Ocean inside the planet. Terrestrial origin of water. How was water formed, or when did the process begin? The appearance of water on earth

Where did water come from on Earth? How many hypotheses for the appearance of water on Earth are there?

The origin of water on Earth is as unclear as the origin of our planet itself. There are several hypotheses about where the water came from. Depending on the answer to this question, scientists were divided into two camps - supporters of the meteorite origin and supporters of the hot origin of the Earth. The first believe that the Earth was originally a large, cold, solid meteorite, the second - that it was a molten fireball.
Proponents of meteorite origin say that water in the form of an icy or snow-like mass was part of the same meteorite that became the great-great-great-grandfather of the Earth. Proponents of hot origin argue that water was released, like sweat, from the heated deep substance (magma) of the Earth during the process of its cooling and hardening (crystallization). Water seeped to the surface and accumulated in the lowlands - this is how seas and oceans gradually formed.
And then, due to the fact that the Sun unevenly heated the surface of the Earth, the water cycle began, rivers, lakes, etc. appeared.
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There are six hypotheses for the appearance of water on the globe.
First: The first hypothesis comes from the hot origin of the Earth. It is believed that the Earth was once a molten ball of fire, which, radiating heat into space, gradually cooled. The primordial crust appeared, chemical compounds of elements arose, and among them the compound of hydrogen and oxygen, or, more simply, water.
The space around the Earth became increasingly filled with gases that continuously erupted from cracks in the cooling crust. As the vapor cooled, it formed a cloud cover that tightly enveloped our planet. When the temperature in the gas envelope dropped so much that the moisture contained in the clouds turned into water, the first rains fell. Millennium after millennium the rains fell. They became the source of water that gradually filled the oceanic depressions and formed the World Ocean.
Second: The second hypothesis comes from the cold origin of the Earth with its subsequent heating. The heating caused volcanic activity. Lava erupted by volcanoes carried water vapor to the surface of the planet. Some of the vapor, condensing, filled the oceanic depressions, and some formed the atmosphere. As has now been confirmed, the main arena of volcanic activity in the early stages of the Earth's evolution was indeed the bottom of modern oceans.
According to this hypothesis, water was already contained in the primary matter from which our Earth was formed. Confirmation of this possibility is the presence of water in meteorites falling to Earth. In heavenly stones it is up to 0.5%. At first glance, a tiny amount.
Now let's estimate: the Earth weighs 6-1021 tons. If it was formed from similar meteorites, then it should now contain approximately 30-1018 tons of water! Then the total amount of water on Earth (1315)109 tons is at least 200 times less than the true one. It turns out that our old Earth is saturated with water from the very center to the surface, like a sponge.
Third: The third hypothesis also comes from the cold origin of the Earth with its subsequent heating.
At some stage of heating in the Earth's mantle at depths of 50–70 km, water vapor began to arise from hydrogen and oxygen ions. However, the high temperature of the mantle did not allow it to enter into chemical compounds with the mantle matter.
Under the influence of enormous pressure, steam was squeezed into the upper layers of the mantle, and then into the Earth’s crust. In the crust, lower temperatures stimulated chemical reactions between minerals and water, as a result of loosening the rocks, cracks and voids formed, which were immediately filled with free water. Under the influence of water pressure, the cracks split, turned into faults, and water rushed through them to the surface. This is how the primary oceans arose.
However, the activity of water in the Earth's crust did not end there. Hot water dissolved acids and alkalis quite easily. This hellish mixture corroded everything and everyone around, turning into a kind of brine, which gave the sea water its inherent salinity to this day.
Millennia replaced each other. The brine inexorably spread wider and deeper under the granite foundations of the continents. It was not given to him to penetrate into the granite itself. The porous structure of granite, like a thin filter, retained suspended matter. The filter became clogged, and when clogged, it began to play the role of a screen, blocking the path of water.
If all this took place, then under the continents at a depth of 12–20 km there are oceans of compressed water saturated with dissolved salts and metals. It is quite possible that such oceans also spread under the many kilometers of basalt bottom of the terrestrial oceans.
The above hypothesis is supported by a sharp increase in the speed of seismic waves at a depth of 1520 km, i.e. exactly where the boundary of the supposed interface between granite and the brine surface should lie, the boundary of a sharp change in the physicochemical properties of the substance.
Each planet is “cooked in its own juice,” that is, inside the field, like the yolk inside the white of an egg, and the planet’s field is fed by cosmic dust, consisting of different fractions of asteroid debris from collapsed old planets. From this material, like from clay, external movements in conditions of eternal inequality of the ratio of the sum and its components, manifested in the form of winds from different directions, gravitationally, like cosmic mists, are swept into heaps, forcing everyone to push and lose their energy, which leads them to eternal rapprochement, unification. This is how different structures are born at different levels: stellar, planetary, molecular, atomic.
October 25, 2016 Piven Gregory is the author of the hypothesis about the formation of planets.
Judging by several of your questions, you also watched a film about the origin of the Earth today on the Culture channel. Everything is told there :)
One of the leading ones is that it was formed from fallen “celestial bodies” such as asteroids, meteorites and other small debris.
Every year, many megatons of cosmic dust alone fall on the Earth (I’m afraid I’m wrong), not to mention meteorites, especially not to mention those ancient times when hundreds or thousands of times more fell.
After looking through the topic, I came to the following conclusions.
Initially, there was no free oxygen in the atmosphere, nor hydrogen. Hydrogen, in general, is very volatile and if it were emitted from the bowels of the Earth, it would fly into space. But it should have all burned up during the formation of the Earth, therefore the formation of pure hydrogen does not occur inside the Earth. Therefore, water cannot be produced in the depths. This means that water could have been produced through reactions on the surface. Nitrogen oxide is suitable for this, as well as metal oxides, which can be reduced under the influence of electrical discharges.
If we take as a basis the methane atmosphere, as on Titan, then when the planet was bombarded with electrical discharges, a gas was formed from metal oxides - nitrogen oxide (2). In the absence of oxygen in the atmosphere, cosmic hydrogen interacts with nitrogen oxide (2) to form water. The whole question is the weak concentration of hydrogen in outer space. Consequently, only the Sun could give hydrogen to the Earth, which confirms the creative - divine nature of our luminary. When our planet was bombarded with hydrogen ions, the nitrogen gas of the primary atmosphere turned into water and the seas filled.
This is my unscientific opinion.
http://www.sciteclibrary.ru/cgi-bin/yabb2/YaBB.pl?num=1422849506 Here you will learn how water is formed! Water, like oil, is needed for the functioning of the planet itself, it’s like blood, if 3 liters of blood are drained from you.... so the planet is suffering in convulsions - global climate change - menopause will come soon!
The formation of the elements of matter is described in the source of knowledge. I can give.
World creation.. . Genesis chapter 1...

Scientists are still arguing about the appearance of water on Earth. One friend started looking for hypotheses. I found six of them. There is no agreement in this world! Where does water on Earth come from - answer options.

Hypotheses about the origin of water on Earth

First hypothesis. Hot origin of the Earth

It is believed that the Earth was once a molten ball of fire, which, radiating heat into space, gradually cooled. The primordial crust appeared, chemical compounds of elements arose, and among them the compound of hydrogen and oxygen, or, more simply, water.

The space around the Earth became increasingly filled with gases that continuously erupted from cracks in the cooling crust. As the vapor cooled, it formed a cloud cover that tightly enveloped our planet. When the temperature in the gas envelope dropped so much that the moisture contained in the clouds turned into water, the first rains fell.

Millennium after millennium the rains fell. They became the source of water that gradually filled the oceanic depressions and formed the World Ocean.

Second hypothesis. Cold Origin of the Earth

The Earth was cold, and then it began to warm up. The heating caused volcanic activity. Lava erupted by volcanoes carried water vapor to the surface of the planet. Some of the vapor, condensing, filled the oceanic depressions, and some formed the atmosphere. As has now been confirmed, the main arena of volcanic activity in the early stages of the Earth's evolution was indeed the bottom of modern oceans.

According to this hypothesis, the water was contained already in that primary matter, from which our Earth was formed. Confirmation of this possibility is the presence of water in meteorites falling to Earth. In “heavenly stones” it is up to 0.5%. At first glance, a tiny amount. How unconvincing!

Third hypothesis

The third hypothesis again comes from the “cold” origin of the Earth with its subsequent heating.
At some stage of heating in the Earth's mantle at depths of 50-70 km, water vapor began to arise from hydrogen and oxygen ions. However, the high temperature of the mantle did not allow it to enter into chemical compounds with the mantle matter.

Under the influence of enormous pressure, steam was squeezed into the upper layers of the mantle, and then into the Earth’s crust. In the crust, lower temperatures stimulated chemical reactions between minerals and water, as a result of loosening the rocks, cracks and voids formed, which were immediately filled with free water. Under the influence of water pressure, the cracks split, turned into faults, and water rushed through them to the surface. This is how the primary oceans arose.

However, the activity of water in the Earth's crust did not end there. Hot water dissolved acids and alkalis quite easily. This “hellish mixture” corroded everything and everyone around, turning into a kind of brine, which gave the sea water its inherent salinity to this day.

Millennia replaced each other. The brine inexorably spread wider and deeper under the granite foundations of the continents. It was not given to him to penetrate into the granite itself. The porous structure of granite, like a thin filter, retained suspended matter. The “filter” became clogged, and when clogged, it began to play the role of a screen, blocking the path of water.

If all this took place, then under the continents at a depth of 12-20 km there are oceans of compressed water saturated with dissolved salts and metals. It is quite possible that such oceans also spread under the many kilometers of basalt bottom of the terrestrial oceans.

This hypothesis is supported by a sharp increase in the speed of seismic waves at a depth of 15-20 km, i.e. exactly where the supposed interface between granite and the brine surface should lie, the boundary of a sharp change in the physical and chemical properties of the substance.

This hypothesis is also confirmed by the so-called continental drift. The granite masses of the continents are moving. They “float”, although their speed of movement is only a few centimeters per century. Why not assume that the oceans of brines act as a kind of film under the “bottoms” of the continents, like a film of oil in a bearing between the axle and the shaft.

If brines exist, then in the future humanity will probably use them as the richest liquid ore in which the most valuable elements and their compounds are dissolved.

The fourth hypothesis of the English astrophysicist Hoyle

Its essence is this: the condensation of the protoplanetary cloud surrounding our proto-Sun proceeded unequally at different distances from the Sun. The farther from it, the lower the temperature of the cloud. Closer to the Sun, say, metals could condense as more refractory substances. And where the orbits of Uranus, Neptune and Pluto pass, according to Hoyle’s calculations, the temperature was approximately 350 K, which is already sufficient for the condensation of water vapor.

It is this circumstance that can explain the “watery” nature of Uranus, Neptune and Pluto, formed in the process of merging particles of ice and snow. The “water” nature of these planets is confirmed by the latest astronomical observations.

However, during the formation of the outer planets, there was a gravitational “pushing” of ice blocks into the region of the inner planets. Those blocks that were of sufficient size, without having time to completely evaporate from the sun’s rays, reached the Earth and fell on it in the form of a kind of icy “rain.” Obviously, such “rains” were more abundant on Mars and very scarce on Venus.

Hoyle's calculations confirm the possibility of the formation of Earth's oceans from freezing rain, which took only a few million years.

Fifth hypothesis

It, like the fourth, assumes a purely cosmic origin of water, but from other sources. The fact is that a shower of electrically charged particles is continuously falling onto the Earth from the depths of space. And among these particles, a fair proportion are protons - the nuclei of hydrogen atoms. Penetrating the upper layers of the atmosphere, protons capture electrons and turn into hydrogen atoms, which immediately react with atmospheric oxygen. Water molecules are formed. Calculations have shown that a cosmic source of this kind is capable of producing almost 1.5 tons of water per year, and this water reaches the earth's surface in the form of precipitation.

One and a half tons... By global standards - an insignificant amount. But it should be borne in mind that the formation of such cosmic water began simultaneously with the emergence of the planet, i.e., more than 4 billion years ago.

Sixth hypothesis

As scientists have established, approximately 250 million years ago there was a single continent on Earth. Then, for unknown reasons, it cracked, and its parts began to creep apart, “floating” away from each other.

Evidence of the existence of a once single continent is not only the similarity of coastlines, but also the similarity of flora and fauna, the similarity of the geological structures of the coasts. In short, few people now doubt the unity of the Earth's continents in the past. Another thing causes bewilderment: how can continental blocks, like giant “icebergs,” float away from each other if their roots go tens of kilometers deep? And what sets them in motion?

Research in recent years has confirmed: yes, the continents “float”, the distance between them is continuously increasing. The movement of continents is brilliantly explained by the expanding Earth hypothesis. The hypothesis states: initially the Earth had a radius half as large as it is now. The continents, then merged together, encircled the planet. Oceans did not exist. And then, at the border of the Proterozoic and Mesozoic (250-300 million years ago), the Earth began to expand. The single continent gave way to cracks, which, when filled with water, turned into oceans. And from then to our time, the radius of the Earth has doubled!

The invention of atomic clocks made it possible to determine with absolute accuracy the longitude and latitude of earthly objects from the starry sky. Measurements have shown that our planet... continues to expand!

Europe, for example, is expanding. Moscow and Leningrad are “swimming” east at a speed of 1 cm per year. And Hamburg, located in the center of Europe, remains in place.

The speed of expansion of the European continent is enormous. Indeed, in just 20 million years (an insignificant period for a geological epoch), as a result of such movement, a bowl of the future ocean 4000 km wide could form.

However, until now, proponents of the expanding Earth hypothesis did not have any arguments with which they could explain why the Earth is expanding.
Now there are such arguments.

Let us remember first of all (and we will return to this later) that the Universe consists of 98% hydrogen, i.e., the element that gives birth to water. Our Earth is 98% hydrogen. It came to us along with those particles of cold cosmic dust from which all the planets of the solar system were formed. And among these particles there were also metal atoms.

This is where we come across an interesting phenomenon. It turns out that metals are capable of absorbing huge amounts of hydrogen - tens, hundreds and even thousands of volumes per volume. Further: the more hydrogen a metal absorbs (or attaches), the denser it becomes, i.e., it decreases more and more in volume. Yes, we didn’t make a reservation - it’s decreasing. Thus, alkali metals, by adding hydrogen, decrease in volume by 1.5 times already at atmospheric pressure. As for other metals (for example, iron and nickel, of which, according to scientists, the Earth’s core is composed), then at normal atmospheric pressure (105 Pa) the decrease in volume is very insignificant.

However, as the dust cloud compacted, its gravitational compression occurred, and the pressure inside the proto-Earth increased. Accordingly, the degree of hydrogen absorption by metals of the iron group also increased. Compression generated the antipode of pressure - heating.

And since the central regions of the formed planet were subjected to the greatest compression, the temperature there also increased more rapidly.

And at some stage of heating, when the temperature in the Earth’s core reached a certain critical value (the transition of quantitative growth to a new qualitative state!), the reverse process began - the release of hydrogen from metals.

The disintegration of metal-hydrogen compounds, i.e., the restoration of metal structures, caused a sharp increase in the volume of matter in the Earth's core. The expansion of the metal core manifested itself with such force that the mantle and crust of the planet, unable to withstand it, cracked.

Thus, the degassing of hydrogen was accompanied by the expansion of the Earth. Meanwhile, hydrogen, penetrating the enormous thickness of the planet, captured oxygen atoms along the way, and water vapor was already escaping to its surface. Condensing, the water filled the cracks in the crust. Oceans gradually formed.

So, six hypotheses of the origin of earthly water. Over time, it will become clear which of them is true. Perhaps all six will turn out to be true, each to some extent. In the meantime, the question “Where did water come from on Earth?” remains open.

Astronomy scientists from the French University of Bordeaux - Sean Raymond - and the Brazilian State University of Sao Paulo Julio de Mesquita Filho - Andre Isidoro - described the probable mechanism for the appearance of water on our planet. Scientists published their research in the publication Icarus. Raymond also wrote about the study on his blog.

Scientists believe that the water on our planet and the celestial bodies of the asteroid belt between the orbits of Jupiter and Mars have a common origin, which is primarily associated with the formation of gas giants in the Solar System.

Three quarters of the earth's surface is covered by oceans, but at the same time, the water that is on the surface occupies only one four thousandth of the total mass of the Earth. Water is present in both the core and mantle of the planet. Scientists do not know how much there is, but they estimate that it is about ten times more than on the surface.

Thus, experts say, there is little water on Earth, and there is also some on Mercury, the Moon, Mars and Venus. There was probably more water on Mars and Venus before. The main reservoir of water within Jupiter's orbit is the asteroid belt.

The core of the inner part of the belt (about 2-2.3 astronomical units from the Sun) is made up of rocky class S asteroids, and the outer part is dominated by carbonaceous asteroids of class C. Carbonaceous asteroids contain more water than rocky asteroids (water in class C asteroids is about 10 percent).

According to scientists, the origin of water can be determined by isotope analysis of hydrogen, which is contained in the water of various kinds of celestial objects. In addition to hydrogen with a nucleus of one proton (protium), hydrogen with a nucleus with a neutron and a proton (deuterium) and very rarely hydrogen with a nucleus with two neutrons and a proton (tritium) are sometimes found in nature.

Isotope analysis can reveal some features. The Sun and gas giants are characterized by a ratio of tritium to deuterium, which is several orders of magnitude lower than that of our planet. At the same time, class C asteroids have almost the same indicator as the Earth. Thus, this may indicate a common origin for the water.

The ratio of protium to deuterium in comets in the Oort cloud is approximately twice that of our planet. Within the orbit of Jupiter, there are three comets that have similar parameters, but there is also a comet with this indicator 3.5 times higher. This may indicate that the water on these comets may have a different origin and only part of this water was formed in the same way as on our planet.

Planet formation occurs in giant disks of gas and dust around young stars. Since the closer to the Sun, the hotter it is, planets that are rich in iron and silicon are formed there. The farther from the star, the colder it is, so celestial bodies there can also arise from water vapor. Our planet was formed in that part of the gas-dust disk where rocky celestial bodies devoid of water arose. Thus, water probably entered the Earth from outside.

At the same time, there are many differences between S and C class asteroids, so they could not have formed close to each other. In addition, the boundary beyond which the formation of icy celestial bodies occurred periodically moved during the evolution of the Solar System, and the planet Jupiter played a major role in this process.

According to scientists, the process of formation of Saturn and Jupiter occurred in several stages. Initially, these were solid celestial objects, the weight of which was several times greater than the mass of the modern Earth. Later they began to capture gas from the protoplanetary disk. This led to a sharp increase in the size and mass of the planets, and the giants began to clear a place for themselves in the protoplanetary disk.

Saturn and Jupiter were surrounded by small planetesimals - the predecessors of protoplanets. As Saturn and Jupiter grew, their orbits stretched, crossed the inner zone of the Solar System and moved away from the Sun. At the same time, the giants attracted gas from the protoplanetary disk, as a result of which, according to the simulation, the orbits of the planetesimals were adjusted by Jupiters and moved to where the asteroid belt is currently located.

The formation of Saturn occurred later than Jupiter, and its emergence provoked a new migration of planetesimals, but it was insignificant. Based on this, the researchers suggested that in the belt of the limits of the orbits of the giants, class C asteroids appeared after the completion of the formation of Saturn and Jupiter. In this case, part of the planetesimals could move to the orbit of Neptune.

According to researchers' assumptions, water came to Earth during the formation of the asteroid belt due to planetesimals of a certain type (more precisely, class C asteroids) with unstable and very elongated orbits that crossed the Earth's trajectory. And the main confirmation of this is hydrogen isotope analysis.

With the formation of Saturn and Jupiter and the disappearance of the protoplanetary disk, the delivery of water to our planet was almost completed. Thus, the hypothesis that explains the small size of the Red Planet by moving deeper into the solar system of Jupiter is associated with the mechanism of enrichment of the Earth with water. The appearance of water in the inner Solar System (both in the asteroid belt and on rocky planets) turns out to be just a side effect of the growth of the gas giants Saturn and Jupiter.

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Astronomers Sean Raymond (University of Bordeaux, France) and Andre Isidoro (University of São Paulo Julio de Mesquita Filho, Brazil) described a possible mechanism for how water got to Earth. Their research was published in the journal Icarus, available on the website arXiv.org, and the first author spoke about it on his blog.

Scientists believe that water on Earth and celestial bodies from the asteroid belt between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter has a common origin, primarily associated with the formation of gas giants in the Solar System.

Oceans cover three-quarters of the Earth, but the water on the surface accounts for only one four-thousandth of the planet's total mass. There is water both in the mantle (in the form of hydrated rocks) and in the Earth's core. How much there is is unknown, probably ten times more than on the surface.

In general, there is little water on Earth, and there is also some on the Moon, Mercury, Venus and Mars. Perhaps Venus and Mars once had more water. The main reservoir of water within the orbit of Jupiter is the asteroid belt.

In the inner part of the main belt, within 2−2.3 astronomical units from the Sun, asteroids of class S (rocky) predominate, in the outer part - class C (carbonaceous). There are other asteroids, but not so massive. Class C asteroids contain more water than class S—about ten percent (by mass).

The origin of water can be determined by conducting an isotopic analysis of the hydrogen contained in the water of various celestial bodies. In addition to protium, hydrogen with a nucleus of one proton, deuterium (with a proton and a neutron) and very rarely tritium (with a proton and two neutrons) are found in nature.

NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSS/Betsy Asher Hall/Gervasio Robles Jupiter

Isotope analysis reveals several features. The Sun and gas giants have a ratio of deuterium to tritium that is one to two orders of magnitude less than that of the Earth. But for class C asteroids this figure is almost the same as for our planet. This indicates a common origin of water.

Comets in the Oort cloud have a ratio of deuterium to protium that is approximately twice that of Earth. There are three comets within the orbit of Jupiter, for which this parameter is close to that of Earth, but there is also one comet where this parameter is 3.5 times higher. All this may mean that the water on comets has different origins and only part of it was formed in the same way as on Earth.

Ceres

Planets form around young stars in giant disks of gas and dust. Closer to the star it is too hot, so planets rich in silicon and iron appear there. Farther away from the star it is colder, where celestial bodies can also form from water ice. The Earth arose in that part of the protoplanetary disk where rocky celestial bodies were born, without water. This means that she came to the planet from outside.

On the other hand, S and C class asteroids are too different for them to form next to each other. In addition, the boundary beyond which icy celestial bodies formed constantly moved during the evolution of the Solar System, and Jupiter played a decisive role in this.

Jupiter and Saturn are believed to have formed in two stages. At first they were solid celestial bodies, several times heavier than the modern Earth, and then began to capture gas from the protoplanetary disk. At this stage, the mass and size of the planets increase sharply, the giants clear space for themselves in the protoplanetary disk.

Large Jupiter and Saturn were then surrounded by small planetesimals - the predecessors of protoplanets. As Jupiter and Saturn grew, the orbits of the planetesimals stretched, crossing the inner Solar System and moving away from the star. But Jupiter and Saturn still attracted gas from the protoplanetary disk, as a result of which, as the simulation showed, the orbits of the planetesimals were corrected by Jupiter and moved into the region of the modern asteroid belt.

Saturn arose later than Jupiter, and its formation led to a new migration of planetesimals, although not as significant. The main conclusion of the researchers is that class C asteroids appeared in the belt from the orbits of the gas giants after Jupiter and Saturn completed their formation (although some planetesimals could reach the orbit of Neptune).

According to scientists, water came to our planet during the formation of the asteroid belt thanks to planetesimals of a certain type (namely, class C asteroids) with highly eccentric (elongated) and unstable orbits that intersected the trajectory of the Earth. Hydrogen isotope analysis is the main confirmation of this.

The delivery of water to Earth was almost completed with the formation of Jupiter and Saturn and the disappearance of the protoplanetary disk. Thus, the popular hypothesis that explains the small size of Mars by the migration of Jupiter deeper into the Solar System correlates with the mechanism of enrichment of Earth with water. The appearance of water, the most important source of life on Earth, in the inner Solar System (both on rocky planets and in the asteroid belt) turns out to be simply a side effect of the growth of Jupiter and Saturn.

Oceans cover three-quarters of the Earth, but the water on the surface accounts for only one four-thousandth of the planet's total mass. Water is in both the mantle (in the form of hydrated rocks) and in the Earth's core. How much there is is unknown, probably ten times more than on the surface.

In the inner part of the main belt, within 2-2.3 astronomical units from the Sun, asteroids of class S (rocky) predominate, in the outer part - class C (carbonaceous). There are other asteroids, but not so massive. Class C asteroids contain more water than class S - about ten percent (by mass).

Photo: World History Archive / Globallookpress.com