Plural formation in the Czech language. Czech grammar online services. Adding diacritics to text
The Czech language is treacherous and complex - a significant share of the problems falls on grammar and diacritics, because of which you can become discouraged and put an end to the development of the language.
Fortunately, there are a number of online services that, with the wave of a magic wand, will decline the words you need by case and arrange all the gacheks and charkas. God forbid you use them in the future - these services should help you understand the language faster, make fewer mistakes, and not deceive teachers at all.
Declension by case
The basis of grammar is the declension of words in all cases. The entire annual course covers the study of cases, but foreigners begin to speak and write completely correctly in best case scenario only after years of stay in the country. If you are writing something serious and don’t want to make a mistake, you can check yourself using case declension services. I consider the best solution to be one as part of the website “Internetová jazyková příručka” (Russian. Online Language Guide) from the Institute of the Czech Language of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, because it is dictionary-based and therefore does not require specifying word attributes.
Usage is as easy as shelling pears - first insert the text without diacritics or with partially placed diacritics:
Then we press the button and the service magically places the glasses and gacheks. Words with controversial spellings are underlined in red so that you can manually check them.
By analogy with this service, you can use the more ascetic nlp.fi.muni.cz/cz_accent/ from the Faculty of Informatics of Masaryk University. In addition, if you need to perform the opposite operation (remove diacritics), you can use http://textmod.pavucina.com/odstraneni-diakritiky.
Total
Many of the above services are used even by Czechs, so don’t be shy about going to them when you don’t have a definite answer. Of course, don’t forget about , they will save you from many typos and simple mistakes.
Many of the sites listed contain additional information. tools, reference sections on Czech grammar and therefore you will probably find other useful aspects for yourself in them. If you know useful services for Czech grammar and I didn’t mention them in the article, write in the comments, let’s make the world a better place.
Please do not use the services for homework or exams, as... This is not only dishonest, but also stupid - you pay money to learn a language, but in the end your computer learns instead of you. Write correctly!
ZAYTSEVA Natalia Aleksandrovna
(Senior Lecturer at the Department of Romance-Germanic Languages)
"CZECH"
Czech grammar
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUS
BELARUSIAN STATE UNIVERSITY
Faculty of International Relations
Department of Romance-Germanic Languages
Lesson 0 (LEKCE 0)
CZECH ALPHABET
name - pronunciation - examples
A a kratké - (a) - kam, tam,- sestra where, there, sister
A b dlouhé - (a:) - národ, závod, láska- people, factory, love
B b- (b) - buk, bar, baba- beech, bar, woman
C c- (ts) - cukr,cena,cesta- sugar, price, road
Čč - (whose) - čaj, čas, čislo- tea, time, number
D d- (d) - dnes, dub, rada- today, oak, advice
Ďď - (d) - ďabel, zeď- devil, wall
E e tvrdé - (uh) - den, sen, ten- day, dream, that
E é dlouhé - (e:) - letto, mleko- summer, milk
ě hačkované: - (’e) - tělo, dělo- body, gun
after b, p, v, f- (yeah) - pět, věk, tobě- five, century, you
after m- (to me) - město, mě, v zimě- city, me, winter
F f- (f) - film, foto, fialka- film, photo, violet
G g- (G) - guma, garaž, nugat- rubber, garage, nougat
H h- (g) = Ukrainian - hora, holka, host- mountain, girl, guest
CH ch- (X) - chlap, chleb, mucha- guy, bread, fly
I i kratké - (and) - beer, limo, winter- beer, lemonade, winter
í dlouhé - (and:) - vino, pit, bit- wine, drink, beat
J j- (th) - jama, jeden, maj- pit, one, may
K k- (To) - kino, kluk, kost- cinema, boy, bone
Ll- (l) - les, lampa, lipa- forest, lamp, linden
Mm- (m) - matka, metro, mak- mother, metro, poppy
Nn- (n) - noc, noha, nůž- night, leg, knife
Ňň - (ny) - dlaň, kůň- palm, horse
O o kratké - (o) - oko, nos, window- eye, nose, window
O ó dlouhé - (o:) - fashion, tone- fashion, tone
P p- (P) - pole, pan, right- field, sir, right
Q q- (kv) - Quido- Guido
R r- (R) - rock, country, radio- year, page, radio
Řř - (rzh, rsh) - řeka, řeč, lékař, přez- river, speech, doctor, through
Ss- (With) - sen, soud, les- dream, court, forest
Šš - (sh) - škola, šest, šít- school, notebook, sewing
T t- (T) - tok, tam, theta- current, there, aunt
Ťť - (th) - ťukat, chuť- knock, taste
U u kratké - (y) - ruka, ucho- hand, ear
Úú dlouhé - (y:) - úsměv, únor- smile, February
ů kroužkované - (y:) - dům, sůl- house, salt
V v(V) - vůz, water, vítr- carriage, water, wind
W w dvojité - (in) - Walker- Walker
X x- (ks) - praxe, existence- practice, existence
Y y kratké - (and) - byl, jazyk, syr- was, tongue, cheese
Y ý dlouhé - (and:) - vysoký, mýt, nový- tall, wash, new
Z z- (h) - země, zima, zahrada- country, cold, kindergarten
Žž - (zh) - žena, život, žizeň- woman, life, thirst
The Czech language belongs to the West Slavic languages. Czechs use the Latin alphabet. Superscripts are used to indicate some Czech sounds:
sign ’ (čarka) serves to indicate the length of vowels:
ó, á, é, ú, í, ý
sign ° (kroužek) is used to denote a long ů .
sign ˇ (haček) denotes letters š,č,ř,ž, It also denotes the softness of capitals Ň, Ď, Ť and the softness of the lowercase ň before vowels and at the end of words.
To indicate softness of lowercase t And d at the end of a word and before vowels a, o, u sign used " (apostrophe): ťukat, ďabel, zeď, teď
Icon above the letter ě indicates softness of preceding consonants or iotation of labial consonants. Compare:
tělo[ťelo], dělo , pět ,věk , běh .
Writing ě after the letter m indicates pronunciation: město , mě .
Czech pronunciation is very precise, based on the phonetic principle, according to which sounds are accurately reproduced:
znám, tok, voda, dráha, sloužit, krásná.
Traditionally, letters are used that do not serve special sounds. So, to denote the long [y:] two letters are used - ú, ů .
Letter ú usually written at the beginning of a word and after prefixes:
úkol, únava.
Letter ů written in the middle and at the end of a word: dům, vůz, domů,
The sound [and] is expressed in two letters: i And y, long sound is conveyed by letters í, ý .Previously, they corresponded to various sounds (compare Russian words was And beat). Compare: bil, byl, bít, být, vít, výt.
In modern Czech, after the letters k, h, ch, r a letter is always written y, ý: velký, chyba, ryba, suchý, drahý, chytat.
After the letters j, š, ž, ř, č, c only written i, í: žít, čist, cíl, čisto,
After consonants n, t, d, m, p, v, f, b, s, z, l perhaps written as i, í so and y,ý: nyní, ty, dým, dím.
In the Czech language, deafening and voicing of consonants occurs, as happens in the Russian language: dub, vůz, svatba, dětský.
CONSONANTS
There are 25 consonant sounds in the Czech language. Many consonants in their formation and pronunciation are close to the corresponding consonants of the Russian language. Such consonants include
p, b, v, f, m, n, r, s, z, c, d, t, k, ch, g, j.
Differences are observed between consonants n, d, t - in Russian they are dental, in Czech they are alveolar. Compare:
dej - děj, nemá - němá, ty - ti
give - action, he does not have - dumb, you - to you
Always solid: h, ch, k, r, d, t, n
Always soft: č, ř, š, ž, c, j, ď, ť, ň
Double: b, f, l, m, p, s, v, z
On the softness of consonants n, t, d indicate vowels ě, i, í , for hardness - letters e, é, y, ý.
Consonant j pronounced as a non-syllabic sound, similar in sound to Russian [th]. Before vowels it is always pronounced like Russian [th] - jama, junák, jídlo, Jirka, jitro.
Before consonants at the beginning of words, sometimes this sound is not pronounced or is pronounced very unexpressed:
jsem, jdu, jmeno.
But after a negation and a prefix ending in a vowel, it is usually pronounced:
nejsem, zajdu, půjdu, zájmeno.
VOWELS
The sound system of literary Czech has five vowel sounds, which can be short or long.
Brief: a, o, u, e, i, y Long: á, ó, ú, ů, é, í, ý
Long vowels last approximately twice as long as short vowels; they can be either stressed or in unstressed syllables:
váza, zdravá, zastávka, krásná
EXERCISES:
1. Read the one-syllable words:
pas, sad, dar, Jan, bok, nos, kov, strom, cop, dub, buk, kus, sud, jev, jen, rok, bok, tam.
2. Read two-syllable words, observing correct stress and pronunciation:
matka, mapa, voda, ruda, cesta, maso, sako, jaro, okno, sukno, Rusko, koza, ruka, sama, schopná
3. Read the phrases:
tato mapa, tato nota, tato cena, toto maso, toto sako, toto okno, jedna ruka, jedna cesta, jedno ucho, tato forma, toto auto, jedna strana
4. Read, compare:
pas - pás, pan- pán, dam - dám, rada - ráda, ruda - rudá, pata- pátá, panu - pánů
5. Read:
a) tvá zpráva, tvá známka, má matka, má ruka, má bota, stará dáma, nová mapa, nová cesta, krásná váza, krásná dáma
b) bez, pes, ven, zem, ten, den, sestra, teta, pero, seno, metro, bere, nese, vede, mete, bereme, neseme, dobré, nové, staré, pestré, krátké
Czech grammar (online services)
The Czech language has a variety of types of noun declension and verb conjugation in present forms. A significant share of the problems falls on diacritics, the absence of simple past tenses in verbs and other nuances of the language of the Western subgroup of Slavic adverbs.
The Internet today serves as a reliable assistant for beginners in learning this difficult language. Simple online services will help you understand more clearly: what it is Czech grammar? They will inflect the words you need by case and conjugate the verbs. Let’s say right away that in order to carry out serious tests these services are of little use. Their task is to help you understand the structure of Czech and make fewer mistakes in simple situations.
Declension by case
Foreign students study Czech grammar for more than one year. And the first thing they need to master is the declension of words in all cases. Such training is conducted throughout the entire first year of study. However, complete mastery of the declension system, so that it “bounces off the teeth,” comes only after several years of stay in the country.
Here, in order to correctly write current papers, it would be quite appropriate to use hint services that allow students to check themselves in writing and pronunciation in relation to the conjugation of nouns. Let's look at the most popular services.
Review of online services for conjugation and declension of Czech words
One of best services to check the correct spelling and pronunciation of nouns is the Internet portal “Internetová jazyková příručka”. It enjoys well-deserved popularity among students of Czech universities.
Everything plays a role here: visibility, simplicity and speed of the service. Its advantage is the modern Czech dictionary developed by the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic. The online service does not require specifying word attributes.
By filling out the request field in the nominative case, students a moment later receive a layout of all seven word forms with examples in phrases.
internetova-jazykova-prirucka
Czech grammar It’s practically impossible to do without vocabulary knowledge, which not every student is quickly ready to put into their head. That is why a service based on a dictionary database becomes an indispensable assistant in slippery and critical situations.
More information from explanatory dictionaries allows you to avoid ambiguous interpretations in cases where it is necessary to understand the expressions: “POZOR: SLEVA” or “Masokombinát Pisek”.
The above-mentioned service supports a large volume of words. The publishers of the dictionary did not ignore the Czech mat and other very interesting words.
In general, in cases of studying slang expressions or words not found in dictionaries, it would be appropriate to use the online service pteryx.net/sklonovani.html. It is also called intuitive search, which helps to pronounce complex and rare words.
How does he work? First you need to specify the search word. After which it is checked whether the conversation was about an animate object or not, and its gender is simultaneously established.
The Pteryx dictionary is suitable for exceptional cases and does not claim to be complete. However, in some cases it will help students out. But they should understand that the service is best used in exceptional cases.
Declension in the vocative case
In addition to the six cases characteristic of the Slavic group, the Czech language has retained a seventh case in its grammar - the vocative. The vocative (5th case) is used only in nouns and means addressing someone.
It is extremely difficult to do without this form in everyday life. The peculiarities of Czech grammar include spelling rules, according to which it is customary to write with a full introduction. Strong conclusions and summaries, wishes, etc. are also often used.
Your appeal will be a hundred times more effective in resolving any issue if you address it properly in writing to the recipient. Not to mention the limits of etiquette and decency.
Difficult Czech surnames, unfortunately, are difficult to correctly inflect. To solve this problem there is an online service sklonovani-jmen.cz. It is focused on a database of thousands of surnames and names and helps foreign students choose the right option for mass mailings:
- letters;
- appeals;
- statements, etc.
An ordinary user, arriving at this site, presses the button “Chci to nejprve zkusit”. In the field that opens, you must enter your first and last name together or separately. Then we set the task to “generate” declinations and study the data obtained.
This online service also works using a dictionary database. It will not be difficult for him to correctly identify the gender of foreign names, if there is one.
If you need the vocative form of a noun to address the teaching staff or the dean’s office with a statement, then confidently turn to the help of this service.
Adding diacritics to text
Czech grammar due to its diacritic features it is very difficult. But in everyday life, Czechs skillfully avoid it. The glasses and nuts are omitted, implied by the context of what is written. This type of letter is widely used in Czech forums and chat rooms.
If carelessly typed text needs to be brought to a high style, supplementing it with appropriate diacritics, then you can use the service for automatically arranging cups and nuts. It works online and is available at nechybujte.cz/nastroje.
The official appearance of the letter is achieved by a very simple procedure of substituting the source text into the window offered by the service.
After that, we wait for the “Add” button and the service generates the necessary symbols and checkmarks over the required letters. It also highlights in red controversial places that will require you to manually check with a dictionary.
This service is not unique. There are also drier and more ascetic services. For example, a development by the Faculty of Informatics at Masaryk University: website nlp.fi.muni.cz/cz_accent/. Many services also work in the opposite direction, offering to simplify the text with official grammar.
In particular, the online service textmod.pavucina.com/odstraneni-diakritiky allows you to correctly remove diacritics.
Summary
Even native Czech speakers use all of the above services without hesitation. When you need to get out of an ambiguous situation, it is better to do it correctly. Don't rely only on language packs for Microsoft Office to save you from simple grammatical errors. Feel free to use auxiliary online services for a deeper understanding of the structure of the Czech language.
Explore the full range of auxiliary tools on the sites described above. The reference data on them is extensive and deserves close attention.
My only wish for students of the Czech language and its complex grammar: do not use services to solve tests and homework, delve into the peculiarities of construction and learn to write correctly!
Masculine nouns in Czech include nouns that end in:
- hard consonant: brambor, pilot, dům, pes
- to a soft consonant: nůž, konec, boj, kříž
- some animate nouns ending in a vowel: neposeda, přednosta, škůdce, soudce
The masculine gender in Czech is divided into animate And inanimate nouns This affects the endings of nouns when we work with cases. Feminine and average are not divided into animate and inanimate.
Plural. Animated
| Kdo? Co?
Who? What? |
pan ové
pan i |
muž i | předsed ové | soudc ové
soudc i |
Jiř í |
| Koho? What?
Whom? What? |
pan ů | muž ů | předsed ů | soudc ů | Jiř ich |
| Koho? Co?
Whom? What? |
pan y | muž e | předsed y | soudc e | Jiř í |
Following the example of the word pan– pan ové(pán i) the words will be declined: syn, právník, lev, student, president, voják.
Following the example of the word muž– muž ové(muž i) the words will be declined: ředitel, držitel, uklízeč, cizinec, rodič.
Following the example of the word předseda– předsed ové the words will be inclined: bandita, starosta, kolega, hrdina, policista.
Following the example of the word soudce–soudc ové(soudc i) the words will be declined: správce, dárce, zrádce, vládce, průvodce.
Following the example of the word Jiří– Jiř í the words will be inclined: krejčí, průvodčí, vedoucí, výpravčí, dozorčí.
It may be noted that the plural in the case "Who? What?" we got by adding the ending to the word -ové or -i.
Plural. Inanimate
| Kdo? Co?
Who? What? |
hrad y | stroj e |
| Koho? What?
Whom? What? |
hrad ů | stroj ů |
| Koho? Co?
Whom? What? |
hrad y | stroj e |
Following the example of the word hrad the words will be inclined: most, strom, obchod, pas, stůl, balkon.
Following the example of the word stroj the words will be inclined: počítač, cíl, míč, klíč, čaj, měsíc.
Now, in order to use our time even more rationally, we will put an adjective in front of these nouns in these three cases and see what endings it takes.
For not animate nouns The masculine plural is characterized by the ending -é : strom y(trees) jsou mlad é (young) .
Animate masculine nouns in the plural are characterized by the ending -í : muž i(men) jsou mlad í (young) .
From the topic Adjectives in Czech. Masculine. The singular number we know that in the Czech language there is also the so-called. "soft adjective"– it is characterized by a soft ending -í .
The most commonly used adjectives of this group are: mobilní, právní, cizí, krajní, denní, noční, místní, lokální, státní, poslední, finanční, ostatní, první, třetí.
Soft adjectives are not inflected for number or gender.
So, in order to distinguish by what type we need to decline an adjective in the plural, we need an adjective from plural put in the singular - soft adjectives will remain with the ending -í , and the solids in the singular will receive their characteristic -ý .
You can double-check yourself on any word in the Czech language on the website slovnik.seznam.cz.
With adjectives everything is very simple.
We enter them into our tables and get:
| Kdo? Co?
Who? What? |
mlad í /ciz í | pan ové
pan i |
muž i | předsed ové
(husite) |
soudc ové
soudc i |
Jiř í |
| Koho? What?
Whom? What? |
mlad ých/ciz ich | pan ů | muž ů
(přátel) |
předsed ů | soudc ů | Jiř ich |
| Koho? Co?
Whom? What? |
mlad é /ciz í | pan y | muž e | předsed y | soudc e | Jiř í |
| Kdo? Co?
Who? What? |
velk é /prvn í | hrad y | stroj e |
| Koho? What?
Whom? What? |
velk ých/prvn ich | hrad ů | stroj ů |
| Koho? Co?
Whom? What? |
velk é /prvn í | hrad y | stroj e |
Declension of nouns "days", "people", "guests"– frequently used words in the Czech language:
| Kdo? Co?
Who? What? |
velk é /velcí/prvn í | dn y/dn i | lid é | host é |
| Koho? What?
Whom? What? |
velk ých/prvn ich | dn í /dn ů | lid í | host ů |
| Koho? Co?
Whom? What? |
velk é /prvn í | dn i
dn y |
lid i | host y |
In the masculine plural in Czech adjectives, in addition to endings, you need to pay attention to the changes in letters in the word itself:
Similar endings:
As in Russian, cases correspond to different prepositions.
Whom? What? (Genitiv = 2. pád)
od– odcházím od kamarádů (I'm leaving my friends)
do– do lesů (to the forest), nastupujte do vozů (go into the cars)
bez– bez partnerů (without partners)
krom(ě)– kromě manželů (except for husbands)
misto– místo rublů vezmi dolary (use dollars instead of rubles)
suble– suble zákonů (according to laws)
podel / kolem– kolem hradů (around fortresses)
about– okolo zámků (near/around the castles)
u– u domů (near houses)
vedle– zastávky vedle obchodů (stops near shops)
během– během vikendů (during weekends/weekends)
help– pomocí šroubováků (using screwdrivers)
za– za starých časů (in old times)
Whom? What? (Akuzativ = 4. pád)
pro– dárky pro muže (Presents for men)
před– dej stoly před televizi (place tables in front of the TV)
mimo – (past, outside of something, except, besides someone / something, besides, on top of something)– ochrana dřevin rostoucích mimo lesy (protection of trees growing outside the forest), mimo soudy (not for ships)
na– pověste oblečení na věšáky (hang clothes on hangers)
pod(e)– všechno padá pod stoly (everything falls under the tables)
o– zvýšit o 2 stupně (increase by 2 levels), boje o poháry (fights for cups)
po– jsem po kotníky ve vodě (I’m ankle-deep (ankle - m. r.) in the water)
v– věřit v zákony (believe in laws)
