Introduction Even as children, we all wanted to look under the water, but not just to open our eyes in the water in the bathtub, but for real, somewhere deep, for example, at the bottom of the sea or ocean. After all, everyone knows that the seabed has its own plains, mountains and even volcanoes. And in order to get there you need scuba gear, or diving suits, or even better, bathyscaphes.

Deep Sea Research This building housed the Institute of Marine Biology from 1972 to 1988. Underwater research is an information process, as it is associated with the accumulation of information about the underwater environment, the interaction of various objects under water, and the influence of the environment on its inhabitants and humans.

The first devices for working underwater, created in the centuries, were metal helmets and suits into which air was pumped through a hose. The air pressure inside such a suit prevented the penetration of water.

Atmospheric diving suit This is a durable, waterproof suit that is used for working at great depths. The diver inhales air supplied at normal atmospheric pressure. A powerful metal spacesuit allows you to withstand water pressure at a depth of 300 meters. Such equipment allows you to obtain data that is very difficult to collect in other ways.

The first scuba gear for a short dive Scuba is a device that allows a person to swim underwater without any connection with the surface. This scuba gear allowed you to dive to meters, and the time was minutes. It was invented in 1957 and tested in the summer of 1958. Scuba diving allows you to observe the behavior of marine life for a long time without disturbing them.

New generation scuba gear In order to move and work underwater, scuba divers use special suits. The equipment must include cylinders with a compressed mixture of oxygen and other gases, replacing air. This mixture enters the lungs through a hose with a breathing tube.

First generation underwater vehicle. It was built in 1964, its weight is 16.5 tons. Maximum diving depth is 4500 meters. In 1968, due to a launching accident, the Alvin sank at a depth of 1,540 meters, 110 miles south of Woods Hole, Massachusetts.

Deepest dive On January 23, 1960, the bathyscaphe Trieste plunged meters into the deepest part of the Pacific Ocean, the Mariana Trench. No one had ever dived deeper before. The bathyscaphes are equipped with sophisticated measuring instruments; they allow observation and taking samples from the bottom necessary for the work of biologists and the examination of deep-sea oases and coral reefs.

Afterword The most famous in our time is the team of Jacques-Yves Cousteau. Those who dived in the years played their role in the fact that now the underwater world is open and no longer holds secrets, at least those that can be encountered during an ordinary dive.

Books worth reading!!! These books are not known to everyone: M.V. Propp "In the depths of the five oceans"; Lucien Laubier “Oases at the bottom of the ocean” (hydrometeo publishing); V. Levin, V. Korobkov “Under water - BIOLOGISTS” These books contain a lot of interesting information that you may need in preparing a presentation or in lessons: Physics, Biology and Geography. Rozhkov Artyom 7 "A"

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“Pressure at the bottom of the seas and oceans” Teacher of the state educational institution “Sanatorium boarding school” of Kalininsk Vasylyk Marina Viktorovna Presentation on physics on the topic:

As depth increases, pressure increases. It reaches great values ​​at the bottom of seas and oceans. At a depth of 10 km, the water pressure is 100 million Pa.

But some animals live at such depths; their body is adapted to high water pressure. Electric Ray Moray Eel Squid Cuttlefish Octopus

Pearl divers can dive to a depth of 20 - 30 meters while holding their breath for 1 - 2 minutes.

To increase the time spent under water, a person uses reed tubes; leather bags with air supply, “diving bell”.

In 1943 The Frenchman J. Cousteau and E. Gagnan invented scuba gear.

Scuba gear allows you to stay underwater at a depth of about 40 meters for about an hour.

A soft diving suit is used at diving depths of several tens of meters.

At great depths, a hard “Pantsirny” spacesuit is used. You can dive to 300 meters in it.

It is lowered from the underwater vessel using a cable. The bathysphere is used to dive to a depth of 165m - 1km.

Bathyscaphe is an autonomous self-propelled vehicle. With the help of a bathyscaphe, the Swiss J. Piccard and D. Walsh reached the bottom of the Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean. (Depth 11022 m.)

Happy sailing!

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Text content of presentation slides: Exploration of the deep sea From the formula of hydrostatic pressure p = ρgh. it follows that at the same depth the fluid pressure is the same. It increases with depth. It reaches especially high values ​​at the bottom of seas and oceans. For example, at a depth of 10 km, water pressure is about 100 million pascals! Some animals live at great depths. The body of these animals is adapted to existence in conditions of high pressure, and exactly the same pressure exists inside them. Man began to explore the underwater world in ancient times. Experienced, well-trained divers (pearl divers, sponge collectors), holding their breath for 1-2 minutes, dived without any equipment to a depth of 20-30 (and sometimes more) meters. At great depths, the difference between the water pressure compressing the chest and the air pressure inside it increases so much that a person no longer has enough strength to increase the volume of the chest when inhaling and fill the lungs with fresh air. At a depth exceeding 1.5 m, you can only breathe air that is compressed to a pressure equal to the pressure of water at a given depth. In 1943, the French J. Cousteau and E. Gagnan invented scuba gear - a special device with compressed air designed for human breathing under water. Scuba gear allows you to stay under water from a few minutes (at a depth of about 40 m) to an hour or more (at shallow depths). Scuba diving to depths of more than 40 m is not recommended, since inhaling air compressed to high pressure can lead to nitrogen narcosis. At great depths, a person can only work in a hard (“shell”) spacesuit. In the latter case, the diving depth can reach up to 300 m. A three-bolt cap is equipment for safe diving under water... The Project 677 Lada submarine is the latest Russian innovation in this area. To study the seas and oceans at great depths, bathyspheres and bathyscaphes are used. A bathysphere is a deep-sea vehicle in the shape of a ball (made of steel or titanium alloy). It is lowered under the water from the ship on a cable. Inside the ball are placed 1-2 people, air supplies, scientific equipment and a telephone for communication with the surface. The maximum diving depth achieved with the help of a bathysphere in 1948 is 1360 m. The bathyscaphe consists of a steel gondola ball, which accommodates a crew of 2-; 3 people, equipment, communications and life support equipment, and a float-body filled with a liquid lighter than water (usually gasoline). The immersion depth is regulated by dumping ballast or releasing some of the gasoline. The bathyscaphe moves with the help of propellers. The first bathyscaphe was built and tested by the Swiss scientist O. Piccard in 1948. In January 1960, the scientist's son J. Piccard, together with D. Walsh, reached the bottom of the Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean (11,022 m) on the bathyscaphe. An English company created a special boat , capable of moving anywhere: both on water and under water, designed for three passengers. It weighs less than 400 kg and develops an amazing surface speed for such a vessel - 43 knots. Millionaire Richard Branson presented a miniature submarine for diving to record depths. The submarine, designed for just one person, can dive to a depth of 10 kilometers and work in autonomous mode for a day. The Traveler intends to explore the five deepest ocean trenches in the world QUESTIONS: 1. How can a person breathe while under water?2. What prevents people from diving at great depths without special equipment?3. What is scuba diving? Why does it use compressed air rather than ordinary air?4. What is the difference between a bathyscaphe and a bathysphere?

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Presentation on the topic: Deep sea exploration

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Diving bell A diving bell is currently a means of transporting divers in diving equipment to depths to the work site and back, with their subsequent transfer to a decompression chamber, but this was not always the case. The first historically reliable mention of the use of a diving bell dates back to 1531, when Guglielmo di Lorena on a lake near the city of Rome at a depth of 22 meters tried to find treasures from sunken galleys. In the middle of the 17th century, Swedish divers under the leadership of Albrekt von Treileben, using a diving bell, managed to lift over 50 cannons from the sunken ship Vasa to the surface. There is also a description of the successful use of a diving bell in the 19th century to lift gold bars and coins from the sunken British frigate Tethys.

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A diving bell Historically, it was a primitive tool for lowering a person under water and was made in the form of a box or an overturned barrel. The bell with the diver inside was lowered under water and the air inside had a pressure equal to the pressure of the surrounding water. The internal air space of the bell allowed the diver to breathe for some time and perform active actions - to go out or swim out to inspect and repair the underwater part of ships or to search for sunken treasures. Having completed the work, the diver returned to the bell and the device was lifted to the surface of the sea (reservoir) using a crane or winch. In the 19th century, a number of inventors (mechanic Gausen, Siebe) improved the design of the diving bell, creating designs that are rightfully considered primitive diving suits

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Diving suit A diving suit is special equipment designed to isolate the diver from the external environment. Parts of the equipment form a special shell, impermeable to gases and water. Spacesuits are divided into hard (normobaric, or atmospheric) and soft. Soft diving suit Made of rubber, helmet made of metal. Does not isolate the diver from the effects of external pressure (water). The simplest example of a soft diving suit is a three-bolt diving suit.

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Diving suit A rigid diving suit is designed for underwater observation and diving work by an operator under conditions of normal internal pressure. Equipment designed for deep-sea (up to 600 meters) work, during which the suit pilot continues to be at normal atmospheric pressure, which, accordingly, relieves concern about decompression, excludes nitrogen, oxygen and other poisonings. Currently, the Russian Navy is supplied with four sets of hard diving suits “HS-1200” (Canadian company “Oceanworks”) with a working diving depth of 365 meters. A diving suit that allows you to descend to a depth of 365 meters

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Scuba Aqualung (from Latin aqua, water + English lung, lung = Aqua-lung, “Water lung”) or scuba ba (English SCUBA, Self-contained underwater breathing apparatus, autonomous apparatus for breathing under water) - lung diving equipment that allows you to dive to depths of up to three hundred meters and easily move underwater. During the Second World War, devices with a closed breathing circuit were most popular. Working in the difficult conditions of German-occupied France, in 1943, Captain Jacques-Yves Cousteau and Émile Gagnan invented the first safe and effective underwater breathing apparatus, called an aqualung, which Cousteau later successfully used to dive to depths of 60 meters without any harmful consequences.

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Scuba gear Components of scuba gear Cylinder - one or two metal cylinders with a volume of 7-18 liters (sometimes 20 and 22 liter cylinders are found). Regulator - there can be several on one scuba gear (depending on the tasks solved during the dive). It usually consists of two parts: a gearbox and a lung demand valve. A buoyancy compensator is not required, but is widely used nowadays. Records: December 22, 2003 - 313 meters, set by Englishman Mark Eliot. 2005 - 318 meters, installed by South African Nuno Gomez. July 5, 2005 - 330 meters, Pascal Bernabe, French.

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