Ready-made presentations about the history of my library. The first libraries in Rus'. The appearance of libraries in Rus' is associated with the emergence of the ancient Russian state on the territory of our country - Kievan Rus
Library lesson
Malysheva Natalya Andreevna
Librarian S(K)OSHIVIII kind
Lysva city, Perm region
Subject. "The history of the book"
Goals:
Introduce children to the history of the creation of the book;
Promote the development of oral coherent speech and cognitive sphere;
Facilities. Computer + projector. Electronic presentation. School library books. Clay tablets. Silk fabric. Birch bark. Brushes + gouache. Metal knitting needles.
Location. Computer class.
During the classes
I . Org moment.
Hello guys. I'm glad to see you in the school library.
II . Introductory conversation.
Guys, our library contains a large number of different books - more than 18 thousand copies. Today I designed a book exhibition. Your task is to prepare a story about one of the books according to plan. Slide number 2.
Plan
What name has this book?
Who wrote it?
Where and when was the book published?
Work in pairs (children prepare an oral story about the book according to plan).
Children's stories.
Guys, put the books in order, taking into account the year of publication and the “age” of the books. Slide 3.
Davydychev L.I. Lyolishna from the third entrance. – Perm: Perm Book Publishing House, 1965.
Davydychev L.I. The difficult life of Ivan Semyonov, full of hardships and dangers. Perm: Perm Book Publishing House, 1973.
Gaidar A.P. Stories. – Moscow: Moscow Worker, 1986.
Ershov P.P. The Little Humpbacked Horse. – Moscow: “Children’s Literature”, 1990.
Davydychev L.I. Hands up or enemy number 1. – Perm: “Master Key”, 2006.
Vorobyov V.I. Fairy tales. – Perm: JSC IPK Zvezda, 2010.
How old is the oldest book in our school library? And the newest one? (children's answers)
Guys, do you know when the first book appeared in the world and what it was like? (children's answers)
Would you like to know about the history of the “birth” of the book? (children's answers)
III Setting the topic and goals.
Today you will learn when and where the first books appeared, what they were like, and about the history of the first printed book. You are given the opportunity to visit different parts of the globe, because our lesson will take the form of a trip. And we will travel by ship. Slide 4.
Decipher the name of the ship using the code. Slide 5.
So, young book lovers, our ship called “Book” is setting off on a journey to learn about the history of the book. A lot of interesting and unexpected things await us. Be attentive, collected, and friendly along the way. Slide 6, 7.
IV . Main part
1. Books in Ancient Egypt.
Librarian. Our ship plies the expanses of the Atlantic Ocean. Directly ahead is the ancient and mysterious country of Egypt. Slide 8.
In Ancient Egypt, texts were carved on stone slabs. Slide 9.
Then the ancient peoples made books from clay. They pressed special symbols with a sharp stick on tiles of soft clay. Then the clay tablets were dried or fired. Books were made from such tablets. Slide 10.
Practical work.
Guys, let's imagine ourselves as ancient Egyptians and try to write the words on clay: book, word.
Librarian. The Egyptians later invented papyrus.Papyrus – river reed with a tall and thick trunk. The sheet made of papyrus could not be folded or bent. The pages were glued together lengthwise and rolled into scrolls, the length of which could reach several tens of meters. Slide 11.
Questions:
What did the ancient Egyptians make books from?
2. Books in Ancient Greece.
Librarian. Let's continue our exciting journey. The ship is heading for Ancient Greece. Slide 12.
Librarian. Writing material was invented in the ancient city of Pergamum. It was named parchment after the name of the place where it was invented. Parchment is made from the skins of young animals - calves, goats, sheep, rabbits. To make this material, animal skins were thoroughly washed and soaked in ash, then cleaned of any remaining wool and fat. The leather was stretched on frames, smoothed with pumice, dried and carefully scraped, giving it a smooth surface. The skins produced a white, thin, extremely durable material - parchment. You could write on it on both sides. Parchment was more expensive than papyrus, but more durable. Slide 13.
Questions
What writing material was invented?
Why do you think parchment was more expensive than papyrus?
3. Books in Ancient China.
Librarian. And now we are greeted by an amazing country - Ancient China. Slide 14.
First, in China, the first books were written on thin bamboo plates, which were strung on strong twine.
Later, the Chinese wrote their books with a brush and ink on silk. Slide 15.
Practical work.
Guys, let’s imagine ourselves as ancient Chinese and try to write a hieroglyph on silk fabric that means the word “book”.
Letter of hieroglyph for the word “book”.
Librarian. China is considered the birthplace of paper. It was in China that paper was invented. It is believed that this was done by a Chinese scientist named Cai Lun. He made a sticky mixture from bamboo and water, rolled it into a flat sheet and left the sheet to dry in the sun. The secret of making paper was kept for almost five centuries. Only in the 6th century did the Japanese learn about it. In 751, near Samarkand, the Arabs managed to capture several Chinese craftsmen, who were forced to reveal the secret of making paper. This is how paper penetrated into Persia, then into Arabia, from where the Arabs brought it to Europe in the 11th century. Slide 16.
Questions
Who invented paper?
What plant was paper made from in ancient China?
Why was the secret of paper making kept for a long time?
4. Creation of the first printed book in Germany.
Librarian. I invite you guys to go to Germany. Slide 17.
Here in the 15th century, in the small city of Mainz, the first printing press was created and the first printed book was published. The modern method of printing was invented by the German Johann Guttenberg. In an hour, it could print about 16 pages of a book. Gutenberg composed words by connecting metal letters called type. Slide 18, 19.
Questions
Who invented the first printing press?
5. History of the creation of the book in Russia.
Librarian. And now our ship is approaching its native shores. Now you will find out what the first books were like in Rus', when the first printed book appeared. Slide 20.
What do you think books were made of in Rus' when there was no paper yet?
Student's story (prepared). In Russia they wrote on the birch bark of trees. Birch bark books appeared in Rus' in the 9th century. To make books, birch bark was boiled, the inner layer of bark was scraped off, and then the edges were cut into the desired shape. After undergoing this treatment, birch bark became elastic and soft. Letters on birch bark were scratched with a sharp iron or bone rod - a pen. Slide 21.
Practical exercise. Using an iron rod, write the word “letter” on the birch bark.
Student's story. Later, books were created from paper, but they were handwritten, not printed. They were copied by hand for many months by special copyists - scribes. Handwritten books were few and far between, and they were expensive. Old handwritten books were worth their weight in gold. To better preserve books, bindings were made from wooden planks. They were covered with thin leather or expensive fabric. The first handwritten book was the Ostromir Gospel. Slide 22, 23.
Exercise. Among the ancient books is the book “The Bee” (second half of the 14th century), intended for home reading and containing teachings. Restore a passage of text from this book. Explain the meaning of the statements. Slide 24.
(A good advisor is better than any wealth.
Teaching is an adornment for the noble, salvation for the poor).
Librarian. And so, in 1553, the first book printing press was built in Moscow, and Ivan Fedorov became the first printer. The first Russian printed book - “The Apostle” - was published on March 1, 1564. Listen to the story of the pioneer printer Ivan Fedorov. Slide 26, 27.
A student reads a poem.
Well, listen, here's my story:
I've been reading books since childhood,
In them I saw the source of wisdom.
And from an early age I already dreamed,
But here was the problem:
Not everyone has seen the book,
And take it in your hands -
That's a rare piece of luck.
It takes a long time to write them by hand.
That's why we decided
Book printing begins in Moscow.
I was lucky, our Tsar Ivan,
That among the people he was called Terrible,
Gave permission for the printing press -
And with God's help our work began.
We cast letters and fonts -
It was not easy to do a new thing,
We didn't sleep during the dark nights.
And a new book came out - “The Apostle”. Slide 28.
Questions
In which city did printing appear?
Which king gave permission for printing?
What was the name of the first printed book?
How long do you think Ivan Fedorov and his assistants worked on the first printed book?
Librarian. Nowadays, it takes much less time to create a book. In the next library lesson you will learn about how, where and by whom modern books are created.
V . Solving the crossword puzzle.
Now we will check whether you were attentive during the trip. Solve the crossword puzzle. Slide 30.
Questions for the crossword:
How were papyrus books stored in ancient times?
What was the name of the writing material made from animal skins?
What did the ancient Egyptians make books from?
The invention of what material for creating books belongs to the Chinese?
What else did they write on in Ancient Egypt?
VI . Repetition
1. Compiling a story according to plan.
Children tell stories at will.
2. Literature review
Librarian. You can learn a lot of interesting information about the history of the creation of the book from the following sources:
Book by Osetrova E.I. “Az is the light of the world” tells about the history of Russian writing and ancient Russian writers.
In the anthology “Your Russia” you can find interesting information about the creation of birch bark letters, about chroniclers, about the library of Prince Yaroslav the Wise.
VIII . Reflection.
Guys, our journey has come to an end. What was interesting for you? What new things have you learned? What do you wish for each other? Complete the phrases.
Slide 32.
Today in class I learned...
It was interesting to me …
I wish the guys...
Librarian. And I wish you to be active readers, appreciate books, and treat them with care. Thank you all for your work.
Bibliography
Library lessons. Issue 2. Teaching schoolchildren the basics of library and bibliographic knowledge. 1-11 grades / M.: Globus, Volgograd: Panorama, 2007. – 160 p. - (School).
Osetrov E.I. Az is the light of the world: A story in short stories about Rus', oral, written, printed / Art. G. Ordynsky. – M.: Det.lit., 1989. – 303 p.: ill.
Puzanov B.P. History of Russia: textbook. For 7th grade. special (correctional) educational institutions of the VIII type / [B.P. Puzanov and others]. – M.: Humanitarian. ed. VLADOS Center, 2005. – 311 p.: ill. – (Special (correctional) general education school of the VIII type).
Reznik N.M. How the word originated... // Read, learn, play. 2003. No. 1.
Library, translated from Greek – “biblio” - book, “teka” - repository, that is, “storehouse of books”.
The role of libraries in people's lives can be judged by the figurative names that have long been assigned to them. They were called temples of wisdom, the memory of humanity, repositories of the treasures of civilization.
The library is an ordinary and at the same time amazing place, because books live in this room. We are accustomed to a book, we rarely think of it as a miracle, as a treasure, and it happens that we do not always appreciate and take care of it. But think about it, until recently the book was the only means of transmitting knowledge from generation to generation. As soon as people invented writing, it became possible to collect and accumulate knowledge.
The entire history of the human mind is connected with books and libraries. This is not a calm story at all! They fought for books, burned them, lost them, found them, dug them up in the ruins of cities buried by time, saved them from enemy invasion as the most precious thing. Today's library seems to be the epitome of peace, quiet and order.
As at all times, she serves people. It is interesting that the first libraries were not just a room where books were stored: they were real libraries in the full sense of the word. There were special tablets on which the first lines of the works stored in the library were written, which helped to conveniently group and then find the required literary source.
The very first libraries appeared in Ancient Egypt. They were called "houses of papyrus" and "houses of life." They were created at palaces and temples. Egyptian pharaohs attached great importance to education. During excavations above the entrance to one of the rooms of the palace of Ramses II, archaeologists discovered the inscription: “Pharmacy for the soul.” According to the ancient Egyptians, books can be compared to a medicine that makes a person’s mind strong and ennobles his soul.
In the 19th century, archaeologists excavated the capital of the Assyrian kings, Nineveh, on the banks of the Tigris River and discovered a cuneiform library there, established by King Ashurbanipal. It was called the “House of Instructions and Advice” and was a huge collection of clay tablets, which, at the direction of the king, were taken from the temples and from the houses of noble and educated Assyrians.
The tablets remained for about twenty years in the British Museum in London. When scientists managed to decipher the cuneiform, it became clear that this was a whole library of clay books. Each such “book” consisted of “sheets” - tablets of the same size. On each tablet was the title of the book - the initial words of the first tablet, and also the number of the “sheet”. The books were placed in strict order, there were catalogs - lists indicating the names of the books and the number of lines in each tablet. It is noteworthy that this library had a thematic catalogue. All her books were divided into topics: history, law, astronomy, mathematics, medicine, legends and myths. The catalog reflected the title of the work. As well as the room and shelf where one should look for the desired sign. About 30 thousand clay books were kept there, each of which had a cuneiform stamp on it: “Palace of Ashurbanipal, King of the Universe, King of Assyria.” The Library of Nineveh is the most famous ancient library.
Ancient Greece, or Hellas, was famous for its scientists and philosophers who created schools and academies with libraries. The first public library was founded by the tyrant Clearchus in Heraclea. The largest private library was considered to be the collection of the ancient Greek philosopher and scientist Aristotle. Aristotle's library in Lyca, in the Athens region, where the great ancient philosopher gave his lectures, contained tens of thousands of scrolls. After the death of the scientist, his library became part of the Museion, the Temple of the Muses. During excavations at Geherculaneum, the library of the poet Philodemus was discovered, which contained about 1860 scrolls.
The center of Egyptian culture was Alexandria, where the Ptolemaic dynasty ruled. At the beginning of the third century BC, Ptolemy I decided to turn Egypt into a center of culture and the arts and founded the famous Museion (following the example of the Athenian one). It was a huge ensemble: a university with classrooms and living quarters, an observatory, a botanical garden, a zoo and a famous library of papyrus scrolls. Ptolemy II expanded the Library of Alexandria, sending his people to all corners of the world to obtain the most valuable works.
Under Ptolemy II, the patron saint of scientists and poets, the Museion and the Library of Alexandria reached their greatest prosperity. The son of Ptolemy II, Ptolemy III, issued a decree according to which anyone arriving in the harbor was obliged to give up or sell the books he had. They were transferred to the library, and copies were returned to the owners with a note that they corresponded to the original. The library's collection consisted of 700-800 thousand texts in many languages.
In 47 BC, part of the library burned down, the other was destroyed during clashes between pagans and Christians.
Modern Library of Alexandria. Egypt.
The Library of Alexandria was rivaled by the Library of Pergamon, which was created in the second century BC and contained about 200 thousand papyrus and parchment manuscripts. The Pergamon Library was second only to the Library of Alexandria in terms of the size of its collection. Most of it consisted of medical treatises - Pergamum was considered the center of medicine. The history of the library ended in 43 BC, when Pergamum became a province of Rome, and most of the books ended up in the Library of Alexandria.
Today Pergamum is located in Turkey, and the ruins of the library are among the tourist sites.
The first Roman public library was created according to Greek models by Sesonius Pollio. Later, libraries arose in the Roman Empire, established by the emperors Augustus, Tiberius, Trajan, and Byzantine rulers. The earliest Christian libraries arose in large Episcopal churches.
In 1037, the Kiev prince Yaroslav the Wise (about 980 - 1054) founded the first library in Kievan Rus. She was in the Kiev St. Sophia Cathedral. It was the most complete collection of written monuments of Ancient Rus' - the Gospel, books of prophets, lives of saints. Important government documents were also kept here. 500 volumes - not many European libraries could boast of such a collection at that time. It is unknown where the library of Yaroslav the Wise disappeared: perhaps it perished during a great fire in 1124 or was destroyed in 1240 during the defeat of Kyiv by the troops of the Mongol Khan Batu.
One of the most mysterious libraries is the library of the first Russian Tsar Ivan the Terrible (1530 – 1584). He possessed a unique book collection, which he kept in the deep dungeons of the Kremlin. Foreigners who saw the book collection said that there were, among other things, very rare books. After the death of the king, his library became a legend, as it disappeared without a trace. The mystery of the library has haunted historians and archaeologists for centuries. To this day, the search for the library has not been successful.
Since the time when the first libraries arose, their custodians have been concerned that books do not go missing. The book sign has long served this purpose. Nowadays it is called bookplate.
The first public library in Russia was the Public Library in St. Petersburg. It was founded in 1795. It was allowed to be visited by “all decently dressed citizens” three days a week from 9 am until sunset.
The largest in Russia, and the second in the world in terms of the number of stored materials (after the US Library of Congress) is the Russian State Library in Moscow (until 1992 - Lenin Library). It contains about 40 million publications. Currently, microfiche, microfilms, transparencies, audio and video cassettes are becoming more and more widespread and included in the collection of libraries, and electronic media are also becoming more widespread.
Libraries are: state, municipal, private, educational and scientific.
There are special libraries: historical, medical, technical, pedagogical, artistic, agricultural, etc.
And there are the most ordinary libraries, which are always close to home - regional ones, where you can just go and read a few pages about something interesting or leaf through a magazine that you have no longer been able to subscribe to or buy.
And there are probably also personal (home) libraries in every family, at least those about which Conan Doyle wrote: “Let your bookshelf be poor, let it decorate your home. Close the door of the room from the inside... You have left everything low, everything vulgar behind. Here, waiting for you, your silent friends stand in rows. Look around their formation. Choose the one that is closest to your soul now. Now all that remains is to reach out to him and go with him to the land of dreams.”
Eternal companions: writers about books, reading, bibliophilia / Comp. A. Blum. - M: Book, 1983. - 223 p.
School Student's Handbook. History of world culture / Comp. F. Kapitsa.- M.: Philological. society “Slovo”, TKO “AST”, 1996.- 610 p.
Great libraries // Book world Terra – 2000- No. 2 – p.44-45
Sample subtitle History of books and libraries Library lesson for grade 2
History has not preserved detailed information about ancient libraries, but from the small fragments that modern scientists have, one can get an idea of the most ancient book collections. Ruins of the Ephesus Library of Celsius
Rock paintings of ancient people
Rock art of the Urals
Or maybe they are aliens?
Ancient books
Papyrus These are reed stems processed in a special way. Long sheets of papyrus were rolled into a scroll. They painted with thin reeds (kalam).
Parchment This is treated calfskin. You can write on both sides and the sheets can be folded.
Clay tablets Icons were pressed out on wet clay, then the tablets were fired or dried in the sun. The sheets were put into a book and numbered. Each clay “leaf” was stamped with the library seal “Palace of Ashurbanipal, King of the Universe, King of Assyria.” The books in the library were in alphabetical order.
“Pharmacy for the soul” In Antiquity and the Ancient East, libraries existed in two forms: as book depositories and as public centers whose tasks included the dissemination of knowledge. In the early Middle Ages, libraries appeared at monasteries and cathedrals. The most famous ancient Egyptian library belonged to Pharaoh Ramses , it was called “Pharmacy for
Tetradion A sheet of parchment was folded in half in the form of a notebook and written on both sides. The word notebook comes from the Greek “tetradion,” which means “folded in four.” The notebooks were sewn together to form a book. The finished manuscript was bound in a strong binding made of wooden boards covered with leather and with metal corners and clasps. This is where the proverb “Read a book from blackboard to blackboard” comes from.
Libraries Libraries have been around for a very long time. At first, libraries were simply repositories of books. They could only be used with the permission of the ruler of the state or the owner of the library.
Ancient Libraries In ancient times, books were very expensive. Therefore, they were kept very carefully in libraries and were not loaned out to people at home.
Library of Alexandria The Library of Alexandria is the most famous library of antiquity. It was part of one of the main scientific centers of the ancient world - the Alexandria Museum.
The Library of Alexandria is one of the 7 wonders of the world. Its fund amounted to 700-800 thousand texts. The rulers of Alexandria actively replenished it.
Modern Library of Alexandria
Literacy in Rus' In Rus', people were also literate. And they wrote on birch bark - birch bark. Here are two private letters.
Man-book Traditions were kept in the memory of people. Storytellers passed them on from generation to generation.
Handwritten and printed books
Printing In the 15th century in Europe, Johannes Gutenberg invented printing. And in the 16th century in Russia, Ivan Fedorov began publishing books in Russian.
Book printing in Russia A printing house was also opened in Moscow. In Rus', book printing was started by Ivan Fedorov. This was almost 500 years ago. In 1563 they printed the first book, from which we learned that Tsar Ivan the Terrible ordered “to find the craftsmanship of printed books” and ordered the construction of a house from the royal treasury for
Library. 1804
England. 1813
Rome. Fountain of books.
Statue from books
“If, as a result of some devastating catastrophe, all centers of education and culture disappear from the face of the earth, if there is nothing left in the world except libraries, the world and humanity will have the opportunity to be reborn.”
Vatican Library
Library of the Strakhov Monastery in Prague.
National Library. Vein. Austria.
Library of the Monastery of St. Benedict. Austria
Monastic library. Melk. Austria
Scotland. Glasgow School of Art Library.
Germany. Potsdam. Library of the King Frederick School.
New York Public Library
Austria. National Library
Library of Congress in Washington.
Public library in Paris
Spain. Madrid. Library of the Academy of Sciences.
Portugal. State University Library.
Vatican. Main library.
USA. Massachusetts. Cambridge.
USA. Massachusetts. Cambridge.
USA. Michigan. Main library.
Canada. Ottawa.
National Library of Tatarstan (project)
Russian State Library
Library named after Pushkin
St. Petersburg National Library
Slide 1
History of library development
Slide 2
Library Ancient libraries The first libraries in Rus' The largest libraries in the world
Content
Slide 3
Slide 5
Ancient libraries
Libraries first appeared in the ancient East. Usually the first library is called a collection of clay tablets, approximately 2500 BC. e., found in the temple of the Babylonian city of Nippur.
Slide 6
Clay tablets
Slide 7
In one of the tombs near Egyptian Thebes, a box with papyri from the II transition period (XVIII - XVII centuries BC) was discovered.
Slide 8
The most famous ancient Eastern library is a collection of cuneiform tablets from the palace of the Assyrian king of the 7th century BC. e. Ashurbanipal in Nineveh.
By order of the king, scribes searched for, collected and copied texts stored in the temple libraries of other states.
Slide 9
The most famous library in ancient Greece, founded in Alexandria at the beginning of the 3rd century. BC e. during the Ptolemaic dynasty. Ancient scientists counted from 100 thousand to 700 thousand volumes in it.
Books from the Library of Alexandria
Slide 10
The first library in Rus' was founded in the city of Kyiv in 1037 in the St. Sophia Cathedral by the Kyiv prince Yaroslav the Wise.
The first libraries in Rus'
Yaroslav the Wise
Slide 11
St. Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv
Handwritten text page
Slide 12
The second largest library was located in Novgorod the Great. The library's book collection was located in the St. Sophia Cathedral and consisted of about a thousand handwritten books in leather bindings and old printed editions.
Slide 13
Slide 14
In libraries at monasteries, chronicles were created, books were copied and translated, and their storage and distribution was organized.
Slide 15
The significance of the first libraries, which were educational institutions, book workshops, and “book depositories,” is enormous: they saved and preserved for us the most valuable monuments of antiquity.
The Tale of Bygone Years. 971
Slide 16
A word about Igor's regiment. 1185
Collection of Svyatoslav 1073
Ostromir Gospel 1056-1057.
Slide 17
Largest libraries in the world
Slide 18
The British Library is the national library of Great Britain. The law creating it by combining the British Museum library and a number of less significant collections was passed by Parliament in 1972; the new library building in London opened on July 1, 1973. The largest library in the world (the number of items exceeds 150 million).
British Library Great Britain, London.
Slide 19
Shakespeare's First Folio
Mozart's Musical Diary
Library halls
Slide 20
US Library of Congress, Washington
The Library of Congress is the national library of the United States, one of the largest libraries in the world. Located in Washington. It is the scientific library of the US Congress, serving government agencies, research institutions, scientists, private and industrial companies, and schools. Number of storage units – 145 million.
Slide 21
Library reading room
Slide 22
The New York Public Library (NYPL) is one of the largest libraries in the world. It is also one of the largest academic library systems in the world. It is a private non-profit organization with a public mission. Number of storage units – 53.1 million.
New York Public Library USA, New York
Slide 23
Panorama of the Main Reading Room, view to the south.
Slide 24
Russian State Library. Russia Moscow.
Slide 25
The Russian State Library (formerly the State Library of the USSR named after V.I. Lenin, “Leninka”. Renamed on January 29, 1992) is the largest Russian public library. Created on the basis of the library of the Rumyantsev Museum. Within the walls of the Russian State Library there is a unique collection of domestic and foreign documents in 367 languages; The volume of its fund exceeds 43 million storage units. There are specialized collections of maps, sheet music, sound recordings, rare books, dissertations, newspapers and other types of publications. According to the “Law on the Mandatory Deposit of Documents No. 77-FZ of December 29, 1994” The Russian State Library is the storage place for legal deposit of all printed materials published in Russia
Slide 26
Archangel Gospel, 1092
Nuremberg Chronicle. Incunabula ed. 1439
Slide 27
Russian State Library of St. Petersburg
Russian National Library Russia, St. Petersburg.
Slide 28
Russian National Library (until 1917 - the Imperial Public Library, until 1925 - the Russian Public Library, until March 27, 1992 - the State Public Library (since 1932 - named after M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin); unofficially - “Publicka”) - one of the first public libraries in Eastern Europe, located in St. Petersburg. According to the decree of the President of Russia, it is a particularly valuable object of national heritage and constitutes the historical and cultural heritage of the peoples of the Russian Federation. One of the largest libraries in the world. Its collections include about 36 million printed works and other information resources available to a wide range of users.
Slide 2
ANCIENT LIBRARIES
Slide 3
History has not preserved detailed information about ancient libraries, but from the small fragments that modern scientists have, one can get an idea of the most ancient book collections.
Slide 4
It is known that for the first time written works began to be collected in Ancient Egypt, where over 3,500 years ago there was a repository of papyri. There were libraries at temples, and the walls of the temple often served as a kind of library catalog: a list of books (papyrus scrolls) that the temple library had was recorded on them Usually, at the temple, along with the library, there were schools of scribes and workshops for copying books.
Slide 5
The most famous ancient Egyptian library belonged to Pharaoh Ramesses II, it was called “Pharmacy for the Soul.”
Slide 6
LIBRARY IS...
“house of tablets” “shelter of the mind” “pharmacy for the soul” “house of wisdom” “temple of literature” “book preservation chambers” ... your own version
Slide 7
A large library was found during excavations in the city of NIPPURA (the territory of modern Iraq) - the ancient religious center of the Sumerians. The temple library was located in 62 rooms, where more than one hundred thousand clay tablets were found.
Slide 8
Some of the tablets found in Sumerian libraries were kept in closed boxes or baskets. Each of them had labels with inscriptions about the nature of the materials they contained: “Medicine”, “History”, “Statistics”, “Documents relating to the garden”, “ Sending workers" and others.
Slide 9
The most famous library of Assyria is a collection of numerous cuneiform tablets found during excavations of the capital of the state of Nineveh in the palace of King Ashurbanipal (669 - 633 BC).
As a child, the future ruler of Assyria learned to read and write, which he himself told about, not without pride, in one of the clay books. He loved to read and enjoyed collecting books from all over the country. And when he became king, he decided to create a large library
Slide 10
However, it is customary to begin the history of libraries from a later period - from the time of their appearance in Ancient Greece, where the word “LIBRARY” itself arose (“bibliotheke” - “biblion” - book, “teke” - storage, receptacle). The first mention of libraries in Greece dates back to the 6th century BC.
Slide 11
Library of Alexandria
Founded by the first ruler of Alexandria, Ptolemy. From the first years of his reign, he actively propagated Greek culture, striving to turn the capital into a cultural center.
Slide 12
The rulers of Egypt were proud of the library and replenished it whenever possible. Ptolemy II sent his people to nearby countries to acquire or rewrite the most valuable works in all branches of knowledge. The books were papyrus scrolls. What is papyrus? How was it made?
Slide 13
The library has not survived to this day. It was subjected to fires and destruction many times and finally died in the 3rd century AD. e.
Slide 14
Libraries of Ancient Rome
Libraries were created not only at royal palaces, but there were also many private libraries. “A house without a library is like a body without a soul,” said Cicero.
Slide 15
“Bedrooms and libraries should face east, because their purpose requires morning light, and also so that books in them are not affected. For in libraries facing south and west, worms and dampness appear in the books, as they are generated by the damp winds that reach here, and, filling the scrolls with a damp breath, they become covered with mold,” the ancient Roman architect pointed out to the builders. Formulate rules for storing books based on this instruction
Slide 16
The Romans also created public libraries, usually at thermae (public baths), as well as at temples. The libraries were managed by “procurators”. They monitored the safety of the books and kept order. “Not a single book should be taken away. We took an oath to this,” reads the inscription on a marble slab discovered during excavations at the site of the library.
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With the fall of the Roman Empire, most libraries were looted, destroyed and burned. Books that contained thoughts, discoveries of historians, philosophers, geographers, and works of writers perished.
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Otyrar Library
The South Kazakhstan region is one of the most significant regions of Kazakhstan in the context of history. The great thinkers and philosophers of the East Abu Nasir al-Farabi and Kozha Akhmet Yassawi, whose names are associated with the development of spiritual culture, science and education, were born and lived on this land. This is the region of one of the oldest libraries in the world, second only to the Otyrar Library of Alexandria. Books and reading have a centuries-old tradition here. The Otyrar Library, once famous throughout the world, according to legend, was burned by the soldiers of Genghis Khan. But the city residents managed to save some books. They put them in jars and buried them in the ground.
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Libraries of Ancient Rus'
The appearance of libraries in Rus' is associated with the emergence of the ancient Russian state - Kievan Rus.
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Check yourself:
Where was the most famous library of antiquity located? Dr. Egypt Dr. Greece Who did it belong to? Ramses II Cheops What books were kept in Ashurbanipal's library? Wooden Clay What roots does the word “library” have? Sumerian Greek One of the most ancient libraries in the world, which was located in Kazakhstan. Otyrar Library Aktau City Library
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Right
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Wrong
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Main conclusion:
The entire history of the development of the human mind is connected with books, with libraries. The importance of libraries, which were educational institutions, book workshops, and “book depositories,” is enormous: they saved and preserved for us the most valuable monuments of human culture.
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The history of libraries known to people goes back more than 3.5 thousand years. Today, libraries, as in all times, serve people. In our city there are libraries for children and adults. Every school has a library. Many libraries are equipped with computers and the Internet.
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MODERN LIBRARIES OF THE WORLD
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library in Kansas City.
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National Library in Belarus
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The library in the form of huge boulders is located in Colombia. The building is deliberately located on the top of a hill, among vegetation, which gives it a more natural outline.
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Norwegian farming corporate library.
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The new National Library of the Czech Republic The library is due to open in 2011 and will be one of the most modern libraries in the world.
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Library of the Brandenburg Technical University
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Modern Library of Alexandria in Egypt
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Library in America
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Libraries of the Republic of Kazakhstan
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NATIONAL LIBRARY OF KAZAKHSTAN PROJECT
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Main library of the countryNational Library of the Republic of Kazakhstan
Organized in 1931. The National Library is the largest scientific and methodological center for libraries in Kazakhstan; depositary of legal deposit of press works of Kazakhstan
