All suffixes in the Tatar language. Tatar language. Instructions for completing the test

Topic 4. Pronoun.

The student should know:

Morphological features of pronouns,

Pronoun grades,

Declension of pronouns.

Pronouns in the Tatar language are used instead of independent words, but do not name them or determine their content.

The following categories of pronouns are distinguished:

Name of pronoun categories
Personal (zat almashlyklar)	min – I; sin – you; st – he (she, it); without – we; sez – you; alar – they.
Demonstrative (kursәtu almashlyklar)	bu – this (this, these); shul – this; st This; tege – that; shundy, andy, mondy - like that.
Interrogative (sorau almashlyklar)	by whom? - Who? nәrsә? - What? Nichek? - How? Kaida? - Where? Kaichan? - When? Nick? - For what? nindy? - Which? kais? - which?
Collective (gyyu almashlyklars)	үз – yours, barcha, barlyk, һәмә – all, һәr, һәrber – each, etc.
Undefined (bilgesezlek almashliklar)	nindider - some, kemder - someone, әllә kaichan – once upon a time, әllә nichek – somehow, ber – someone, etc.
Negative (yuklyk almashlyklar)	berkem - no one, hichkem - no one, berkayda - nowhere, hichkayda - nowhere, bernәrsә - nothing, etc.

Many pronouns take a possessive affix and are declined according to cases:

Declension of pronouns min, ul, uz (I, he, myself)

Case
Basic		st – he, she, it	Uzem – (I) myself
Possessive	minem - I have, my	anyn - at him, his, at her, hers	Uzemneң – at the very place, at the very place
Directive	mina - to me	ana - to him, to her	uzemә – to oneself, to oneself
Accusative	mine - me	ana - his, her	On earth - myself, myself
Original	minnәn – from me, from me	annan - from him, from him, from her, from her	Uzemnәn – from oneself, from oneself
Local-temporal	mindә – with me, on me	anda - at him, at her, on him, on her	uzemdә – at the very, on the very, at (on) the most

1. Decline pronouns without , sez , st. by case

2. Choose pronouns for the verbs ashym, yazasyn, barabyz, kitte, aytmas, birsen.

3. Translate Russian phrases into Tatar in one word, placing the appropriate accessory affixes after the nouns. Put them in the directive case.

His friend, my father, their house, our team, your song, your sister, my affairs, her hair, your finger.

4. Decline pronouns with һichkem , bernәrsә , by case and compositionMake suggestions with them.

5. Rewrite the text, inserting the demonstrative pronouns given in brackets in the correct case.

Bu...(without) fatirybyz. Menә ...(bu) wardrobe, ... (tege) sofa...(bu) uryndyklar, ... (tege) өstәl. Karavat yoky bulmasendә. Kiem cabinets yes...(shul). Stenaga rasem elengәn...(street) enem yasada.

Topic 5. Adjective and its categories.

The student should know:

Morphological features of adjectives,

Degrees of adjectives.

In the Tatar language, adjectives denote attributes of objects, do not have formal indicators, always precede the word being defined, and do not agree with the noun: zәңgәr chәchәk– blue flower, zәңgәr chәchәklәrgә- blue flowers.

There are differences in quality ( asyl) and relative ( nisby) adjectives, and qualitative ones have four degrees:

Name of degree

Exponents

Examples

Positive

(Gadi dәrәҗә)

matur – handsome

sary – yellow

tүgәrәk – round

Comparative

(Chagyshtyru dәrәҗәse)

matur-cancer – more beautiful

sary-crayfish - yellower.

tүgәrәg-rәk – rounder

Excellent

(Artyklyk dәrәҗәse)

a) partial repetition of the base;

b) intensifying particles: ѣ – most, bik – very, үтә – over

Sap-sary – very yellow

tүp-tүgәrәk – the roundest

bik matur - very beautiful

in zur – the biggest

үтә sisger – hypersensitive

Diminutive – from adjectives expressing color

(Kimlek dәrәҗәse)

Kylt/-kelt

Gylt/-gelt

Syl/-sel, - su

sar-gylt – yellowish

al-su – pinkish

ak-syl – whitish

zәңgәr-su – bluish

Relative adjectives express the external, inorganic properties of objects in their relation to other objects, material, composition, place, time, etc.: machines – having a car Urmanly- having a forest, җimeshle – having berries yazgy– spring, Oydage – home, tessez – toothless, elyk – annual, annual, etc.

The Tatar language borrowed many relative adjectives from Russian (sometimes in a truncated form): realist, active, musical, politician, physicist, revolutionary, agrarian etc.; from Arabic: Adaby– literary, iҗtimagy – public, gyilmi – scientific, Dini– religious, etc.

Assignments for independent work.

1.To the names of petst add adjectives, then make sentences.

2. Form all possible degrees of adjectives, make sentences.

Kөrәn, shayan, zәңgәr, tөche, kin,taza, әibәt, ak, kyzyl, nәzek, oly, balәkәy, yalangach, sory, tury, salkyn, kainar, sary, ozyn, kәkre, tүgәrәk.

3 .Form the comparative degree of adjectives.

Kyzyl, ak, tәmle, zur, kechkenә, biek, tәbәnәk, kөchle.

4. Form superlative adjectives:

Guzal, kory, nachar, hinel, sary, tamsez, zur, kyybat , ak, әche, ere, yomshak, faidaly.

5. Imagine you are on a tour of your city. How will you talk about this?Specify adjectives

Topic 6. Adverb.

The student should know:

Morphological features of adverbs,

Adverb categories.

An adverb expresses a sign of an action or a sign of a characteristic and is an unchangeable part of speech. The semantic classification of adverbs is reflected in the following diagram:

Adverb categories	Examples
1. Mode of action (saf rәveshlәr)	tyn - quietly, әkren - slowly, shәp - well, җәяү - on foot, kinәt - suddenly, annan-monnan - somehow, etc.
2. Measures and degrees (kүlәm-chama rәveshlәre)	az - little, kүp - a lot, botenlayy - quite, beraz - a little, bik - very, tәmam - completely, baytak - quite a lot, etc.
3. Comparisons (ohshatu-chagyshtyru rәveshlәre)	keshelәarchә – humanly, tolkedәay – like a fox, timerdәay – like iron, kaһarmannarcha – heroically, etc.
4. Places (uryn rәveshlәre)
5. Time (vakyt rәveshlәre)	bersekongә – the day after tomorrow, bugen – today. irtәgә - tomorrow, byel - today, kichi - yesterday, kysyn - in winter, etc.
6. Reasons and goals (sәbәp - maksat rәveshlәre)	yuri - out of spite, zerәgә - in vain, yucca - in vain, bushka - useless, tick - so-so, etc.

An adverb constantly characterizes a verb and often refers to it, acting as various circumstances. Adverbs, as in Russian, are not inflected and usually precede the verb.

Assignments for independent work.

1.Indicate the adverbs. Translate the sentences into Russian.

Ochrashyrga vakyt az kaldy. Sin aldan bar! Beraz kotep tor ale. Biredә rәkhәt. Min sezne botenlayi khaterlәmim.Ul kinәt sorap kuydy Kiskacha language biregez. Kөchkә sezne ezlәp taptym. Sez ruscha bik yakhshy soylәshәsez. Street bezgә sirәk kilә. Min tiz kaytyrmyn. Tizdan җәy җitә. Khazer son inde. Tәlinkә chelpәrәmә kilep vatyldy. Sin bu shigyrne yattan belesenme? Tram bik әkren bar. Әйдә, җәяү kaytabyz!

2. Read the story “Yaz” by G. Tukay. Find adverbs you know.

Yaz mart aennan bashlana.

Inde kon urtalarynda koyash shakty җylyta bashly.

Koyash inde kүktә, kyshtagy kebi kurenep kenә kitmichә, ozak tora bashly. Shunlyktan konnәr ozaya, tonnәr kyskara.

Karlar, bozlar erilur. Su өstendә kөimәlәr, steamship, ak faruslar payda bula.

3. Form adverbs from numerals.

4. Compose or select 6 sentences from fiction in which adverbs of all categories would be used. Indicate the categories of adverbs.

5. Write down 10 adverbs from the dictionary and make sentences with them.

Topic 7. Verb. Verb conjugations. Present tense of the verb.

The student should know:

Morphological features of the verb,

Present tense verb endings

Conjugation by persons and numbers.

A verb denotes an action or state of a person, object, phenomenon and is characterized in the Tatar language by the category of affirmation and negation, moods, categories of person, number, tense, voice and the degree of occurrence of the action.

The negative form is formed by adding affixes to the stem of the verb -ma/-mә, and the stress falls on the syllable before this affix: kuy - kuyma(put it in - don’t put it in), at – atma(throw it - don't throw it) soy – soyme(love - don't love).

The verb has conjugated personal ( tatlanishly) and non-conjugated non-personal ( zatlanyshsyz) shapes. Conjugates include the indicative ( hikәya figyl), imperative ( boerik figyl), desired ( telәk figyl) and conditional ( Chart Figul) moods of the verb, to non-conjugated ones – participle ( syyfat figyl), gerund ( xal figyl), action name ( isem figyl), infinitive.

Present conjugated stem ( khazerge zaman) is formed from the stem of the verb by means of an affix -а/-ә(if the stem ends in a consonant): kal - kal-a(remains); through the affix - y/s(if the stem ends in a vowel): sayla – say-y(chooses) eshlә – eshl-i(works)

Table of conjugation of present tense verbs by persons and numbers in positive and negative aspects

Positive form	Negative form
	unit number	plural number	unit number	plural number
	say-y-m (I choose)	white-ә-without (we know) say-y-byz (choose)	sayla-m-y-m (I don't choose)	white-m-and-without (we don't know) sayla-m-y-byz (we do not choose)
	bel-ә-sen (you know) say-yy – son (you choose)	bel-ә-sez say-y-syz (choose)	bel-m-i-sen (do not you know) sayla-m-th-son (you don't choose)	bel-m-i-sez (do not know) sayla-m-y-syz (don't choose)
	say (selects)	bel-ә-lәr say-y-lar (choose)	(does not know) Sayla-m-y (does not choose)	bel-m-i-lәr (don't know) sayla-m-y-lar (do not choose)

Assignments for independent work.

1. Find the stems of verbs and put them into tense forms:
Sample: kilү (to come) – kil (come); kilә (comes); kilde (came); kilgan (came, it turns out); Keeler (will come); kilәchәk (will definitely come).
sanau (to count); language (to write); kalu (to remain); beta (to end); bashlanu (to begin); chygu (to go out).
2. Conjugate the following verbs by person and number.

Yasama, uinama, eshlamә, bir, kil, asha, yaza , өyrәnә , white , soyli.

3.Glogols : uylarga , soylәrgә , ezlәrgә , kararga will be conjugatedbin AutrymeaningfulinfusionNowadays.

4. Write a short story on the topic “Tabyn yanynda pөkhtә bul”. Use the verbs yu, sort, utyr, al, tot, asha, әit.

5.Form the negative form of the verb.

Yozә, җyydy, uylagan, bulishyr, kaity, yazdy, belgan.

Subject 8. Past tense of the verb.

The student should know:

Past tense verb endings

Conjugation by persons and numbers.

Past indefinite(bilgesez Yaks nәtiҗәle үtkәn zaman) expresses an action that the speaker himself did not see performed; it is formed by adding affixes to the stem of the verb -gan/-gan(after voiced consonants and vowels), - kan/-kan(after voiceless consonants):

Singular

Plural

yaz-gan-myn (I wrote it, it turns out)

sip-kәn-men (I watered, it turns out)

yaz-gan-byz (we wrote it, it turns out)

sip-kәn-bez (we watered, it turns out)

yaz-gan-son (you wrote it, it turns out)

sip-kan-sen (you watered, it turns out)

yaz-gan-syz (you wrote it, it turns out)

sip-kәn-sez (you watered, it turns out)

yaz-gan (he wrote it, it turns out)

sip-kan (he watered, it turns out)

yaz-gan-nar (they wrote it, it turns out)

sip-kәn-nәr (they watered, it turns out)

Unlike Russian, the Tatar language has several more complex past tenses:

1) past continuous ( tәmamlanmagan үtkәn zaman): bara ide – walked; soyli ide – told;

2) long past ( kүptәn үtkәn zaman): bargan ide – walked sөylәgan ide– told;

3) past multiple tense ( kabatlauly үtkәn zaman): bara torgan ide– walked around; soyli torgan ide- I used to tell you.

These complex past tense forms are formed by adding an auxiliary verb I'm going to verb forms on -a, -gan, -a torgan. It is also characteristic that only the auxiliary verb is conjugated by persons I'm going.

Singular

Past continuous

Long past

Past

multiple

let's go to the bar

I went

bargan let's go

I went (then)

bara torgan let's go

I walked around

bar ideң

you walked

bargan ideң

you went (then)

bar torgan ideң

you walked around

bara ide

He went

bargan ide

he walked (then)

bara torgan ide

he walked around

Plural

Past continuous

Long past

Past

multiple

bara idek

we walked

bargan idek

we went (then)

bara torgan idek

we walked around

bara idegez

you walked

bargan idegez

you went (then)

bara torgan idegez

you walked around

baralar ide

they walked

bargannar ide

they walked (then)

bara torgannar ide

they walked around

Assignments for independent work.

1. Conjugate the verbsin the past time:

kiendeme, tyңladymy, әytteme, bardymy, eshledeme, ukydymy.

2.Make sentences using the wordChөnki and verbs in –gan ide/ - gan ide.

3.Form certain past tenses of verbs and compositionbthose proposals.

Kil, al, eshlә, siz, bashla.

4.Put these verbs in the negative form.

Uky,ayt, al, soylә, asha, yaz, atla, yuyn

5.Tell about your visit to the concert, indicate the past tense of the verb.

Topic 9. Future tense of the verb.

The student should know:

Future verb endings

Conjugation by persons and numbers.

Future(kilachak zaman) has 3 forms: future uncertain ( bilgesez kilachak zaman), categorical future ( bilgele kilachak zaman) and the future in the past ( kilәchәk-үtkәn zaman).

The future indefinite tense expresses an action that will take place after the moment of speech, but of which the speaker is not entirely sure. This tense is formed by adding affixes -R(after vowels) and -ar/әr, - yr/-er(after consonants). Negative form -mas/-mas in 2nd and 3rd persons.

Singular

Plural

Yazarman

I'll write, apparently

yazmam(yn)

I won't write, apparently

yazarbyz

we will write, apparently

Yazmabyz

we won't write, apparently

yazarsyn

you will write, apparently

Yazmassyn

you won't write, apparently

yazarsyz

you write, apparently

Yazmassyz

you won't write, apparently

Yazar

he will write, apparently

Yazmas

he won't write, apparently

yazarlar

they will write, apparently

yazmaslar

they won't write, apparently

Singular

Positive form	Negative form
Min kayt-achak-myn	kayt-ma-yachak-myn
I'll be back (definitely)	I will not be back
Sin kayt-achak-son	kayt-ma-yachak-son
You'll be back (definitely)	you won't come back
Kayt-achak street	Kayt-ma-yachak street
He will come back (surely)	he will not return

Plural

Without kite-achak-byz	kite-ma-yachak-byz
We will be back (definitely)	we won't be back
Sez kayt-achak-syz	kayt-ma-yachak-syz
You will be back (required)	you won't come back
Alar kite-achak-lar	kayt-ma-yachak-lar
They will come back (surely)	they won't come back

The future is in the past expresses a process that was to be performed in the future, but which is transferred to the past. Formed by adding an affix to the stem of the verb -achak + ide, -әchәk + ide, - yachak + ide, yachәk + ide: barachak go(he had to go) soylayachak ide(he should have said):

Assignments for independent work.

Yat, uky, asha, bir, bel.

2. Say which form of past or future tenses you would use in the Tatar language in the following sentences: We went to the cinema yesterday. Next year, maybe he will go to university. Next week he will probably go to the village. Tomorrow will be Friday. Maybe it will snow tomorrow. A cold wind blew in the morning. Pushkin was born in 1799.
3. Translate verb forms (use additional words to convey certainty-uncertainty): bara (to go); uylady (think); sin eshlagansen (to do); without kitәchәkbez (to leave); alar sanar (to count); sez quilersez (to come); Chykkan street (exit).
4. Form negative forms of the verb. Read the resulting pairs out loud several times:
Ashley – ashlami; bards; bar; kilgan; chiga; kitәchәk; sanar; languages; yazachakmyn; eshlәgan; eshlәgansen; chiga; chygabyz.

5. Conjugate the verbs yatla, uky, elama, soylә in all three forms of the future tense.

INSTRUCTIONS FOR PERFORMING THE CONTROL WORK

The test is carried out either in a separate squared notebook, or on A4 sheets, completed on a computer.

Simple and easy about the Tatar language

What is grammar?

Grammar is rules. And rules are boring. This seems to be the opinion of the majority. If we consider the emotional connotation of the word “grammar”, then in general it does not have the most positive meaning. “I know Russian, but my grammar is rather weak,” says the dropout, meaning that his spelling is poor, that is, spelling, which has nothing to do with grammar.

If a person is bad at grammar, then he confuses the gender of nouns and constructs words without connecting them according to the laws accepted in the language: “don’t understand mine, don’t understand yours” is a clear example of the fact that a person does not speak Russian grammar.

But the phrase “the gnarly kuzdra butted the bokr and the fat-tailed bokrenok” (a famous example) is built on the rules of Russian grammar, and without understanding the meaning, one can guess where the adjective is, where the noun is and where the action is.

So, we come to the concept of grammatical meaning. I will not give definitions, but will simply explain with an example, indicating the grammatical meanings of the suffixes:

Kitaplarybyzda – kitap-lar-y-byz-da

Kitap – book (lexical meaning)

These carriage suffixes are added one after another in a strict order (number - possessive - case). Such languages are called agglutinative (sticking).

We tried to present the most common suffixes with grammatical meanings in the appendix table. This is for many who will seriously begin to study the Tatar language.

The same can be said about the verb. By carefully reading the table of word forms, you can understand a certain logic: the formation of past tense forms, future forms. Pay attention to the translation and ask: why did the Tatars need two past tenses? Answer: they have their own semantic features, which for brevity are not indicated in the table. For example, in the past tense:

Bars+dy– past certified (determined) walked (the speaker witnessed the event);

Bar+gun – past indefinite walked (the speaker did not witness this event).

Kinoga bardy street.– He went to the cinema (I know that for sure).

Kinoga Bargan street. –He went to the cinema (but I didn't see it).

So, golden rule No. 1 - In the Tatar language there are no prefixes, prepositions, and suffixes are added in strict sequence to the root of the word. Suffixes, unlike Russian ones, as a rule, have one basic meaning.

Let's solve the problem with adjectives. The fact is that adjectives in the Tatar language do not change. They only have degrees of comparison. In addition, they easily turn into adverbs when serving a verb: yakhshy cache- good man;yakhshy Ashley- works well.

In addition, it is clear that the adjective easily turns into a noun (substantivizes) and, of course, takes on all the grammatical possibilities of the Tatar noun. We did not write this out in the table so as not to scare the reader.

This moment tells us that in the Tatar language there is no category of gender.

Let's return to nouns: what is this category of possessiveness that does not exist in the Russian language?

Let's start with the fact that in the Tatar language the meaning is always ahead. And, accordingly, there are no excuses. But not only that: the Tatar language, in principle, can even do without possessive pronouns. And instead of saying: my book -minem Kitabym ( if verbatim : minem kitap – but this is a stylistic error), one might say kitap mineke or just add - myn/m/ym(i.e. min – I).

Kitab-ym – my book

Bargan-myn – I went

Barma-m– I will not go

In these examples we see that the Tatar rule is the meaning is always ahead - already leads to the emergence of a whole category that does not exist in the Russian language.

Golden rule number 2. – In the Tatar language there is no category of gender, but there is a category of possessiveness, which is a consequence of the agglutinative nature of the language.

The grammatical center of language is the verb. The Tatar verb has a branched structure, which is not so easy to master. Despite several past and future tenses, the Tatar language has a large number of analytical verbs (i.e. verbs formed with the help of auxiliaries).

They also exist in Russian. You can refer to them when making translations. But in the Russian language, verbs, becoming auxiliary, do not stray far from their meaning. Although, sometimes universal human thinking brings its coincidences into linguistic logic. For example:

Yaz!- write!

Yaza kUr! – Look, write! (categorical motivation)

The Tatar language differs from Russian precisely in that there are no aspectual forms in the verb and shades of action are conveyed by a wide variety of analytical verbs. The logic of most of these verbs will be examined, and you will understand that it is no longer so difficult. It’s just that in many textbooks too little attention is paid to auxiliary verbs and this attention ends up on the last pages of the books.

It is known that by the end of the book (if it is not fiction with an interesting ending), the reader relaxes. Therefore, even here auxiliary verbs are out of luck...

Golden rule number 3. – Tatar grammar is concentrated mainly on the verb. This is a harmonious system and, having understood and mastered this system, everything will become clear to you.

A few words about different teaching methodshyku. The point is that we need to adopt the methods that people have already used to achieve results. Moreoverm, quick results. One of these examplesRov is “flipping through the dictionary” of an unfamiliar language (preferably bilingual). This is, in principle, the famous Frank method.

By flipping through the dictionary, the student begins to understand the logic of the language. He understands that nouns do not have a gender category, the infinitive of a Tatar verb ends in -rga, and adjectives can often be adverbs. All this can be found in the dictionary. But it is much easier to understand the logic of the language by referring to tables of grammatical meanings of the Tatar language. They are in this manual. Here, in a small volume, almost the entire grammar of the Tatar language is presented.

Scroll through them, and in a short time you will seeyou want to understand the meanings of suffixes, and, accordingly, the very structure of the Tatar language.

The above table shows the verb bar. It has several meanings, but the main one can be considered walks, moves. All meanings of this word can be understood and mastered only in context.

Now it is important to understand that the Tatar verb has a huge number of constructions that convey grammatical categories (complex forms of the past tense), modal meanings (constructions of intention, wishes) and the nature of the action. It is quite difficult to study all (!) possible designs. But you can master the basic ones in a fairly short period of time.

So: in the table we have listed almost all synthetic forms of the verb bar. In addition to synthetic forms, there are analytical ones. There are even more of them than analytical ones.

AND NOW LET'S GET TO THE GRAMMAR.

We divided all words in the Tatar language into six groups: 1) words-names; 2) words replacing them; 3) words-actions, words-processes; 4) number words; 5) words-signs; 6) function words.

Noun words are nouns. That is, a huge number of words that denote objects, phenomena, abstract and concrete concepts of reality. But we use them only so that I will not be reproached for reinterpreting traditional academic grammar and leaving out one of the parts of speech.

But there is one important detail here. The fact is that a whole class of verbs (process words) are translated into Russian as nouns. These are the so-called action names. In the Tatar language, they are the initial form of the verb, from which it is easy to isolate the basis that is so necessary when learning the language. Let's look at examples and their translation:

Baru – walking; the basis bar

Uylau – reflection; uyla base

Chigu – exit, exit process; base chik(g)

In order to master the language being studied, knowledge of words alone is, of course, not enough. It is necessary to master the rules of combining words, forming word forms, or, in other words, the grammar of a new language. The introductory course of this self-teacher pursues precisely this goal: to introduce the Russian-speaking reader to the basic rules of Tatar grammar in the simplest and most understandable form. I constantly relied on the reader's knowledge of Russian grammar and paid more attention to the contrasting elements of the Tatar and Russian languages.

§1. PHONETICS

1.1. The graphics of the Tatar language are based on the Cyrillic alphabet. This gives some advantage for the Russian reader, but on the other hand, it contributes to the appearance of errors due to the different interpretation of some letters.

The graphics of the Tatar language were based on Arabic writing for 1000 years, until 1927. From 1927 to 1939, the Latin alphabet was used, on the basis of which spelling rules were carefully developed. The basic principles of spelling were also used during the transition to Russian graphics. In modern Tatar writing, all letters of the Russian alphabet are used with the addition of special characters for specific Tatar phonemes: ә, ө, ү, җ, ң, һ.

Changes in two alphabets within one century could not but affect the state of the spelling of the language. The phonetic system of the Tatar language has been replenished with Russian phonemes<ч>, <ц>– , . And in the orthography of the Tatar language, the principle of graphic design of Russian and borrowings that came through the Russian language has been strengthened, i.e. new Russian and European words in the Tatar language are written similarly to their Russian version.

Tatar alphabet

The pronunciation of six specific letters of the Tatar alphabet, of course, is best practiced under the guidance of an experienced teacher. But if you learn their approximate pronunciation with the help of these tips and the following exercises, this will not become an obstacle to learning the language.

[ә] = [æ] – this sound can otherwise be designated as [’’a], that is, very soft [a]. It is close to the Russian ['a] in the words 'sit', 'look', 'row'. When pronouncing [''a], lower the tip of your tongue to your lower teeth and you will get the sound [æ]. By the way, it is in English: black, hat – , .

[ү] = [ü] – soft and more rounded [’u]. A sound close to it is found in the Russian words “bale”, “ditch”, “lute”. Pronounce these words, giving [’u] an even greater rounding (roll your lips into a tube), and you will approximately get the desired sound.

[ө] = [ә: °] – This vowel sound presents the greatest difficulty for the Russian-speaking reader. The closest version of the Tatar [ө] can be found in the words “maple”, “honey”, “Peter”. But in the Tatar language [ө] is short, and Russian [’о] is found only under stress. Try to pronounce these Russian words as briefly as possible and with more rounding, and you will be close to the desired sound. It is similar to the sound that is common in English: bird, work. But the English sound lacks rounding.

[җ] – this sound is also often found in English, and in borrowings from English in Russian it is expressed by the letter combination j: “jumper”, “Jack”. Tatar borrowings are also formalized: Gilyan – җilәn, Jalil – Җәlil. The sound [zh] in Russian is always hard, but forming a soft version from it is usually not difficult for a Russian-speaking reader. It should be noted that hard [zh] is also uncharacteristic for the Tatar language, as [’zh] is for Russian. Therefore, as a rule, mixing of these sounds does not occur.

[ң] - a nasal sound produced by a small tongue. The sound combination [ng] in the word “gong” when pronounced through the nose can be considered the closest in the Russian language. This sound occurs frequently in French: jardin, bien, chien [òjeŋ]. It has been noticed that mastering this sound with the help of a teacher-consultant is not at all difficult. And if you have the opportunity to check your pronunciation, do not neglect this opportunity.

[һ] = [ һ] - pharyngeal sound. It is formed in the pharynx and is pronounced with aspiration. There is a sound close to it in the English language: hat, hand, hare. In Russian, the closest sound can be considered [x] in the words robe, chill, if pronounced without a guttural sound. It must be remembered that Tatar [һ] is of more posterior, pharyngeal origin.

EXERCISES

a) Say each row several times:

ak-әk, az-әz, at-әt, ar-әr, am-әm;

ak-әk-uk-үk, az-әz-uz-үz, uky-үke;

on-өn, om-өm, ok-өk, as-әs-us-үs-os-өs;

zhi-җи, zhe-җе, zhu-җу;

un-un, an-an, in-in;

ham-һәm, khas-һәs, hat-khava.

b) Read, paying attention to the new sound letters (try to guess the meaning of the highlighted words):

mәk , rәt , shәp, fәn, bәlesh, tәrtә, tea, tәlinkә, eshlәpә, kabestә;

mүk , kүk, kүl, kүp, bүre, kүrәgә , kүsәk, bүрәнә ;

kon, ton, kol, tolke, orpak, korak, өstәl ;

kәҗә , җen, җil, җir, җәй, җыу, җылы, җыр, җәү;

son, in, an, un, tan, tәңre, bәrңge;

һava, һich, һәr, һөnәr.

When performing the exercise, pronounce the last syllable clearly.

1.2. The complexities of the sound system of the Tatar language are not limited to specific Tatar letters. In addition, there is a discrepancy in the common letters for the Tatar and Russian alphabets.

a – in the Tatar language this letter denotes a more posterior, wider and somewhat rounded sound [аү]. When pronounced in a word pencil try to create as much space as possible in your mouth, and you will approximately get Tatar [a].

o, e, y – these vowel letters of the Tatar alphabet are characterized by brevity compared to Russian ones. Since in the Russian language there is no meaningful contrast of vowels by length, for a Russian-speaking reader at first this will seem unimportant. But it is not difficult to get used to this phenomenon. It is important to pay attention to this from the very beginning of training, until the use of these sounds becomes the norm.

в – this letter in the Tatar language serves to designate two sounds: [в] and [w]. The second sound is in the English language, and in borrowings it is conveyed in two ways: William - William. The same is true with regional borrowings from the Tatar language: avyl - aul, karavyl - guard. In the Tatar language itself, this sound can be indicated by the letter y: sorau [soraw] - soravy [trashwyou].

g - this letter also denotes two sounds. These are quite different sounds. This sound, formed with the help of a small tongue, is familiar to Russian-speaking readers: it is produced when a person burrs and does not pronounce [r].

k - similar to the letter G denotes two sounds [k] and [қ]. The sound [k] is a voiceless pair [ғ].

ch is a Russian affricate, that is, there is practically no complex sound [tsh’] in the Tatar language. It is used only in borrowings due to the knowledge of the Russian language by the majority of Tatars, as well as in some dialects. Letter h in the Tatar language the sound [sh’] is approximately denoted, or what in Russian is denoted by the letter sch.

Now you practically know the pronunciation of all Tatar letters (there are a few more peculiar aspects of the Tatar sound system, but they are not of fundamental importance at the initial stage). You also need to know the fundamental laws of Tatar phonetics. They exist in any language, and you need to constantly remember them during your first lessons. In the Tatar language, the three basic rules of practical phonetics are:

– law of synharmonism;

– desire for an open syllable;

– clear pronunciation of the last syllable;

– phonetic alternation.

Law synharmonism. In the Tatar language, all words according to pronunciation are divided into hard and soft. We call hard words those in which front vowels are used: [a], [o], [u], [s]. And soft are words that use front vowels: [ә], [ө], [ү], [е], [и].

Soft sounds: [ә], [ө], [ү], [е], [и].

Hard sounds: [a], [o], [u], [s].

Pay attention to the paired opposition between hardness and softness.

This law is of great importance, since not only all words, but also all suffixes obey this law of synharmonism. Accordingly, almost all suffixes and particles have two options: hard and soft. Therefore, you need to learn to determine by ear the softness or hardness of Tatar words.

Read aloud several times, try to hear the difference between the pronunciation of different columns:

Soft words

Firm words

өstәl (table)

arysh (rye)

burәnә (log)

balyk (fish)

eshlapә (hat)

rank (number)

kharef (letter)

bash (head)

sүз (word)

avyl (village)

rasem (drawing)

ber (one)

alty (six)

ike (two)

tugiz (nine)

өч (three)

syynif (class)

kon (day)

shoe (shoe)

tәrҗemaә (translation)

kaidah (where)

nәrsә (what)

kaichan (when)

Nichek (how)

bara (going)

by whom (who)

katyk (katyk, a national drink reminiscent of kefir)

eskәmiya (bench)

sack (pipe)

For the Tatar language, the proximity of two or more consonants is uncharacteristic. Of course. they occur, but in comparison with the Russian language they are very few in number. Most often consonants coexist with sonants (sonants: [r], [l], [m], [n], [th], [w]) or at the junction of a root and a suffix.

To better understand the phonetic psychology of the Tatar language, you can turn to borrowings from Russian: table - өstәl, furrow - burazna, stack - eskert, cage - kelәt, pipe - sack, resin - sumala, rye - arysh, ditch - kanau.

As for stress, in the Tatar language it is qualitatively different from Russian. Remember that all syllables in the Tatar language must be pronounced clearly. Therefore, from the very beginning of learning, you should place a weak emphasis on the last syllable, this way you will get rid of the common mistake of Russian speakers studying foreign languages: “swallowing the endings of words.”

Another important law of the Tatar language is the phonetic principle of spelling, i.e. “as we hear, so we write.” There are quite a few exceptions to this law: first of all, these are borrowings from Arabic and new borrowings from Russian. But, despite this, the rule “as it is heard is how it is written” must be remembered, since it is fundamentally different from Russian spelling.

Compare:

Russian language

Tatar language

kolobok [kalabok]

kolobok [kalapka]

milk [malaco]

drill [swirl’]

kitap [kitap]

kitabyn [kitabyn]

kolagym [kolagym]

kolaktan [kolaktan]

EXERCISE

a) Write these words in two columns and read them out loud several times:

soft words hard words

ishek (door), өstәl, uryndyk (chair), nәrsә, bu (this), kara (black), ber, berenche (first), kol (ash), kol (slave), Idel (Volga), bәrәңge (potato) , һөнәr (craft), karama (elm), chәchәk (flower), eskәmiya, eskater (tablecloth), bashlyk (hood), altyn (gold), saryk (sheep), kolak (ear), avyz (mouth).

When possessive suffixes are added to words ending in unvoiced sounds, voicing occurs, which is reflected in the letter.

b) Write the missing words:

kitap - kitabym, saryk - ..., uryndyk - uryndygym, ... - kolagym, ishek - ..., balyk - ..., tarak (comb) - ... .

kitap - kitabyn, ... - sarygyn, uryndyk - ..., ... - kolagyn, ... - ishegen, ... - balygyn, ... - ... .

§ 2. TYPOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE TATAR AND RUSSIAN LANGUAGES

2.1. Each language has its own characteristics, its own structural specificity. Some languages are grammatically similar, while others are very different. The Tatar and Russian languages belong to different types of languages, and this leaves its mark on the study of Tatar.

There are about three thousand languages on the globe. Together with dialects, some scientists count more than 5,000 languages. Based on their origin, languages are divided into families, then into groups, etc. For example, the Russian language is part of the Indo-European family, the Slavic group, the East Slavic subgroup, etc. And the Tatar language is part of the Altai family, the Turkic group, etc.

According to their typological structure, all languages are divided into four large types: inflectional, agglutinative, isolating and incorporating. The four groups of languages represent four different types of word connections. Inflectional languages build their grammars (i.e., ways of connecting words) using inflections. These are almost all European languages: English, French, German, Russian, etc. There are internal differences between inflected languages: for example, English is more analytical, and Russian more often uses synthetic means. In other words, the English language uses prepositions more often than prefixes.

Words are connected completely differently in isolating languages that have abandoned inflections. The role of suffixes in such languages is played by the order of words in a sentence, other words that play the role of function words, intonation, etc. (Chinese).

Agglutinative languages do not have prefixes or prepositions; they simply glue suffixes to the end of words. The role of prepositions in such languages is played by postpositions (Turkic languages: Tatar, Bashkir, Turkish, Kazakh, etc.).

The Tatar and Russian languages have different principles of connecting words, constructing word forms and expressing grammatical categories. And we rely on the fact that when learning a new language, one cannot do without mastering (for adults, without conscious mastering) the principles of grammar.

The Tatar language is classified as an agglutinative (gluing) language, while Russian is an inflectional language. This means that suffixes, the last of which act as endings in the Tatar language, are simply glued to the word, but in Russian one ending can combine several meanings. Hence the first rule of the Tatar language: the root of the word remains unchanged, the root usually equals the word.

Compare:

Tatar language

Russian language

tram

tramwaylar

tramvillard

tramwaylarimda

tramlarimdagi

tram

trams

on trams

on my trams

the one on my trams

This is a simple but basic rule you should definitely remember when you try to speak Tatar. Please note that the meaningful part of the word form in the Tatar language always comes first. There are no prefixes or prepositions before it, except for particles that enhance the meaning, which you will become familiar with in the relevant sections.

Examples :

ocharga - to fly,

ochmaska - do not fly,

ochu - flight, fly(initial form, expresses action as such)

ochyp kerү – to fly in,

ochyp utu – fly by,

ochyp chygu - fly out,

ochyp kitu - fly away...

kitap - book,

kitaplar - books,

Simple and easy about the Tatar language

Sabirov R. A.

What is grammar?

Grammar is rules. And rules are boring. This seems to be the opinion of the majority. If we consider the emotional connotation of the word “grammar”, then in general it does not have the most positive meaning. “I know Russian, but my grammar is rather weak,” says the dropout, meaning that his spelling is poor, i.e. spelling, which has nothing to do with grammar.

But the phrase “the gnarled kuzdra gored the bokr and fat-tailed the bokrenok” (the famous example of L.V. Shcherba) is built on the rules of Russian grammar, and without understanding the meaning, one can guess where the adjective is, where the noun is and where the action is.

Let's say you studied English at school. So you know the word love. The Englishman knows it too. But he speaks this language, and you cannot. Its main and main advantage is that it can use a large number of word forms from this word and can connect it with other words whose meanings you also know. In other words, he knows grammar. And in order to master English, you need to learn the laws and rules by which this word creates word forms and how it is connected with other words to create sentences. This book is dedicated to these laws and rules, but only for studying the Tatar language.

Therefore, it is necessary to understand that grammar is those laws of language that make it possible to construct billions of different sentences from just a thousand words. Knowledge of any language means knowledge of billions of phrases that differ in meaning, modality (the speaker’s attitude to reality), intonation, etc., etc. Each word has a stylistic connotation, an emotional connotation, and a cultural connotation. When it all comes together, the picture that emerges is incredibly complex and motley. Language is the most complex mechanism invented by human thinking. And the most “primitive” natural language (although there are none, despite the fabrications of some linguists) is more complex than any mechanism, programming language, or anything that the human brain has come up with. Since these mechanisms and programming languages are built on the basis of a thinking language.

Grammar is the only tool that allows you to master a language. There is simply no other way. Consciously or unconsciously, a student of a language who uses it is one way or another forced to master grammar - the rules of the existence and functioning of a language.

For example, take the Tatar interrogative particle of a general question - We. A general question is a question that can be answered “Yes” or “No” (“Ә ye", "Yuk"). And, knowing just one word “this” - “bu”, we can ask thousands of questions with Russian borrowings or even words - this will be one of the rules of the Tatar language:

Boo trams? - Is this a tram?

Boo buses? – is this a bus?

Boo computers? – Is this a computer?

Boo post offices? - Is this the post office?

As we see, using three words, we can even build a dialogical speech? Is this a tram? Yes. Is this a bus? No.

For a native speaker, such schemes are brought to automaticity. While learning a language, it is also necessary to bring them to automaticity, to the level of their use without translation.

Many people want to learn a language in order to study. And only a few study it in order to serve the required hours and have a certificate of this in their hands. This book is for many. And I have always been outraged by the fact that most tutorials and reference books do not immediately provide a complete overview of the main features of the language being studied. The material, as if it were secret, is given out in portions - from simple to complex. It turns out to be a slow ascent through the material, where the teacher is afraid to introduce the student to secret material, and the teacher says: we will look at this later.

In this book we have tried to correct this situation. Despite the brevity, we have included here almost all the basic material that is simply necessary for learning the Tatar language. So:

The most important thing in the Tatar language

So, what are the features of the grammar of the Tatar language? How does it differ from Russian in its rules. To do this, we can go by listing the grammatical categories (we will do this later), but now we will try to use examples to understand the logic and its basic “golden” rules, without which it is difficult to begin studying at all.

For example, let's take three simple words: kitap, bara, yakhshy (book, coming, good).

First, understand: the rule “one word - one translation” is from the realm of fantasy. Let's first translate them:

Kitap - book

Bara – goes; rides; continues; passes; asserts; marry; an action that takes place in a certain direction etc.

Yakhshy – good, good, good, good.

This is a short simplified dictionary quote. We learn that nouns have no gender, otherwise they would be listed in the dictionary. There are “strong” verbs, which have many meanings and can be auxiliary or main. Adjectives do not change by gender (there is no gender), and easily turn into adverbs.

The word forms of these words can be seen in the table:

kitap – book

kitapnyn – books, belonging book

kitapka – to the book, to the book

kitapny – book (I see)

kitaptan – from books

kitapta – in the book

kitaplar – books

kitaplarny – books

whalefish – to books, to books

kitaplarna – books (I see)

kitaplardan – from books

whalefish – in books

kitabs – His book

Kitabym - my book

kitabyn – your book

whalebyz – our book

kitabygyz – your book

kitaplars – their book

kitaplarim – my books

kitaplaryn – your books

whalefish - our books

whalefish

kitabymnyn

Kitabym

kitabynnan

kitabynda

kitabynyn

kitabyn

kitabynnan

kitabynda

Kitabynyn

kitabyna

kitabynnan

kitabynda

whalesbyznyn

whalesbyzga

whalesbyzny

whalesbyzdan

whalesbyzda

kitabygyznyn

kitabygyzga

kitabygyzny

kitabygyzdan

kitabygyzda

kitaplarimnyn

kitaplarima

whalesplarymny

kitaplarimnan

kitaplarymda

whalefish

kitaplarynyn

whalefish

kitaplaryns

kitaplarynnan

kitaplarynda

kitaplarynyn

kitaplarina

kitaplaryn

kitaplarynnan

kitaplarynda

whalefishbyznyn

whalefishbizga

whalefish

whalefishbyzdan

whalefishbyzda

whalefish

whalefishesgyzdan

whalefish

kitapnyky

kitap tugel

kitap belen

kitap yanynda

kitap aldynda

Barmask

bardygyz

bardilar

barganmyn

bargansyn

Barganbyz

bargansyz

Bargannlar

Baryrmyn

Baryrsyn

Baryrbyz

Baryrsyz

baryrlar

barachakmyn

barachaksyn

barachakbyz

barachaksyz

barachaklar

barmyson

barmybyz

barmysyz

barmyylar

barmadym

barmadyn

barmadyk

barmadygyz

barmadylar

barmagan

barmaganmyn

Barmagansyn

Barmaganbyz

barmagansyz

barmagannar

barmasman

barmassyn

barmasbyz

barmabyz

barmaslar

barmayachak

barmayachakmyn

barmayachaksyn

barmayachakbyz

barmayachaksyz

barmayachaklar

bara almy

bara alam

Bara Almym

bar alasyn

bar almyysyn

Bara Alabyz

bar almyybyz

bara alasyz

Almysyz bar

bara alalar

bara almyylar

barasy kil

barasim kil

Barasyn Kili

barasy kilmey

barasim kilmi

Barasyn kilmi...

barmakchy bula

barmakchy bulam...

bara yazda

the bar is poisonous...

bara kurma

bara kuregez

bara kurmagez

etc.

yakhshylar...

I’m not mocking, and I’m not saying that you have to repeat all this, understand, pronounce, remember. Not at all. The most commonly used word forms of three words are simply given (not all of them yet!). Hence the conclusion: language is a very complex mechanism, but it has its own logic. Let's try together to understand in general terms the logic of the given word forms.

Firstly, kitap – noun. This whole series suggests that in the Tatar language there are no prefixes, no prepositions. All word forms kitap begin with the root part (morpheme). Those. The logic of the Tatar language consists in principle: meaning Always ahead. The nominative, semantic component is in front, and then all the grammatical explanations for this word come. Hence the complete absence of prefixes and prepositions. Instead of them there are postfixes (I will call them suffixes) and postpositions.

Secondly, the root remains and suffixes that have a grammatical meaning are attached to it, like sidecars.

So, we come to the concept of grammatical meaning. I will not give definitions, but will simply explain with an example, indicating the grammatical meanings of the suffixes:

Kitaplarybyzda – kitap-lar-y-byz-da

Kitap – book (lexical meaning)

lar – plural (grammatical meaning)

y-byz – belonging (grammatical meaning)

Yes - local-temporal case (grammatical meaning).

In the Tatar language, most suffixes can be considered unambiguous. For example, - lar, yes. This means that, taking any unfamiliar Tatar text, you can find them and 95% indicate that we are talking about the plural and place (or time). And certainly, those affixes attached are nouns (or pronouns instead).

These carriage suffixes are added one after another in a strict order (number - possessive - case). Such languages are called agglutinative (sticking).

We tried to present the most common suffixes with grammatical meanings in the appendix table. This is for many who will seriously begin to study the Tatar language.

Bars+dy– past certified (determined) walked (the speaker witnessed the event);

Bar+gun – past indefinite walked (the speaker did not witness this event).

Kinoga bardy street.– He went to the cinema (I know that for sure).

Kinoga Bargan street. –He went to the cinema (but I didn't see it).

This moment tells us that in the Tatar language there is no category of gender.

Let's return to nouns: what is this category of possessiveness that does not exist in the Russian language?

Let's start with the fact that in the Tatar language the meaning is always ahead. And, accordingly, there are no excuses. But not only that: the Tatar language, in principle, can even do without possessive pronouns. And instead of saying: my book -minem Kitabym ( If verbatim : minem kitap – but this is a stylistic error), one might say kitap mineke or just add - myn/m/ym(i.e. min – I).

Kitab-ym – my book

Bargan-myn – I went

Barma-m– I will not go

In these examples we see that the Tatar rule is the meaning is always ahead - already leads to the emergence of a whole category that does not exist in the Russian language.

Golden rule number 2. – In the Tatar language there is no category of gender, but there is a category of possessiveness, which is a consequence of the agglutinative nature of the language.

Yaz!- write!

Yaza kUr! – Look, write! (categorical motivation)

It is known that by the end of the book (if it is not fiction with an interesting ending), the reader relaxes. Therefore, even here auxiliary verbs are out of luck...

Golden rule number 3. – Tatar grammar is concentrated mainly on the verb. This is a harmonious system and, having understood and mastered this system, everything will become clear to you.

Scroll through them, and in a short time you will seeyou want to understand the meanings of suffixes, and, accordingly, the very structure of the Tatar language.

The above table shows the verb bar. It has several meanings, but the main one can be considered walks, moves. All meanings of this word can be understood and mastered only in context.

So: in the table we have listed almost all synthetic forms of the verb bar. In addition to synthetic forms, there are analytical ones. There are even more of them than analytical ones.

AND NOW LET'S GET TO THE GRAMMAR.

We divided all words in the Tatar language into six groups: 1) words-names; 2) words replacing them; 3) words-actions, words-processes; 4) number words; 5) words-signs; 6) function words.

Noun words are nouns. Those. then a huge number of words that denote objects, phenomena, abstract and concrete concepts of reality. But we use them only so that I will not be reproached for reinterpreting traditional academic grammar and leaving out one of the parts of speech.

Baru – walking; the basis bar

Uylau – reflection; uyla base

Chigu – exit, exit process; base chik(g)

§1. PHONETICS

Changes in two alphabets within one century could not but affect the state of the spelling of the language. The phonetic system of the Tatar language has been replenished with Russian phonemes - , . And in the orthography of the Tatar language, the principle of graphic design of Russian and borrowings that came through the Russian language was strengthened, i.e. new Russian and European words in the Tatar language are written similarly to their Russian version.

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For the Tatar language, the proximity of two or more consonants is uncharacteristic. Of course, they occur, but rarely compared to the Russian language. Most often consonants coexist with sonants (sonants: [р], [л], [м], [н], [й], [w] – see Table of consonants of the Tatar language) or at the junction of a root and a suffix.

To better understand the phonetic psychology of the Tatar language, you can turn to borrowings from Russian:

table - өstәl, furrow - burazna, stack - eskert, cage - kelәt, pipe - sack, resin - sumala, rye - arysh, ditch - kanau.

As can be seen from the examples, Tatar pronunciation (articulation) divides the proximity of two consonants (with the exception of sonants) into different syllables.

Clear pronunciation of the last syllable

It is necessary to point out that the stress in the Tatar language is qualitatively different from the Russian one, therefore, in the Tatar language the stress does not carry such a semantic distinguishing function as in Russian: castle - castle.

Another important law of the Tatar language is the phonetic principle of spelling, i.e. “As we hear, so we write.”

There are quite a few exceptions to this law: first of all, these are borrowings from Arabic and new borrowings from Russian.

But, despite this, the rule “as it is heard is how it is written” must be remembered, since it is fundamentally different from Russian spelling.

As you can see, the concept of “test word” is absent in Tatar spelling: kitap - kitabym ( the book is my book).

EXERCISES (KUNEGULOR)

1. Write these words in two columns and read them out loud several times:

Soft words are hard words

2. Write the missing words:

kitap - kitabym, saryk - ..., uryndyk - uryndygym, ... - kolagym, ishek - ..., balyk - ..., tarak (comb) - ... .

kitap - kitabyn, ... - sarygyn, uryndyk - ..., ... - kolagyn, ... - ishegen, ... - balygyn, ... - ... .

One of the main phonetic difficulties of the Tatar language for a foreign language student is the correct pronunciation of long words that are formed by gluing several suffixes.

Say out loud several times after the announcer:

Almashtyrgannardyr – probably exchanged

Achulanuchylar – angry

Әһәmiyatlelekne – importance

Bashlangychnyky – beginner

Gomumdәlәtchelek – nationality

Let's go – responsibility

Kulyaulyklarsyz – no handkerchiefs

Mәsәlәlәrdәn – from questions

Mөstәkyyllek – independence

Pәnҗeshљambenen – Thursday

Tөrlәndererә – change, diversify

Ukytuchylyk – teaching

Uzenchәlekle – peculiar, special

Uzlәshterүchәn – well-absorbing

Uzәkchelek – centrism

If you can’t pronounce it right away, say it syllable by syllable first. But you will have to pronounce such words without hesitation. This is one of the conditions of the agglutinative Tatar language. And about agglutination in the next paragraph.

TYPOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE TATAR AND RUSSIAN LANGUAGES

Each language has its own characteristics, its own structural specificity. Some languages are grammatically similar, while others are very different. The Tatar and Russian languages belong to different types of languages, and this leaves its mark on the study of Tatar.

The Tatar and Russian languages have different principles of connecting words, constructing word forms and expressing grammatical categories. And we rely on the fact that when learning a new language without mastering (for adults without conscious mastering) the principles of grammar is indispensable.

The Tatar language is classified as an agglutinative (gluing) language, while Russian is an inflectional language. This means that suffixes, the latter of which act as endings in the Tatar language, are simply glued to the word. Hence the first rule of the Tatar language: the root of the word remains unchanged, the root usually equals the word.

Russian language(the rectangle is the root, and the circles are prefixes, suffixes, endings)

Tatar language

As you can see, suffixes in the Tatar language are glued without changing either each other or the root of the word, but are glued (agglutination - gluing) mechanically.

This is the basic rule you should remember when you try to speak Tatar. Please note that the meaningful part of the word form in the Tatar language always comes first. There are no prefixes or prepositions before it.

Examples:

och - fly(verb stem)

ocharga - to fly,

ochmaska - do not fly,

ochu - flight, fly(initial form, expresses action as such)

ochyp kerү – to fly in,

ochyp utu – fly by,

ochyp chygu - fly out,

ochyp kitu - fly away...

kitap - book,

kitaplar - books,

whalebird - in books,

kitaplarimda – in my books

kitabym is my book,

kitap kibete – bookstore,

The difference is also observed in the fact that the initial form of the word in the Tatar language remains unchanged (of course, if we do not take into account phonetic changes in voiced-voicedness). This is especially noticeable in the example of borrowing. For example, Russian borrowings in the Tatar language attach their Russian ending to the root of the word:

Tatar language: machine – mashinalar – mashinada – mashinasyz;

Russian language: car – cars – in a car – without a car.

Once again, pay attention to the fact that the root car does not change in the Tatar language!

In the Tatar language, unlike Russian, the system of unambiguous affixes predominates - for the initial stage we can consider this by highlighting the most basic meanings of affixes.

This phenomenon will greatly simplify your task of mastering Tatar grammar. For example:

It is very important that each grammatical category has, as a rule, one or two affixes for its expression (we do not count phonetic variants of affixes: -lar/-lәр/-nar/-нәр – i.e. this suffix changes depending on , what the word ends with):

Therefore, at the initial stage of training it is necessary to pay special attention to affixes and their meanings. Of course, this raises another problem: the order of attaching immutable unambiguous affixes to immutable stems (more on this in the relevant sections of parts of speech).

K-NEG-LOR

a) Put the words in the plural:

хәref – хәref lәr(letters); sүз – ... (words); kuz – ... (eyes); ishek – ... (doors); tact - ... (boards); kitap - ... (books); mәktәp – ... (schools); keshe (person) – ... (people); rank (number) – ... (numbers); khatyn-kyz (woman) – ... (women); rasem – rasem nәr(soft nasal!) (drawings); өstәl – ... (tables).

b) Put the words in the singular:

kitaplar – kitap; balyklar – ...; machinelar – ...; sanar – ...; sүзләр – ...; ayaklar (legs) – ...; җөmlәlәr (sentences) – ..., uryndyklar – ..., khәreflәr – ... .

c) Place the words in the local-temporal case (-da/-ta/-дә/-тә – after voiced and vowels: -da/-дә; after voiceless ones: -ta/-тә):

syynif - syynif that(in class); car - car Yes(in car); tact - ... (on the board); өстәл – өстәл yes (“soft” word + “soft” suffix!)(on the table); җөмлә – ... (in a sentence); сүз – ... (in a word); uryndyk - ... (on a chair), bus - ... (in the bus), eskәmiya - ... (on a bench), avyl - ... (in the village), rasem - ... (in the picture).

d) Now let’s combine plurality with the local-temporal case (the order is strictly required lar + yes!):

kitap – kitap lard(in books);

suz – suz lәrdә(in words);

san – sannarda (in numbers);

rәsem – rәsemnәrdә (in the pictures);

syynif – ... (in classes); car – ... (in cars); tact - ... (on boards); өstәl – ... (on the tables); җөмлә – ... (in sentences); uryndyk - ... (on chairs), bus - ... (in buses), eskәmiya - ... (on benches), avyl - ... (in villages).

Please note that the Tatar suffix –da (-ta, -dә, -tә) is translated by a preposition V, then an excuse on the. In certain cases there may be other prefixes. For example, y: Khatyn-Kyzlarda(in women; on women; in women – depending on the context! ). This, by the way, is a fairly common mistake among Tatar-speaking people who are not confident in Russian. For example, Put it on the table instead of Put it on the table.

Remember that the Tatar language is a language of a contextual nature, i.e. The same words and expressions can be translated differently in different contexts.

In Tatar grammar, the verb has broader powers than in Russian. For example, in the Tatar language the form of the action name (gerund) is actively used: uku – study; learning process; baru – walking, walking (process); ashau - the process of eating... More often the Tatar gerund is translated into Russian as a noun.

Although at school they taught Russian in school: verb - part of speech denoting an action, process..., but words walking, running for some reason they were classified as nouns. But they indicate a process! But the structure of the Russian language has transferred them to nouns, and they answer the question What? and have a noun paradigm... In the Tatar language, they primarily refer to the verb, although they easily turn into nouns.

In general, the boundaries between parts of speech in the Tatar language are blurred. Often words move from one part of speech to another. For example, in the Tatar language the adjective does not have a plural form. But if it is already in the plural, it becomes a noun: kyzyl (red) – kyzyllar (red – Red Guards)…

As for syntax, it is more strict regarding the order of words in a sentence.

One of the most important rules of the Tatar language is that the predicate, as a rule, is at the end of the sentence. This rule is difficult for the Russian-speaking audience to perceive, since the predicate in Russian usually comes immediately after the subject, and the Russian speaker begins the mental construction of a sentence with the predicate. The Tatar phrase must also begin mentally with the predicate, but say it at the very end. This moment is not easy to overcome psychologically.

I Working a lot of. Marat writes letter.

Min kup eshlim . Marat hut I am for .

But on the other hand, it helps when translating texts from the Tatar language. The main verb, which performs the function of a predicate, is easily found by students.

K-NEG-

Find the predicate verb and translate:

Min tramway bars. Sin Kazanga barasyn. Bus Maskәүgә bar. Kemnar Kazanga bar? Studentlar Kazanga busta baralar. Sin busta barasyn We? Yuk, min tramway to bars. Airplane of St. Petersburg ocha. Ә Which bar bus? Challiga bar bus.

Shin kaidah? Min Kazanda. Alfia Kaida? Alfiya Maskәүdә. Marat Kaida? Challida street. Ә min kaida? Min aylda.

Text

Think so. You say: “Come.” I come. I'm coming. Are you going. You come, I go. I write and you read. I am reading…

Where are we going? What are we doing? We come and go. What kind of person are you? I don't know. You read, but you leave. I don't understand you.

We think and think. Today I say: “Come!” Are you going.

I love you. And do you love me? Don't know.

I'm writing to you. I think and write. What am I writing?

I love you, I think about you. And you're leaving. I think: you don’t know me, so I come and you leave.

I think, then I write again:

I love you. And where are you? I don't know. I think about you. I don’t know when you will come to me.

I don't know, I think so. I think, I think, maybe she doesn’t love me, I think...

But I love you...

Shulay uylym. Sin: “Kil,” you say. Min kilom. Kilam, sin kitesen. Kilesen, min kitәm. Min yazam, sin ukyysyn. Min ukyim...

Without kaya barabyz? Without a niche without? Kilbez and kitebez. Sin nindi man? Min I don't know. Sin ukyysyn, but kitesen. I don’t understand Min Blue.

Without uylyybyz and uylyybyz. Today min әytәm: “Kil!” – dim. Sin kitesen.

I love min blue. Ә sin mine yaratasyңmy? Don't know.

Min sinya yazam. Uylym and yazam. Min narsә yazam?

Sine yaratam, sinen turanda uylym. Ә sin kitәsen. Uylym: sin mine belmisen, therefore min kilim, sin kitesen.

Uylym, then another yazam:

Min sine yaratam. Ә sin kaida? Min belmim. Min sinin turanda uylym. Sin kaichan mina kilesen, I don’t know.

I don’t know, min shulai uylym. Uylym, uylym yes, or maybe ul mine doesn’t like deep uylym...

But min is blue yaratam.

Shulay uylym. Sin: “Kil,” – diseng. Min kilom. Kilam, sin kitesen. Kilesen, min kitәm. Min yazam, sin ukyysyn. Min ukyim...

Bu nәrsә?

Without kaya barabyz? Without a niche without? Kilәbez dә kitәbez. Sin nindi keshe? Min belmim. Sin ukyysyn, lakin kitesen. Min sine anlamym.

Without uylybyz and uylybyz. Bugen min әytәm: “Kil!” – dim. Sin kitesen.

Min sine yaratam. Ә sin mine yaratasyңmy? Belmim.

Min sinya yazam. Uylym һәm yazyam. Min narsә yazam?

Sine yaratam, sinen turanda uylym. Ә sin kitәsen. Uylym: sin mine belmisen, shuna kurә min kilim, sin kitesen.

Belmim, min shulai uylym. Uylym, uylym yes, ә balki st mine yaratmyydyr deep uylym...

Ә min bit sine yaratam.

NOUN

In the Tatar language, the noun has two features compared to Russian. Firstly, there is no category of gender, and secondly, there is a category of belonging. It is clear that the latter category needs to be given more attention.

It would seem that in the Tatar language the plural is formed easily and simply: you just need to attach the suffix to the unchangeable root - lar (-lәr, -nar, -nәr). The last two options appear if the word ends with nasal sounds - n, -m, -ң.

However, in comparison with the Russian language, Tatar has practically no nouns that are used only in the plural or only in the singular. Respectively:

Kuzlek (glasses) – kuzleklar (many glasses);

Chalbar (trousers) – chalbarlar (many trousers);

Kapka (gate) – kapkalar (many gates).

Narsә (what) – nәrsәlәr (what – in the plural);

Kem (who) – kemnәr (who – in the plural).

This phenomenon is already connected with the history of Russian grammar: words denoting paired objects are rudiments of the dual number of the Old Church Slavonic language.

Affix -lar/-lәr/-nar/-nәr not used if the meaning of plurality is expressed by the context itself. For example, in combination with numerals ( bish kitap – five books; alty suz – six words), or with words kүp (many), әз (few) and so on.

Do not forget that the Tatar language is a contextual language, and often the meaning of plurality is expressed by context and without the suffix - lar. For example:

Ul at() kөtә. - He grazes horses.

Anyn kuly() altyn. - He has golden hands.

Alar yakhshy ashley(). - They work well.

Note that one of the main internal laws of the development of any language is the law of economy of linguistic means. Obviously, if it is clear from the context that we are talking about plurality, then the use - lar is not a necessity.

In some cases, the plurality suffix is used for stylistic purposes, such as Tufannar (Hasan Tufan - Tatar poet), Җәlillәr (Musa Jalil - Tatar poet). But this is already easier, since in Russian you can also find similar expressions:

Internet chorynda Җәліләр tumy inde.

In the age of the Internet, Jalili are no longer born.

The Tatar noun has a case system of six cases. But it is built differently than in Russian. Firstly, Tatar cases do not coincide with Russian ones, with the exception of the accusative case, and, secondly, the case affixes of the Tatar language are almost unambiguous. Hence the advice: memorize case endings until they become automatic.

1) Basic case (Bash kilesh) – who? What? (by whom? nәrsә?) has zero endings. It can practically be considered equal to the nominative case of the Russian language.

The main case of the Tatar language can replace the accusative and possessive cases in its meaning. Accordingly, in such cases it is translated into Russian in the accusative or genitive case. For example:

Min kitap ukyym.

I am reading book.(Accusative).

Min – university students. (Basic case – Bash kilesh).

I am a student university. (Genitive).

There is only one piece of advice: when translating, do not focus on the unambiguity of the translation. Always try to approach translation “creatively” - there are practically no unambiguous translations of a word or grammatical meaning.

2) Possessive case (Iyalek kileshe) of whom? what? whose? (by whom not ? nәrsә not ?). This case is the most difficult for students to understand. When mastering this case, one should rely on the concept of belonging - belonging to whom? what? whose? As we can see, in Russian it corresponds to one of the meanings of the genitive case.

This case is in the English language - it is the only one there - the boy’s books (boy’s books); Thomas’ car (Thomas’s car); mother's room (mother's room, mother's room).

3) Directive case (Yunalesh kileshe) – to whom? what? Where? (by whom gә ? nәrsә gә ?). This case has a spatial meaning and is more convenient to represent in a diagram.

Its difference from the dative case is that the directive case often performs the functions of the Russian accusative.

Without oy gә kerdeck We went into the house. ( Where? - accusative)

Bus Kazan ha bar. The bus goes to Kazan. ( Where? - accusative)

4) Accusative case (Toshem kileshe) of whom? What? (by whom Not ? nәrsә Not ?). To translate this case, it is best to remember the school rule: “(I see, love) whom? What?" and substitute these words. As for the accusative case, here we would like to draw attention to the category of animate-inanimate in the Tatar language. If the border between “who” and “what” in the Russian language runs along the line separating animals from plants, then in the Tatar language this border lies somewhere between humans and animals. Just like in English. Question by whom? (who?) can be applied to people, as well as in relation to close beloved animals, as if equating them to humans.

5) Original case (Chygysh kileshe) – from where? from whom? from what? (by whom nәn ? nәrsә dәn ?). This case is the opposite of the directive and is also reflected well in the diagram.

6) Locally-temporal case (Uryn-vakyt kileshe) – where? When? (by whom yes ? nәrsә yes ? Kaida? kaichan?). This case, as a rule, does not present much difficulty for students. The main thing is to memorize the affixes and their meanings automatically.

Case affixes remain unchanged, except for phonetic variations.

K-NEG-

Decline the words and translate:

kitap - kitabnyn (at the book), kitapka (in the book, to the book), kitapny (book), kitaptan (from the book), kitapta (in the book); san, shәһәr (city), machine, kharef, ishek, tact.