’s assimilation and active reproduction of social experience, carried out in communication and activity.
Interiorization is the formation of the structures of the human psyche through the assimilation of the structures of external social activity.
Conformity is the tendency of an individual to internalize norms, habits and values, to change his initial assessments under the influence of the opinions of others.
Anomia is a psychological condition: - characterized by a feeling of loss of orientation in life; - arising when an individual is faced with the need to fulfill contradictory norms.
Social satisfaction is the totality of his perceptions and assessments of the conditions of his social life and quality of life, generalized in the mind of an individual.
Interpersonal relationships are a system of attitudes, expectations, stereotypes, orientations through which people perceive and evaluate each other.
A leader is a member of the group, whom it recognizes the right to make responsible decisions in situations that are significant to it, i.e. the most authoritative person.
Deviant behavior is a form of manifestation of the attitudes of individuals and social groups to the norms and values of the social system in which they operate.
Social control is a mechanism of self-regulation of the system, ensuring the orderly interaction of its constituent elements through normative regulation.
Social well-being is a phenomenon of social consciousness, the prevailing state of feelings and minds of certain social groups in a certain period of time.
Social sanctions are measures of influence of a social group on the behavior of an individual that deviates in a positive or negative sense from social expectations, norms and values.
Do you agree with G. Tarde, who believed that “the so-called “social pressure” only promotes self-determination and a more vivid expression of each individual personality. Without this support, which provides him with a certain resistance, the individual would not be able to move in the social environment, just like just as a bird could not fly without the help of the air resisting its wings" (New ideas in sociology. Collection N2 // Sociology and Psychology. St. Petersburg, 1914. P.80).
Overcoming the barrier of social pressure becomes possible by expanding the degree of internal freedom of the individual. In this case, a freer person receives advantages over less free ones - people whose behavior is predictable and determined by social norms. If such a person expands the number of his social contacts, then he begins to be pushed upward like a cork from the water column. The reason is that in every interpersonal contact, the freer person influences the less free one. The more often this happens, and if the contacts are caused by certain socially significant issues, the greater and stronger the influence of this person on society as a whole. In this way, the personal power of the individual is extended to more and more members of society, which is social success.
. “The more primitive the society, the greater the similarities between the individuals that compose them” (Durkheim E. Method of Sociology. M., 1990. P. 129). How do you understand this statement?
In primitive societies based on mechanical solidarity, the individual does not belong to himself and is absorbed by the collective. On the contrary, in a developed society based on organic solidarity, both complement each other. The more primitive the society, the more people are similar to each other, the higher the level of coercion and violence, the lower the level of division of labor and diversity of individuals. The greater the diversity in a society, the higher the tolerance of people towards each other, the broader the basis of democracy. In primitive societies, based on mechanical solidarity, individual consciousness follows and submits to the collective in everything. The individual here does not belong to himself, he is absorbed by the collective.
Do you agree with the statement that the beginning of individuality is more developed in a woman, and the personality is more developed in a man? Give reasons for your answer.
Agree. Individuality is the manifestation in physical space of the essence of a woman - her soul, therefore individuality contains the true charm and beauty of a woman. For most men, getting out of the state of selfishness takes a very long time.
Confirm or refute this judgment: “Modern sciences proceed from the fact that each individual person personifies all of humanity. He is unique with his individual characteristics, but at the same time he is repeatable, because he contains all the revealing characteristics of the human race.”
A true man is a universal man; he contains within himself the whole of humanity. However, being in a damaged state, driven by egoism, which contains alienation from other individuals, people protect themselves in their isolation and are unable to even see the unity of the human race, cannot accept and contain all of humanity. The unity of humanity is not an empty concept, it has a real basis in human individuals. It depends on how a person lives whether he unites or divides all of humanity.
Below is the judgment. Read it carefully: “Resocialization is the assimilation of new values, roles, skills instead of old, insufficiently learned or outdated ones. It includes a lot: from classes to correct reading skills to professional training for workers. Psychotherapy is also one of the forms of resocialization: people try to find a way out from conflict situations, change your behavior" (Spasibenko S.G. Generations as subjects of public life // Social and Political Journal. 1995. N 3. P. 122). Do you think it is correct or not? What is called resocialization and what types of human activities relate to it? Give reasons for your answer.
Resocialization (lat.<#"justify">1.Komarov M.S. Introduction to Sociology. M.: Nauka, 2014. - 364 p. 2.Kravchenko A.I. Sociology. M.: Academician. project, 2015. - 736 p. .Toshchenko Zh.T. Sociology. M.: Moscow State University Publishing House, 2013. - 546 p. .Frolov S.S. Fundamentals of Sociology. M.: Yurist, 2014. - 428 p. 5.Furnham A., Haven P. Personality and social behavior. / Per. from English - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2013. - 368 p.
49. Loneliness as a social problem
Loneliness is a painful feeling of an increasing gap with others, fear of the consequences of a lonely lifestyle, a difficult experience associated with the loss of existing life values or loved ones; a constant feeling of abandonment, uselessness and uselessness of one's own existence.
Loneliness in old age is an ambiguous concept that has a social meaning; it is, first of all, the absence of relatives, as well as living separately from young family members, or a complete lack of human communication. This is a social condition that reflects the psychophysical status of an elderly person, making it difficult for him to make new and maintain old contacts and connections. It can be due to various reasons, both mental and socio-economic.
Isolation and self-isolation are inapplicable attributes of old age (in the sixties, the attraction to loneliness is normal and even instinctive). Loneliness is not related to the number of social contacts, but is largely a subjective mental state.
Classification of models of loneliness:
Psychodynamic model (Zimburg), 1938.
According to this model, loneliness is a reflection of characteristic personality traits. According to this approach, loneliness is the result of early childhood influences on personal development.
The Phenomenological Model (Carl Rogers), 1961.
This theory focuses on therapy aimed at the patient’s personality. According to Rogers, the actions of an individual are the result of patterns formed in society that limit human freedom by socially justified methods. In this regard, a contradiction is created between a person’s true “I” and its manifestations in relationships with other people. Rogers believes that loneliness is the result of poor adaptation of the individual to socio-economic conditions. He believes that the cause of loneliness lies within the individual, in the inconsistency of the individual’s idea of his own self.
Existential Approach (Moustafos), 1961.
This approach is based on the idea of the original loneliness of all people. Loneliness is a system of defense mechanisms that separates a person from solving life issues, and which constantly encourages him to strive for activity for the sake of activity together with other people. True loneliness stems from the concrete reality of lonely existence and the collision of the individual with borderline life situations experienced alone.
4. Sociological approach (Bauman) 1955, (Crisman) 1961, (Slator) 1976.
Bowman hypothesized three forces leading to increased loneliness:
weakening of ties in the primary group;
increased family mobility;
increasing social mobility.
Chrisman and Slator relate their analysis to the study of character and the analysis of a society's ability to meet the needs of its members. Loneliness is a normative general statistical indicator characterizing society. In determining the causes of loneliness, special emphasis is placed on the significance of events occurring in a person’s life in adulthood and on socialization, which, under the influence of certain factors, negatively affects the individual (media).
5. Interactionist approach (Bays), 1973.
Loneliness appears as a result of insufficient social interaction of the individual, interaction that satisfies the basic social needs of the individual.
2 types of loneliness:
emotional (lack of close intimate attachment);
social (lack of meaningful friendships or sense of community).
Bays views loneliness as a normal reaction.
6. Cognitive approach (Ash), 70s.
He emphasizes the role of cognition as a factor in the relationship between lack of sociality and feelings of loneliness. Loneliness occurs when an individual realizes a discrepancy between the desired and achieved level of his own social contacts.
7. Intimate approach (Derlega, Mareulis), 1982.
The concept of intimacy is used to interpret loneliness. Loneliness occurs when an individual's interpersonal relationships lack the intimacy necessary for trusting communication. The intimate approach is based on the assumption that the individual strives to maintain a balance between the desired and achieved levels of social contact. These researchers believe that both intra-individual and environmental factors can lead to loneliness.
8. Systems approach (Landers), 1982.
He regards loneliness as a potentially secret state that suspends the feedback mechanism that helps the individual and society maintain a stable optimal level of human contact. Landers believes that loneliness is a beneficial mechanism that ultimately contributes to the well-being of the individual and society.
There are two motives for behavior:
individual;
situational.
Based on these motives, different degrees and types of loneliness are formed. Distinctions between these types are made on grounds relating to the assessment of the individual, his social status, the type of deficit in social relationships he has experienced and the time perspective associated with loneliness. The emotional characteristics of loneliness reveal the absence of positive emotions such as happiness, affection, and the presence of negative emotions - fear, uncertainty. The type of impairment is determined by the nature of insufficient social relationships. The main thing is to collect information about relationships that are significant to the individual.
In ancient times, when the existence of people was purely communal, collective, tribal, we can talk about three forms of loneliness:
1. Rituals, rituals, tests.
2. Punishment by loneliness, expressed in expulsion from the clan and condemning the punished to almost certain death.
3. Voluntary solitude of individuals, which formed into a separate institution of hermitage, which lasted for at least 2.5 thousand years.
In philosophical research there are several approaches to the problems of loneliness:
1. Evaluation pathology (Parkert, Zimerman).
Koelbel's typology, 4 types of loneliness:
positive internal type - proud loneliness, experienced as a necessary means of discovering new forms of communication with other people;
negative internal type - loneliness, experienced as alienation from one’s self and from other people;
positive external type - predominates in situations of physical solitude, when a search for positive experience is underway;
negative external type - appears when external circumstances lead to very negative feelings.
2. Sociological approach.
Typology of time perspective (Young, Running) 1978, three types of loneliness:
chronic - typical for those people who have not been satisfied with their social connections and relationships for 2 or more years in a row;
situational – occurs as a result of significant stressful events in life. A situationally lonely person, after a short period of distress, usually comes to terms with his loss and overcomes his loneliness;
transitory.
Dierson, Periman, 1979:
hopelessly lonely people, these people do not have spouses or intimate relationships. Distinctive feature: feeling of dissatisfaction with connections with peers;
periodically or temporarily lonely, people connected by social relationships with relatives, but not attached. Distinctive feature: no close relationships;
passively or persistently lonely people, people who have come to terms with their situation and consider it inevitable.
Social work with lonely older people should promote their integration into the communicative sphere.
Many people prefer anger and disappointment alone. They also try to return to a normal state of mind without the participation of other people. It’s much easier when you’re young, but elderly health may be at risk.
Very few people consciously choose to live alone. After all living in the company of other people and feeling that they need you is one of the most important human needs.
It's sad that some people, most often in old age, have to suffer from lack of attention. Therefore, they feel forgotten and unwanted.
Researchers who have studied this problem have concluded that loneliness is a serious problem. Especially in adulthood. It has a bad effect on elderly health and can even lead to premature death.
Loneliness is often associated with poor mental health, cardiovascular disease, high blood pressure and dementia.
How does loneliness affect the health of older people?
It is believed that about ten percent of older people suffer from “cancerous” loneliness.
According to statistics, at least 70% of older people have at least one serious health problem(physical or mental) associated with loneliness.
According to research, loneliness affects the state of the brain in much the same way as. Both have negative effects on the endocrine and immune systems. This, in turn, leads to various pathologies and diseases.
According to the director of the Institute of Psychiatric Research (IIP), Dr. Manuel Martin Carrasco, people suffering from loneliness often have high blood pressure, diabetes, anxiety, and they often have infections.
In older people the negative impact of loneliness on the body is even more pronounced. After all, with age, the body’s resistance and its ability to recover weaken.
Of particular concern is that the problem of loneliness among older people is becoming increasingly urgent. In just a few years it may turn into one of the major global health problems.
According to experts, successfully combating loneliness has a positive effect on the health of older people, as it is known that normal social relationships are one of the main factors for a good quality of life.
David McCullogh, president of the Royal Women's Voluntary Service, which has more than forty thousand volunteers helping older people in the United Kingdom, believes that The issue of loneliness and its consequences for health is becoming increasingly relevant.
Volunteers from this organization help helpless people, mainly the elderly. Being lonely, they suffer from illness, loss of mobility and certain mental problems.
Therefore, service volunteers feed, provide shelter, and help in every possible way those who, for some reason, are left alone in this world.
Is there a solution?
When an elderly person is left alone, it is very it is important that he can engage in some kind of social activity.
Arkharova Ekaterina, student 11 "a" class MBOU Secondary School No. 24, Volzhsky
Loneliness has no face. This feeling is familiar to both children, young and wise people. Loneliness often scares us. But should we be afraid of him? Why was it given to us? We tried to find answers to these questions in this project work.
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Social project “Loneliness” Worked on the project: Ekaterina Arkharova, student of 11th grade. Project leader: educational psychologist Yaner O.I.
Loneliness is the eternal refrain of life. It is no worse or better than much else. They just talk about him too much. A person is always and never alone. Erich Maria Remarque
Loneliness is a common phenomenon in large cities, where communication with various people occurs briefly and superficially, and there is not enough time to establish long-term and trusting relationships. Loneliness can be experienced by a young man or girl who cannot find a suitable partner, or by an elderly person who has lost friends and loved ones and cannot find a common language with the younger generation. Loneliness is often experienced by people with an inert nervous system, who have difficulty making new contacts and slowly get used to new acquaintances. In extreme cases, loneliness can lead to depression. Loneliness is a mystery that worries people from century to century. By understanding our feelings and emotions, we get to know ourselves. Loneliness is a part of us in which we are all, each in our own way.... Relevance of the project
Understand the meaning of loneliness and find the strengths and weaknesses of this condition. Goal of the project
Teenagers. Target group
Problematic issue: Loneliness – is it a punishment or a resource?
Work plan 1. became familiar with the concept of “loneliness” 2. identified the causes of loneliness 3. analyzed childhood memories 4. identified the strengths and weaknesses of this condition 5. conclusion 6. recommendations
Loneliness is a socio-psychological phenomenon, an emotional state of a person associated with the lack of close, positive emotional connections with people and/or with the fear of losing them as a result of forced or psychologically caused social isolation. Within this concept, two different phenomena are distinguished - positive (solitude) and negative (isolation) loneliness
Causes of loneliness Low self-esteem, which leads to avoidance of contact with other people for fear of being criticized; Poor communication skills; Fear of failure in relationships or becoming psychologically dependent; A constantly growing feeling of misunderstanding and lack of relevance from others; Sensory deprivation in one form or another (in other words, a lack of one or another type of information or impressions); Transition from one society to another: in other words, “change of the social matrix.”
Self-analysis Loneliness for me is a special inner world that has boundaries, since this world exists only for one person. But on the other hand, loneliness is a universe that you study, and you get to know yourself more and more deeply.
Situation Consequence As a child, I was often left alone, the only connection with the world was through TV Low social activity, decreased need to communicate with peers, favorite game - drawing and fantasizing Divorce of parents A huge feeling of guilt for this situation, a feeling of emptiness, fear of the future Memories of elementary school has almost been erased Changes in society have led to disorientation Strict boundaries of upbringing, parental control, limited communication with peers Low social activity, decreased need to communicate with peers, a feeling of insecurity Lack of communication with family members due to the overly busy mother, free time from school was spent at home. Lack of emotional warmth, internal uncertainty. Interests in drawing and development of imagination Quarrels, conflict situations with mother and classmates Outbursts of anger, desire to express oneself, intolerance to a different position.
Withdrawal Low social activity Hot temper Lack of self-confidence Low self-esteem Weaknesses of loneliness
Strengths of loneliness Self-reliance Independence (from others) Self-knowledge Good imagination
Conclusion Working on this project has expanded knowledge about loneliness. I looked at the situation from two sides: what loneliness gives me and what it deprives me of. I realized that loneliness was a kind of test for me, a lesson in life. I began to realize that communicating with people is an important part of life. It is important to be in harmony not only with yourself, but also with the world around you.
Recommendations Don't be afraid of loneliness. The fear of being alone sometimes pushes us to communicate with people, which is not always to our benefit. Loneliness is a unique opportunity to meet an interesting person - yourself. Loneliness is not a given reality, it is just your attitude towards the world. Change it and take a step towards people. Loneliness is a sign calling for change. This is the time to make choices and decisions. This is the line between the familiar present and the new future.
Thank you for your attention!
