Information about Peter 1. Peter the First. Judicial reform of Peter I
Peter the Great was born on May 30 (June 9), 1672 in Moscow. In the biography of Peter 1, it is important to note that he was the youngest son of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich from his second marriage to Tsarina Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina. From the age of one he was raised by nannies. And after the death of his father, at the age of four, his half-brother and new Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich became Peter’s guardian.
From the age of 5, little Peter began to be taught the alphabet. The clerk N. M. Zotov gave him lessons. However, the future king received a weak education and was not literate.
Rise to power
In 1682, after the death of Fyodor Alekseevich, 10-year-old Peter and his brother Ivan were proclaimed kings. But in fact, their elder sister, Princess Sofya Alekseevna, took over the management.
At this time, Peter and his mother were forced to move away from the yard and move to the village of Preobrazhenskoye. Here Peter 1 developed an interest in military activities; he created “amusing” regiments, which later became the basis of the Russian army. He is interested in firearms and shipbuilding. He spends a lot of time in the German settlement, becomes a fan of European life, and makes friends.
In 1689, Sophia was removed from the throne, and power passed to Peter I, and the management of the country was entrusted to his mother and uncle L.K. Naryshkin.
Rule of the Tsar
Peter continued the war with Crimea and took the fortress of Azov. Further actions of Peter I were aimed at creating a powerful fleet. Peter I's foreign policy at that time was focused on finding allies in the war with the Ottoman Empire. For this purpose, Peter went to Europe.
At this time, the activities of Peter I consisted only of creating political unions. He studies shipbuilding, structure, and culture of other countries. Returned to Russia after news of the Streltsy mutiny. As a result of the trip, he wanted to change Russia, for which several innovations were made. For example, chronology according to the Julian calendar was introduced.
To develop trade, access to the Baltic Sea was required. So the next stage of the reign of Peter I was the war with Sweden. Having made peace with Turkey, he captured the fortress of Noteburg and Nyenschanz. In May 1703, construction of St. Petersburg began. Next year, Narva and Dorpat were taken. In June 1709, Sweden was defeated in the Battle of Poltava. Soon after the death of Charles XII, peace was concluded between Russia and Sweden. New lands were annexed to Russia, and access to the Baltic Sea was gained.
Reforming Russia
In October 1721, the title of emperor was adopted in the biography of Peter the Great.
Also during his reign, Kamchatka was annexed and the shores of the Caspian Sea were conquered.
Peter I carried out military reform several times. It mainly concerned the collection of money for the maintenance of the army and navy. It was carried out, in short, by force.
Further reforms of Peter I accelerated the technical and economic development of Russia. He carried out church reform, financial reform, transformations in industry, culture, and trade. In education, he also carried out a number of reforms aimed at mass education: he opened many schools for children and the first gymnasium in Russia (1705).
Death and legacy
Before his death, Peter I was very ill, but continued to rule the state. Peter the Great died on January 28 (February 8), 1725 from inflammation of the bladder. The throne passed to his wife, Empress Catherine I.
The strong personality of Peter I, who sought to change not only the state, but also the people, played a vital role in the history of Russia.
Cities were named after the Great Emperor after his death.
Monuments to Peter I were erected not only in Russia, but also in many European countries. One of the most famous is the Bronze Horseman in St. Petersburg.
Other biography options
- Contemporaries and historians note that Peter I was distinguished by his tall height, more than two meters, beautiful, lively facial features and noble posture. Despite his formidable dimensions, the king still could not be called a hero - shoe size 39 and clothing size 48. Such disproportion was observed in literally everything: his shoulders were too narrow for his gigantic height, his hands and head were too small. His frequent dashing and fast walking did not save the situation. Those around him did not feel the strength and power in him. He conquered others.
- see all
Main dates of the life and activities of Peter the Great
1682 - 1689 - The reign of Princess Sophia.
1689, September- Deposition of the ruler Sophia and her imprisonment in the Novodevichy Convent.
1695 - The first Azov campaign of Peter I.
1696 - Peter’s second Azov campaign and capture of the fortress.
1698, April - June- Streltsy uprising and defeat of the Streltsy near New Jerusalem.
1699, November- Peter concluded an alliance with the Saxon Elector Augustus II and the Danish King Frederick IV against Sweden.
1699, December 20- Decree on the introduction of a new calendar and the celebration of the New Year on January 1.
1700, October- Death of Patriarch Andrian. Appointment of Ryazan Metropolitan Stefan Yavorsky as locum tenens of the patriarchal throne.
1701 - 1702 - Victories of Russian troops over the Swedes at Erestfer and Gumelstof.
1704 - Capture of Dorpat and Narva by Russian troops.
1705 - 1706 - Uprising in Astrakhan.
1707 - 1708 - Uprising on the Don led by K. Bulavin.
1708 - 1710 - Regional reform of Peter.
1710, January 29- Approval of the civil alphabet. Decree on printing books in a new font.
1710 - Capture by Russian troops of Riga, Revel, Vyborg, Kexholm, etc.
1712 - The wedding of Peter I with Ekaterina Alekseevna.
1713 - Relocation of the court and higher government institutions to St. Petersburg.
1715 - Founding of the Maritime Academy in St. Petersburg.
1716, August- Appointment of Peter as commander of the combined fleet of Russia, Holland, Denmark and England.
1716 - 1717 - Expedition of Prince Bekovich-Cherkassky to Khiva.
1716 - 1717 - Peter's second trip abroad.
1718 - Start of construction of the Ladoga bypass canal.
1718 - 1720 - Organization of boards.
1719 - Opening of the Kunstkamera - the first museum in Russia.
1721, October 22- The Senate presented Peter with the title of Emperor, Great and Father of the Fatherland.
1722 - Senate reform. Establishment of the Prosecutor General's Office.
1722 - 1724 - Conducting the first audit. Replacement of house tax with poll tax.
1722 - 1723 - Peter's Caspian campaign. Annexation of the western and southern coasts of the Caspian Sea to Russia.
1724 - Introduction of a protective customs tariff.
This text is an introductory fragment.The main dates of the life of Emperor Peter II 1715, October 12 - birth. October 22 - death of Peter's mother, Charlotte Christina Sophia. 1718, July 26 - death of his father, Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich. 1725, January 28 - death of Emperor Peter I. To the throne, in violation of the rights of Peter II, empress ascends
The main dates of the life and work of Peter Fedorovich 1728, February 10 (21) - Karl Peter was born in the city of Kiel (Holstein, Germany). 1737, June 24 - for accurate shooting at a target on Midsummer's Day he was awarded this year the honorary title of leader of the riflemen of the Oldenburg Guild Saint
MAIN DATES OF LIFE AND ACTIVITY 1878, July 7 - Pancho Villa was born in the area of Gogojito, near the Rio Grande ranch on the lands of San Juan del Rio, Durango. 1890 - First arrest of Pancho Villa. 1895 - Second arrest of Pancho Villa. 1910, 20 November - Beginning of the revolution. Villa leads
MAIN DATES OF LIFE AND ACTIVITY 1) CHARLES DARWIN 1809, February 12 - In the English city of Shrewsbury, Charles Robert Darwin was born into the family of the doctor Robert Darwin. 1818 - Enters primary school. 1825 - Enters the medical department of the University of Edinburgh. 1828
MAIN DATES IN THE LIFE OF NICHOLAY, ALEXANDER, ANDREY, PETER STAROSTINYH All dates according to the new style. 1902, February 26 - Nikolai was born in Moscow (according to unconfirmed data). 1903, August 21 - Alexander was born in Pogost. 1905, March 27 - sister Claudia was born .1906, October 24 - in Moscow (by
Main dates of life and activity 1857 - September 17 (5) in the village of Izhevskoye, Spassky district, Ryazan province, in the family of forester Eduard Ignatievich Tsiolkovsky and his wife Maria Ivanovna Tsiolkovskaya, nee Yumasheva, a son was born - Konstantin Eduardovich
Main dates of life and activity 1772 Born in London 1814 Became a large landowner, acquiring the Gatcum Park estate in Gloucestershire 1817 Published his main work “On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation,” which became “the economic bible
Key dates of life and activity 1795 Born in Denver 1807 Began working in his brother's store 1812 Participated in the Anglo-American War 1814 Moved to Baltimore 1827 First visited England to resolve trade issues 1829 Became the main senior partner of the Peabody firm,
Main dates of life and activities 1818 Born in Trier 1830 Entered the gymnasium 1835 Entered the university 1842 Began collaborating with the Rhenish Gazette 1843 Married Jenny von Westphalen 1844 Moved to Paris, where he met Friedrich Engels 1845 Organized
Key dates of life and activity 1839 Born in the city of Richford in the USA 1855 Got a job at Hewitt & Tuttle 1858 Together with Maurice Clark, founded the Clark & Rockefeller company 1864 Married Laura Spellman 1870 Founded the Standard Oil company 1874 Only born son and
Major dates of life and activities 1930 Born in Omaha 1943 Paid his first income tax of $35 1957 Created an investment partnership Buffett Associates 1969 Acquired textile company Berkshire Hathaway 2006 Announced a bequest of $37 billion for
Key dates of life and work 1930 Born in Pennsylvania 1957 Published the book “The Economic Theory of Discrimination” 1964 Published “Human Capital” 1967 Awarded the John Clark Medal 1981 Published the work “Treatise on the Family” 1992 Received Nobel Prize
Key dates of life and work 1941 Born in Timmins 1957 Entered McMaster University in Hamilton 1962 Received a bachelor's degree in economics 1964 Received a qualifying Master of Business Administration (MBA) degree from the University of Chicago 1969
Key dates of life and work 1942 Born in Boston (USA) into a poor Jewish family 1964 Entered Harvard Business School 1966 Began his career as a trader at Salomon Brothers 1981 Founded Innovative Market Systems, later renamed Bloomberg LP 2001 Elected mayor
MAIN DATES IN THE LIFE AND ACTIVITY OF PETER ALEXEEV 1849 - January 14 (26) - Pyotr Alekseev was born in the village of Novinskaya, Sychevsky district, Smolensk province, in the family of peasant Alexei Ignatovich. 1858 - nine-year-old Pyotr Alekseev's parents sent him to Moscow, to a factory1872
Date of publication or update 12/15/2017
Peter I Alekseevich the Great
Years of life: 1672-1725
Reign: 1689-1725
Russian Tsar (1682). The first Russian emperor (since 1721), an outstanding statesman, diplomat and commander, all his activities were related to reforms.
From the Romanov dynasty.
In the 1680s. under the leadership of the Dutchman F. Timmerman and the Russian master R. Kartsev Peter I studied shipbuilding, and in 1684 he sailed on his boat along the Yauza River, and later along Lake Pereyaslavl, where he founded the first shipyard for the construction of ships.
On January 27, 1689, Peter, by order of his mother, married Evdokia Lopukhina, the daughter of a Moscow boyar. But the newlyweds spent time with friends in the German settlement. There, in 1691, he met the daughter of a German artisan, Anna Mons, who became his lover. But according to Russian custom, having married, he was considered an adult and could lay claim to independent rule.
But Princess Sophia did not want to lose power and organized a revolt of the archers against Peter. Having learned about this, Peter hid in the Trinity-Sergius Lavra. Remembering how the archers killed many of his relatives, he experienced real horror. From that time on, Peter developed nervous tics and convulsions.
Peter I, Emperor of All Russia. Engraving from the early 19th century.
But soon Petr Alekseevich came to his senses and brutally suppressed the uprising. In September 1689, Princess Sophia was exiled to the Novodevichy Convent, and her supporters were executed. In 1689, having removed his sister from power, Pyotr Alekseevich became the de facto king. After the death of his mother in 1695, and in 1696 of his brother-co-ruler Ivan V, on January 29, 1696, he became an autocrat, the sole king of all Rus' and legally.
Peter I, Emperor of All Russia. Portrait. Unknown artist of the late 18th century.
Having barely established himself on the throne, Peter I personally participated in the Azov campaigns against Turkey (1695–1696), which ended with the capture of Azov and access to the shores of the Sea of Azov. Thus, Russia's first access to the southern seas was opened.
Under the guise of studying maritime affairs and shipbuilding, Peter volunteered at the Great Embassy in 1697–1698. to Europe. There, under the name of Peter Mikhailov, the tsar completed a full course of artillery sciences in Brandenburg and Koenigsberg, worked as a carpenter in the shipyards of Amsterdam, studied naval architecture and plan drawing, and completed a theoretical course in shipbuilding in England. On his orders, instruments, weapons, and books were purchased in England, and foreign craftsmen and scientists were invited. The British said about Peter that there was no craft that the Russian Tsar would not have become familiar with.
Portrait Peter I. Artist A. Antropov. 1767
At the same time, the Grand Embassy prepared the creation of the Northern Alliance against Sweden, which finally took shape only 2 years later (1699). Summer 1697 Peter I held negotiations with the Austrian emperor, but having received news of the impending uprising of the Streltsy, which was organized by Princess Sophia, who promised many privileges in the event of the overthrow of Peter, he returned to Russia. On August 26, 1698, the investigation into the Streltsy case did not spare any of the rebels (1,182 people were executed, Sophia and her sister Martha were tonsured as nuns).
Returning to Russia, Peter I began his transformative activities.
In February 1699, on his orders, the unreliable rifle regiments were disbanded and the formation of regular soldiers and dragoons began. Soon, decrees were signed, ordering men to “cut their beards,” wear European-style clothing, and women to uncover their hair, under pain of fines and flogging. Since 1700, a new calendar was introduced with the beginning of the year on January 1 (instead of September 1) and chronology from the “Nativity of Christ”. All these actions Peter I provided for the breaking of ancient mores.
At the same time Peter I began serious changes in government. country. Over the course of more than 35 years of rule, he managed to carry out many reforms in the field of culture and education. Thus, the monopoly of the clergy on education was eliminated, and secular schools were opened. Under Peter, the School of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences (1701), the Medical-Surgical School (1707) - the future Military Medical Academy, the Naval Academy (1715), the Engineering and Artillery Schools (1719), and translator schools were opened. at the collegiums. In 1719, the first museum in Russian history began to operate - the Kunstkamera with a public library.
Monument to Peter the Great near the House of Peter the Great in St. Petersburg.
ABC books and educational maps were published, and a systematic study of the country's geography and cartography began. The spread of literacy was facilitated by the reform of the alphabet (cursive was replaced by civil script, 1708), and the publication of the first Russian printed newspaper Vedomosti (from 1703). In the era Peter I many buildings for state and cultural institutions, the architectural ensemble of Peterhof (Petrodvorets) were erected.
However, reform activities Peter I took place in a bitter struggle with the conservative opposition. The reforms provoked resistance from the boyars and clergy (conspiracy of I. Tsikler, 1697).
In 1700 Peter I concluded the Peace of Constantinople with Turkey and began a war with Sweden in alliance with Poland and Denmark. Peter's opponent was the 18-year-old Swedish king Charles XII. In November 1700 they first encountered Peter near Narva. The troops of Charles XII won this battle, since Russia did not yet have a strong army. But Peter learned a lesson from this defeat and actively began strengthening the Russian armed forces. Already in 1702, all the lands along the Niva to the Gulf of Finland were cleared of Swedish troops.
Monument to Peter the Great in the Peter and Paul Fortress.
However, the war with Sweden, called the Northern War, still continued. On June 27, 1709, near the Poltava fortress, the great Battle of Poltava took place, which ended in the complete defeat of the Swedish army. Peter I He himself led his troops and participated in the battle along with everyone else. He encouraged and inspired the soldiers, saying his famous words: “You are fighting not for Peter, but for the state entrusted to Peter. And about Peter, know that life is not dear to him, if only Russia lives, its glory, honor and prosperity!” Historians write that on the same day, Tsar Peter threw a big feast, invited the captured Swedish generals to it and, returning their swords to them, said: “... I drink to the health of you, my teachers in the art of war.” After the Battle of Poltava, Peter forever secured access to the Baltic Sea. From now on, foreign countries were forced to reckon with the strong power of Russia.
Tsar Peter I did a lot for Russia. Under him, industry actively developed and trade expanded. New cities began to be built throughout Russia, and the streets in the old ones were illuminated. With the emergence of the all-Russian market, the economic potential of the central government increased. And the reunification of Ukraine and Russia and the development of Siberia turned Russia into the greatest state in the world.
During Peter the Great's time, exploration of ore wealth was actively carried out, iron foundries and weapons factories were built in the Urals and Central Russia, canals and new strategic roads were laid, shipyards were built, and with them new cities arose.
However, the weight of the Northern War and reforms fell heavily on the peasantry, who made up the majority of the Russian population. Discontent erupted in popular uprisings (Astrakhan uprising, 1705; Peasant War led by K.A. Bulavin, 1707–1708; unrest of the Bashkirs 1705–1711), which were suppressed by Peter with cruelty and indifference.
After the suppression of the Bulavinsky revolt Peter I carried out the regional reform of 1708–1710, which divided the country into 8 provinces headed by governors and governors general. In 1719, the provinces were divided into provinces, and the provinces into counties.
The Decree on Single Inheritance of 1714 equalized estates and patrimonies and introduced primogeniture (granting the right to inherit real estate to the eldest of the sons), the purpose of which was to ensure the stable growth of noble land ownership.
Household affairs not only did not occupy Tsar Peter, but rather depressed him. His son Alexei showed disagreement with his father's vision of proper government. After his father's threats, Alexey fled to Europe in 1716. Peter, declaring his son a traitor, imprisoned him in a fortress and in 1718 personally sentenced Alexei to death. After these events, suspicion, unpredictability and cruelty settled into the king’s character.
Strengthening its position in the Baltic Sea, Peter I back in 1703, he founded the city of St. Petersburg at the mouth of the Neva River, which turned into a sea trade port designed to serve the needs of all of Russia. By founding this city, Peter “cut a window to Europe.”
In 1720 he wrote the Naval Charter and completed the reform of city government. The Chief Magistrate in the capital (as a collegium) and magistrates in the cities were created.
In 1721, Peter finally concluded the Treaty of Nystad, ending the Northern War. According to the Peace of Nystad, Russia regained the Novgorod lands near Ladoga that had been torn away from it and acquired Vyborg in Finland and the entire Baltic region with Ravel and Riga. For this victory, Peter I received the title of “Father of the Fatherland, Emperor of All Russia, Peter the Great"Thus, the long process of formation of the Russian Empire was formally completed.
In 1722, a Table of Ranks of all military, civil and court service ranks was published, according to which family nobility could be obtained “for blameless service to the emperor and the state.”
Peter's Persian campaign in 1722–1723 secured the western coast of the Caspian Sea with the cities of Derbent and Baku for Russia. There at Peter I For the first time in Russian history, permanent diplomatic missions and consulates were established.
In 1724, a decree was issued on the opening of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences with a gymnasium and a university.
In October 1724, Tsar Peter caught a bad cold while rescuing soldiers who were drowning during a flood in the Gulf of Finland. The Tsar died of pneumonia on January 28, 1725, without leaving a will for his heir.
Later Peter I was buried in the Peter and Paul Cathedral in the Peter and Paul Fortress.
The transformations he carried out made Russia a strong, developed, civilized country and brought it into the community of great world powers.
Peter was married twice:
on Evdokia Fedorovna Lopukhina (1670-1731), from 1689 to 1698, after which she was forcibly sent to the Suzdal Intercession Monastery. She bore Peter I three sons.
Catherine I Alekseevna (1684-1727), nee Marta Samuilovna Skavronskaya, being the mistress (from 1703) and wife (from 1712) of Peter I, bore him 11 children: 6 daughters and 5 sons.
U Peter I Alekseevich the Great officially there were 14 children:
Alexey (1690 – 1718) – father of the Russian Emperor Peter IIa (1715-1730)
Alexander (1691 – 1692)
Paul (born and died 1693)
Peter (1704 – 1707)
Paul (1705 – 1707)
Catherine (1706 – 1708)
Anna (1708-1728) – mother of the Russian Emperor Peter IIIa (1728-1762)
Elizabeth (1709 – 1761) – Russian Empress (1741-1762)
Natalia (1713 – 1715)
Margaret (1714 – 1715)
Peter (1715 – 1719)
Pavel (born and died in 1717)
Natalia (1718 – 1725)
Peter (1719 – 1723)
Image Peter I Alekseevich the Great was embodied in cinema (“Tsarevich Alexei”, 1918; “Peter the First”, 1938; “Tobacco Captain”, 1972; “The Tale of How Tsar Peter Married the Arab", 1976; “Peter’s Youth”, 1980; “In the Beginning glorious deeds", 1980, "Young Russia", 1982; "Dmitry Kantemir", 1974; "Demidovs", 1983; "Peter the Great" / "Peter the Great", 1985; "Tsarevich Alexei", 1997; "Secrets of palace coups ", 2000; "Prayer for Hetman Mazepa" / "Prayer for Hetman Mazepa", 2001; "Servant of the Sovereigns", 2006).
His extraordinary appearance was captured by artists (A. N. Benois, M. V. Lomonosov, E. E. Lansere, V. I. Surikov, V. A. Serov). Stories and novels about Peter have been written: Tolstoy A. N. “Peter the Great”, A. S. Pushkin “Poltava” and “The Bronze Horseman”, “Arap of Peter the Great”, Merezhkovsky D. S. “Peter and Alexei”, Anatoly Brusnikin - “The Ninth Savior”, Gregory Keyes, “Age of Madness” series.
In memory of the great Tsar, numerous monuments were built in St. Petersburg (“The Bronze Horseman” by E.M. Falcone, 1782; bronze statue of B.K. Rastrelli, 1743, bronze seated sculpture of M.M. Shemyakin in the Peter and Paul Fortress, Kronstadt (F .Jac), the cities of Arkhangelsk, Taganrog, Petrodvorets (M.M. Antokolsky), Tula, Petrozavodsk (I.N. Schroeder and I.A. Monighetti), Moscow (Z. Tsereteli). In 2007, a monument was erected in Astrakhan on the Volga embankment, and in Sochi in 2008. Memorial house museums Peter I Alekseevich were opened in Leningrad, Tallinn, Pereslavl-Zalessky, Vologda, Liepaja. The monument to Peter I in Arkhangelsk is depicted on a modern Bank of Russia ticket on a 500 ruble banknote.
The Academy of Defense Security and Law Enforcement Problems was established Order of Peter the Great.
According to the memoirs of contemporaries and the assessment of historians, the emperor, like many smart, strong-willed, determined, talented people who spared no effort in the name of a cherished goal, was strict not only with himself, but also with others. At times, Tsar Peter was cruel and merciless, he did not take into account the interests and lives of those who were weaker than him. Energetic, purposeful, greedy for new knowledge, Tsar Peter the Great, despite all his contradictions, went down in history as an emperor who managed to radically change the face of Russia and the course of history for many centuries.
The last Tsar of All Rus' and the first Emperor of Russia - Peter the First- a truly great figure. It is not for nothing that this king was called “The Great” by Peter. He sought not only to expand the borders of the Russian state, but also to make life in it similar to what he saw in Europe. He learned a lot himself and taught others.
Brief biography of Peter the Great
Peter the Great belonged to the Romanov family, he was born June 9, 1672. His father is the king Alexey Mikhailovich. His mother is the second wife of Alexei Mikhailovich, Natalia Naryshkina. Peter I was the first child from the tsar’s second marriage and the fourteenth.
IN 1976 Peter Alekseevich’s father died and his eldest son ascended the throne - Fedor Alekseevich. He was sickly and reigned for about 6 years.
The death of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich and the accession of his eldest son Fyodor (from Tsarina Maria Ilyinichna, née Miloslavskaya) pushed Tsarina Natalya Kirillovna and her relatives, the Naryshkins, into the background.
Streletsky riot
After the death of Feodor III, the question arose: who should rule next? Peter's elder brother Ivan was a sickly child (he was also called weak-minded) and it was decided to place Peter on the throne.
However, the relatives of the first wife of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich did not like this - Miloslavsky. Having secured the support of 20 thousand archers who were dissatisfied at that time, the Miloslavskys staged a riot in 1682.
The consequence of this Streltsy revolt was the proclamation of Peter's sister, Sophia, as regent until Ivan and Peter grew up. Subsequently, Peter and Ivan were considered dual rulers of the Russian state until Ivan's death in 1686.
Queen Natalya was forced to go to the village of Preobrazhenskoye near Moscow with Peter.
"Amusing" troops of Peter
In the villages Preobrazhensky and Semenovsky Peter was engaged in far from childish games - he formed from his peers "funny" troops and learned to fight. Foreign officers helped him master military literacy.
Subsequently, these two battalions were formed Semenovsky and Preobrazhensky regiments- the basis of Peter's guard.
Beginning of independent rule
In 1689 On the advice of his mother, Peter got married. The daughter of a Moscow boyar was chosen as his bride Evdokia Lopukhina. After his marriage, 17-year-old Peter was considered an adult and could lay claim to independent rule.
Suppression of the riot
Princess Sophia immediately realized the danger she was in danger of. Not wanting to lose power, she persuaded the archers oppose Peter. Young Peter managed to gather an army loyal to him, and together with him he moved to Moscow.
The uprising was brutally suppressed, the instigators were executed, they were hanged, whipped, and burned with a hot iron. Sophia was sent to Novodevichy Convent.
Capture of Azov
Since 1696, after the death of Tsar Ivan V, Peter became sole ruler of Russia. A year earlier, he turned his gaze to the map. Advisers, among them the beloved Swiss Lefort, suggested that Russia needs access to the sea, it needs to build a fleet, it needs to move south.
The Azov campaigns began. Peter himself took part in battles and gained combat experience. On the second attempt they captured Azov, in a convenient bay of the Azov Sea Peter founded the city Taganrog.
Trip to Europe
Peter went “incognito”, he was called volunteer Peter Mikhailov,
sometimes captain of the Preobrazhensky regiment.
In England Peter the Great studied maritime affairs, in Germany- artillery, in Holland worked as a simple carpenter. But he had to return to Moscow prematurely - information about a new mutiny of the Streltsy reached him. After the brutal massacre of the archers and executions, Peter began preparing for war with Sweden.
Peter's war with Sweden
On Russia's allies - Poland and Denmark- the young Swedish king began to attack CharlesXII, determined to conquer all of northern Europe. Peter I decided to enter the war against Sweden.
Battle of Narva
First battle of Narva in 1700 was unsuccessful for the Russian troops. Having a multiple advantage over the Swedish army, the Russians were unable to take the Narva fortress and had to retreat.
Decisive action
Having attacked Poland, Charles XII was stuck in the war for a long time. Taking advantage of the ensuing respite, Peter announced a recruitment drive. He issued a decree according to which money and bells from churches began to be collected for the war against Sweden melted down for cannons, strengthened old fortresses, erected new ones.
St. Petersburg – the new capital of Russia
Peter the First personally participated in a combat sortie with two regiments of soldiers against Swedish ships blocking the exit to the Baltic Sea. The attack was a success, the ships were captured, and access to the sea became free.
On the banks of the Neva, Peter ordered the construction of a fortress in honor of Saints Peter and Paul, which was later named Petropavlovskaya. It was around this fortress that the city was formed Saint Petersburg- the new capital of Russia.
Battle of Poltava
The news of Peter's successful foray on the Neva forced the Swedish king to move his troops to Russia. He chose the south, where he waited for help from Turk and where is Ukrainian Hetman Mazepa promised to give him Cossacks.
The Battle of Poltava, where the Swedes and Russians gathered their troops, didn't last long.
Charles XII left the Cossacks brought by Mazepa in the convoy; they were not sufficiently trained and equipped. The Turks never came. Numerical superiority in troops was on the side of the Russians. And no matter how hard the Swedes tried to break through the ranks of the Russian troops, no matter how they reorganized their regiments, they failed to turn the tide of the battle in their favor.
A cannonball hit Karl's stretcher, he lost consciousness, and panic began among the Swedes. After the victorious battle, Peter arranged a feast at which treated captured Swedish generals and thanked them for their science.
Internal reforms of Peter the Great
Peter the Great, in addition to wars with other states, was actively involved in reforms within the country. He demanded that the courtiers take off their caftans and put on European dress, that they shave their beards, and go to the balls arranged for them.
Important reforms of Peter
Instead of the Boyar Duma, he established Senate, who was involved in solving important government issues, introduced a special Table of ranks, which determined the classes of military and civilian officials.
Started operating in St. Petersburg Marine Academy, opened in Moscow math school. Under him, it began to be published in the country first Russian newspaper. For Peter there were no titles or awards. If he saw a capable person, albeit of low origin, he would send him to study abroad.
Opponents of reforms
To many Peter's innovations didn't like it- starting from the highest ranks, ending with serfs. The Church called him a heretic, schismatics called him the Antichrist, and sent all kinds of blasphemy against him.
The peasants found themselves completely dependent on the landowners and the state. Increased tax burden 1.5-2 times, for many it turned out to be unbearable. Major uprisings occurred in Astrakhan, on the Don, in Ukraine, and the Volga region.
The breaking of the old way of life caused a negative reaction among the nobles. Peter's son, his heir Alexei, became an opponent of reforms and went against his father. He was accused of conspiracy and in 1718 sentenced to death.
Last year of reign
In the last years of Peter's reign was very sick, he had kidney problems. In the summer of 1724, his illness intensified; in September he felt better, but after a while the attacks intensified.
On January 28, 1725, he had such a bad time that he ordered a camp church to be erected in the room next to his bedroom, and on February 2 he confessed. Strength began to leave the patient, he no longer screamed, as before, from severe pain, but only moaned.
On February 7, all those sentenced to death or hard labor (excluding murderers and those convicted of repeated robbery) were amnestied. That same day, at the end of the second hour, Peter demanded paper and began to write, but the pen fell out of his hands, and only two words could be made out from what was written: "Give it all...".
At the beginning of six o'clock in the morning February 8, 1725 Peter the Great “the Great” died in terrible agony in his Winter Palace near the Winter Canal, according to the official version, from pneumonia. He was buried in Cathedral of the Peter and Paul Fortress in St. Petersburg.
The personality of Peter the Great stands apart in the history of Russia, since neither among his contemporaries, nor among his successors and descendants was there a person who could make such profound changes in the state, so infiltrate the historical memory of the Russian people, becoming at the same time semi-legendary, but the most vivid her page. As a result of Peter's activities, Russia became an empire and took its place among the leading European powers.
Pyotr Alekseevich was born on June 9, 1672. His father was the Russian Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov, and his mother Natalya Naryshkina was the Tsar’s second wife. At the age of 4, Peter lost his father, who died at 47. Nikita Zotov, who by the standards of Russia at that time was very educated, was involved in raising the prince. Peter was the youngest in the large family of Alexei Mikhailovich (13 children). In 1682, after the death of Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich, the struggle between two boyar clans - the Miloslavskys (relatives of Alexei Mikhailovich's first wife) and the Naryshkins - intensified at court. The first believed that the sick Tsarevich Ivan should take the throne. The Naryshkins, like the patriarch, supported the candidacy of the healthy and fairly active 10-year-old Peter. As a result of the Streltsy unrest, the zero option was chosen: both princes became kings, and their elder sister, Sophia, was appointed regent under them.
At first, Peter had little interest in state affairs: he often visited the German Settlement, where he met his future comrades-in-arms Lefort and General Gordon. Peter spent most of his time in the villages of Semenovsky and Preobrazhensky near Moscow, where he created amusing regiments for entertainment, which later became the first guards regiments - Semenovsky and Preobrazhensky.
In 1689, a break occurs between Peter and Sophia. Peter demands that his sister be removed to the Novodevichy Convent, because by this time Peter and Ivan had already reached adulthood and had to rule independently. From 1689 to 1696, Peter I and Ivan V were co-rulers until the latter died.
Peter understood that Russia’s position did not allow it to fully implement its foreign policy plans, as well as to develop stably internally. It was necessary to gain access to the ice-free Black Sea in order to provide additional incentive to domestic trade and industry. That is why Peter continues the work begun by Sophia and intensifies the fight against Turkey within the framework of the Holy League, but instead of the traditional campaign in the Crimea, the young king throws all his energy to the south, near Azov, which could not be taken in 1695, but after construction in the winter of 1695 -1696 flotilla in Voronezh Azov was captured. Russia's further participation in the Holy League, however, began to lose its meaning - Europe was preparing for the War of the Spanish Succession, so the fight against Turkey ceased to be a priority for the Austrian Habsburgs, and without the support of its allies, Russia could not resist the Ottomans.
In 1697-1698, Peter traveled incognito throughout Europe as part of the Great Embassy under the name of the bombardier Peter Mikhailov. Then he makes personal acquaintances with the monarchs of leading European countries. Abroad, Peter acquired extensive knowledge in navigation, artillery, and shipbuilding. After a meeting with Augustus II, the Saxon elector and the Polish king, Peter decides to move the center of foreign policy activity from the south to the north and reach the shores of the Baltic Sea, which were to be conquered from Sweden, the most powerful state in the then Baltic.
In an effort to make the state more effective, Peter I carried out reforms of public administration (the Senate, collegiums, bodies of higher state control and political investigation were created, the church was subordinate to the state, the Spiritual Regulations were introduced, the country was divided into provinces, a new capital was built - St. Petersburg).
Understanding Russia's backwardness in industrial development from the leading European powers, Peter used their experience in a variety of areas - in manufacturing, trade, and culture. The sovereign paid great attention and even forcibly forced nobles and merchants to develop the knowledge and enterprises necessary for the country. This includes: the creation of manufactories, metallurgical, mining and other factories, shipyards, marinas, canals. Peter perfectly understood how important the country’s military successes were, so he personally led the army in the Azov campaigns of 1695-1696, took part in the development of strategic and tactical operations during the Northern War of 1700-1721, the Prut campaign of 1711, and the Persian campaign of 1722-23.
7 Comments
Valuev Anton Vadimovich
February 8 marks the Day of Russian Science, the founder of which was Peter I the Great, an outstanding statesman and public figure, the Tsar - reformer, creator of the Russian Empire. It was through his labors that the Academy of Sciences was established in St. Petersburg, in which outstanding representatives of domestic and foreign science worked for the benefit of Russia from generation to generation. Let me congratulate my colleagues on their professional holiday and wish them interesting work, constantly improving their knowledge and experience, while always remaining true to their convictions, striving to enhance the centuries-old traditions of Russian science.
Valuev Anton Vadimovich/ Candidate of Historical Sciences, Professor of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences
By decree of Peter the Great, the Senate, the highest body of state executive power, was established in St. Petersburg. The Senate existed from 1711 to 1917. One of the most important and influential institutions in the system of secular government of the Russian Empire.
Valuev Anton Vadimovich/ Candidate of Historical Sciences, Professor of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences
The Grand Embassy of the young sovereign Peter Alekseevich is considered a turning point in the history of European modernization of the socio-political system of Russia. During the Embassy, the future emperor saw Western Europe with his own eyes and appreciated its great potential. After returning home, the renewal process accelerated many times over. Diplomatic and trade and economic relations, industrial production, science, culture and military affairs developed rapidly. In a sense, this was the real “window to Europe” that Tsar Peter opened for Russia.
Valuev Anton Vadimovich/ Candidate of Historical Sciences, Professor of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences
The talent of a statesman is visible in his attitude to the development of the human factor, personality, and social potential of the country. And here Peter I did a lot to strengthen public relations, internal stability, and, ultimately, the position of the Russian Empire on the world stage. The personnel policy of the Peter the Great era was based on two principles: the talent of each person - regardless of his social origin - and his desire to be useful to the Fatherland. In 1714, Peter's Decree prohibited the promotion of nobles to officer rank unless they had previously served as ordinary soldiers. Six years later, in a new decree, Peter secured the right of every senior officer to receive a patent of nobility and transfer the title of nobility by inheritance. In practice, this meant that thanks to his talents and the courage and heroism demonstrated in real conditions, a person honestly earned the right to move to another, higher class. This was an important step in updating the class hierarchy of the Russian Empire.
Valuev Anton Vadimovich/ Candidate of Historical Sciences, Professor of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences
May 18 is a doubly important date in the military history of our Fatherland. In 1703, at the mouth of the Neva, thirty Russian boats under the command of Peter I captured two Swedish military frigates, Astrild and Gedan, in a daring raid. This event is considered the beginning of the heroic history of the Baltic Fleet. A year later, to strengthen military positions in the Baltic, by order of Peter I, Kronshlot, the fort of Kronstadt, was founded. Three centuries have passed since then, and the Baltic Fleet and Kronstadt have always protected and are protecting the interests of Russia. Solemn events on this day take place in St. Petersburg and Kronstadt, cities of Russian naval glory. Viva to the founder of the Russian Empire, the Baltic Fleet, Kronstadt!!!
Smart Ivan Mikhailovich
Nice, informative article. Although it is worth noting that in the course of pro-Western official history, which has been “improved” in distorting the Truth since the time of the first Westernized Romanovs, Peter Romanov looks like a benefactor of the Fatherland, the “father of the peoples” of Russia-Eurasia.
But the Russian people still have information that “the Germans replaced the Tsar” - either in childhood, or already in youth (A.A. Gordeev). And most likely, the truth is that Peter the Great was recruited by the Catholic Jesuits, who were tirelessly carrying out their work to implement the “Drang nach Osten” - “Onslaught on the East” (B.P. Kutuzov).
For “... it must be said that under Peter I, the colonialists no longer hesitated to “spend the human resources” of the country they had captured to their heart’s content - “in the era of Peter the Great” population decline
Muscovite Rus' constituted, according to estimates by various historians and researchers, approximately 20 to 40% of the total population.
However, the population of Muscovite Rus' was also declining due to the flight of the people from the despotism of the colonialists. And the people fled from them mainly to Tataria (see below).
In fact, it must be said that Peter Romanov began the “Europeanization” of Rus'-Muscovy with his family. First of all, he imprisoned his wife from an original Russian family, Evdokia Lopukhina, in a monastery - in prison, that is. She dared to object to the bullying of her husband and his Western European entourage against the Fatherland - thus, apparently, she greatly interfered with the “introduction of Western culture and progress.”)
But the girl Mons from a German settlement helped Peter in every possible way in that infiltration. Peter exchanged his Russian wife for her - a beauty and smart girl. And his son Alexei, since he also stubbornly refused to “Europeanize” with age, was put to death. But before that, Peter, using all the skills he had learned from the Jesuit teachers, “led a search” for Alexei for a long time and persistently. That is, under torture he interrogated his son - why he opposes this “Europeanization”, and who are his accomplices in this “dark” and villainous, in the opinion of the “tsar-enlightenment”, business (7) .... "
(From the book “THE HERITAGE OF THE TATAR” (Moscow, Algorithm, 2012). Author G.R. Enikeev).
Also, read about all this and much more hidden from us from the true history of the Fatherland in the book “The Great Horde: Friends, Enemies and Heirs. (Moscow-Tatar coalition: XIV–XVII centuries).”– (Moscow, Algorithm, 2011). The author is the same.
Valuev Anton Vadimovich/ Candidate of Historical Sciences, Professor of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences
Russia owes many transformations to Peter the Great. Thus, it was according to his decree of December 15, 1699 that the Julian chronology and the Julian calendar were approved in Russia. Since then, the New Year in our country began to be celebrated not from September 1, but from January 1. Under Peter the Great, many of the most important cultural attributes of this folk celebration were laid down - decorated fir trees, fireworks, New Year's carnivals and many other winter entertainments. On the eve of the New Year holidays, according to tradition, it is customary to take stock of the past year and hopefully make plans for the future. I would like to wish all colleagues and project participants a pleasant New Year's Eve, more joy, family warmth, comfort, and happiness. May the New Year 2016 bring us new creative plans, successful and interesting ideas, may they definitely come true!
